History of Computing Machines CSC 2001 TTU CSC 2001 TTU.

History of Computing Machines

History of Computing Machines

CSC 2001TTU

CSC 2001TTU

DisclaimerDisclaimer

lots of stuff will be left outenabling discoveries/inventions

electricity, vacuum tube, relays, typewriter, etc…

some theoretical developments

lots of stuff will be left outenabling discoveries/inventions

electricity, vacuum tube, relays, typewriter, etc…

some theoretical developments

MotivationMotivation

For most of history, computation has been a labor intensive (and therefore expensive) process.drive down cost of labor (ethics?)get work done faster

For most of history, computation has been a labor intensive (and therefore expensive) process.drive down cost of labor (ethics?)get work done faster

Timeline: 1621Timeline: 1621Calculator rulers (pre-cursors of

sliderulers)

More modern one…

Calculator rulers (pre-cursors of sliderulers)

More modern one…

Timeline: 1623Timeline: 1623

Mechanical adding machinecould count past 9

Mechanical adding machinecould count past 9


Blaise Pascalmechanism to calculate with 8 figures

and carrying of 10's , 100's, and 1000's etc

not popular - hard to manufactureonly Pascal and one of his workmen

could fix them

Blaise Pascalmechanism to calculate with 8 figures

and carrying of 10's , 100's, and 1000's etc

not popular - hard to manufactureonly Pascal and one of his workmen

could fix them


Watch making technology makes Pascal calculator more possible

Watch making technology makes Pascal calculator more possible


Gottfried Wilhelm von Leibnizdevise machine that could divide and

multiplyalso wanted to develop a generalized

symbolic language and an algebra to go with his machines, so that: "the truth of any proposition in any field of human inquiry could be determined by simple calculation."

failed at that, but what else did Leibniz do?

Gottfried Wilhelm von Leibnizdevise machine that could divide and

multiplyalso wanted to develop a generalized

symbolic language and an algebra to go with his machines, so that: "the truth of any proposition in any field of human inquiry could be determined by simple calculation."

failed at that, but what else did Leibniz do?

LeibnizLeibniz

"It is unworthy of excellent men to lose hours like slaves in the labor of calculation which could safely be relegated to anyone else if machines were used.”

For most around this time, calculators were useless curiosities

"It is unworthy of excellent men to lose hours like slaves in the labor of calculation which could safely be relegated to anyone else if machines were used.”

For most around this time, calculators were useless curiosities


Leibnizbuilt a machine that beside the

basic calculations also could take the root from a number

Leibnizbuilt a machine that beside the

basic calculations also could take the root from a number

Timeline: 1728Timeline: 1728Falcon (France)

first programmable loom. He used wooden punched cards tied together with ropes. This was the first punched card ever.

The combinations of the holes in the cards were the instructions to the loom mechanism. This is what we now usually call the first program ever.

The invention of the punched card meant the beginning of automation - a machine can perform a sequence of actions without interference of a human being. (ethics)

Falcon (France) first programmable loom. He used wooden

punched cards tied together with ropes. This was the first punched card ever.

The combinations of the holes in the cards were the instructions to the loom mechanism. This is what we now usually call the first program ever.

The invention of the punched card meant the beginning of automation - a machine can perform a sequence of actions without interference of a human being. (ethics)


Chess playing machine hoaxChess playing machine hoax

Timeline:1784Timeline:1784

Johann Muellerdescribed intentions to build machine

that could calculate and print results

Johann Muellerdescribed intentions to build machine

that could calculate and print results


Luddites???

Luddites???


Charles Babbagedesigned a calculator. The concept of

this machine was that it's operated by punched cards and the results printed on paper

thought technology needed was too advanced to actually build

Charles Babbagedesigned a calculator. The concept of

this machine was that it's operated by punched cards and the results printed on paper

thought technology needed was too advanced to actually build


Georg and Edvard Scheutz (Sweden)decide to build Babbage’s Difference

Enginecompleted in 1853

Georg and Edvard Scheutz (Sweden)decide to build Babbage’s Difference

Enginecompleted in 1853


Charles Babbagebegins work on Analytical EngineIt was to be capable of carrying out any

mathematical operation.Instructions would tell it what operation to

perform and in what order.It would have a memory with a capacity of

one-thousand 50-digit numbers, it would draw on auxiliary functions such as logarithm tables (of which it would possess its own library) and subroutines.

Charles Babbagebegins work on Analytical EngineIt was to be capable of carrying out any

mathematical operation.Instructions would tell it what operation to

perform and in what order.It would have a memory with a capacity of

one-thousand 50-digit numbers, it would draw on auxiliary functions such as logarithm tables (of which it would possess its own library) and subroutines.

