History of Computing Slides from NYU and Georgia Tech
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History of Computing
Slides from NYU and Georgia Tech
Early Computational Devices
• (Chinese) Abacus 2700–2300 BC
– Used for performing arithmetic operations
Early Computational Devices
• Napier’s Bones, 1617
– For performing multiplication & division
John Napier
1550-1617
Early Computational Devices
• Pascaline mechanical calculator
Blaise Pascal
1623-1662
Early Computational Devices
• Leibniz’s calculating machine, 1674
Gottfried Wilhelm von Leibniz
1646-1716
Charles Babbage
• Babbage (1792-1872) was a British inventor who designed an two important machines:
– Difference engine
– Analytical engine– Analytical engine
• He saw a need to replace the human computers used to calculate numerical tables which were prone to error with a more accurate machine.
Charles Babbage
• Difference engine
– Designed to compute values of polynomial
functions automatically
– No multiplication was needed because he used – No multiplication was needed because he used
the method of finite differences
– He never built one
– It was built from 1985 – 2002 for the London
Science Museum
Charles Babbage Difference Engine
Charles Babbage
The Next Leap Forward 1800’s
Charles Babbage
• Analytical Engine
– Could be programmed using punch cards – totally
revolutionary idea
– Sequential control / branching / looping– Sequential control / branching / looping
– Turing complete
The analytical engine
of Charles Babbage
Tabulating Machine 1890 Census
Hollerith Tables and the Census
Improved the Improved the speed of the speed of the censuscensusReduced cost by Reduced cost by Reduced cost by Reduced cost by $5 million$5 millionGreater accuracy Greater accuracy of data collectedof data collectedHollerith Hollerith ––unemployed after unemployed after the censusthe census
The War Years 1939-1945
Two Primary Uses
• Artillery Tables
– Hand calculation replaced by machine calculation
– Department of the Navy
• Cryptologist :
– Cryptography– Cryptography
The art or process of writing in or deciphering secret writing
Bletchley House
The Enigma Codes – U23
Alan Turing 1936
• Published a paper “On Computable Numbers”
• Turing’s machine -• Turing’s machine -hypothetical computer that could perform any computation or logical operation a human could devise.
Turings Heritage
• Code breaking was
Touring’s strength.
• Colossus a computer to
break the German enigma
code - 100 Billion
break the German enigma
code - 100 Billion
alternatives.
• Ran at rate of 25,000
characters per second
Konrad Zuse - First Programmable
Computer 1941
1943 1943 Bletchley Park’s ColossusBletchley Park’s Colossus
The Enigma
Machine
HARVARD MARK - 1, 1944
Harvard Mark I
The Mark I
• 51 feet long
• 3,304 electro mechanical
switches
• Add or subtract 23 digit
numbers in 3/10 of a numbers in 3/10 of a
second.
• Instructions (software)
loaded by paper tape.
• The infamous “Bug”
ENIAC - The Next Jump Forward - 1946
• 1st electronic digital computer
• Operated with vacuum tubes rather electro-
mechanical switches
• 1000 times faster than Mark I• 1000 times faster than Mark I
• No program storage - wired into circuitry.
• This was still based on the decimal numbering
system.
• “programmed” by switches and cords
ENIAC
The Advent of the Semiconductor - 1947
• Developed at Bell Labs by
Shockley & Bardeen –
Nobel Prize
• Point Contact Transistor
replaced power hungry,
Point Contact Transistor
replaced power hungry,
hot and short lived
vacuum tubes
EDVAC - Electronic Discreet Variable Automatic
Computer 1951
• Data stored internally on
a magnetic drum
• Random access magnetic
storage devicestorage device
• First stored program
computer
• Championed by John von
Neumann
The 50’s the Era of Advances
Technical Advances in the 60’s
• John Mccarthy coins the term “Artificial Intelligence”
• 1960 - Removable Disks appear
• 1964 - BASIC - Beginners-all purpose Symbolic Instruction
Language
• Texas Instruments offers the first solid- state hand-held
calculator
• 1967 - 1st issue of Computerworld published
IBM System/360 (1964)• CPU Architecture
– 32-bit arithmetic
– 16 general-purpose registers
– 24-bit addressing (16,777,216 bytes max.)
• More than a few megabytes was quite rare
– Real addressing only! No virtual memory
– Approximately 142 instructions total
– Some features were optional
• Decimal instructions (in-storage only)
• Floating point (with 4 floating-point registers)• Floating point (with 4 floating-point registers)
• Direct control (specialty I/O for check sorters, &c.)
• Protection feature (i.e., storage keys)
• I/O architecture
– Maximum of 7 channels
• One byte-multiplexor channel (printers, card
readers, &c)
• Up to seven selector channels (disks, tape)
– Maximum of 256 devices per channel
– Most machines had far fewer channels & devices
IBM System/360 Model 50
IBM System/360 (1964)• Storage technology
– Ferrite core storage
• Each toroid “donut” represented one bit
– Architectural maximum: 16 megabytes
• Reality: Most customers had no more than 1-2
megabytes
– Increasing density … the donut-hole test:
• New product’s core toroid fit through the
donut hole of the previous product’s core
IBM System/360 Software• Operating Systems
– Basic Operating System (BOS)
– Tape Operating System (TOS)
– Disk Operating System (DOS)
– Operating System / Multiple Fixed
Tasks (OS/MFT)
– Operating System / Multiple
� Languages
► ALGOL
► Assembler
► Basic
► COBOL
► Fortran
► PL/1– Operating System / Multiple
Variable Tasks (OS/MVT)
– SABRE (Airline Reservations)
– Time-Sharing System (TSS)
– Control Program / 67 (CP/67) with
the Cambridge Monitor System
(CMS)
► PL/1
► RPG
� Online Transaction Processing
► Customer Information Control
System (CICS)
► Conversational Programming
System (CPS)
� Numerous independent-software-vendor
packages
Moore’s Law
• In 1965 Gordon Moore graphed data about growth in memory
chip performance.
• Realized each new chip roughly twice capacity of predecessor,
and released within ~2 yrs of it => computing power would and released within ~2 yrs of it => computing power would
rise exponentially over relatively brief periods of time.
• Still fairly accurate. In 30 years, no of transistors on a chip has
increased ~20,000 times, from 2,300 on the 4004 in 1971 to
42 million on the Pentium® IV.
The 1970’s - The Microprocessor
Revolution
• A single chip containing all the
elements of a computer’s
central processing unit.
• Small, integrated, relatively • Small, integrated, relatively
cheap to manufacture.
The Super Computers - 1972
• The Cray
• Parallel processing power
• Speed 100 million arithmetical
functions per second
• Sensitive to heat - cooled with • Sensitive to heat - cooled with
liquid nitrogen
• Very expensive
Cray I
1971 – Intel 4004 Microprocessor
• Worlds first microprocessor with 2,300 transistors, had the same processing power as the 3,000 power as the 3,000 cubic-foot ENIAC.
ALTAIR 8800: The First PC
Computer Categorization
• Supercomputer
• Mainframe
• Minicomputer
• Microcomputer• Microcomputer
1978/1979 – First individual
productivity software• VisiCalc Spreadsheet
software and WordStar word processor are the “killer applications” for personal computers, especially for small business computers, especially for small business owners.
1981 – IBM PC
• The IBM PC is introduced running the Microsoft Disk Operating System (MS-DOS) along with CP/M-86. The IBM PC's open architecture made it the de-facto standard platform, and it was eventually de-facto standard platform, and it was eventually replaced by inexpensive clones.
• CPU: Intel 8088 @ 4.77 MHz
• RAM: 16 kB ~ 640 kB
• Price: $5,000 - $20,000
1984 – Apple Macintosh
• Apple introduces the first successful consumer computer with a WIMP user interface (Windows Icons Mouse & Pointer), modelled Pointer), modelled after the unsuccessful Xerox Alto computer.
• Motorola 68000 @8Mhz
• 128KB Ram• US$1,995 to
US$2,495
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