History of Christianity 1. Europe ‐ Christian 2. N. Africa ‐ Controlled by Islam Privitization of Churches ‐ Secular Lords controlled through tithes; property Christendom ‐ No separation of Church and State ‐ Theocracy = Nation governed by God Rise of Universities ‐ Cathedral Schools grew studying math, philosophy and theology Problems in Priesthood: Simony ‐ Sell Church Offices (Privatization) Leader of the Church ‐ Respectable (Control of land and money) Cohabitation ‐ Priests living with females (pregnancies occuring) Clement II and Leo IX preached against this Invesiture Crisis ‐ Measure of agreement between the Pope and the Secular Lord; But not always 1046 ‐ Henry III ‐ Synod of Sutry: Clement replaced Gregory Need of Uniformity (Rome) 1076 ‐ Bishops in Germany withdrew support from Rome Henry VI supported Germany/Pope said not true emperor Theology and Architecture: Carolignian Rennaisance: Question: Relationship of the Holy Spirit to Son? Filioque (and the Son) Question: Nature of Jesus Question: God's Sovereign purposes in election (Double Predestination) Question: Nature of Jesus' Birth (Natural or Spiritual)
Question: Nature of Jesus Christendom ‐ No separation of Church and State ‐ Theocracy = Nation governed by God Leader of the Church ‐ Respectable (Control of land and money) Clement II and Leo IX preached against this Rise of Universities ‐ Cathedral Schools grew studying math, philosophy and theology Question: Relationship of the Holy Spirit to Son? Filioque (and the Son) Question: Nature of Jesus' Birth (Natural or Spiritual) History of Christianity 1. Europe ‐ Christian
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History of Christianity
1. Europe ‐ Christian
2. N. Africa ‐ Controlled by Islam
Privitization of Churches ‐ Secular Lords controlled through tithes; property
Christendom ‐ No separation of Church and State
‐ Theocracy = Nation governed by God
Rise of Universities ‐ Cathedral Schools grew studying math, philosophy and theology
Problems in Priesthood:
Simony ‐ Sell Church Offices (Privatization)
Leader of the Church ‐ Respectable (Control of land and money)
Cohabitation ‐ Priests living with females (pregnancies occuring)
Clement II and Leo IX preached against this
Invesiture Crisis ‐ Measure of agreement between the Pope and the Secular Lord; But not always
1046 ‐ Henry III ‐ Synod of Sutry: Clement replaced Gregory
Need of Uniformity (Rome)
1076 ‐ Bishops in Germany withdrew support from Rome
Henry VI supported Germany/Pope said not true emperor
Theology and Architecture:
Carolignian Rennaisance:
Question: Relationship of the Holy Spirit to Son?
Filioque (and the Son)
Question: Nature of Jesus
Question: God's Sovereign purposes in election (Double Predestination)
Question: Nature of Jesus' Birth (Natural or Spiritual)
Question: Nature of the Eucharist (Flesh and Blood or Spiritual
Spiritual was the majority opinion among theologians (popular opinion went the other way)
Heresy:
Veneration of the Crucifix
Infant Baptism
Property Ownership
First Response: Preach against (lay persons opened to more heresy)
Waldenses broke with the Church
Pope Innocent III ‐ Dominicans (Apologists) and Franciscans (Fix the Church) set up to preach against Cathars
Cathars ‐ were dualistic; Manichean Theology
Physical World ‐ Evil
Second Response: Attack (Crusades)
1. Crusades ‐ political, social, and economic influence
Assasin plot (Boubon tried coup against Guise) ‐ executed
1561 ‐ Attempt to Reconcile
Thedore Beza (represented Calvin)
No peace, broken negotiations
Francoise, Duke of Guise
Mass Stopped in Versailles
Hugenots service in barn
Confrontation ‐ 60 Hugenots were killed (1563)
War #1 ‐ 1 year; stale mate (Francoise assasinated)
August 22‐23, 1572 ‐ St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre
#4 War
Gaspard de Coligny ‐ blamed for assasination of Francoise
Henry of Navarre ‐ wedding arranged to king's sister, Margarite de Valois (to end fighting)
Protestants had king's ear (Coligny was trusted advisor to king)
Protestant leaders walked freely for festivities and celebration
August 15, 1572 at Notre Dame ‐ wedding took place
Hoped to end religious violence
Seen as a sale out
August 22 ‐ coligny shot in hand from window of the Guise family
King acted quickly in retaliation
Hugenots were going to retaliate ‐ Council of Charles IX, Medici mother, and Prince Henry
Kill Protestant leaders to stop Protestantism
Coligny as stabbed to death while recovering
Other Protestant leaders were killed as well
Violence in the streets ‐ spread to city, then country
Thousands died
Many recanted faith in fear and conviction
Henry of Navarre ‐ placed in the Louvre; recant Protestantism or die ‐ he chose to recant
Henry escaped to Navarre (Protestants) and recanted his recantation
Henry III
Charles dies; 1574 ‐ became king
1584 ‐ Francoise Valois (brother of the king, died) ‐ last male in Valois family died
Probelmatic ‐ closest male relative was Henry de Navarre
Navarre was named successor ‐ was a Protestant
Catholic League organized by Herny of Guise (Tension was created) ‐‐> 1587: War of the Three Henrys
1589 ‐ Catholic Assasin stabbed and killed the king (thought was a sale‐out)
Henry de Navarre (King) ‐ Henry IV
1593 ‐ Henry De Navarre converted back to Catholicism (because of lack of funds to support Paris, France)
War of Religion ends
Amnesty for opponents
Legislation for poor
Edict of Nante ‐ 1598: Did not make Protestantism legal in France (only in certain sections)
Protestant Lord = practice of Protestantism allowed
Not equal footing to Catholicism (still religion of the State)
1610 ‐ Assassination by fundamentalist Catholic
Louis XIII ‐ Ordered all Hugenots destroyed (destruction of castles)
Louis XIV ‐ Revoked Edict of Nante in 1685
Hugenots became Catholic again
Catholicism always official religion
The English Reformation:
William Tyndale (1493/95)
1520s ‐ became convinced of Protestant ideas
Influenced by the Lolards (Wycliffe) and Humanism
1521 ‐ Chaplain/Tutor for John Walsh household
Met the clergy in the area
Shocked at the ignorance of Scripture
Had a heated theological debate
Translated Scripture into English and printed (1589)
Bishop of London (Tunstall) ‐ asked permission to translate; Tunstall refused
Lutherans and Lolards were the problem
Henry VIII ‐ Wrote "Defense of Catholic Church and Against Lutheranism" (1520‐21)
Protestant beliefs were not tolerated ‐ so Scripture in common tongue was refused
He went overseas ‐ founded Monmouth; printed Scripture in English in Cologne, Germany
He was not protected and had to flee
He went to Worms with protection from Fredrick smuggled into England
1529 ‐ Sir Thomas Moore ‐ published book
1528 ‐ "Obedience of a Christian Man"
"Dialogue concerning Heresies"
"The Practice of Prelates"
1531 ‐ Responded to Moore
Moore, Henry VIII, and Thomas Stoklesly had people searching for Tyndale
Henry Philips won trust of the English people in Belgium ‐ pact with Charles V to arrest Tyndale
May 21, 1535 ‐ Ambush set up; Philips and Tyndale walk together and pushes him into waiting authorities
18 months imprisonment (October, 1536)
The Charges against him:
1. Faith justifies
2. Tradition not binding on conscience
3. Rejected Doctrine of Pergatory
4. Virgin and Saints are not to be prayed to
5. Forgiveness of sins and mercy of the Gospel is sufficient
6. He was denied freewill
He was executed ‐ strangled and then executed
His last words: Lord, Open the Eyes of the King of England (His eyes did open)
Henritian Reformation: Ebglish Reformation
Theological Movement (More political reforms)
Wycliffe ‐ some theological thought
Associated with separate church away from Roman Catholic Church
Fundamentally different than that on the continent (Political Reform of the Church)
Henry VIII ‐ House of Tutor
Ordered Arthur (brother) ‐ married to Catherine of Argon, Daughter of Ferdinand and Isabella of Spain and Aunt of Charles V
Died four months after marriage to Catherine (age 14)
Henry VIII ‐ 11 years old and Catherine was 16 ‐ were betrothed, 1509 was married under special dispensation by Pope Julius II
(Given 1503) ‐‐> 6 year betrothal
Women seen as weak, needed a male heir
After seven pregnancies, only Mary survived
1521: 1. Luther's works burned in London
2. Assertion of Seven Sacraments (response by Henry to Babylonian Captivity) = Pope has power
3. "Defender of Faith" given tithe to Henry by Pope for work
Sir Thomas Moore ‐ said not to over do this
Anne Bolyen ‐ Seductive and Independent; enticed Henry
She refused him (only if he were to marry her)
Henry wanted to annul/divorce Catherine
He thought the marriage was cursed (death of so many children)
Leviticus 20:21 (misapplied)
Began accusing Catherine of her virginity not being true when they had wed
He asked Pope Clement VII for divorce charged Lord Chancelor Thomas Wolsey with securing divorce
Not able to grant request because Rome was sacked by Charles V ‐ Clement VII was prisoner
1529 ‐ no divorce was granted; anti‐clerical legislation passed to keep taxation $ from Rome to stay in England
Thomas Wolsey disagreed and charged with treason
Sir Thomas Moore became Lord Chancelor and persecuted the protestants
Thomas Cranmer ‐ get opinion of the universities in Europe for divorce
Protestants agreed to it
Catholics did not
Catherine of Aragon was popular among people
Read Tyndale's book; King is over Pope
Agreed to this as rightful head of Church of England
Passed measures:
1. Submission of the Clegy (1532)
2. Act of Supremacy (1534) ‐ King is head of Church of England
3. Destruction of the Monasteries (1536‐40)
March 30, 1533 ‐ Cranmer declared arch‐bishop of Canterbury (declared marriage annuled)
Agreed to marry Henry to Anne
1532 ‐ Thomas Moore resigned in protest for #1
Arrested and later executed for not agreeing to marriage
Thomas Cromwell named Lord Chancelor (Lutheran)
Encouraged Queen Anne in Protestant beliefs
Encouraged Henry VIII against Catholic threat
Confiscation of monasteries ‐ tripled finances
Financed foreign wars
Henry sought to destroy devotions of Catholics on the Street ‐ 1538; destroyed shrine of Thomas Albrecht
Cranmer and Cromwell ‐ encouraged Protestant beliefs
1535 ‐ Myers coverdale brought English Scripture to England (borrowed from Tyndale)
1537 ‐ Henry VIII ‐ permission for it to be distributed
Anne ‐ no male heir; had Elizabeth
Henry VIII got tired of her fistey attitude
Trumpt up Charges of adultery ‐ was beheaded in 1536
Catherine also died in 1536
Jane Seymore ‐ submissive, Catholic
May 30, 1536 ‐ had son, Edward ‐ became heir to throne
Jane died after giving birth to Edward
June, 1539 ‐ Parliament passed 6 Articles Act
Outlawed Protestantism (Henry had remained Catholic)
1. Transubstantiation
2. No bread and wine to laity
This was a devastating blow to Protestantism in England
Cromwell wanted Protestants back (arranged marriage with German Princess, Anne of Cleaves)
Did not want to marry her = she did not look good
Wanted to get back at Cromwell for this
Protestant leaning led Cromwell to be beheaded for treason (Annulment of Anne of Cleaves)
1540 ‐ Catherine Howard ‐ loose woman; married king
One guy came back ‐ adultery
Six months ‐ she was beheaded
1543 ‐ Katherine Parr ‐ Protestant; read Sripture to Henry
Dutiful wife ‐ king needed
She was respectable ‐ treated him well
January 1547 ‐ Henry died
Edward VI ‐ 9 years old; succeeded him
Edward Seymore ‐ uncle of Edward VI ‐ Protector of the Realm; Duke of Somerset
Royal Privy Council divided
Catholic?Protestant and Humanist Reformed Catholic
Katherine Parr ‐ Humanist Reformed Catholicism (sided with Protestants)
Edward Seymore was a Protestant; wanted to bring Protestant Theology to England
1547 ‐ Repeal of 6 Articles
(Restrictions on public reading removed)
1548 ‐ Images removed from the churches
1549 ‐ Marriage of priests made legal
Act of Uniformity
1. Common Book of Prayer in English required
(Prepared by Cramner ‐ Unpopular with Protestant Radicals)
Had rituals that were Catholic
Exorcism at Infant Baptism, Annointing the Sick
Edward Seymore ‐ Authoritarian leader, failed invasion of Scotland
Fell out of favor with Privy Council
Wanted alliance with Scotland
Economic problems ‐ John Dudley overthrew Edward Seymore (was attempt to bring peace)
Was Protestant by Conviction
England became Haven for Protestant leaders (Martin Buler)
1552 ‐ Act of Uniformity and 42 Articles ‐ directed against radial reform
Revision of Book of Common Prayer
1553 ‐ Edward VI signed Act of Uniformity (strong Protestant)
Disinherited the sisters
Lady Jane Grey named successor (Dudley's daughter‐in‐law)
Magesterial Reform beliefs
July 6, 1553
Edward dies of Tuberculosis
Mary succeeds him to the throne (this made sense ‐ she was a direct descendant)
Catherine of Aragon was her mother (was popular and was done wrong by Henry VIII)
Mary executed Jane Dudley
Thought Cramner was behind it and imprisoned him with a Protestant Bishop
Convened Parliament
Repealed legislation of Edward VI
Catholicism was restored
Declaration that Catherine of Aragon
Declaration that Catherine of Aragon and Henry VIII's marriage was illegitimate
1554 ‐ Mary and Philip, King of Spain, wed: Unpopular in England
Marriage was only a contract
Protestants fled England (To Germany and Switzerland)
Geneva Bible produced in April, 1560
Cardinal Reginald power removed and was charged with heresy upon nation because of restoration of Catholicism
Property was not returned (people had prayed for property)
Persecution of Protestants began (Bloody Mary)
1. John Rogers ‐ First Martyr (Bible translater)
2. Hugh Latimer and Nicholas Ridley (Remembered by John Fox, 1570 ‐ Fox's Book of Martyrs: Acts and Monuments
Written to demonize Mary
Cranmer was scheduled to be executed ‐ mixed loyalties (changed faith with each king)
Primary loyalty to the Monarchy (Believed that is was placed there by God)
Signed recantation of Protestant faith and declared loyalty to Rome
November 25, 1555 ‐ Was excommunicated
March 21, 1556 ‐ was executed
Cardinal Pole became archbishop in Cranmer's place
Cranmer called to publicly anounce his recantation before execution = just asked crowd to forgive sins, what he believed
Executed ‐ held out hnd in fire
300 martyred under Mary's reign
English Mores ‐ less passionate as on continent with mob rule
Reforms in Edward VI reign were still practiced
1558 ‐ Mary dies
Elizabeth (Protestant) succeeds Mary
Act of Supremacy (Second) ‐ New title as Governor of Church rather than Head
Act of Uniformity (Third) ‐ Third version of Book of Common Prayer
Left out prayer against pope
Left out no kneeling clause for eucharist
Did not say what eucharist was
What offended Protestants most? Allowed priestly vestments to be worn
Puritans ‐ radical reformers who fled to Geneva during Mary's reign; came back to England
1559 ‐ Matthew Parker, Archbishop of Canterbury
42 Articles revised and reduced to 39
39 Articles = statement of faith for England
1570 ‐ Elizabeth excommunicated by Pius V
Catholics wanted her dead
Elizabeth was urged to marry (to produce an heir)
Mary, Queen of Scots married to Francis, King of France
Philip II of Spain proposes to Elizabeth
The Scottish Reformation
Bloody Mary ‐ unfair assessment as far as statistics/Elizabeth ‐ Protestant and Catholic ideas merge
Pope Pius V, 1570 ‐ excommunicated Elizabeth: urged subjects to rise up against her (assassin could earn merit)
Pressured to get married and produce heir
Mary, Queen of Scots would become queen
Philip II of Spain supported Elizabeth for political alliances of Scotland and France
Did not want this alliance
Mary, Queen of Scots married Henry Stuart and did produce and heir (James = James VI of Scotland and James I of England)
Mary came under house arrest; Catholic ‐ rallying point for Catholics in England
1569 ‐ Nobles in the North (rural and Catholic) ‐ rebelled to free Mary and name her Queen of England
Elizabeth dispatched army to meet them ‐ they were routed and killed
700 executed fro treason
William of Orange ‐ Dutch resistance; Elizabeth asked to help
She supported France to help and sent money
France was fighting religious wars
English wool sold in Netherlands
Elizabeth sent troops with Robert Dudley
Spanish routed the English ‐ shamed Dudley
Pirates financed by Queen ‐ attacked Spanish ships from New World
Sir Francis Drake ‐ pirate
Spanish ambassadors reported; Elizabeth visited Drake and knighted him ‐ infuriated King Philip of Spain
Execution of Mary, Queen of Scots after plot to assasinate Elizabeth
Final straw for Philip
Before executon, Mary of Scots named Philip the successor
1588 ‐ Spanish Armada sent to attack England
They were dessimated by English (smaller more maneuverable ships)
Sealed Elizabeth's position as Queen
Catholics even lauded her as Queen
March 24, 1603 ‐ James becomes King of England (James I)
Middle way between Catholics and Protestants ‐ Elizabethan Settlement
She did not tolerate religious adversity
Catholic missionaries executed as spies at times (?)
Cranmer affected the Elizabethan settlement
Episcopal church common with Protestant ideas
Similarities avoided wide spread revolution
1500s ‐ defense against anexation/invasion of England (alligned itself with France)
Scottish King, James V, married into two prominent families:
Valois (first wife)
Guise (second wife)
George Wisshart and John Knox ‐ credit for reformation in Scotland
The Spark of Reform
Public burning of Wisshort for Protestant beliefs (ignited public sentiment)
Cardinal David Beaton ‐ captured, beaten, murdered by Protestants
Protestants held military take over at St. Andrew's Castle ‐ Beaton killed there
Castle became refuge ‐ Knox joined them
Eventually surrendered to Catholics ‐ Knox sentenced to 19 months as galley slave
He was released, became priest of Church of England
He fled England when Mary Tutor became Queen to Geneva (follower of John Calvin)
Wrote Treatise against female leadership (Elizabeth did not like it when she became queen)
"First Blast of the Trumpet against the Monstrous Regiment of Women"
Calvin had this book banned in Geneva
Was against Mary Tutor
Valois Tutor
Francis I (France) Henry VIII (England)
Henry II ‐ Daughter ‐ (First Wife, dies) James V (Scotland)‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ Nephew of Henry VIII
(Second Wife, Mary of Guise) daughter, Mary of Scots (First husband, Francis II)
(Second husband, Henry Stuart) James VI, I
Knox went back and forth between Geneva and Scotland
People were not happy with French rule ‐ Independence Movement, not just Protestant movement
Mary, Queen of Scots married French King, Francis II (bad idea)
Elizabeth, Queen of England
Small rebellion after Knox came from Geneva ‐ preached a sermon against Catholicism
French troops came to battle against Protestants
Stand off
Ties between Protestants and Independence from French (political hope)
Domination helped Protestantism
1560‐1 ‐ Parliament converts Scotland
Calvinistic confession of Faith
First book of Discipline
1561 ‐ Mary, Queen of Scots was Catholic: argued theology with John Knox (tried to convert each other)
Pressured nobles to reintroduce Catholicism into Scotland
Scandals outdid her
Forced to leave her throne
Imprisoned ‐ half brother named regent (James)
Protestants won Scotland
Knox: Unswerving/over opinionated
Heralded as powerful preacher
Pastor's heart ‐ cared for other pastors especially
Ministry ‐ encouraging congregations
The Catholic Reformation (Counter‐Reformation) ‐ [Ongoing heritage continued]
The term, counter‐reformation, fell out of favor (implications)
Conciliar Movement ‐ to reduce abuses
New Religious Orders:
1. Pope Paul IV and Cardinal Cajetan ‐‐> Oratory of Divine Love
2. Theatine began this: Aescetism ‐ popular at local level (concerned for poor)
3. Ursulines ‐ lay movement of women ‐‐> charitable
4. Capucines ‐ Within Franciscan Order = return to Francis' ideas
Prayer, property and physical scourging
Became separate order ‐‐> thousands of members
5. Jesuits
Leo X and Clement VII ‐ ignored Protestant Reform movement
Pope Paul III ‐ appointed reformed minded cardinals
1542 ‐ reinstituted Roman inuisition
Jesuits ‐ Ignatius of Loyola started it (born out of this)
Was a knight; injured
Became a knight/soldier for Christ
Spent a year in prayer and meditation
Wrote draft of "Spiritual Exercises"
Missionary to Muslims in Jerusalem ‐ Franciscans sent him home because they thought he was dangerous
Richard Foster ‐ Spiritual Formations
Spain ‐ Ignatius became educated; top universities
Gathered young men to disciple them
He went to University of Paris ‐ purposed to evangelize Muslims in Jerusalem
Prevented by authorities
1539 ‐ Hospitals, took care of children
September 27, 1540 ‐ Society of Jesus = Instructed by Paul III
Strict adherance to authority
Ignatius = first general of Jesuit Order
Original intent was missions to Jerusalem
Later on was educators (tension within the order)
Francis Xavier (Franciscans) ‐ Ignatius got ahold of him
Was discipled; wanted to be a missionary and gave up teaching philosophy
Left Rome for Portugal
Second in command (Security of Jesuits)
Traveled
Became "Apostle to Indies"
1549 ‐ Japan
1552 ‐ China; died on the way
He set up churches and good at evangelism (700,000 converts)
Had his faults:
1. Utilized government pressure to win converts
2. Persecuted old religion of peoples
Was canonized in 1622
Hailed as forerunner of missionaries
Targeted universities to attract wealthy young people
Jesuits formed universities
Had political clout
Was popular
There was jealousy and rivalry (Dominicans)
Debate over eficacious grace (Concordia)
Molina ‐‐> Commentary of Thomas Aquinas' Summa Theologica
Divine providence and human freedom (general knowledge of how people respond ‐‐> not new)
Knowledge of God is independent of his determining will (new idea) [Middle Knowledge]
Disagreed; fierce debate (Molina scared for his life)
Commentary became banned then not, then banned
Paul V = Jesuits vs. Dominicans
Jesuits not called Dominicans ‐ Calvinists
Dominicans not called Jesuits ‐ Palagians
Ordered each of them to stop fighting
Congruism ‐ Guarez = variations of Molina's idea
Jesuits still come against by Dominicans
Jesuits went against oppressive governments = wanted to help poor
Expelled from France, Spain, and Portugal
Clement XIV, 1773 ‐ suppressed Jesuits
1814 ‐ Jesuits were restored
Found still in Germany and America
Council of Trent
Addressed Protestant Reformation (clarification of doctrine and reforming the clergy)
Conciliar movement ‐ had its critics (Popes/Theologians)
Power struggle
Politics:
1. Charles V ‐ Council in Spain because his diesires would have a majority
2. Pope ‐ Council in Italy so he would have a majority
3. Decided on Trent (outside border of Italy)
‐ Moved to Balogna because of disputes
4. Convened 25 times over 18 years because of political maneuvering
5. Theology of Reform
Reformation:
1. Salvation by Grace through Faith
2. Denied Forensic Justification ‐ Justification is a process over a lifetime of serving the Lord (Protestant Doctrine ‐ not
guilty in moment of time)
3. Confirmed the Seven Sacraments (Rejected the Cup to the laity)
4. Confirmed canonicity of Scripture ‐ Apocrypha and Vulgate
5. Increased Church Bureaucracy and Ministerial Education requirements in an effort to reform the clergy (cannot hold two
bishoprics at one time)
6. Gift of Perseverance (spoke on Luther)
Ferdinand V (died in 1516) and Isabella I (died in 1504) ‐ Spain
Daughter was Catherine of Aragon
Consolidated and strengthened throne with marriage
The Moores were expelled
Important: Reinstitution of the Spanish Inquisition ‐ expelled Jews and Muslims from Spain (1480)
Pope Sixtus IV approved of this
Dealt with converts to Judaism (some were lax in their beliefs)
Controlled by secular authorities
Italy and Portugal reinstituted it
Protected against heresy (severe in early years)
Thomas de Torqu... ‐ called for reform in Church (Dominican)
Inquisitor General ‐ 1483; appointed by pope
More power than others
Portrayed as cruel person (Exaggerated)
Influenced king/queen to expel Jews in 1492 (parents were partly Jewish)
Methods:
From medieval period
Torture/burning for heresy
Saw as less severe from general people, than secular authorities
By mid‐1500s ‐ not as harsh
Ferdinand V (dying 1516) and Isabella I (dying 1504) ‐‐ Spain (Catholic) daughter ‐‐ Catherine of Aragon
‐‐ consolidated and in strengthened throne with marriage
‐‐ Moores were expelled
‐‐ reinstitution of Spanish Inquisition ‐‐ expelled Jews and Muslims from Spain (1480)
‐‐ Pope Sixtus IV approved
‐‐ dealt with converts to Judaism (some were lax in their belief)
‐‐ controlled by secular authority
‐‐ Italy and Portugal reinstituted it
‐‐ protected against heresy (severe in early years)
Tomas de Torq... ‐‐ called for reform in church (Dominican)
‐‐ general Inquisition ‐‐ 1483 (appointed by Pope)
‐‐ more power than others
‐‐ portrayed as cruel person (exaggerated)
‐‐ influenced king and Queen to expelled Jews and 1492 (parents were partly Jewish)
Methods:
‐‐ from medieval period
‐‐ torturer/burning for heresy
‐‐ saw as less severe from general people then secular authorities
‐‐ by mid‐1500s not as harsh
‐‐ suppressed in Spain by 1834
‐‐ wanted people to live faithfully with Christ
‐‐ MIDI 16th century ‐‐ protected from heresy
‐‐ fear that Protestant believes would come into Spain
‐‐ protective measures:
‐‐ index of prohibited writings published a than 1557
‐‐ Imprimatur ‐ let it be printed (approval of the Catholic church)
‐‐ Nihil Obstat ‐ nothing prohibited (any books could be reviewed) if
Italy:
‐‐ Galileo was summoned to appear before the Inquisition because a friend was burned at the stake (Bruno)
‐‐ planets revolve around the sun
‐‐ planets had valleys and mountains
‐‐ tried to interpret Bible to explain ‐‐ said church was wrong
‐‐ Galileo recanted his writings
‐‐ religion vs. science (exaggerated)
Spain\Italy ‐‐ Catholic
Charles V ‐‐ 1519 ‐‐ holy Roman emperor
‐‐ 1556 ‐‐ abdicated
‐‐ 1558 ‐‐ died
Philip II (son) and Ferdinand (brother)
‐‐ major victory over the Moores
‐‐ 1580 ‐‐ Portugal subjugation to Philip
Holland:
Arminius and Arminianism
Theodore Beza ‐‐ took over for Calvin ‐‐ Dutch Calvinism became codified
church and state and nature of Providence (controversy in Holland)
Jacob Arminius ‐‐ professor of theology at Leidon
‐‐ pastor in Amsterdam
‐‐ dispute with Franciscus Gomerus (defender of supralapsarianism)
‐‐ nature of God's thought process prior to creating (logic of God's decrees or arranged)
‐‐ God decrees who to save and whom not to save first
Supralapsarianism:
1. Decree to save specific persons
2. Decree to create
Arminius disagreed ‐‐ crystallize focus on decrees
‐‐ though supralapsarian, may God author of sin
view of decrees
1. Crystal logical and nature (Jesus is the Redeemer)
2. Jesus is the mediator
3. Saves those who repent and believe
4. Give prevening grace to those who believe in such grace
5. Saves from particular persons and condemned others [idea of middle knowledge]
Arminius died in 1609 ‐‐ he was vindicated by secular authorities
1610 ‐‐ followers asked to state theology by secular authorities
Remonstrance:
1. Denied supralapsarianism
2. Affirmed human freedom
3. Election
‐‐ did not directly reject five points of Calvinism
‐‐ predestination ‐‐ human ‐‐ divine roles and salvation (differences)
‐‐ came to repentance not on own
‐‐ stance against Calvinistic points of predestination, unconditional election, irresistible grace
Calvinists thought that this was heresy (successful in politics ‐‐ military leader, Maurice of Nassau\magistrates were sympathetic to have remonstrance removed)
‐‐ Arminian supporters were arrested
‐‐ they were charged with treason because they favored the truce with Spain
Dort ‐‐ Nov. 13, 1618 ‐‐ may 9, 1618
Synod of Dort ‐‐ meeting of Calvinistic pastors
1. Condemned Arminianism
2. Came up with T. U. L. IP
result of Synod of Dort (1619)
1. Arminians fled\forbidden to preach
2. Maurice of Nassau died ‐‐ tolerance of Arminianism
1795 ‐‐ officially recognized as legitimate believes to hold to
remonstrance did not definitively argue against Calvinism
30 years war (1618 ‐‐ 1648)
‐‐ Germany\Austria ‐‐ mainly here
‐‐ Luther Dies
‐‐ Philip Melanchthon (1530's) ‐‐ popular
‐‐ Loci Communes = Luther systematic theology
‐‐ flexible
‐‐ followers were departing from Luther\deviation from Melanchthon
‐‐ disagreement over Lord supper, justification, value of good works
Andreas Osiander
‐‐ justification ‐‐ declared righteous and made righteous by indwelling
‐‐ deviation from reformers
‐‐ sounded like council of Trent
George major ‐‐ good works = needed to be saved
Amsdorf ‐‐ works are detrimental to salvation and gospel
Lutherans ‐‐ calling for suppression of the reform movement
‐‐ August ‐‐ Philipism\Calvinism persecution called for
1580 formula of Concord ‐‐ 50th anniversary of Augsburg confession
‐‐ rejected Philipism
‐‐ affirmed traditional Lutheran positions on all contested issues
‐‐ rejected Melanchthon's view of Eucharist (special presence)
Catholics ‐‐ counter reformation is becoming successful
‐‐ Jesuits ‐‐ restored some states to Catholicism
‐‐ Catholic representatives in secular authority
‐‐ Catholics becoming more military
Maximillian, Duke of Bavaria
1606\0 7 ‐‐ riot in city of Donauworth ‐‐ monks trying to convert Protestants
1606 ‐‐ 1609 ‐‐ tension = Catholic princes demanded restoration of confiscated property (some property held by Protestants for over 100 years)
‐‐ the law was on their side (on Protestants side) ‐‐ religion of team was the religion of the area churches (law)
1608 ‐‐ princes formed Protestant union ‐‐ prevented Catholic advance (led by Calvinists, Frederick IV of Palatanate)
‐‐ fear of rebellion
1609 ‐‐ response by Catholics ‐‐ formation of Catholic league
‐‐ Maximilian was the leader
‐‐ outbreak of 30 years war in Bohemia
Rudolph II of Bohemia ‐‐ letter of majesty (open‐minded)
‐‐ large degree of toleration and religious freedom
‐‐ he was Catholic; he was insane; his family wanted him deposed
‐‐ he was succeeded eventually
‐‐ the people were Calvinists
Mathias, holy Roman emperor ‐‐ succeeded Rudolph II of Bohemia (liar)
Frederick V ‐‐ succeeded him
may 1608 ‐‐ Defenestration of Prague: symbolic act (reenactment of it)
"thrown out of window"
[this led up to 30 years war]
Frederick V of the Palatinate ‐‐ Protestant Nobles elected him is king
‐‐ Ferdinand II of Bohemia ‐‐ left and successor by Mathias (Catholic)
‐‐ to claimants to the thrown (war was brewing)
Frederick V ‐‐ had support of the majority of the people
Ferdinand II of Bohemia ‐‐ support from Maximilian and count Tilly
count Tilly ‐‐ Nov. 8, 1620 ‐‐ crushed Bohemian Protestant army at the Battle of White Mountain ‐‐ first stage of war
‐‐ revocation of toleration of Protestants
‐‐ the Jesuits profited from this, Maximilian profited from this and was given an award: elector of Palatinate
second stage of war ‐‐ the Danish stage, 1625 ‐‐ 1629
‐‐ Maximilian over Bohemia and Palatinate (Catholic)
‐‐ Ferdinand II ‐‐ over Austria (Catholic) = wanted to restore holy Roman Empire to Catholics
‐‐ Protestants worried about attack
king Christian of Denmark ‐‐ stood against Ferdinand II
Ferdinand II ‐‐ Wallenstein ‐‐ head of Catholic forces (120,000 troops alone)
‐‐ big army for that time
‐‐ had a series of battles (Protestants defected)
March 6, 1629
edict of restitution: attempt to restore
‐‐ Catholic property confiscated since 1552 returned
‐‐ Protestants expelled from Catholic lands
‐‐ Calvinism declared illegal
‐‐ five bishoprics, 100 monasteries, 1000 local churches in Catholic hands
there was jealousy in the Catholic camp ‐‐ leaders were afraid of Wallenstein's power because of the size of his army
‐‐ Wallenstein was grasping for power
‐‐ 1630 ‐‐ Wallenstein fired by Ferdinand II due to pressure by Catholic Nobles
third stage of war ‐‐ the Swedish stage
‐‐ 1630 ‐‐ 1635 ‐‐ Wallenstein tried to take seaport where Swedish trade was conducted (economy)
Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden resisted (Lutheran)
‐‐ he had much to gain by getting into the war
A. defense of Protestants
B. control seaport around Baltic Sea
‐‐ marched south, army grew in size
‐‐ gave money support from other countries (Catholic franks\Louis XIII support him)
‐‐ Cardinal Richlieu ‐‐ Prime Minister of France ‐‐ destroyed Protestant forts in France (power of king, not church)
‐‐ alliance strictly for political gain ‐‐ Catholic France helped Protestants Sweden against Catholics
‐‐ Adolphus' army grew to 175,000 to 200,000 troops
‐‐ Adolphus defeated Tilly (General) at Britain field
‐‐ Saxons ‐‐ aligned with Sweden and took Prague to do and held it for one year
‐‐ Adolphus kept going south and went to Bavaria and captured Munich, the capital
‐‐ battle with Wallenstein ‐‐ they fought to a draw
‐‐ Wallenstein withdrew, Adolphus chased and fought
‐‐ Protestants warned ‐‐ Adolphus was killed
‐‐ daughter became Queen
‐‐ Adolphus' military successor unsuccessful ‐‐ defeated by armies
‐‐ peace made June 15, 1635
Fourth stage of war ‐‐ the French stage
‐‐ Cardinal Richlieu ‐‐ France was fresh ‐‐ moved into area and wiped out entire cities
‐‐ crushed Imperial forces
‐‐ peace of Westphalia signed
‐‐ independence of Switzerland
‐‐ drew borders of modern Europe
‐‐ Maximilian ‐‐ retains title of elector of Palatinate
‐‐ Frederick V son was also elector of Palatinate; of same area
‐‐ Calvinism officially recognized in Germany
‐‐ edict of restitution ceased ‐‐ property already handed over remaining Catholic hands
‐‐ ruler of the lands still determined the religion of the region
1. If ruler changes religion from Luther and the Calvinism or vice versa religion doesn't change
2. Areas where there was religious Diversey are to remain peacefully diverse
‐‐ this provided a framework for international relations that could work (modern look of treaty)
Results of 30 years war:
1. Germany became setback ‐‐ population and land decimated; 97 percent of population died were left Germany
‐‐ burning of Magdeburg
2. Disease and destruction made restitution almost impossible
3. Holy Roman Empire ceased to be important entity
‐‐ local lords increasingly had power for religion; they were responsible
4. France became strongest power in Europe under Louis XIII and Louis XIV
5. Affected religious sensibilities:
‐‐ differences of belief was not something they wanted to war over
‐‐ things worth fighting for before didn't seem worth it now (secular concerns becoming more prominent)
‐‐ Enlightenment emerging
Thomas Hobbes:
1. Anthropology ‐‐ humans are evil; never do good, but are selfish
‐‐ self‐service and all we do
‐‐ leads to need of alliance with others to stop anarchy (this is why government exists)
2. Government ‐‐ protection from one another (negative, but necessary)
Renee Descartes: founder of modernity (I think, therefore I am)
1. Radical doubting ‐‐ doubted existence
‐‐ his thought broke the traditional approach to knowledge (handing down tradition = Catechetical thought)
‐‐ Descartes questioned all supposed knowledge
‐‐ age of skepticism arrives (positive outlook of man's ability) ‐‐ hallmark of modernity
English revolution and growth of Protestantism (England after Elizabeth)
France ‐‐ absolute state (King Louis XIV)
England ‐‐ moved into constitutionalism (conflict between parliament and king)
King James I of England:
‐‐ unify England in Scotland (this was not popular)
‐‐ English Calvinists saw hope in this (Scottish reformation was positive)
Puritans: return to biblical basis of religion (radical)
‐‐ laws of country reflects laws and Bible
‐‐ England had middle way ‐‐ no crosses, Priestley vestments, or serving communion at the altar
‐‐ frugal, Sunday services, etc.
