History 404 – Chapter 4 Mr. Wilson. 1534 - Arrival of Jacques Cartier When did the French Regime begin? 1608 - Champlain’s founding of Quebec At first.

History 404 – Chapter 4

Mr. Wilson

Dossier 1 – Power Relationships in New

France

1534 - Arrival of Jacques Cartier When did the French Regime begin?

1608 - Champlain’s founding of Quebec

At first the colony was administered by the companies that had rights from the French King to do business in the fur trade.

These companies paid a Governor who was in control.

Context

What happened in 1663?

King Louis XIV (absolute ruler of France) made New France a royal province.

He removed the companies from administration & replaced it with The Royal Government.

Context

Political Power in New FranceKnown as: the Royal Government

Royal Government established in 1663

Inspired by administrative system in France

Part of the French regime’s absolute monarchy

Political Power in New France

The Royal Government

King Louis XIV

Minister of the Marine

Governor General

Intendant

Captains of the Militia

Citizens

Bishop

Sovereign Council

Political Power in New FranceWhat was the Sovereign Council?Highest court in New France

Certain legislative and executive power

Composed of Governor General, Intendant, Bishop , and a few councillors

Political Power in New FranceWhat did the Sovereign Council do?Registered royal edicts (orders) and put

them into effect

Listened to appeals (attempt to overturn a decision) on legal decisions from the lower courts

They also issued statutes (laws) Ex. 1685: Protestant sects were outlawed!

The Royal Government

King Louis XIV

Minister of the Marine

Governor General

Intendant

Captains of the Militia

Citizens

Bishop

Sovereign Council

Political Power in New FranceWho was the Bishop?Responsibilities:

religious affairs (education, hospitals)His position gave the Catholic Church a

lot of political power in New France

François de Montmorency-Laval

The Royal Government

King Louis XIV

Minister of the Marine

Governor General

Intendant

Captains of the Militia

Citizens

Bishop

Sovereign Council

Political Power in New FranceWho was the Governor General?Represented the king of France in New

FranceResponsibilities:

MilitaryForeign relations

He reported back to and advised France on important colonial matters

Pierre de Rigaud de Vaudreuil

The Royal Government

King Louis XIV

Minister of the Marine

Governor General

Intendant

Captains of the Militia

Citizens

Bishop

Sovereign Council

Political Power in New FranceWho was the Intendant?Responsibilities:

JusticeInternal affairsFinances (money!)

Most important person in the colony because he controlled the CASH

Jean Talon

What kinds of problems would exist in this sort of system?Organization led to power struggles between the Governor and the Intendant

THINK…

The Governor General could establish treaties with the Intendant’s agreement

But, sometimes the Governor could overrun the decisions of the Intendant if he got permission from the king.

Ex: Governor Frontenac vs. Intendant Duchesneau

Power Struggles

The Intendant managed the budget which included military spending

Since he controlled money, this gave him some power over the Governor

Power Struggles

The Royal Government

King Louis XIV

Minister of the Marine

Governor General

Intendant

Captains of the Militia

Citizens

Bishop

Sovereign Council

Who were the Captains of the Militia?They were named by the Governor

General

Responsibilities: military training in defence of the colonyinforming the population of the Intendant’s

decisions, the King’s edicts, and the statutes of the Sovereign Council

Political Power in New France

The administration of the colony was under strict supervision of the church.

Those in charge of the colony were expected to listen to the Catholic Church – that’s why the Bishop was on the Council.

What was the relationship between the Church and the State?

He held the most superior position in the Catholic clergy at the time the royal government was set up.

He was named archbishop of the diocese in 1694.

He was named by the king and pledged the oath of allegiance.

Who was François de Laval?

He enforced the tithe. He nominated priests and missionaries.

He had a seat on the Sovereign Council

He could influence the king . In other words, He had considerable influence on the state.

Who was François de Laval?

François de Laval had a HUGE amount of power- because he controlled the religious population AND education as well.

At one point, he even superseded the Governor General on the issue of Eau-de-Vie with the Amerindians.

Relationship between the Church and the State:

“Your majesty, I, François de Laval, first Bishop of Québec in New France, swear in the name of God, and promise your Majesty that I will serve him as long as I live, your faithful subject and humble servant[...].”

-François de Laval, 1674.

Relationship between the Church and the State:

In the 18th century, the political power of the Catholic Church diminished when they no longer had a seat on the Sovereign Council.

