History Day Bib 2012

Bibliography

Primary Sources

"Alfred Gilman." Nobel Prize. Nobel Media, n.d. Web. 7 Jan. 2013.

<http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1994/gilman.html>. This is

a photo of Alfred Gilman from the Nobel Prize website. This image is primary because it

is a photo taken at the time at which Alfred Gilman lived.

Blumberg, Albert. "The Late Paul Ehrlich." The Anaconda Standard [Anaconda, Montana] 12

Sept. 1915: 2. NewsBank Inc. Web. 27 Sept. 2012. <http://infoweb.newsbank.com/iw-

search/we/HistArchive/?p_product=EANX-

K12&p_theme=ahnp_k12&p_nbid=Q5BJ4EPEMTM0ODM2MzI1Mi43NTM1OTE6MT

o0OjYzNjk&p_action=doc&s_lastnonissuequeryname=2&d_viewref=search&p_queryna

me=2&p_docnum=30&p_docref=v2:11D9F1622301DED9@EANX-K12-

11F35C1E4D9C7770@2420753-11F35C1E702AFE60@5-

11F35C1FC961F270@The+Late+Paul+Ehrlich>. This is an article from The Anaconda

Standard about Paul Ehrlich, written by Dr. Albert Blumberg. This article helps us

because it told us many facts about Ehrlich's life. He was born on March 14, 1854.

During his college years, he submitted a college report on how "life is an oxidation

process and so is the function of the brain." Ehrlich was made famous by his work in

hematology, and discovered a way on how to identify tubercle bacilli from others, but

later, he contracted tuberculosis. In 1896, Ehrlich became a professor at the University of

Berlin and director of the Institute of Serological Research. Later, his ideas for the base

of chemotherapy formed into curing disease with injections, and then experimented on

tropical diseases like sleeping disease. He was awarded the Nobel prize for his work.

After, he perfected the preparation of curing syphilis, 606 or salversan. He had thought

one injection would be enough to cure diseases at once, but quickly realized that for the

cure, four or more injections were needed. Afterwards, Emperor William gave him the

honor of being able to be called "His Excellency," streets were named after him, and he

visited the United States, lecturing and having another honor of having the degree of LL,

D. Finally, the little Jewish boy became "the pride of all Germany." This source is

primary because it was written just a little after Paul Ehrlich's death, explaining some

background information on chemotherapy during the time it was invented.

"A Breakthrough That Strikes Gold." Science Illustrated Edition 1 Oct. 2012: n. pag. NewsBank

Popular Periodicals. Web. 5 Oct. 2012.

<http://infoweb.newsbank.com/iw-search/we/InfoWeb?

p_action=doc&p_docid=140ACC2349BC91A8&p_docnum=5&s_doc_type=doc&p_que

ryname=800&p_product=PPCT&p_theme=newcat&p_nbid=D4DJ52OHMTM0OTQ0N

DYzMS4yNDM3Njg6MTo0OjYzNjk>. Science Illustrated 's article is about how

scientists discovered the fact of how a new technique can mark a cancer tumor with gold

nanoparticles, allowing radiation to be aimed more precisely and lethally at the cancer.

Combined PET and CT scanners can locate very small tumors precisely, but once the

tumor is diagnosed, doctors may run into the problem that the scanner cannot detect.

Some tumors, like those in the lungs, move every time the patient's body preforms a basic

function. With the gold nanoparticles, tumors can be concentrated on so doctors can

follow the tumor's movements, even when the patient breathes in upcoming tests. If so,

they could focus in and hit the tumor very precisely. To increase the amount of gold,

researchers have attached tiny bits of proteins to camouflage it from the immune system.

One injection of gold nanoparticles can have movable tumors visible during an entire

treatment, which is usually around a month. If the gold nanoparticles are successful,

patients may have fewer side effects and someday, a better chance for a cure. This is a

primary source because it was written and published during the time gold nanoparticles

were invented.

"Cancer Patients." Tumblr. N.p., n.d. Web. 8 Jan. 2013. <http://www.tumblr.com/tagged/cancer

%20patients>. This is a picture of two chemotherapy patients that are battling cancer. It is

important because it shows how chemotherapy can improve the health of cancer patients

and keep them cheerful. It is primary because it is an actual picture of real cancer

patients.

"Cancer Patients Will Have to Prove They Are Too Sick Too Work under New Government

Proposals." TheGuardian. Guardian News and Media, n.d. Web. 3 Dec. 2012.

<http://www.guardian.co.uk/society/2011/dec/06/cancer-patients-welfare-work-tests>.

This is what IV chemotherapy treatment generally looks like in the present. It is

important because it shows how IV chemotherapy is commonly given. An IV drip bag

and patient lying in bed is depicted in this image, and is a primary source because it is

most accurately showing what treatment looks like.

"Chemotherapy." The State [Columbia, South Carolina] 14 May 1911, 7153rd ed.: 4. Rpt. in

NewsBank. N.p.: n.p., n.d. N. pag. NewsBank. Web. 5 Oct. 2012.

<http://infoweb.newsbank.com/iw-search/we/HistArchive/?p_product=EANX-

K12&p_theme=ahnp_k12&p_nbid=Q5BJ4EPEMTM0ODM2MzI1Mi43NTM1OTE6MT

o0OjYzNjk&p_action=doc&s_lastnonissuequeryname=2&d_viewref=search&p_queryna

me=2&p_docnum=8&p_docref=v2:11210D30DA68B248@EANX-K12-

113B419FF9026BE0@2419171-113B41A04849C3E0@3-

113B41A3A892D740@Chemotherapy>. This article is from the newspaper, The State,

and was published on May 14, 1911. It helped us because this article gave credit of the

invention of chemotherapy to Dr. Paul Ehrlich. It stated that chemotherapy was started

with injections that destroyed parasites and sterilized the blood. The most important

compound was dioxydiamidoarsenobenzol, previously known as "606," but is now know

as salvarsan. It is prepared by a process of combining 35 percent of arsenic and coal-tar

products, and had been compared to quinine in importance. Chemotherapy is claimed to

have a specific effect on recurrent fever and sleeping sickness. This is a primary source

because is was written at the time of when (source claimed) Paul Ehrlich invented

chemotherapy.

"Chemotherapy May Be the Cure for Cancer." Duluth News Tribune [Duluth] 15 Mar. 1913,

44th ed.: 4. Rpt. in Chemotherapy May Be the Cure for Cancer. 44th ed. N.p.: n.p., 1913.

4. Newsbank. Web. 21 Oct. 2012.

<http://infoweb.newsbank.com/iw-search/we/HistArchive/?p_product=EANX-

K12&p_theme=ahnp_k12&p_nbid=P6BU60XVMTM1MDg1MjA5NS43MjUzNTU6M

To0OjYzNjk&p_action=doc&s_lastnonissuequeryname=2&d_viewref=search&p_query

name=2&p_docnum=13&p_docref=v2:1156D7F7D713A378@EANX-K12-

1193A42228229CC8@2419842-1193A4226BF697C8@3-

1193A425A6F06A10@Chemotherapy+May+be+the+Cure+for+Cancer>. This is an

article from the newspaper "The Duluth News Tribune". It was printed in 1913 when

scientists had just started experimenting with chemotherapy. The article is about how

chemotherapy was cited as a possible cure for cancer by Dr. Thomas A. Hogan. He

talked about cancer treatment and reported on what he found in his four years of work in

cancer treatment. He believed that by giving humans salts and certain metals in doses, he

could cure cancerous tumors. Dr. Hogan said that the tumors would not be able to

withstand the toxic metals, so they would slowly degenerate. This is helpful to us because

we can now understand how early chemotherapy done. It is a primary source because it

was written while chemotherapy was just invented and still developing.

"Chemotherapy Pills." Chemotherapy Advices. WordPress, n.d. Web. 7 Jan. 2013.

<http://chemotherapyadvices.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/06/Chemotherapy-pills-

3.jpg>. This picture shows chemotherapy pills. This is the way chemotherapy is

distributed orally; by a pill or tablet. This is primary because it shows another way of

how chemotherapy can be distributed into the body. It is important because it shows one

way chemotherapy can be taken orally. This picture was found on a website named,

"Chemotherapy Advices."

"Chemotherapy Research." Asbestos.com. Mesothelioma Center, n.d. Web. 7 Jan. 2013.

<http://www.asbestos.com/news/wp-content/uploads/2012/08/Chemotherapy-Research-

300x200.jpg>. This is a picture of a doctor researching chemicals for chemotherapy. This

is important because it shows that people must be careful around these chemicals-- the

doctor has goggles, gloves, and is holding the rack of tubes very carefully. It is provided

by Asbestos.com, published by The Mesothelioma Center. This is a primary source

because it is taken at the time of research done by the doctor.

Drechsler, Markus. "Liposomes." Markus Drechsler. N.p., n.d. Web. 7 Jan. 2013.

<http://www.mardre.com/homepage/mic/spm/samples/colloid/lipo/rk-lip-ns-05.jpg>.

This image shows a scale drawing of liposomes. It is important because it shows what

liposomes actually look like. It is primary because it is an actual image of real liposomes.

Goldberg, Harry. "Medical... Science, Discovering a 'Selective Affinity' Between Dyestuffs and

Bacteria, Now Seeks an Elixer of Death With Which to Combat Every Kind of

Destructive Organism in the Blood." The Seattle Daily Times [Seattle, Washington] 25

Dec. 1927: 47. Rpt. in The Seattle Daily Times. N.p.: n.p., n.d. NewsBank Inc. Web. 21

Oct. 2012. <http://infoweb.newsbank.com/iw-search/we/HistArchive/?

p_product=EANX-

K12&p_theme=ahnp_k12&p_nbid=Q5BJ4EPEMTM0ODM2MzI1Mi43NTM1OTE6MT

o0OjYzNjk&p_action=doc&s_lastnonissuequeryname=2&d_viewref=search&p_queryna

me=2&p_docnum=48&p_docref=v2:127D718D1E33F961@EANX-K12-

129343B4B907D3DC@2425240-1293402DD44429EA@46-1293ACC0A4F82975>.

This article is from The Seattle Daily Times, published on December 25, 1927. This

article helps us because it told us what chemotherapy was in early times. Before, people

tested which colored dyes would kill Cocci and Coli, the "tribes of Bacillus and bacteria."

According to this article, in a test tube, one drop of dye in five million drops of water

killed whole armies of bacteria. Scientists have learned some colors of dye have an

"affinity" for certain bacteria. Paul Ehrlich reasoned that "Why can't we shoot drops of

color into the blood stream which have an affinity for the bacteria we wish to kill, attach

a drop of poison to each molecule of dye to make it more deadly, surround the germs

with dye and kill them with the poison?" Apparently, dyes have two main qualities, color

and "fastness"-- this is the "power to cling to fabric through thick and thin, through storm

or sun" and this is the ability to get a grip on bacteria. Colors discovered to kill bacteria

were: hexa-ethyl violet killed stapylococcus, brilliant green destroyed the colon bacillus,

trypan red and isamin blue showed an affinity for tubercular lesions, methylene blue

liked hubercular bacilli, and basic fuchsia eliminated typhoid and dysentery bugs. The

most famous dyes used were mercurochrome 200, gentian violet, crystal violet, and

acriflavine. Mercurochrome is a dark red dye with a mercury sting to poison bacteria-- it

has been known to be an impressive cure for septicemia, bronchopneumonia, pneumonia,

and a few cases of bubonic and pneumonic plague. Trypan red was also found to be "hard

on trypanosome," which is a bug that causes a disease in South American horses, while

trypan blue likes the trypanosome that causes the same disease in cattle. Later, it was

found that the chemical compound was injected two or three days after the infection, the

results were much more better than an injection two or three hours after the infection.

Afterwards, many other dyes and chemical compounds were found to destroy bacteria,

but either had bad side effects or were needed to be radically increased. From this, it is

well known to the public that chemotherapy is the very promising once finding "a

compound for every germ that will kill the parasite and leave the body and blood clean

and unharmed." This is a primary source because it was published almost directly after

the colored dyes were found to kill certain bacteria, telling the general audience about the

effectiveness of the colored dyes.

"Gold Nanoparticles Can Define Brain Tumor From Healthy Tissue." The Original Memory

Gym. http://www.memorise.org/, 22 Dec. 2011. Web. 7 Jan. 2013.

<http://www.memorise.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/10/gold-cancer-cells.jpg>. This

picture shows a cancer tumor coated with gold nanoparticles, comparing it against the

surrounding healthy tissue. This is important because it shows how effectively the gold

nanoparticles work, as the gold nanoparticles are very noticeable against the tissue

surrounding the tumor. This is from http://www.memorise.org/, or "The Original

Memory Gym" and is a primary source because it is a picture taken when the gold

nanoparticles landed on the tumor.

"Louis Goodman." Yale Medicine. Yale School of Medicine, n.d. Web. 7 Jan. 2013.

<http://yalemedicine.yale.edu/autumn2011/news/chronicle/109914>. This is a black and

white photo of Louis Goodman from the Yale School of Medicine. It is primary because

it is a photo of Louis Goodman that was taken at the time when he lived.

"Paul Ehrlich." Nobel Prize. Nobel Foundation, n.d. Web. 7 Jan. 2013.

<http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1908/ehrlich-bio.html>.

This is a black and white photo of Paul Ehrlich from the Nobel Prize website. He is

mostly known for starting the research on early chemotherapy. It is primary because it is

a photo of Paul Ehrlich when he lived.

"Photo of Gertrude Elion." National Academies Press. National Academy of Sciences, n.d. Web.

7 Jan. 2013. <http://www.nap.edu/html/biomems/photo/gelion.JPG>. This is a photo of

the biochemist Gertrude Elion who contributed to the work of chemotherapy. This photo

was found on the website of National Academies Press, and is primary because it is a

picture of when Gertrude Elion lived.