Analytical EngineAnalytical Engine

Countess Ada Augusta Lovelacedaughter of Lord Byronworked closely with Babbageplanned his computational problemshas been called the world's first

programmerdesigns some of the first examples of a

computer programs (1843)How was she commemorated by the U.S

DoD?

Countess Ada Augusta Lovelacedaughter of Lord Byronworked closely with Babbageplanned his computational problemshas been called the world's first

programmerdesigns some of the first examples of a

computer programs (1843)How was she commemorated by the U.S

DoD?


Sir Charles Wheatstoneintroduced the first application of

paper tapes as a medium for the preparation, storage, and transmission of data

also the inventor of the accordion

Sir Charles Wheatstoneintroduced the first application of

paper tapes as a medium for the preparation, storage, and transmission of data

also the inventor of the accordion


William Stanley Jevonsfirst practical logical machine that is

based on the principles of Boolean algebra (True/False)

William Stanley Jevonsfirst practical logical machine that is

based on the principles of Boolean algebra (True/False)


Dorr E. FeltComptometer

“The Machine Gun of the Office”

Dorr E. FeltComptometer

“The Machine Gun of the Office”


William S. Burroughsmore successful than Feltreally starts the office calculator

industry (1892)still manually poweredfirst version: hard to operate

with one exception…“a field agent who operated his calculator so well

he refused to sell it, preferring to haul it from saloon to saloon in a wheelbarrow betting drinks on his accuracy.”

William S. Burroughsmore successful than Feltreally starts the office calculator

industry (1892)still manually poweredfirst version: hard to operate

with one exception…“a field agent who operated his calculator so well

he refused to sell it, preferring to haul it from saloon to saloon in a wheelbarrow betting drinks on his accuracy.”

BurroughsBurroughs

later versions could print resultslater versions could print results


Herman Hollerith (MIT)first electromechanical adding and

sorting machinehad to win a contest to prove its

utilityfirst major use??started the Tabulating and Recording

Company (what did that become?)

Herman Hollerith (MIT)first electromechanical adding and

sorting machinehad to win a contest to prove its

utilityfirst major use??started the Tabulating and Recording

Company (what did that become?)


Multiplier machineLeon Bolleehuge and impractical

Multiplier machineLeon Bolleehuge and impractical


Otto Steiger introduces the Millionairea multiplier designed for big business

but also used by scientists

Otto Steiger introduces the Millionairea multiplier designed for big business

but also used by scientists


Jevon’s Logical Pianocould solve a problem faster than by

hand

Jevon’s Logical Pianocould solve a problem faster than by

hand


The Dalton

2, 4, 5, 7, 91, 3, 0, 6, 8

modern keyboard design?

The Dalton

2, 4, 5, 7, 91, 3, 0, 6, 8

modern keyboard design?


Thomas Watsonjoins the Tabulating Machine

Company.He transforms it into IBM.

Thomas Watsonjoins the Tabulating Machine

Company.He transforms it into IBM.

Timeline: 1917Timeline: 1917“ROBOT”in a play called R.U.R

(Rossum's Universal Robots) by Czech dramatist Karel Capek.intelligent machines

meant to serve their human makers

take over the world and destroy humanity

“ROBOT”in a play called R.U.R

(Rossum's Universal Robots) by Czech dramatist Karel Capek.intelligent machines

meant to serve their human makers

take over the world and destroy humanity


Enigma machine first usedsignificance???

Enigma machine first usedsignificance???


The first cash register that prints numbers is introduced on the market by C-T-R (later IBM).

The first cash register that prints numbers is introduced on the market by C-T-R (later IBM).


IBM 601a punch card machine with an

arithmetic unit based on relays.capable of doing a multiplication in 1

second about 1500 of them will eventually be

made

IBM 601a punch card machine with an

arithmetic unit based on relays.capable of doing a multiplication in 1

second about 1500 of them will eventually be

made


Konrad Zusestarted to construct the Z1, world's

first programmable computer, in his bedroom. This machine became so large that it occupied his parents’ living room as well.

Konrad Zusestarted to construct the Z1, world's

first programmable computer, in his bedroom. This machine became so large that it occupied his parents’ living room as well.


Alan Turingpublishes 'On Computable Numbers'explained his ideas on the 'Universal

Turing Machine', an electronic calculator that could make any calculation or logical operation

his ideas will determine the internal architecture of computers in the future

Turing Award

Alan Turingpublishes 'On Computable Numbers'explained his ideas on the 'Universal

Turing Machine', an electronic calculator that could make any calculation or logical operation

his ideas will determine the internal architecture of computers in the future

Turing Award


Claude E. Shannonwrites his master's thesis on machine logicrealizes that an electric circuit used the

same concept as Boolean Algebra. If an electric circuit is designed according to Boolean rules, it can be used to represent logic. Expressions can be validated and calculations be made.