After this, it was the state that had the power to set the amount of the tithe and to authorise the formation of new parishes and new religious communities.

What was the Relationship between the Church and the State?

The church held an important place in the administration of the colony.

All public functions were reserved for candidates who could provide a certificate of Catholicism signed by their priests.

Examples of public functions...

What was the importance of the Church?

17th century: The French vs. The Amerindians

Their relationship included alliances and conflicts linked to the fur trade.

The First Nations provided furs to the French.

In return, the French gave gifts to the Indians.

This type of trade is known as bartering.

What was the relationship between the State and the Amerindians?

While these 2 groups would be trading, the Governors had to work as diplomats and strategists.

Negotiations with the Amerindians often concluded with the exchange of prisoners.

What was the relationship between the State and the Amerindians?

Problems within the tribes of the Amerindians...

E.G.: the conflict between the Iroquois, the Huron and the Algonquians.

This war hurt the Fur Trade, threatened the lives of the colonists and led to the building of forts in order to insure the safety of towns like Quebec and Ville-Marie.

What were the conflicts between the State and the Amerindians?

The Great Peace of Montreal, 1701.

This new wave of violence led to...

The Governor, Louis Hector Calliere, organized an important meeting with the Iroquois to negotiate lasting peace.

It put an end to the Franco-Iroquois wars.

What was the Great Peace of Montreal?

It took place on August 4, 1701. 30 different Amerindian Nations

were present and 1300 people were in attendance.

End result: The French recognized the Iroquois’

right to trade and the Iroquois vowed to stay neutral between the French and the British.

What was the Great Peace of Montreal?

Excerpt from a speech by Governor General Louis Hector de Callières in front of 1300 Iroquois representatives:

 "I hereby ratify the peace that we have made today[…] hoping that we never speak again of the troubles endured during the war, and for this reason, I have seized all of your axes and your other instruments of war, that I will place with mine in a hole so deep that no one will ever be able to use them again to ruin the tranquility that I have reestablished amongst you, my children […]. […] I attach my word of honor to the necklaces I give to each of your nations so that your elder may pass this lesson along to their young members. Now, I invite you all to smoke this peace pipe that I will now light […].  

a) What event is taking place while de Calliere is speaking? What year is it? 

b) What clue indicated de Calliere's desire to recognize Amerindian customs?

Document & Questions....

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=25m93JVO7kw

Movie: The Great Peace of Montreal-

1701

The colony (New France) had to follow orders from their mother country (France)

The king of France had the final say

France was interested in the colony because it gave them MONEY

What was the relationship between the Colony and the

Mother Country?

Ex. 1: Intendant Jean-Talon and the king had

different ideas

Jean-Talon wanted to populate New France & develop its economy

But the king did not allow it!

What was the relationship between the Colony and the

Mother Country?

Ex. 2: Even though the Governor was

responsible for foreign relations, France had the final say on peace and war

That’s why after years of fighting and economic tension – territories in New France were given to Britain to obtain peace.

What was the relationship between the Colony and the

Mother Country?

What happened in 1763? Peace of Paris (British take over)

Power relationships in Canada were dramatically modified:The Royal Government eliminatedCatholic Church had less influence New administration put into place

The Last Word

What occurred in 1663?

Review

Royal Government!

Who made up the Sovereign Council?

Review

Governor General

IntendantBishop

True or False:One of Bishop François de Laval’s

responsibilities was to manage the budget.

Review

FALSE!!!!!

He enforced the tithe and nominated priests & missionaries

The main reason why France was interested in the colony (New France) was because it gave them: A) FishB) Diamonds and goldC) MoneyD) Chickens

Review

The Great _______of Montreal in

_____ recognized the Iroquois’ right to

______ and the Iroquois vowed to stay

_______ between the French and the

British.

Review

Peace

1701

tradeneutr

al

1. Fill out the organization of the Royal Government (1 pt – must get everything correct to get a mark)

Activity #1

_______________

________________

_________________

_________________

_______ _______ _______

_________

2. What is the difference between the roles and responsibilities of the Governor General now and during the French Regime. Give examples.

3. Who was Francois de Laval and what were his responsibilities in the Sovereign Council?

Activity #1

4. Describe the event that is taking place in the following image and its significance (why was it important).

Activity #1

Activity #4: The Sweater due next class!!!

Activity #1: New France due next Monday! (Day of the Quiz)

Reminders: