History of Computer First, why should we spend time on recounting the events of the past Why we not talk about what is happening today and what will happen.

History of Computer

First, why should we spend time on recounting the events of the past Why we not talk about what is happening today and what will happen in future.? Why?

If you do not learn from the history, you may repeat it.

Recounting the events of the past provides an excellent opportunity to: learn lessons discover patterns of evolution, and use them in the future

If we learn from history well, we will: neither repeat the mistakes of the

past nor would we waste time re-inventing

what already has been invented

Vacuum Tube - 1904

John Fleming, an English Physicist, developed the very first one

These tubes have now been almost completely replaced by more reliable and less costly transistors

ABC - 1939 Attanasoff-Berry Computer

John Attanasoff & Clifford Berry at Iowa State College

World’s first electronic computer

The first computer that used binary numbers instead of decimal

Helped graduation students in solving simultaneous linear equations

Harvard Mark 1 - 1943 Howard Aiken of Harvard University

The first program controlled machine

Included all the ideas proposed by Babbage for the Analytical Engine

The last famous electromechanical computer

ENIAC – 1946 Electronic Numerical Integrator And

Computer World’s first large-scale, general-purpose

electronic computer Built by John Mauchly & John Echert at the

University of Pennsylvania Developed for military applications 5,000 operations/sec, 19000 tubes, 30 ton 9’ x 80’ 150 kilowatts: Used to dim the lights in

the City of Philadelphia down when it ran

Transistor - 1947 Invented by Shockly, Bardeen, and

Brattain at the Bell Labs in the US

Compared to vacuum tubes, it offered: much smaller size better reliability much lower power consumption much lower cost

All modern computers are made of miniaturized transistors

Tubes replaced mechanicals

Transistors replaced tubes

What is going to replace the transistors?

Floppy Disk - 1950

Invented at the Imperial University in Tokyo by Yoshiro Nakamats

Provided faster access to programs and data as compared with magnetic tape

Compiler - 1951

Grace Hopper of US Navy develops the very first high-level language compiler

Before the invention of this compiler, developing a computer program was tedious and prone to errors

A compiler translates a high-level language (that is easy to understand for humans) into a language that the computer can understand

UNIVAC 1 - 1951

UNIVersal Automatic Computer Echert & Mauchly Computer Company First computer designed for commercial

apps First computer that could not only

manipulate numbers but text data as well

Max speed: 1905 operations/sec Cost: US$1,000,000 5000 tubes. 943 cu ft. 8 tons. 100

kilowatts Between 1951-57, 48 were sold

BASIC - 1965 Beginner All-purpose Symbolic Instruction

Code

Developed by Thomas Kurtz & John Kemeny at Dartmouth College

The first programming language designed for the General purpose

The grand-mother of the most popular programming language in the world today – Visual BASIC

Computer Mouse - 1965

Invented by Douglas Englebart

Did not become popular until 1983, when Apple Computers adopted the concept

ARPANET - 1969

A network of around 60,000 computers developed by the US Dept of Defense to facilitate communications between research organizations and universities

Intel 4004 - 1971

The first microprocessor

Microprocessor: A complete computer on a chip

Speed: 750 kHz

Altair 8800 - 1975 The commercially available 1st PC

Based on the Intel 8080

Cost $397

Had 256 bytes of memory

Cray 1 - 1976 The first commercial supercomputer

Supercomputers are state-of-the-art machines designed to perform calculations as fast as the current technology allows

Used to solve extremely complex tasks: weather prediction, simulation of atomic explosions; aircraft design; movie animation

Cray 1 could do 167 million calculations a second; the current state-of the-art machines can do many trillion (1012) calculations per second

IBM PC & MS DOS - 1981

IBM PC: The tremendously popular PC; the grand-daddy of 95% of the PC’s in use today

MS DOS: The tremendously popular operating system that came bundled with the IBM PC

Apple Macintosh - 1984

The first popular, user-friendly, WIMP-based PC

Based on the WIMP (Windows, Icons, Menus, Pointing Device) ideas first developed for the Star computer at Xerox PARC (1981)

World Wide Web -1989 Tim Berners Lee – British physicist

1989 – At the European Center for Nuclear Energy Research (CERN) in Geneva

1993 - The 1st major browser “Mosaic” was developed at the National Center for Supercomputing Applications at the University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign

Deep Blue -vs- Kasparov - 1997

In 1997 Deep Blue, a supercomputer designed by IBM, beat Gary Kasparov, the World Chess Champion

That computer was exceptionally fast, did not get tired or bored. It just kept on analyzing the situation and kept on searching until it found the perfect move from its list of possible moves

Continue..

It could analyze 300 billion chess moves just in 3 minutes.

Can Computer Think?

Mobile Phone-Computer A small computer, no bigger than the

hand set of desktop phone

Can do whatever an Internet-capable computer can plus can function as a regular phone

First consumer device formed by the fusion of computing and wireless telecommunication

What is he next major Milestone?1. Mechanical computing

2. Electro-mechanical computing

3. Vacuum tube computing

4. Transistor computing(the current state-of the-art)

5. Quantum computing

QUANTUM MECHANICS is the branch of physics which describes the activity of subatomic particles, i.e. the particles that make up atoms

Generation of Computer

First Generation Second Generation Third Generation Fourth Generation Fifth Generation

First Generation(1945 – 1956)

• Main processing device : Vacuum tubes

First generation computer Advantages : . It was only electronic device . First device to hold memory Disadvantages : . Too bulky i.e large in size . Vacuum tubes burn frequently . They were producing heat . Maintenance problems . Cooling is required . Not portable. (Because of Bulky Size) . Very Expensive

To Bulky in Size

Vacuum tubes burn frequently

Second Generation Computer (1956 – 1963)

• Main processing device : Transistor

Second Generation Computer… Advantages : . Size reduced considerably . The very fast . Very much reliable Disadvantages : . They over heated quickly . Maintenance problems . Cooling was still required. . Although size was reduced but still not

portable. . Expensive

Third Generation Computer(1964-1971)

Main processing device : IC (integrated circuit)

Advantages : . ICs are very small in size . Improved performance . Production cost cheap Disadvantages : . ICs are sophisticated

Fourth Generation Computer(1971-upto Now)

Main processing device : ICs with VLSI (Very Large Scale Integration)

Fourth Generation Computer…

Advantages : . It is a compact . Less power consumption . Production cost is cheap . Portable Disadvantages : . No artificial intelligent.

Fifth Generation Computer(present & future)

• Main processing device : ICs with parallel processing

Fifth Generation Computer…

Voice recognition Artificial intelligence Quantum computing Bio computing Nano technology Learning Natural languages

Question

Can we live with out Computer?