"Secrets of Successful Administrations." Daily Tulsa World [Tulsa, Oklahoma] 19 Nov. 1913,

55th ed.: 10. Rpt. in Daily Tulsa World. N.p.: n.p., n.d. NewsBank. Web. 21 Oct. 2012.

<http://infoweb.newsbank.com/iw-search/we/HistArchive/?p_product=EANX-

K12&p_theme=ahnp_k12&p_nbid=Q5BJ4EPEMTM0ODM2MzI1Mi43NTM1OTE6MT

o0OjYzNjk&p_action=doc&s_lastnonissuequeryname=2&d_viewref=search&p_queryna

me=2&p_docnum=19&p_docref=v2:11C57F37B8EA58CA@EANX-K12-

11CE847DC5999FD0@2420091-11CE847DF7824808@9-11CE847EDF814AD8>. An

article was in the newspaper Daily Tulsa World in 1913 about a "blood poison remedy".

It is found out by chemotherapy and is being used extensively everywhere all over the

world and not just in Germany. Over 37 million shots have been injected with this

chemotherapy product and has been proven destructive to the blood poison. Very

important people have been involved in this article. John D. Rockefeller paid $100,000 to

get this remedy into the United States and Thomas Edison said it to be the greatest

discovery of the year. In 1913, the Indiana State Medical Journal states that 15 million of

the U.S. population is infected with blood poison. This newspaper advertises about

getting rid of the blood poison forever with this remedy, the person talking in the paper

being Dr. C. W. McCarty. This a primary source because it was written when

chemotherapy was just discovered as a blood poison remedy.

"Shock Study: Chemo Can Backfire, Make Cancer Worse." NY Daily News. NY Daily News,

n.d. Web. 21 Oct. 2012.

<http://articles.nydailynews.com/2012-08-06/news/33069701_1_healthy-cells-tumor-

cells-chemotherapy>. On NY Daily News, this showed how chemotherapy is faring in

the modern world. Chemotherapy may now cause backfire to the patient. When the drug

is in the body it kills all the cells, even the healthy ones. The healthy cells then secrete a

protein that sustains tumor growth and resists to more treatment. It was a completely

unexpected part of information. The protein is called WNT16B, which apparently boosts

cancer cell survival. The secreted protein goes to the nearby cells making them resistant

to the treatment. This was also found in ovarian and breast cancers. Now, the alternative

is the treatment in smaller doses and antibodies against the protein which might kill more

tumor cells. This is a primary source because it announces to the public about how

chemotherapy is currently working.

"Sidney Farber with a Microscope." Dana Farber Cancer Institute. Dana Farber cancer Institute,

n.d. Web. 7 Jan. 2013. <http://www.dana-farber.org/assets/0/2352/2361/2370/f41493d6-

055a-4ba4-b523-05b5a6d62e7d.jpg>. This picture shows Sidney Farber next to a

microscope. This is primary because it shows a contributor to chemotherapy. This picture

was found on the website of the Dana-Farber Cancer Institute.

"Some Powerful New Remedies." Salt Lake Telegram [Salt Lake City, Utah] 28 Aug. 1921: 31.

Rpt. in Some Powerful New Remedies. N.p.: n.p., 1921. 31. Newsbank. Web. 21 Oct.

2012. <http://infoweb.newsbank.com/iw-search/we/HistArchive/?p_product=EANX-

K12&p_theme=ahnp_k12&p_nbid=X64Y57MNMTM0ODM2MzI4My45MzQyODg6M

To0OjYzNjk&p_action=doc&s_lastnonissuequeryname=2&d_viewref=search&p_query

name=2&p_docnum=37&p_docref=v2:1197192A90767E28@EANX-K12-

11A4E85224AC2F00@2422930-11A1E8B552290C40@30-

11F6BE5168E50DCD@Some+Powerful+New+Remedies>. This article came from a

newspaper called Salt Lake Telegram. It was printed in 1921. The article is about some

early experiments on chemotherapy. It has stated that some new substances could be used

to cure many diseases such as cancer, pneumonia, and tuberculosis. Dr. George W.

Raiziss along with Drs. J. F. Schamberg and John A. Kolmer succeeded in making

arsphenamine, which is valuable to curing blood taint diseases. Dr. Raiziss believed that

what knowledge he has from his experiments will lead to the discovery of cures for other

diseases. This article was helpful because it tells about some of the early substances used

in chemotherapy. It is a primary source because it was written at the time when

chemotherapy was just invented and includes some of the scientists who were studying

chemotherapy at the time.

"Torrence Spence." Lubbock Avalanche-Journal. N.p., n.d. Web. 7 Jan. 2013.