disagreements in church government, opposed bishops\Congregationalist elders or not (independents)
Baptists emerged out of independents (Puritan independents who believed in adult baptism)
‐‐ core beliefs held (Calvin or Zwingly)
‐‐ Church of England was moderately Calvinist
James I, 1603
‐‐ was not popular England; his mother was Catholic
‐‐ absolute monarchy = not favorable with parliament
‐‐ violated laws to help friends out
‐‐ homosexual
he was tolerant of religious views; persecuted Anabaptists
favored Episcopals ‐‐ bishops support him
Puritans appealed to James about:
1. Laws against them (no bishops)
2. Wanted English version of Bible ‐‐ KJV, 1611
‐‐ translators messed up some
‐‐ not acceptable immediately
‐‐ some of the language used was outdated
‐‐ Catholics continue to use the Vulgate
Parliament (Puritan) ‐‐ tension with James I, House of Commons and bishops
1605 ‐‐ law passed against Catholics ‐‐ gunpowder plot
‐‐ a Catholic put gunpowder under floor apartment hoping to blow up the king
‐‐ conspirators discovered and executed
‐‐ persecution of Catholics followed
James I did not care for parliament ‐‐ did not call parliament unless to raise taxes to do his projects
1614 ‐‐ convinced parliament and dissolve it within one month
1625 ‐‐ James I died
Charles I ‐‐ leadership style from farther
‐‐ unpopular
‐‐ married Henrietta Maria, sister of Louis XIII from France
‐‐ Henrietta and her court were Catholic
‐‐ ruled without parliament ‐‐ people did not like this or his marriage
‐‐ ruled 11 years without calling parliament; convened eventually for money
‐‐ favored anti‐Puritans supporters and placed them in government posts
William Laud, Archbishop of Canterbury:
‐‐ one Scotland and England = 1 church between the two
‐‐ he tried to impose this
‐‐ reformer of the Church of England ‐‐ Arminian
‐‐ believed in hierarchy of the church
‐‐ conform to common book of prayer
‐‐ government authority from Charles I to enforce religious acts; death warrants and torture
‐‐ trying to impose this uniformity in Scotland which just started a rebellion = Puritans in Scotland united, prepared an army and prepared to invade England
‐‐ Charles I had to raise money to defend against the Scots ‐‐ he convened parliament
‐‐ short parliament ‐‐ April, 1640 = dissolve it within a couple of months because Puritans trying to force Charles on their points before he would listen to his tax request
‐‐ Scots attack ‐‐ Charles' little army was defeated
‐‐ long parliament ‐‐ November, 1640 = Puritans said Charles would do what he wanted them to do
1640‐8 ‐ 7 1/2 years
house of lords ‐‐ including bishops; during long parliament bishops were excluded from parliament
imprisonment of William Laud ‐‐ was executed
Charles I ‐‐ trying to arrest some leaders, but was unsuccessful ‐‐ Charles fled
Civil War:
Oliver Cromwell versus Charles I and Imperial Army
parliament signed treaty with Scotland ‐‐ work toward uniform religion which would be acceptable to both Scotland and England
parliament outlawed Episcopal and set new state church
assembly of divines ‐‐ most were Puritan Presbyterians
1643 ‐‐ abolish Episcopacy
1645 ‐‐ remove the book of common prayer
1646 ‐‐ acceptance of Presbyterians
1648 ‐‐ Westminster confession, longer in shorter catechism
early on parliament afraid to accept Presbyterianism that they eventually did so
started covenant of works ‐‐ Adam until he sinned
then covenant of grace ‐‐ implying moment Adam sinned
south and East ‐‐ sided with parliament
north and West ‐‐ sided with king
Oliver Cromwell ‐‐ leader of parliament army, he recruited the army
‐‐ religious and pious man
‐‐ belief in Diversity of religious ideas ‐‐ god to unite Puritans and Protestants together in parliament effort
‐‐ envisioned army as army of Sts.
‐‐ struggle with king = holy war
‐‐ under leadership, 1645 ‐‐ army defeated Charles' army
Charles I was desperate ‐‐ asked Irish Catholics to invade
England ‐‐ went to Scots who arrested him and turned over to parliament
Civil War was now over ‐‐ Charles escaped
Charles was executed ‐‐ beheaded by parliament
‐‐ Rump parliament ‐‐ conducted the trial
‐‐ less than 50 percent of parliament was there
‐‐ guilty of treason ‐‐ beheaded 1649
people rose up against monarchy ‐‐ put fear in hearts of kings of Europe
Oliver Cromwell ruled 1653 ‐‐ 1658
‐‐ refuse the Royal Crown ‐‐ took title of protector
‐‐ he ruled together with parliament to advise him
‐‐ he became supreme ruled
‐‐ religiously, he was tolerant ‐‐ economically favored the middle‐class
‐‐ before he died, he named his son, Richard, his successor who resigned after two years because he was a bad leader
Charles II of England ‐‐ Presbyterians sided with loyalists and restore the monarchy to Charles II (son of Charles I)
‐‐ he was a knowledge by Scots as king earlier
‐‐ Charles II ‐‐ declared himself Catholic on his deathbed
‐‐ restore Catholicism to both England in Scotland
‐‐ Scotland ‐‐ rebellion ‐‐ Charles II believed in monarchy and ruled by divine right (always a struggle with parliament)
Clarendon code:
1662 ‐‐ Corporation act ‐‐ officeholder had to take oath of allegiance and Anglican community
1662 ‐‐ uniformity act ‐‐ ministers\teachers living in housing owned by church had to give full assent to book of common prayer or had to be kicked out
‐‐ 2000 ministers had to move out
1664 ‐‐ can biblical act ‐‐ all persons over 16 who attended religious meetings with more than four people, and did not use book of common prayer can be arrested
1665 ‐‐ five miles act ‐‐ punished creatures\teachers who'd been ejected if they live within five miles of where they used to live (punished those who would not take an oath)
1670 ‐‐ conventicles act ‐‐ renewed
John Bunyan went to prison and wrote pilgrims progress
‐‐ readers see themselves as man with burden on his back
Charles II died in 1685 ‐‐ James II succeeded him ‐‐ who was Catholic
‐‐ wanted to restore Catholicism to England
‐‐ 1688 ‐‐ was overthrown
William of orange and Mary his wife (James II daughter)
toleration act ‐‐ 1689 ‐‐ rejected the jurisdiction of Pope, the mass, pretty much everything Catholic
‐‐ also cannot conspire against the sovereign
‐‐ they were accepted by the Scots ‐‐ Presbyterian Church
‐‐ Frontier dwellers showed up; not very religious
‐‐ gambling, sex, alcohol, etc.
‐‐ famous for large crowds, and chaos on second day (Saturday) ‐ Barton Stone wrote about it
‐‐ intense preaching from meetinghouses
‐‐ people were crying out for sin
‐‐ Bodily phenomenon (exorcism happened)
‐‐ people would scream and fall down, barking, jerks, dancing, singing, laughing, running
‐‐ Saturday evening ‐‐ ministers were troubled by all this; not opposed ‐‐ some believed it was wrong to have such emotional response from preaching
‐‐ McMinar ‐‐ worried about loss of control in the crowd
‐‐ Sunday morning ‐‐ communion service; different groups ‐‐ different places
‐‐ exhorted one another: moaning, groaning, etc.
‐‐ more chaos
‐‐ Monday ‐‐ some left, some just arriving; people heard about it
‐‐ continued until Thursday
‐‐ many did return home transformed in converted
‐‐ Rev. Moses Hoge ‐‐ many were converted into give clear and rational explanation
‐‐ Barton Stone and Alexander Campbell ‐‐ disciples of Christ
‐‐ baptismal regeneration
‐‐ new Testament only
‐‐ Peter Cartonwright ‐‐ Methodist circuit rider\camp Meeting preacher
‐‐ was a brute; rough background
‐‐ in‐your‐face preaching; warned Andrew Jackson
‐‐ when he preached some would interrupt by being rowdy and heckle him ‐‐ he would challenge them or chase them off
‐‐ he baptized thousands
‐‐ he urged new converts to build meetinghouses
‐‐ he championed calls for Methodist colleges to train ministers
‐‐ he would leave books and tracts behind wherever he went
‐‐ criticisms of camp meetings:
1. Excess of emotional outbursts
2. Secular activities would take place is well
‐‐ social gathering rather than spiritual gathering (Towns came together)
‐‐ drinking, gambling, etc.