It became clear that information could be manipulated by a machine

Claude E. Shannonwrites his master's thesis on machine logicrealizes that an electric circuit used the

same concept as Boolean Algebra. If an electric circuit is designed according to Boolean rules, it can be used to represent logic. Expressions can be validated and calculations be made.

It became clear that information could be manipulated by a machine


George R. Stibitzmakes a call to a computer hundreds of

kilometers away with a teletype consoleThe "Model K" at the other side rattles for

some time as well. The program that ran at the other side then sends the result back. It all takes less than a minute.

The machine is built on a kitchen table.

George R. Stibitzmakes a call to a computer hundreds of

kilometers away with a teletype consoleThe "Model K" at the other side rattles for

some time as well. The program that ran at the other side then sends the result back. It all takes less than a minute.

The machine is built on a kitchen table.

Timeline: 1942Timeline: 1942Dr. John V.

Atanasoff and his assistant Clifford Berrybuild the first

electronic digital computer, named ABC (some controversy)

not programmable

Dr. John V. Atanasoff and his assistant Clifford Berrybuild the first

electronic digital computer, named ABC (some controversy)

not programmable


Konrad ZuseAn improved version of the Z4 is used

to calculate the aerodynamic characteristics of wings and rudders. Nonetheless the Z4 is still a mechanical machine.

Hitler put project on hold.

Konrad ZuseAn improved version of the Z4 is used

to calculate the aerodynamic characteristics of wings and rudders. Nonetheless the Z4 is still a mechanical machine.

Hitler put project on hold.


Dr. John Mauchly and John Eckertcommissioned to design a electronic

machine that could compute trajectory table quickly for US Army

results in ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer) in 1946

Dr. John Mauchly and John Eckertcommissioned to design a electronic

machine that could compute trajectory table quickly for US Army

results in ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer) in 1946


Howard Aikenfirst programmable calculator MARK IHUGE!! few tons of ice per day for its

cooling, multiplication of 2 numbers of 23 digits is done in 3 seconds

Howard Aikenfirst programmable calculator MARK IHUGE!! few tons of ice per day for its

cooling, multiplication of 2 numbers of 23 digits is done in 3 seconds


John von Neumanndevelops the first programmable

calculator with a memoryvon Neumann architecture

John von Neumanndevelops the first programmable

calculator with a memoryvon Neumann architecture


first generation of modern programmed electronic computersincluded UNIVAC (Universal

Automatic Computer)

first generation of modern programmed electronic computersincluded UNIVAC (Universal

Automatic Computer)


Wang Labs foundedfirst invention is the ferrite core memory - a

system of copper wires mounted on a frame. At cross points a ferrite core is mounted. When a cross point becomes conductive (electrical current is running through the wires) the ferrite core becomes magnetic.

By detecting which core is magnetic and which not one could "determinate" certain values.

made by handmore solid and reliable than vacuum tubes

Wang Labs foundedfirst invention is the ferrite core memory - a

system of copper wires mounted on a frame. At cross points a ferrite core is mounted. When a cross point becomes conductive (electrical current is running through the wires) the ferrite core becomes magnetic.

By detecting which core is magnetic and which not one could "determinate" certain values.

made by handmore solid and reliable than vacuum tubes


IBMModel 7011 Kb RAMfirst machine to use a tape drive

IBMModel 7011 Kb RAMfirst machine to use a tape drive


Grace Hopperpublished "The Education of a

Computer”developed the first software that

could translate symbols of higher computer languages into machine languageWhat is that kind of program called?COMPILER

Grace Hopperpublished "The Education of a

Computer”developed the first software that

could translate symbols of higher computer languages into machine languageWhat is that kind of program called?COMPILER

Grace HopperGrace Hopper

PhD mathematics from YaleEventually a Rear Admiral in the

Navyfirst bug (1951)COBOL (1959)

Common Business Oriented Language

PhD mathematics from YaleEventually a Rear Admiral in the

Navyfirst bug (1951)COBOL (1959)

Common Business Oriented Language


John Backusan employee of IBM designed the

programming language FORTRAN (FORmula TRANslator)

challenge for it to be accepted

John Backusan employee of IBM designed the

programming language FORTRAN (FORmula TRANslator)

challenge for it to be accepted


John McCarthycoins term “Artificial Intelligence”

John McCarthycoins term “Artificial Intelligence”


Bob Patrick and Owen Mockfirst Operating System is designedGM/NAA-I/OIBM 704

Bob Patrick and Owen Mockfirst Operating System is designedGM/NAA-I/OIBM 704


Control Data Corporationcreated their contribution to the

supercomputer market with the fully transistorized -- CDC 1604

Seymour Cray was the chief architect

Control Data Corporationcreated their contribution to the

supercomputer market with the fully transistorized -- CDC 1604

Seymour Cray was the chief architect


DECreleased its first mini computer: PDP-1priced at $125,000 to $250,000first in a very famous family of

computersfirst commercial modem

Bell Dataphone 103 with the speed of 300 bps (bits per second = appr 30 characters per second)