<http://lubbockonline.com/stories/080809/loc_479589800.shtml>. This is a picture of

Torrence Spence, a five year old who is fighting cancer and receiving her third round of

chemotherapy in four years. This picture is important because it shows how well

chemotherapy can help cure cancer. This is primary because it is a picture of an actual

cancer patient who receives chemotherapy treatments.

"Using Copper to Customize Cancer Treatments." Science Illustrated Edition 1 Oct. 2012: 43.

NewsBank Popular Periodicals. Web. 5 Oct. 2012. <http://infoweb.newsbank.com/iw-

search/we/InfoWeb?

p_action=doc&p_docid=140ACC234BE0B5E0&p_docnum=17&s_doc_type=doc&p_qu

eryname=800&p_product=PPCT&p_theme=newcat&p_nbid=D4DJ52OHMTM0OTQ0

NDYzMS4yNDM3Njg6MTo0OjYzNjk>. Science Illustrated 's article is about the use of

copper and liposomes as a cancer treatment. Liposomes are small, hollow balls of fat that

take cytotoxins into tumors and kills the cancer cells. These enter tumors the same way as

gold nanoparticles did. An advantage is that more medicine went into the tumor than the

surrounding healthy tissue-- the treatment's effectiveness was increased and the side

effects decreased. Unfortunately, there is not a way to directly monitor effects in

individual patients. Therefore, DTU Nanotech scientists have developed liposomes with

radioactive copper in them that can be seen by a scanner. The scan makes it possible to

evaluate if the patient is benefiting from the treatment or not. If the chemotherapy is not

working, it can be discontinued so there are not any unnecessary side effects, but if the

nanomedicine enters the tumor, scans can tell if the treatment is working. This article also

tells what happened when liposomes were inserted into a mouse with and without tumors.

It is a primary source because is was published during the time when the information

about the liposomes and copper was released.

Secondary Sources

"Bottles of Chemotherapy." Tennesee Mesothelioma. BJ Wade, n.d. Web. 7 Jan. 2013.

<http://www.mesotheliomatennessee.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/01/chemo-

247x300.jpg>. This is a picture of bottles of chemotherapy drugs. It is important because

it shows that the drugs in the bottles are most likely what is in IV chemotherapy and other

liquid methods of chemotherapy drugs going into the body. This picture was found in a

Tennessee Mesothelioma website.

Chabner, Bruce A., and Thomas G. Roberts, Jr. "The History of Chemotherapy." Nature Reviews

Cancer 5 (2005): 65-72. Nature Reviews Cancer. Web. 5 Oct. 2012.

<http://www.nature.com/nrc/journal/v5/n1/fig_tab/nrc1529_I1.html>. This a timeline

from an article from a journal called Nature Reviews Cancer about the history of

chemotherapy. This is helpful to us because it gives a good summary about how

chemotherapy began and its progress through time. In 1942, Louis Goodman and Alfred

Gilman first used nitrogen mustard to cure a patient with Hodgkin's lymphoma and

proved that chemotherapy and can induce tumor regression. Sydney Farber used

antifolates to induce remissions in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) in

1948. In 1955, the National Chemotherapy Program began at the National Institute of

Cancer (NCI). In 1959, the FDA approved cyclophosphamide, a nitrogen mustard

alklating agent. Combination chemotherapy was proven to induce long term remissions

in children with ALL and to cure lymphomas in 1965 and 1970. In 1972, Emil Frei

demonstrated that giving chemotherapy to patients after bone tumor removal can improve

cure rates. In 1975, a combination of cyclophosphamide, methotrexate, and fluorouracil

was proven to be effective for breast cancer. The NCI introduced disease orientated

screening in 1989. In 1992, the FDA approved paclitaxel (Taxol) which becomes the first

blockbuster oncology drug. In 2004, the FDA approved bevacizumab (Avastin) for the

treatment of colon cancer.

"Chemotherapy." UC San Diego Moores Cancer Center. U of San Diego, n.d. Web. 10 Sept.

2012. <http://cancer.ucsd.edu/treatments/Pages/chemotherapy.aspx>. This website is

from the UC San Diego Moores Cancer Center. This provided us with a basic summary

of what chemotherapy is, its most common side effects, and ways to distribute

chemotherapy into the body. Chemotherapy may differ for each person of how its put

into the body such as intravenous (IV), what the side effects are such as nausea and

vomiting, and how many drugs that person may take at a time and when they should take

them.

"Chemotherapy: Why It's Done" ["Chemotherapy: Why It's Done"]. Mayo Clinic:

Chemotherapy. Mayo Clinic, n.d. Web. 20 Sept. 2012.