Charles Finney
‐‐ salvation experience was profound; wrestled with God
‐‐ liquid love permeating my body
‐‐ dropped law practice and became a licensed preacher
‐‐ 1823 = became Presbyterian preacher; okay sermons
‐‐ 1825 ‐‐ sermons drew large crowds
‐‐ press attention
‐‐ many responded in faith
‐‐ controversial ‐‐ individual will stressed to respond to Christianity, but was a Calvinist
‐‐ new measures in worship so people could respond easy to the message:
1. Use of sinner's bench; sat there for conversion
2. Allow women to pray during services
3. Most important: informal language used in prayer to enable heart; genuine
Lectures on revivals religion ‐‐ published
‐‐ means for revival under holy spirit leadership to create environment; not advocating human effort
‐‐ controversial in Presbyterian church
‐‐ Charles Hodge condemned book
‐‐ Finney left denomination; became independent
Awakenings continued ‐‐ Yale and Dartmouth
‐‐ 1810, 1816, 1817, 1826 ‐‐ that increased emphasis on missions; genuine conversion
Shakers, 1770\04 ‐‐ rise to sectarian groups
‐‐ Mother Ann Lee
‐‐ came out of Quaker movement
‐‐ characterized by celibacy, violent shaking in worship and dancing
Mormonism
‐‐ Joseph Smith, 1820
‐‐ book of Mormon ‐‐ 1830
‐‐ Moroni
Adventism, 1839; 1845
William Miller ‐‐ believed Jesus would come again in 1843\1844
‐‐ apocalyptic Baptist movement
‐‐ Jesus did not come because Christians did not follow Sabbath day
‐‐ gathered on Saturday
‐‐ Ellen Woolwhite
Christian science, 1875
Mary Baker Eddy
‐‐ science and health published
‐‐ positive mental attitude
‐‐ rejected medication because it was manmade
Jehovah's Witnesses, 1879
Charles Taze Russell
‐‐ Arian
‐‐ Bible study in 1870 ‐‐ Thought Trinity was tritheism
Europe and the modern era:
missionary explosion in 19th‐century
‐‐ set up everywhere
‐‐ criticisms:
1. Accomplished by the sword: imperialism
2. Destroying native cultures
‐‐ misleading = rise to power of Holland and decline in Portugal
‐‐ missionaries stood up for natives
‐‐ did work with government; India
‐‐ services, ambassadors; linked to imperialist government, but not
‐‐ assumptions about native culture; ideal
John Jacques Rousseau ‐‐ the noble savage
‐‐ childlike trust of savage; positive outlook on human nature
‐‐ postmodernity = all is good
Rolen Banton ‐‐ defended missionaries; natives practiced abominations and needed to be changed
William Cary ‐‐ translated Indian Bible and literature
‐‐ he preserved their culture
‐‐ considered father of modern missions
‐‐ Baptists ‐‐ missionary society, 1791
‐‐ fell on deaf ears, but passionate, next year
conversion of the heathen published 1792
‐‐ need missionaries ‐‐ apologetic against hyperCalvinism
‐‐ five months ‐‐ 12 attendees formed first Baptist missionary society; William Cary went to India and translated the Scripture in 44 languages
‐‐ God opens doors for you in evangelism, so work to win people to Christ
‐‐ argues for great commission, Providence and impediments; distance, barbarism, being killed ‐‐ unfounded, food, languages, money ‐‐ poor and rich
David Livingstone ‐‐ Explorers
‐‐ missionary to Africa; one‐third of time was missionary
‐‐ two‐thirds English government has explore
‐‐ not successful, but descriptions of dark continent inspired many missionaries
‐‐ wanted to abolish the slave trade; set up Christian towns to do so
‐‐ he was attacked by a lion ‐‐ broke his arm
‐‐ his writings made him a celebrity in England; executed missions ‐‐ cultural interaction
‐‐ dark continent ‐‐ sad story of missions; great sacrifice
‐‐ William Cary's wife went insane
‐‐ Livingstone only live with wife for four years of the 17 years of his marriage
‐‐ many missionaries endured this
Charlotte "Lottie" Moon
1840 ‐‐ born in Virginia
1873 ‐‐ heard a sermon on missions to China: convicted her
July 7 ‐‐ became a missionary to China by Southern Baptists
‐‐ wore Chinese clothes to engage them
‐‐ learned Chinese
‐‐ teacher to missionary kids; originally
‐‐ schools formed in the community
Charlotte Moon died because she gave her food away in starved during a famine
professor of old Testament, Crawford Toy Southern seminary wanted to marry her but she refused because of his stance on Scripture
German enlightenment:
Immanuel Kant and Frederick Schleiermacher (two most prominent thinkers)
Reimarus ‐‐ first quest of historical Jesus
Lessing ‐‐ foundations of future rejection of Christianity; education of human race
‐‐ three levels of revelation and live:
1. Childhood ‐‐ old Testament law ‐‐ God\superstition
2. Youth ‐‐ new Testament love ‐‐ God\superstition
3. Adulthood ‐‐ reason; do good for good's sake ‐‐ only motivator
Wolff ‐‐ taught math; positive view of human progress, negative view of miracles
Immanuel Kant ‐‐ rationalist: innate knowledge
‐‐ read David Hume; cause and effect
‐‐ doubted rationalism and confronted Hume
‐‐ between rationalism and empiricism
‐‐ knowledge comes from senses
‐‐ mind was built in a way to organize in‐store data
‐‐ judgments in categories
‐‐ division of reality into two worlds:
1. Noumenal world 2. Phenomenalogical world
‐‐ we cannot know anything because ‐‐ we live in the physical
‐‐ led him to deny religion based on revelation to religion based on reason
‐‐ duty in moral obligation to please God
Frederick Schleiermacher
‐‐ father of modern theological liberalism
‐‐ addresses on religious culture despisers
‐‐ defended religion as valued aspect to human life
‐‐ reaction against rationalism and Orthodoxy
‐‐ acceptance of revealed truth and obedience to God will; problematic to him because it was void of emotion
‐‐ religion = feeling of ultimate dependence
‐‐ not emotionalism, but sense of inadequacy
‐‐ see change everywhere, but ideal of permanence
‐‐ desire for immutability
‐‐ dependence on the unchanging ‐‐ comes from self reflection; all religions do this ‐‐ but not all are the best
‐‐ he argued Christianity is the best because it unites God and man in person of Jesus
Christianity in the modern era:
modern era ‐‐ increase in missions; struggle with concept of knowledge of God (empiricism and skepticism)
Immanuel Kant ‐‐ knowledge from observance
‐‐ that Orthodoxy ‐‐ God is not reduced down into a box
Frederick Schleiermacher ‐‐ awareness of our own finitude is religious knowledge; becomes more of a feeling
‐‐ meant to protect church\faith
‐‐ however, gave way to doubting God
focused becomes on one's individual experience with God.