DECreleased its first mini computer: PDP-1priced at $125,000 to $250,000first in a very famous family of

computersfirst commercial modem

Bell Dataphone 103 with the speed of 300 bps (bits per second = appr 30 characters per second)


audio cassette is invented by Phillips

audio cassette is invented by Phillips


SABREfirst commercial network by IBMsix years to build this air reservation

program and the hardware belonging to it

BASIC developed (Beginner’s All-purpose Symbolic Instruction Code)

CAD (IBM and GM)First Local Area Network

SABREfirst commercial network by IBMsix years to build this air reservation

program and the hardware belonging to it

BASIC developed (Beginner’s All-purpose Symbolic Instruction Code)

CAD (IBM and GM)First Local Area Network


mouse inventedmouse invented


field of Software Engineering startNATO

first demo of keyboard, keypad, mouse and windowsshowed the use of a word processor,

a hypertext system, and remote collaborative work

priced too high

field of Software Engineering startNATO

first demo of keyboard, keypad, mouse and windowsshowed the use of a word processor,

a hypertext system, and remote collaborative work

priced too high


ArpanetHoneywell H316 "Kitchen Computer"

sold via a Neiman- Marcus 1969 catalogover $10,000The computer can be programmed to

keep track of various things like golf scores, investments. It can also plan dinners and keep membership lists of charity organizations.

ArpanetHoneywell H316 "Kitchen Computer"

sold via a Neiman- Marcus 1969 catalogover $10,000The computer can be programmed to

keep track of various things like golf scores, investments. It can also plan dinners and keep membership lists of charity organizations.


Ken Thompson develops the programming language 'B’

Relational Database by Ted CoddPascal (Niklaus Wirth)first computer chips from Intel

Ken Thompson develops the programming language 'B’

Relational Database by Ted CoddPascal (Niklaus Wirth)first computer chips from Intel

Timeline: 1971-75Timeline: 1971-75

UNIXKernighan and Ritchie develop “C”Atari - Pong

Internet now has 25 computersZ80Motorola 6800Microsoft founded

Bill Gates and Paul Allen

UNIXKernighan and Ritchie develop “C”Atari - Pong

Internet now has 25 computersZ80Motorola 6800Microsoft founded

Bill Gates and Paul Allen


Ethernet describedCRAY-1 inventedApple II releasedDigital came out with first VAX

(VAX-11/780)TRS-80 model 1

my first computer

Ethernet describedCRAY-1 inventedApple II releasedDigital came out with first VAX

(VAX-11/780)TRS-80 model 1

my first computer


TCP/IPIntel’s 8086 and 8087First commercial spreadsheet

(VisiCalc)Three students at two campuses of

UNC used the Unix to Unix Copy Program (uucp) to put messages in a newsgroup. Usenet was born.

TCP/IPIntel’s 8086 and 8087First commercial spreadsheet

(VisiCalc)Three students at two campuses of

UNC used the Unix to Unix Copy Program (uucp) to put messages in a newsgroup. Usenet was born.


Microsoft buys QDOSApple introduces its first hard drive (5MB

$3500)IBM PCs3.5 inch floppyTRONCommodore 64Microsoft Word announcedMacintoshIBM-AT/MS-DOS 3.0

Microsoft buys QDOSApple introduces its first hard drive (5MB

$3500)IBM PCs3.5 inch floppyTRONCommodore 64Microsoft Word announcedMacintoshIBM-AT/MS-DOS 3.0


Windows, MS-DOS 3.1OS/2NeXT386 processorsIRC (Internet Relay Chat) inventedInternet worm

Windows, MS-DOS 3.1OS/2NeXT386 processorsIRC (Internet Relay Chat) inventedInternet worm


486WWW and HTML (Tim Berners-Lee)

CERN

486WWW and HTML (Tim Berners-Lee)

CERN


Linux (Linus Torvalds)PentiumNCSA Mosaic

Windows 3.1PowerPC chipAdobe AcrobatApple Newton

Linux (Linus Torvalds)PentiumNCSA Mosaic

Windows 3.1PowerPC chipAdobe AcrobatApple Newton

ReferencesReferences

http://www.thocp.net/http://www.computerhistory.org/ http://www.xnumber.com/xnumber/cmhistory.

htm

http://www.thocp.net/http://www.computerhistory.org/ http://www.xnumber.com/xnumber/cmhistory.

htm

http://www.thocp.net/

http://www.computerhistory.org/

http://www.xnumber.com/xnumber/cmhistory.htm








http://www.thocp.net/

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LessonLesson

Appreciate what we have and what it took to get us here!!

Appreciate what we have and what it took to get us here!!

History of Computing Machines CSC 2001 TTU CSC 2001 TTU.

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