<http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/chemotherapy/MY00536/DSECTION=why-its-

done>. This article is from the Mayo Clinic website, and stretches through multiple

articles separated by subjects connected to chemotherapy. This website helped us because

it told us what chemotherapy is, why it is done, chemotherapy for conditions other than

cancer, and help for chemotherapy patients. Chemotherapy is a drug treatment that uses

powerful chemicals to kill cancer cells in the body, since cancer cells grow and multiple

much more faster than most cells in the body. Chemotherapy is done to kill cancer cells,

to kill hidden cancer cells after other treatments-- which is called adjuvant therapy, to

prepare the patient for other treatments-- which is called neoadjuvant therapy, and to ease

signs and and symptoms-- which is called palliative chemotherapy. Chemotherapy is

used not just for cancer, but can also be used for bone marrow diseases and immune

system disorders. It can also have some side effects, common ones being nausea,

vomiting, and pain, or long-lasting ones like heart problems, nerve damage, or risk of a

second cancer. This website also tells how to prepare for chemotherapy-- like having

tests done to lessen the chance of complications-- and what to expect from it-- like the

side effects. Chemotherapy can be given from creams, drugs to treat one area of the body,

given directly to the cancer, infusions, pills, and shots. Doctors determine how often

chemotherapy should be given, and the patient's situation decides where chemotherapy

can be given. Depending on the patient's situation, he or she may be tested to monitor the

cancer to see how it is responding to the chemotherapy, and the treatment may be

adjusted for a better result.

Developmental Therapeutics Program. National Cancer Institute, n.d. Web. 8 Oct. 2012.

<http://dtp.nci.nih.gov/timeline/noflash/index.htm>. This website is from the National

Cancer Institute. This has shown us how chemotherapy has progressed by the years and

even shows the prediction of what the future and the goals of chemotherapy will be. In

this timeline, an iconic person, President Nixon, represents the start of the war on cancer.

Before this and after the declaration, the timelines states the development of the drug and

chemicals which are in chemotherapy. A few chemicals that are listed in this timeline are

Mechlorethamine and Geldanamycin 122750. Besides this is even more information that

is not just chemical receivements that are still major happenings in cancer. Between 1957

and 1977 computer age began, multimodal therapy is proven more effective on certain

cancers, and war on cancer by President Nixon.

DeVita, Vincent T., Jr., and Edward Chu. "A History of Cancer Chemotherapy." The Journal of

Cancer Research 68 (2008): n. pag. Cancer Research. Web. 7 Oct. 2012.

<http://cancerres.aacrjournals.org/content/68/21/8643.full>. This is an article from The

Journal of Cancer Research. It gives a very detailed timeline of the history of cancer

chemotherapy. This helps us understand the history of chemotherapy as a whole. In the

early 1900s, the German scientist Paul Ehrlich tried to develop a drug that would treat

infectious diseases. He was the first to use animals as models for his experiments. In

1908, arsenic was used in chemotherapy. In 1912, the first transplant-able tumors were

developed in rodents. In 1935, Murray Shear set up a program that would become a

model for cancer drug screening. In 1943, nitrogen mustard was used in lymphomas.

Sydney Farber tested antifolate compound in children with leukemia in 1948, and had

good results. In 1951, Hitchings and Elion had developed two drugs that treated acute

leukemia: 6-thioquanine and 6-mercaptopurine. The Cancer Chemotherapy National

Service Center was developed in 1955. In 1963 to 1970, Hodgkin's disease and acute

lymphoma leukemia were cured. The cure of testicular cancer was found in 1976. The

first monoclonal antibody is approved in 1997. In 2007, the rate of the decline of the

number of deaths from cancer had doubled.

Haven, Kendall F. http://books.google.com/books?

id=0gBwjLTUzEMC&pg=PA249&lpg=PA249&dq=invention+of+chemotherapy&sourc

e=bl&ots=m_czvInEpN&sig=2duuYt4BfN7_-

mOq2XDB8Hq12lU&hl=en&sa=X&ei=NR5bUOXlG-

zC0AG40IHAAQ&ved=0CFoQ6AEwBw#v=onepage&q=invention%20of

%20chemotherapy&f=false. N.p.: n.p., n.d. Print. This book is about many important

inventions of time. It has information on chemotherapy on page 249. Chemotherapy was

invented in 1950 by Gertrude Elion. It involves chemical compounds able to selectively

target and destroy almost any specific form of cancerous growth. While the war on

cancer is far from won, the patients stand a much better chance if they are treated with

chemotherapy. This book helps us because it gives us more facts about how

chemotherapy might have started.

