History Antoni van Leeuwenhoek Dutch Cloth Inspector 1684.

History

• Antoni van Leeuwenhoek

• Dutch Cloth Inspector• 1684

•“wee animalcules”

•Reported to the Royal Academy of Science

- 1822- 1895 French Chemist

“Chance Favors the Prepared Mind”

- Spontaneous Generation 1864

Swan-necked Flask

Ignored Spores

Louis Pasteur

John Tyndall

- Helped Pasteur Twice

1. Tyndall box

Air

2. Tyndallization

Method to sterilize heat sensitive materials

Boil Incubate Boil Incubate Boil Sterile

Germ theory

• Pasteur – Wine disease

Lady Montagu

Lady Montagu , 1718

Introduced variolation to England

Edward Jenner 1798

Smallpox vaccination

Ignaz Semmelweis, 1850

Asked Doctors to wash hands between patients

Robert Lister ,1867

Introduced antiseptics to hospital

Robert Koch

• Anthrax• Koch’s postulates

Koch’s Postulates

• 1. Suspected pathogen always present in diseased animal

• 2. Isolated microorganism in pure culture• 3. Re-inoculate healthy organism with pure

culture and cause disease• 4. Re-isolate the pathogen in pure culture• Began the Concept of “Guinea Pig”?• Lead to Discovery of the Cause of Tuberculosis

Chicken Cholera

• Pasteur at his best?• Attempted Koch’s

postulates• Used old (attenuated)

cultures• Re-inoculates Chicken• Protective “Vaccine”

Pasteur’s Chicken Cholera Experiment

1st Experiment

Healthy Chickens

Old Culture

Fresh Culture

Live Chicken Dead Chickens

2nd Experiment

Attenuated

Vaccinated

Virulent

Rabies Vaccine

• Charles Chamberlain• Filterable “Viruses”• Farmer’s Cure?• Dried Spinal Tissue• Attenuated Virus?• Joseph Meister• First Rabies Vaccine

Antimicrobial Agents

• Paul Ehrlich Agent 606

• Domagk - Prontosil• Alexander Fleming

1929 - Penicillin

Alexander Fleming

Selman Waksman, 1942 Streptomycin Rutgers's Waksman Institute

Modern Molecular Microbiology

• Watson&Crick 1953

Kohler & Milstein 1979 - Monoclonal Antibodies

George KohlerCesar Milstein

Boyer & Cohen1975 - Recombinant DNA

Woese & Fox Archaea – 1977

George FoxCarl Woese

Stanley Pruisner 1981 Prions

Genomics

• Kary Mullis – 1988

Polymerase Chain Reaction

• PCR – “DNA copying”

•Craig Ventor & Hamilton Smith 1995•Bacterial Genome•Human Genome 2000?

Ed Delong

Marine ArchaeaProteorhodopsinSAR

MetagenomicsCraig Ventor

Microbiology Timeline

History Word ListAntonio van Semmelweis Attenuation

Leeuwenhoek Lister 1867 Chamberlain

1684 Robert Koch Viruses

Spontaneous Anthrax 1876 Alexander

Generation Koch’s Fleming

1864 Postulates 1929

Louis Pasteur Tuberculosis Waksman

Germ Theory Chicken Watson

Lady Montagu Cholera Crick 1953

Jenner 1798 Vaccine 1975

George Kohler &

Cesar Milstein, 1979

Monoclonal Antibodies

Stanley Cohen &

 Herbert Boyer

Recombinant DNA

Carl Woese &

George Fox, 1977

Archaea

Stanley Pruisner, 1981

Prions

Kary Mullins, 1988

PCR

Craig Ventor &

Hamilton Smith,

1995

Human Genome Project 2000

Word list 2