History, economic Importance and production technology of Cotton

NABEEL AHMAD IKRAM

History, economic History, economic Importance and Importance and production production technology of Cottontechnology of Cotton

NABEEL AHMAD IKRAMNABEEL AHMAD IKRAM

2008-ag-18212008-ag-1821

77thth semester(conservation Agronomy)semester(conservation Agronomy)

PRESENTATION : 1

CottonCotton

This is called as COTTON (English), This is called as COTTON (English), KAPAS (Urdu), PHUTTI (Punjabi), KAPAS (Urdu), PHUTTI (Punjabi), COTON (French), and ALGODON COTON (French), and ALGODON (Spanish)(Spanish)

Cotton belongs to the ….Cotton belongs to the ….

KingdomKingdomSub-kingdomSub-kingdomSuper DivisionSuper DivisionDivisionDivisionClassClassSub-classSub-classOrderOrderFamilyFamilyGenusGenus

PlantaeTracheobiontaSpermetophytaMagnoliophytaMagnoliopsidaDilleniidaeMalvalesMalvaceaeGossypium L.

Vascular plants

Seed plants

Flowering plants

Dicotyledons

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Origin and speciesOrigin and species

Cotton belongs to Cotton belongs to genus gossypium and genus gossypium and faimly Malvacaeaefaimly Malvacaeae

This genus consist of This genus consist of 20 species included 20 species included wild and domesticwild and domestic

There are four There are four domestic species domestic species

(AMERICAN)(AMERICAN) G. hirsutumG. hirsutumG. barbadenceG. barbadence

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Origin and speciesOrigin and species

(Asian)(Asian)G.herbaciumG.herbaciumG.arborium G.arborium

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Leading CountriesLeading Countries

1.1. ChinaChina2.2. USAUSA3.3. IndiaIndia4.4. PakistanPakistan5.5. UzbekistanUzbekistan

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HistoryHistory

In soutern america cotton cord In soutern america cotton cord found in costal mounds of peru is found in costal mounds of peru is belived to date back to about belived to date back to about 1000B.C1000B.C

From 1500 B.C to 1500 A.D From 1500 B.C to 1500 A.D Indian subcontinent is the center Indian subcontinent is the center of cotton production and of cotton production and manufacture of its productsmanufacture of its products

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History History

Cotton is growing in our region from Cotton is growing in our region from centuries this is proved from available centuries this is proved from available archeological evidence which lead to archeological evidence which lead to conclusion that the art of spining and conclusion that the art of spining and weaving cotton originate in indus valley weaving cotton originate in indus valley

The oldest cotton fiber today was found The oldest cotton fiber today was found from the ruin of moen –jo-darefrom the ruin of moen –jo-dare

Archeologist have also discovered Archeologist have also discovered cotton seed cotton seed

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HistoryHistory

About seven thousands years About seven thousands years old from rehman dari old from rehman dari (bloachistan)(bloachistan)

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PRODUCTIONPRODUCTION

IN the year of 2009-2010 the total area IN the year of 2009-2010 the total area under cotton is 2.963million hactares under cotton is 2.963million hactares and the yield taken per hac. Is 2346kgand the yield taken per hac. Is 2346kg

The most important constraint for The most important constraint for cotton production now a day is CLVC cotton production now a day is CLVC burevalla strainburevalla strain

Now PAKISTAN Is also included in those Now PAKISTAN Is also included in those countries which grown b.t cotton countries which grown b.t cotton comercially comercially

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PRODUCTIONPRODUCTION

There are 30% increase in cotton yield There are 30% increase in cotton yield due to introdction of b.t varitiesdue to introdction of b.t varities

B.T cotton is developed by genetic B.T cotton is developed by genetic engineering it contain the gene Bacillus engineering it contain the gene Bacillus thrugensisthrugensis

These B.T varities are resistant to These B.T varities are resistant to chewing insects but not for sucking chewing insects but not for sucking pests like mealy bugpests like mealy bug

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Economic importanceEconomic importance

Cotton is our most important cash crop Cotton is our most important cash crop Pakistan ranks fifth biggest producer of Pakistan ranks fifth biggest producer of

cottoncottonTextile is the largest industry of Textile is the largest industry of

pakistan and cotton is the basic raw pakistan and cotton is the basic raw material of that industrymaterial of that industry