"History of Dana-Farber Cancer Institute." Dana-Farber Cancer Institute. Dana-Farber Cancer

Institute, 2012. Web. 29 Dec. 2012. <http://www.dana-farber.org/About-Us/History-and-

Milestones.aspx#Milestones>. This web page from the Dana-Farber Cancer Institute

provides background information about the founding of the Institute, facts on Sidney

Farber's life and work, milestones, and advances. Sidney Farber was one of the founders

of the Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, and is known as the "father of modern

chemotherapy." His work has improved many cancer patients' lives, and now is even

spreading to East Africa, where the center being opened there will be visited by Dana-

Farber nurses. This page is very important, as it gives many facts on Sidney Farber and

how much he has done for chemotherapy.

"How Chemotherapy Works." Cancer Research UK. Cancer Research UK, n.d. Web. 20 Sept.

2012. <http://cancerhelp.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/treatment/chemotherapy/

about/how-chemotherapy-works>. This is a page on Cancer Research UK informing us

on how chemotherapy kills cancer cells and how it kills dividing cells. On a different

topic, this website also tells us about how chemotherapy works as in if it will shrink it, or

completely cure a body of cancer. How chemotherapy kills cancer cells is a "simple"

maneuver. Regular adult cells divide only to grow or repair damage so they don't divide

as often. Cancer cells also grow and divide, but more often, then the mass of cells group

together and create a tumor. Chemotherapy kills the dividing cells, both cancer and

regular, thus stop the cells from dividing any more. That is also why chemotherapy

patients have no hair; the chemotherapy stops it from growing. When a cell divides, in

the nucleus in chromosomes made of genes, the cell copies its genes exactly the same,

then divide into two completely same cells. The chemotherapy attacks the nucleus, that is

why the cells won't divide anymore. Cancer cells will hopefully stop spreading and

healthy regular cells will renew later. Remission is also when the cancer cannot be

located on scans and x-rays and may be gone or have gotten smaller.

"Intravenous (IV) Chemotherapy." Cancer Research UK. Cancer Research UK, n.d. Web. 8 Oct.

2012. <http://cancerhelp.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/treatment/chemotherapy/

having/iv-chemotherapy>. This web page is from Cancer Research UK. It is about

intravenous (IV) chemotherapy. IV chemotherapy can be taken over different amounts of

time, from a few minutes to months. It depends on the type of cancer and the type of

drug. Chemotherapy given over months is called a continuous infusion. Some types of

chemotherapy can be given at home by trained nurses. When chemotherapy is given, the

nurse will wear protective equipment such as goggles and gloves because chemotherapy

drugs are harmful to skin. There are many ways to get the drugs into the bloodstream by

IV chemotherapy. One way is by a small tube in the arm, which is also called cannula.

Another way is a central line put in the chest. Some problems with drips are that they can

stop when the arm is moved, and also the liquids could leak out into the tissue instead of

going into the bloodstream. If there are problems at home with the IV, then the patient

should call the medical staff for advice. This article is helpful because it gives general

information on IV chemotherapy.

"Loss of Normal Growth Control." National Cancer Institute. National Cancer Institute, n.d.

Web. 7 Jan. 2013.

<http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/understandingcancer/cancer/page4>. This image

shows how there can be a loss of normal growth control in cells. It shows how cancer

cells divide and the mutations they go through before they grow uncontrollably. This

image was found on the website of the National Cancer Institute. It is important because

it shows what happens when a cancer cell is formed.

MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia: Chemotherapy. MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia, n.d.

Web. 20 Sept. 2012. <http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/cancerchemotherapy.html>.

This is a medical encyclopedia from MedlinePlus which summarizes what chemotherapy

is and what it does. Regular cells divide and die in a controlled manner but cancer cells

divide in a uncontrolled way. Chemotherapy kills dividing cells including the healthy

cells causing side effects such as nausea an vomiting, tiredness, and hair loss. Healthy

cells recover after the chemotherapy is over, though. Treatments will vary from every

week or month, or may have breaks from the treatment to regain more healthy cells. The

chemotherapy treatment can be taken through IV (intravenously), pills, or in a shot.

"Normal and Cancer Cells." Tumblr. N.p., n.d. Web. 7 Jan. 2013.

<http://www.tumblr.com/tagged/cancer%20cells>. This is a black and white image that

compares and contrasts healthy cells and cancer cells. It shows how a cancer cell's

structure differs greatly from a healthy cell's. It is important because many pieces of

information about the differences in cancer cells and healthy cells were gathered from

this image. This image was found on Tumblr.

"Photo of Chemotherapy IV." LIVESTRONG. Demand Media, n.d. Web. 7 Jan. 2013.

<http://www.livestrong.com/article/55636-list-chemo-drugs/>. This picture shows

chemotherapy hooked onto a IV. It was found on the Livestrong website on a article

about chemotherapy drugs. It is important because it gives us an idea of what

chemotherapy IVs could look like.

"Side Effects of Chemotherapy." GovHK. N.p., n.d. Web. 4 Jan. 2013.