Identification of religion with repressive religions (still is)
‐‐ French Revolution
‐‐ reaction against the church\religion ‐‐ where the powerful press the people; secularization of French society
‐‐ vilification of religion as oppressor
Karl Marx (atheist)
‐‐ Communist manifesto
‐‐ religion is opiate of the people
‐‐ atheistic state where people live as equals
‐‐ positive view of humanity; modern era
‐‐ Communist idea not bad, however sin ‐‐ set up more repressive regimes than it replaced
‐‐ World War II, Cold War ‐‐ end of modernity
Charles Darwin
‐‐ origin of species, 1859 ‐‐ not a new series, 1700's
‐‐ added an explanation for how this can be done
‐‐ natural selection, survival of the fittest
‐‐ criticized, bad press for theories
‐‐ suggested white race was most developed and evolved
‐‐ this was used by Nazi regime
Pope Pious IX
‐‐ height and low point that same time in papacy
‐‐ inflated view of papacy
‐‐ Ultramontanism ‐‐ beyond the mountains (Italy)
‐‐ strengthened Roman see (started by Pope pious VII)
‐‐ two events that strengthened Roman see
1. December, 1854 ‐‐ encyclical ‐‐ God ineffable ‐‐ doctrine of Immaculate Conception of the virgin ‐‐ Mary was not tainted by original sin
‐‐ puts Mary as co‐Redeemer with Christ
2. Syllabus of errors ‐‐ condemn practices that most Catholics already did not like
‐‐ trying to stem the tide of modernity
‐‐ opposed in nonsectarian schools, separation of church and state
‐‐ religious toleration ‐‐ saw these as an attack on Christian faith
3. Vatican I in 1869 (ecumenical? No ‐‐ just Catholics)
‐‐ < 1800 people attended
‐‐ set forth the doctrine of the infallibility of the Pope
‐‐ did not mean that he was sinless, or perfect in every way
‐‐ means that his pronouncements are infallible when he speaks ex Cathedra (from his chair) ‐‐ in his official capacity (very limited)
‐‐ pious IX tenure ‐‐ height of pappacy ‐‐ the infallibility
‐‐ lowest point ‐‐ move toward national formation and pious IX rejected this
‐‐ Victor Emmanuel took Papal states from the Pope in 1870
‐‐ Catholicism became dependent upon Pope's ability to negotiate ‐‐ Ambassador function; World War I and World War II, Pius XII signed Concordat with Nazi party (peace treaty)
‐‐ criticized harshly
‐‐Pius XII did not protect the Jews in Rome or Italy
Pope John XXIII ‐‐ drive to ecumenicism (open‐minded)
‐‐ 1948 ‐‐ world council of churches\engage culture
‐‐ grew out of missions society organization
Pope Paul VI ‐‐ outlook was important (1962 ‐‐ 1965)
Vatican II
‐‐ feared it opened to many doors to liberalism and Hersey
‐‐ criticism by both conservatives and liberals
‐‐ conservative criticism: move to ecumenicism and modern worship forms
‐‐ liberal criticism: encyclical ‐‐ human life (July, 1968) ‐‐ birth control is not allowed still (Made liberals upset)
Karl Barth
Neo‐Orthodoxy ‐‐ reaction against
‐‐ attempts to thoughtfully engage critical scholarship and maintain hisstoric doctrine the church has held
‐‐ needs to be focus on doctrine to not be tainted by liberalism
‐‐ approaches were done uncritically (contains word of God, record of God's revelation)
‐‐ Christ becomes the focus
‐‐ popular in Southern Baptist movement ‐‐ way to hold to tradition of Bible, but lighten up on the Bible as authority
‐‐ Barth denied innerancy in principle
Rudolph Bultman (Paul Tillich)
‐‐ existential approach
‐‐ gained salvation\knowledge of God through meeting the resurrected Christ in our own experience
‐‐ denies resurrection as history, speaks of Christ of faith
‐‐ demytholization of Scripture to get to core of history
‐‐ true religion is one of experience = liberal theology
‐‐ speaks of needing a savior
Jurgen Moltman
‐‐ got saved as POW in World War II ‐‐ Fought for Nazis
‐‐ theology of hope published ‐‐ exodus of Israel is the paradigm for hope and faith we have in Jesus
‐‐ there's hope after World War II ‐‐ is in Jesus
Liberation theology ‐‐ break bonds of oppression
‐‐ took hold from this idea of Moltman
‐‐ Gustavo Gutierrez ‐‐ theology of liberation published
‐‐ argues that salvation includes societal aspects as well as individual
‐‐ poverty ‐‐ salvation means to remove structures which keep them poor
‐‐ Gospel should transform societal structures
‐‐ drive Christians to action (may include overthrowing oppressive regimes)
‐‐ categorical mistake to invoke turn other cheek when oppression is taking place against people
‐‐ Latin American liberation theology ‐‐ Marxist economics
‐‐ rhetorical against capitalism in America
‐‐ Christians have a social responsibility
Civil rights movement
Martin Luther King Jr.
‐‐ liberation theme in preaching
‐‐ call for church to have impact in society
‐‐ standing up for equal rights
‐‐ same themes made way into black Islamic groups
James Cone ‐‐ 1970 ‐‐ black theology of liberation published
‐‐ true church is a suffering people (exclusivists)
‐‐ Gospel of Luke (poor and outcasts affirmed)
‐‐ Christ against those not suffering ‐‐ he is not in white suburban churches
‐‐ church can exist in the ghettos
‐‐ necessitate a black Jesus (many forms)
‐‐ white Jesus identifies with a presser
‐‐ Jews oppressed in Rome
‐‐ oppression of church
Rosemary Ruether
‐‐ liberation theology and feminist theology
‐‐ women made in God's image (true)
‐‐ you can see God as mother
‐‐ idea of needing God you can identify with
Mary Daly ‐‐ feminist
‐‐ patriarchy is bad ‐‐ criticized structures of society
‐‐ man appropriated paternal language into church to control women (infant baptism)
‐‐ women ‐‐ machines, pragmatic objects
‐‐ calls for women to throw off oppressive structures
‐‐ Gospel ‐‐ freedom, liberated voice
Controversy in conservatism:
Charles Spurgeon
‐‐ 1851 ‐‐ great preacher at Newpark in London
‐‐ church grew rapidly
‐‐ began a college ‐‐ cautioned against height criticism of Scripture
‐‐ downgrade ‐‐ criticized move among ministers to accept height criticism of Scripture = move to Unitarianism and Hersey
‐‐ Robert Schindler worked with him
James Boyce and Crawford Toy
‐‐ Toy believed German theology ‐‐ denied historicity of Adam and Eve and other historical events
‐‐ he resigned from Southern Baptist seminary (beliefs contrary to school and Southern Baptist life)
‐‐ taught at Harvard University
‐‐ Boyce was president of southwestern Baptist theological seminary
Pentecostalism ‐‐ Azuza Street
Charles Parham and William Seymour ‐‐ founders
‐‐ Methodists were speaking in tongues = initial identification of being baptized in holy spirit
‐‐ purpose of speaking on Mission field
Agnes Ausman ‐‐ received a gift of spirit
‐‐ little success ‐‐ 1905 ‐‐ saw many receiving gift of holy spirit and saved in Kansas ‐‐ many came and it became successful
‐‐ school in Houston, Texas ‐‐ William Seymour came to study there
‐‐ Los Angeles ‐‐ William Seymour became the pastor Azuza Street ‐‐ revival broke out for years
Fundamentals of faith ‐‐ 1895 meeting of evangelical's at Niagara Falls
1. Innerancy of Scripture
2. Virgin birth
3. Death on cross
4. Resurrection of Jesus and second coming
5. Divinity of Jesus ‐‐ Incarnation
Vatican II ‐‐ largest council ever
‐‐ invited non‐Catholics to attend
1. Allow for mass to be done in vernacular, not in Latin
2. Approved of translations of Scripture
3. Empowerment of the laity ‐‐ and put on day‐to‐day operations
‐‐ lists of previously banned books were abolished
‐‐ freedom to write controversy of truth
4. Affirmation of supremacy of Scripture (tradition was not repudiated) ‐‐> Scripture seen to accurately backed tradition
‐‐ sacred Scripture and sacred tradition
‐‐ sacred tradition cannot contradict Scripture
‐‐ affirms supremacy of Scripture
5. Move toward ecumenism ‐‐ Eastern churches and Protestants as brethren and separated brethren
‐‐ Pope is not lessened in sameness
Paul VI ‐‐ meetings with Athenagoras (Constantinople)
‐‐ rescinded double excommunication of 1054
‐‐ affirmed one another, unbroken without heresy in schism
‐‐ skeptics and controversy
‐‐Philaret wrote a letter about problem of joining with Constantinople
‐‐ the problem was going against Orthodoxy
John Paul II and Demetrios
‐‐ openness with Protestants as well (not as much as Russian Orthodox)
Move toward ecumenism ‐‐ result of horrors of World War II
‐‐ world council of churches ‐‐ concern for state of world; formed because of lack of impact on world
‐‐ not much depth in theology ‐‐ liberal
‐‐ on moral issues, Catholics and Evangelicals are allies