History and Structure

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History and Structure

Chapter 5

Policing:

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English Policing• American policing is

based on English roots.• English law enforcement

began with “hue and cry.”

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• Alfred the Great’s system

• 9th-10th Century• mutual pledge

England

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• mutual pledge system • tithing - group of ten (10)

families• tithing man - leader or

chief of tithing

England

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Hundred = ten tithings = one hundred families

England

chief constable - head of the hundred

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Constable:• considered the

first real police officer

• appointed by local nobleman• in charge of weapons for

the hundred

England

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Shire• A geographic area equivalent to our

county.

• Hundreds were grouped into Shires.

• England was divided into 52 Shires.

• Shire-Reeve was the antecedent of modern day sheriff.

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England1272-1307• set up curfew and

night watch program• bailiffs - night watchmen

to enforce curfew• watch and ward

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Watch and Ward• The name given to first

night watch in cities and towns.

• They operated from sundown tosunrise.

• They protected property against fire.• They guarded the gates of city.• They arrested those who committed

offenses.

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Statute of Winchester-1285• It created the watch and ward in

cities and towns.• It drafted eligible males to

serve. • It institutionalized the

“hue and cry.” • Citizens had to maintain weapons

in order to answer the call to arms.

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England - 1750• The Industrial Revolution

brought many new people to the big cities.

• Crime increased in cities and highways leading to cities.

• Civilian associations cropped up and began creating their own private police forces.

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Bow Street Runners• established 1750• patrolled streets and highways

leading to London• Sir Henry Fielding - one of

the founders• first real detective unit

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London Metropolitan Police• 1829 - Parliament passed bill

- creates London police• Sir Robert Peel - Home

Secretary• 1,000 officers called bobbies• uniformed• structured along military

lines

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American Law Enforcement• Colonists brought systems from

Europe when they emigrated to colonies.

• The shire-reeve was responsible for law enforcement in the

counties.• The constable was responsible for

law enforcement in towns.• Before the Revolution, both were

appointed by Crown.

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American Frontier•vast and wild until

late 19th century•natural haven for outlaws and bandits

•citizen posses and vigilantes - the law

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Policing America’s Cities

• 1636 - Boston• New York - known

as Rattle Watch because of rattles they carried and shook while they patrolled

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• 1658 - paid watchmen in New York

• 1693 - first uniformed police officer

• 1731 - first precinct station in New

York

Policing America’s Cities

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Policing America’s Cities• 1833 - Philadelphia is the first to

initiate a police force.• 1844 - New York is the first to

establish a unified day/night police force.

• 1865 - Massachusetts creates the first state police force.

• 1866 - Detroit creates first detective unit.

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American Policing1920-1933

This was the Era of Prohibition and

widespread corruption of police.

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1960’s-1970’s Civil rights movementand anti-Vietnam war demonstrations impacted on police operations and enforcement.

American Policing

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1967 - LEAA was formed to assist police departments in acquiring the latest in technology and adopt new enforcement methods.

American Policing

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• LEAA - funded many police research projects• Kansas City Preventive

Patrol Experiment

American Policing

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Three Levels ( jurisdictions)• federal• state• local

American Policing

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Federal Law Enforcement

1789

• first federal law enforcement agency - Revenue Cutter Service

• patrolled shores of U.S. to prevent smuggling and to ensure collection of revenue

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21 separate federal law enforcement agencies in eight government agencies

Federal Law Enforcement

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Other Federal Agencies• 1789 - U.S. Marshals• 1862 - Internal Revenue Service• 1865 - Secret Service• 1891 - Immigration and Naturalization• 1908 - Bureau of Investigation - later

to be renamed F.B.I. in 1930

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Other Federal Agencies

1914

The Bureau of Narcotics & Dangerous Drugs combined with other agencies and was renamed Drug Enforcement Administration in 1973.

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Federal Law Enforcement Agencies

Department of the Treasury1. Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, and

Firearms2. Internal Revenue Service3. U.S. Custom Service4. U.S. Secret Service5. Federal Law Enforcement Training

Center

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Department of Justice1. Bureau of Prisons2. Drug Enforcement Administration3. Federal Bureau of Investigation4. U.S. Marshals Service5. Immigration and Naturalization

Service

Federal Law Enforcement Agencies

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Department of Interior1.Fish and Wildlife Service2.National Park Service3.U.S. Park Police

Federal Law Enforcement Agencies

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Department of Defense• Criminal Investigation Division• Office of Special

Investigations• Naval Investigative

Service• Defense Criminal Investigator

Service

Federal Law Enforcement Agencies

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Department of Transportation U.S. Coast Guard

General Services Administration Federal Protective Services

U.S. Postal Service Postal Inspections Service

Washington, D.C. Metropolitan Police Department

Federal Law Enforcement Agencies

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Federal Bureau of Investigation

• 1924 - J. Edgar Hoover isappointed Director.

• 1924 - Identification Division iscreated to collect fingerprint

files.• 1930 - F.B.I. begins collecting

data for Uniformed Crime Report publication.

• 1932 - Crime laboratory is established.

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State Law Enforcement1835 Texas Rangers:• They are believed to be the first

state police force.• Military unit is responsible for

border patrol.• They apprehend Mexican cattle

rustlers.

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State Law Enforcement

Two Models: • centralized model• decentralized model

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Local Agencies-Municipal

• approx. 13,580 different departments• approx. 420,000 sworn police officers• approx. 100,000 civilian employees• largest - New York - approx. 36,813

police officers• smallest – 3,409 departments with 1

sworn police officer or only part-time officers

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Local Agencies-County• approx. 3,100 sheriff departments• approx. 155,000 full-time officers• approx. 89,000 civilian employees• largest - Los Angeles Sheriff’s

Dept. with approx. 2,110 sworn officers and 4,880 civilian employees

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• 49 state police departments• approx. 52,000 full-time state

police officers• approx. 26,000 civilian

employees• major role - control traffic on

highway system

State Law Enforcement

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Private Protective Services• Nearly 2,000,000 people are

estimated to be working in private security today.

• Types of private security services:• company guards• airport security• bank guards• executive protection

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Those self-employed individuals and privately funded business entities and organizations providing security- related services to specific clientele for a fee…

Private Protective Services

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… for the individual or entity that retains or employs them, or for themselves, in order to protect their persons, private property, or interests from various hazards.

Private Protective Services

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Types of Private Security Services: • store/mall security• school security• nuclear facility security• hospital security• automated teller machine services• railroad detectives• loss prevention specialists• computer/information security

Private Protective Services

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• Security Bureau, Inc. • Wackenhut Corp.• Guardsmark, Inc.• American Protective Services• Globe Security

Private Protective Services

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• Wells Fargo Guard Services• Advance Security, Inc.• Pinkerton’s, Inc.• Allied Security, Inc.• Burns International Security

Services

Private Protective Services