<http://www.info.gov.hk/tb_chest/contents/images/9.png>. This picture shows the

common and well known side effects of taking chemotherapy treatment. This also has

cartoon images to show the side effects of chemotherapy. It was found in the website of

the Hong Kong government.

"Syringe and Injection Needle." Happy Cow. N.p., n.d. Web. 7 Jan. 2013.

<http://www.happycow.net/>. This is an image of a syringe and injection needle that

could be used in chemotherapy from a website called Happy Cow. It is important because

it shows what a syringe used for chemotherapy could look like.

"Treating Cancer with Chemotherapy." Cancer Chemotherapy Treatment. Amgen, n.d. Web. 7

Oct. 2012.

<http://www.chemotherapy.com/treating_with_chemo/treating_with_chemo.html>. We

found a web page that is from Chemotherapy.com. It has information treating cancer with

chemotherapy. It talks about how people sometimes fear chemotherapy because of the

side effects, but that they should still try it as it is the best option for a successful

outcome. Chemotherapy is designed to kill cancerous growth. It can be injected through a

vein, orally as a pill, or injected into a body cavity. Unfortunately, chemotherapy drugs

can't tell the difference between healthy cells and cancer cells, so it will probably take out

the hair cells, too. Each type of drug will take out different types of cancer cells. It also

talks about side effects and the inconveniences of taking chemotherapy and that one

should consider this before taking it. A doctor will make a treatment plan that is designed

for that person. The amount, the type, and frequency of chemotherapy drug taken

depends on the type and seriousness of the cancer. Some common side effects of

chemotherapy are low red and white blood cell count, low platelet count, nausea,

vomiting, hair loss, and fatigue.

Welch, Cindy. "History of Chemotherapy." Colon Cancer Resource. Cancer Information Center,

n.d. Web. 20 Sept. 2012. <http://www.coloncancerresource.com/history-of-

chemotherapy.html>. This is a history of chemotherapy on the website Colon Cancer

Resource. Back in time, chemotherapy was used to describe any kind of medicine. Now it

chemotherapy is a name for treatment to cure cancer. Chemotherapy can be used alone,

with surgery, or with radiation. In the 1940's and 1950's, chemotherapy was first found

when trying to find uses for mustard gas in the Department of Defense, a chemical

warfare agent. They found that this chemical was sucessful in treating lymphoid cancer in

animals. Chemists Goodman and Gilman worked with a surgeon Linksog to inject a

similar chemical into a cancer patient and noticed a reduction of the cancer tumors. Dr.

Farber from Harvard found out that folic acid is effective in treating children with

leukemia after World War II. Farber and Kilte worked with Lederle Labs on one of the

first modern drug research studies and found that folic acid blocked out certain chemical

agents. His idea was not accepted until ten years later because it was thought that

children with cancer were to left alone to die in peace. In 1965, Holland's Freireich and

Frei found that combining drugs makes a tumor harder to fight against the drugs than a

single drug. Chemotherapy is more effective if the tumor is small. Chemotherapy is a

poison to the body and many people are trying to reduce the side effects. Chemotherapy

is given in many different ways by the type of illness or the patient. The survival rates

have increased over time.

"What Is Cancer?" National Cancer Institute. N.p., n.d. Web. 28 Dec. 2012.

<http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/cancerlibrary/what-is-cancer>. This is an article

from the National Cancer Institute about cancer. It explains exactly what cancer is, and

the origins of cancer. The article also states and defines some types of cancer, like

carcinoma and leukemia. It explains the different types of tumors, and why some kinds

are not cancerous and can be removed. Lastly, the article gives some cancer statistics.

This article is helpful because it has information on cancer that is relevant to our

research.

"Who Invented Chemotherapy?" Who Invented It. N.p., n.d. Web. 7 Oct. 2012.

<http://www.whoinventedit.net/who-invented-chemotherapy.html>. This article is from

the website Who Invented It? .

As it is unclear to who exactly invented chemotherapy, this article gives credit to Alfred

Gilman and Louis S. Goodman. This article gives credit to them for discovering that

nitrogen mustard could be used as a therapeutic agent-- it could actually treat lymphoma.

Later, Madagascar periwinkle was found to block tumor cell proliferation by Eli Lilly.

The effectiveness of combination chemotherapy as cancer treatment was found in 1965.

Additional facts are that the use of drugs and chemical substances as medication

originated in ancient India. Chemotherapy is recommended to patients to palliate

symptoms or prolong life. Chemotherapeutic drugs are classified into different types

which are anthracyclines, antimetabolites, alkylating agents, toptisomerade inhibitors and

plant alkaloids. This is important because it tells us facts on who invented chemotherapy.