At present 521 textile mills ,8000 power At present 521 textile mills ,8000 power looms working in our country which looms working in our country which totally depend upon cottontotally depend upon cotton

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Economic importanceEconomic importance

Cotton is a none true oil seed crop Cotton is a none true oil seed crop cotton is the major raw material for cotton is the major raw material for ghee mills it contribute to 70% of our ghee mills it contribute to 70% of our totall oil productiontotall oil production

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BotanyBotany

A perennialA perennialColdest Coldest

temps. 65temps. 6500FFHeight = 2-5 Height = 2-5

feetfeetDeep tap rootDeep tap rootBollsBolls

BranchesBranchesBranchesBranches

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Adaptation Adaptation

Cotton is a crop of tropical and sub Cotton is a crop of tropical and sub tropical region grown in summer tropical region grown in summer

Cotton require frost free growing Cotton require frost free growing season for 180 to 200 daysseason for 180 to 200 days

The optimum soil ph for cotton is The optimum soil ph for cotton is 5-8.55-8.5

Cotton need soil with maximum Cotton need soil with maximum water holding capacitywater holding capacity

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Cultural practicesCultural practices

Cotton require smooth seed bedCotton require smooth seed bedCotton require at least four ploughing Cotton require at least four ploughing

and one plankingand one plankingAlso on some clayey soils deep tillage Also on some clayey soils deep tillage

implements can also be useimplements can also be useThe tillage implements most commonly The tillage implements most commonly

used are asused are as

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Cultural PracticesCultural Practices

TillageTillageDisc ploughDisc ploughDisc harrowDisc harrowCultivatorCultivatorPlankerPlankerChisel Chisel ploughplough

Varieties for Core Zone AreaVarieties for Core Zone Area

CIM-496,CIM-506,CIM-499, CIM-496,CIM-506,CIM-499, BH-160,NIAB-111,CIM-534, BH-160,NIAB-111,CIM-534, CIM-707,CIM-446,FH-901 CIM-707,CIM-446,FH-901,,

Varieties for Non Core Zone AreaVarieties for Non Core Zone Area

CIM-496,CIM-506,CIM-499, CIM-496,CIM-506,CIM-499, NIAB-111,CIM-534, NIAB-111,CIM-534, FH-901, FH-901,

Seed rate Per AcreSeed rate Per Acre

Germination% Delinted seed Kg /acreGermination% Delinted seed Kg /acre

>75% 6>75% 6

60% 860% 8

50% 1050% 10

Delinting

Commercial Sulfuric Acid 1 liter for 10 Kg fuzzy seed is used for delinting

Planting GeometryPlanting Geometry

For Core Zone AreasFor Core Zone Areas

Plant To Plant= 6-9 InchesPlant To Plant= 6-9 Inches

Row To Row= 30 InchesRow To Row= 30 Inches

For Non Core Zone AreasFor Non Core Zone Areas

Plant To Plant= 9-12 InchesPlant To Plant= 9-12 Inches

Row To Row= 30 InchesRow To Row= 30 Inches

Sowing DateSowing Date

For Core Zone AreasFor Core Zone Areas

11stst may to 7 june may to 7 june

For Non Core Zone AreasFor Non Core Zone Areas

16 april to 31 may16 april to 31 may

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Method of sowingMethod of sowing

Mostly cotton is sown in our Mostly cotton is sown in our country by two methodscountry by two methods

Flat sowing Flat sowing Raise bed sowing Raise bed sowing Flat sowing Flat sowing

flat sowing is done by flat sowing is done by two methodstwo methods

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Method of sowingMethod of sowing

Broad castingBroad castingDrill sowingDrill sowing

in drill sowing row to row in drill sowing row to row distance is maintained 30 inchesdistance is maintained 30 inches

2- raised seed bed2- raised seed bed

in this method raise seed in this method raise seed beds are drawn in the field via cotton beds are drawn in the field via cotton planter or bed planter seed may be planter or bed planter seed may be directly sown by planterdirectly sown by planter

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Method of sowingMethod of sowing

Or in some cases bed are drawn Or in some cases bed are drawn in field and seed in sown by in field and seed in sown by manual labourmanual labour

The seed rate for this method is The seed rate for this method is 5kg per acer5kg per acer

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Method of sowingMethod of sowing

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Benefits of bed sowingBenefits of bed sowing

Cotton grown via this method Cotton grown via this method mature 15-20 days earliermature 15-20 days earlier

Loss due to rainfall is reducedLoss due to rainfall is reducedIt gives more soil for root It gives more soil for root

developmentdevelopmentSaves water up to 40% Saves water up to 40%

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FertilizationFertilization

•N, 27.kg./acN, 27.kg./ac•P, 30. kg./acP, 30. kg./ac•K, 30.kg./acK, 30.kg./ac•Also amounts will depend on the Also amounts will depend on the

soil type.soil type.• In addition, 60% of the mineral In addition, 60% of the mineral

nutrients are taken up between nutrients are taken up between squares and boll formationsquares and boll formation..

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FertilizationFertilization

Before last cultivation Before last cultivation 1 bag of urea1 bag of urea1bag of TSP1bag of TSP1bag of SOP1bag of SOPShould be added in soil as basal doseShould be added in soil as basal doseOn the basis of soil deficiency zinc On the basis of soil deficiency zinc sulphate 5kg and borax 3kg per sulphate 5kg and borax 3kg per aceracer

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Thinning Thinning

In order to keep In order to keep normal plant to plant normal plant to plant distance the extra distance the extra seedlings should be seedlings should be removed this should removed this should be done after first be done after first irrigationirrigation

It should be noted It should be noted that delay in thinning that delay in thinning considerably reduce considerably reduce the yieldthe yield

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IrrigationIrrigation

•The goal is to The goal is to keep 50% keep 50% field capacity field capacity or higher or higher through out through out the growing the growing season.season.

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IrrigationIrrigation

The rough schedule for irrigation The rough schedule for irrigation isis

first irrigation 30-40 DASfirst irrigation 30-40 DAS Subsequent irrigationd 15-Subsequent irrigationd 15-18DAS18DAS

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Weed in cotton Weed in cotton

The most common weed of cotton areThe most common weed of cotton areIT-SITIT-SITMadahana grassMadahana grassAakAakHazar daniHazar daniBhakraBhakraJangli chauliJangli chauli

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Weed managementWeed management

There are three weed control There are three weed control methods which are commonly methods which are commonly used to control weeds in cotton used to control weeds in cotton these are as followthese are as follow

1. Stale seed bed1. Stale seed bed 2. Mechanical weed control2. Mechanical weed control 3. Chemical weed control method3. Chemical weed control method

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Stale seed bed methodStale seed bed method

•In This method first we give In This method first we give irrigation to field when field irrigation to field when field come in wattar condition we come in wattar condition we plough the field and plank it plough the field and plank it after that weed emerge we after that weed emerge we again cultivate the field in this again cultivate the field in this way weed control is satisfactoryway weed control is satisfactory

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Mechanical weed controlMechanical weed control

Early season weeds reduce yields due to Early season weeds reduce yields due to the competition for nutrients and light.the competition for nutrients and light.

So in cotton area mosty in early season So in cotton area mosty in early season mechanical weed control is done mechanical weed control is done

The benefits of this method is that it not The benefits of this method is that it not only uproot the weeds but also soften the only uproot the weeds but also soften the soil so this method gives proper aeration soil so this method gives proper aeration to soil for better root growthto soil for better root growth

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Mechanical weed controlMechanical weed control

The figure 1 show the mechanical weed The figure 1 show the mechanical weed controlcontrol

The figure 2 show the stale seed bed The figure 2 show the stale seed bed methodmethod

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Chemical weed controlChemical weed control

• In cotton only pre emergence In cotton only pre emergence herbicedes are available like DIVALD herbicedes are available like DIVALD GOLD, stomp GOLD, stomp

•Common herbicides; Gramoxyone, Common herbicides; Gramoxyone, Glyfosat which is used with sheild as Glyfosat which is used with sheild as post emergence but not post emergence but not recommended by agriculture dept..recommended by agriculture dept..

•Round-up in Round-up ready varities.Round-up in Round-up ready varities.

Chemical weed controlChemical weed control

•Common herbicides; Common herbicides; Gramoxyone, Glyfosat which is Gramoxyone, Glyfosat which is used with sheild as post used with sheild as post emergence but not emergence but not recommended by agriculture recommended by agriculture dept..dept..

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DiseasesDiseases

Fursaruim WiltFursaruim WiltBacterial blightBacterial blightCotton-boll rotsCotton-boll rotsRoot-knot Root-knot

nematodenematodeRoot rotRoot rotCLVCCLVC

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InsectsInsects

Army bollwormArmy bollwormWhite fly White fly jassidjassid

InsectsInsects

PINK bollwormPINK bollwormAmerican bollwormAmerican bollwormWhite fly White fly AphidAphidMitesMites

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Insect control methodInsect control method

Insects are mostly control through Insects are mostly control through chemical pesticides but in some areas chemical pesticides but in some areas some insects are control by there some insects are control by there natural predators Most natural predators Most common pesticides used in our country common pesticides used in our country against chewing insects areagainst chewing insects are

LefuronLefuronMatchMatch

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Insect control methodInsect control method

The most common pesticides used for The most common pesticides used for sucking insects aresucking insects are

Ameida chloproideAmeida chloproideBepru fresianBepru fresianTrackerTracker

Integrated Pest Integrated Pest ManagementManagement     Control of sucking insect pests at

early stage of the crop through seed treatment.

   Delay first spray as far as possible for the conservation of beneficials but start spraying at ETL.

    Use pheromone baited traps    Use of pheromone traps around

village near cotton heaps for pink bollworm control.

PrecautionsPrecautions

  Pest scouting should be done twice a week.

Spray at right stage of the pest and at ETL.

  Do not repeat the same chemical more than twice a season, instead rotate different insecticide groups for spray..

    Select only recommended pesticides and use proper dose.

Insects Insects Economic Threshode LevelEconomic Threshode Level

Thrips Thrips 8-10 / Leaf 8-10 / Leaf

Jassid Jassid 1 / Leaf 1 / Leaf

Whitefly Whitefly 5 / Leaf 5 / Leaf

Mites Mites When damage occur When damage occur

Aphid Aphid Damage occur on top Damage occur on top

Mealy bug Mealy bug When found in fieldWhen found in field

Chewing PestsChewing PestsSpotted Boll worm Spotted Boll worm 3/25 plants 3/25 plants

Pink Boll worm Pink Boll worm 5/100 soft boll 5/100 soft boll

American Boll worm American Boll worm 3/25 plants 3/25 plants

Army worm Army worm When Found in FieldWhen Found in Field

Sucking PestsSucking Pests

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Pesticide spraying Pesticide spraying equipmentequipmentOn small scale hand sprayer is used in our On small scale hand sprayer is used in our

country country On large scale tractor drawn boon On large scale tractor drawn boon

sprayers are user in our countrysprayers are user in our country

Pesticide spraying Pesticide spraying equipmentequipment

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HarvestingHarvesting

Harvesting in cotton done manually by Harvesting in cotton done manually by human labor a or by mechanical cotton human labor a or by mechanical cotton pickerspickers

PickingPicking Mechanical cotton picker Mechanical cotton picker In cotton 2 to 3 pickings are done In cotton 2 to 3 pickings are done

because all bolls donot open at one timebecause all bolls donot open at one time

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COTTON PICKERSCOTTON PICKERS

In Pakistan cotton is mostly picked by In Pakistan cotton is mostly picked by manual manual

labor which mostly composed of village labor which mostly composed of village women'swomen's

mechanical pickers are also introduced in mechanical pickers are also introduced in our country but the draw back is that our country but the draw back is that they can pick un ripe bolls alsothey can pick un ripe bolls also

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HarvestingHarvesting

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GinningGinning

The cotton fibers The cotton fibers are removed from are removed from the seed. the seed.

There are two There are two different methods different methods used used

Ginning Ginning pressingpressing

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Processing of cotton balesProcessing of cotton bales

Cotton bale are first converted into fiber in Cotton bale are first converted into fiber in spinning mills spinning mills

After that these fibers are used in textile After that these fibers are used in textile mill for the production of textile productsmill for the production of textile products

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Yield Yield

The average yield at farmer level is 2.5 The average yield at farmer level is 2.5 tonns per hactonns per hac

But peoples are getting up to 20-30 But peoples are getting up to 20-30 monds per acer for normal sowingmonds per acer for normal sowing

In early sowing peoples are getting up In early sowing peoples are getting up to 55-67 monds perto 55-67 monds per

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THANKSTHANKS

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