History 3 Lecture 2

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PORTUGUESE + DUTCH ARCHITECTURE AND THEIR INFLUENCE

COLONIALISM

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What is Colonialism?Portuguese Colonies-A Famosa

- St Pauls Cathedral

Dutch Colonies- Stadthuys

02English Colonies

LECTURE OUTLINE

COLONIALISM01


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What is Colonialism?

COLONIALISM01

COLONIALISM

Colonialism is the extension of a nation's sovereignty

over territory beyond its borders by the

establishment of either settler colonies oradministrative dependencies in which indigenous

populations are directly ruled or displaced.

Colonizing nations generally dominate the resources,

labor, and markets of the colonial territory, and may

also impose socio-cultural, religious and linguistic

structures on the conquered population

It is essentially a system of direct political, economic

and cultural intervention by a powerful country in a

weaker one

Colonialism was often based on the ethnocentricbelief that the morals and values of the colonizer

were superior to those of the colonized.


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COLONIALISM01

COLONIALISM

Normally refers to a period from 15th to 20th Century

Reason for Colonialism?

To make profit

To expand the power of the metropole

To escape persecution in the metropole

To convert the indigenous population to the colonists religion.


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COLONIALISM01

COLONIALISM

Among the early colonist were the Egyptians, Greeks and Romans

Modern colonialism started with the Age of Discovery

Portugal and Spain discovered new lands across the oceans and built

trading posts.

These new lands were divided between the Portuguese Empire and the

Spanish Empire


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COLONIALISM01

Impact of Colonialism

Impact on Health

- smallpox, measles etc- use as bio-terrorism

Food Security

- global exchange of previously local crops and livestock breed.

Slave Trade

- the migration of small population for slavery.


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COLONIALISM01

Portuguese Colonies

Dutch Colonies

English Colonies


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COLONIALISM01Portuguese Colonies

Portuguese Colonialism

First global empire in history.

Had financial and religious motives behind their exploration.

By finding the source of the spice trade, the Portuguese could reap its profit for

themselves.

Treaty of Tordesillas 1494

- All lands west of a meridian only 100 leagues west of the Cape Verde

Islands should belong to Spain while new lands discovered east wouldbelong to Portugal.

In 1488, Bartolomeu Dias rounded the Cape of Good Hope

In 1498, Vasco da Gama, set foot in Goa.

In April 1511, Alfonso de Albuquerque sailed to Malacca, the most important east

point in the trade network where Malay met Gujarati, Chinese, Japanese, Javanese,

Bengali, Persian and Arabic traders, among others.


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COLONIALISM01A Famosa

Immediately after Malacca fell, the Portuguese used forced labour to built a

temporary fort to counter Malay attacks, while they worked on the main fort.

The fort was offiicially called Fortaleza de Malaca.


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Building activities of the Portuguese

converted Melaka into a Christian

town. Many Masonry buildings 5

Churches, several chapels, amonastery, 2 Hospitals & 2 Palaces.


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The building material was obtained by dismantling Malay graves, mosques, and

other buildings.

The completed fortress had 4 towers, and walls that were 2.4 metres thick.


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Four gateways were built for the

city;

1. Porta de Santiago2. The gateway of the Custom

House Terrace

3. Porta de San Domingos

4. Porta de San Antonio

Of these four gateways onlytwo were in common use

and open to traffic, the Gate

of San Antonio linking to the

suburb of Yler and the

western gate at the Custom

House Terrace, givingaccess to Tranqueira and its

bazaar.


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By 1583, Malacca had become a fortified city protected by 70 canons aimed in

all directions.


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COLONIALISM01Malacca and the Portuguese

Malacca, 1613

Malacca, 1630

1. Fortress

2. Cathedral

3. Town Hall

4. Prison5. Pauper Hospital

6. Royal Hospital

7. Bishops Palace

1 2 3 4

7

5

6


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COLONIALISM01Malacca and the Portuguese

It was also during this

period that Malacca

developed town

planning and drainage

of the surrounding

area.

The town was divided

into two parts. The

Portuguese governorand administrators

lived within the fort

while the generation

population lived

opposite, on the other

side of the river.


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Characteristics of Portuguese Colonies:

Cities:

1. Location where suitable for defense and for the construction of a port. The best

would be an island or peninsular back by a hill.2. Built road according to the terrain. Not many flat land, causing roads to be un-

uniformed.

3. The lower part of the hill that faces the sea would be located the Governors House,

churches overseeing the port. Higher up would be the upper class residential

areas. Areas closer to the sea would be for the more common people, like

peasants and commercial infrastructures.

Houses:

1. In the earlier days, houses were built facing the road. As the population increase,

they would be grouped together.

2. They focused on the middle / back living area.

3. Theres usually a verandah, with trees and vegetation for a cooler micro climate.

4. They enjoy comfort, and usually employed servants.


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COLONIALISM01St Pauls Church

St. Paul's Hill was originally Malacca Hill.

It was renamed Monti Ali Maria, or Mary's Hill

after the Portuguese took over it.


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The St. Paul's Church, on top of the hill of the same

name, was originally a chapel.


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It was known to the Portuguese as the Chapel of the

Mother of God (Madre de Deus) or Our Lady of the Hill

(Nossa Senhora do Oiteiro).


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According to 16th century Portuguese chronicler,

Joo de Barros, it was not built by the Portugueseadministrators, though, but by a Portuguese fidalgo

(nobleman) called Duarte Coelho.


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When his ship miraculously escaped a tempest in the South China Sea. As an act

of gratitude, he erected a chapel on top of the Malacca Hill, dedicating it to Our

Lady of Grace (Nassa Senhora da Annunciada) in 1520-21.


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COLONIALISM01Portuguese Settlement

Portuguese Settlement in Malacca

The Portuguese Settlement is a Kristang, five km from Malacca.

The Kristang are a Malaysian ethnic group with mixed Portuguese and Malay and

for some possibly Indian or Chinese ancestry, which arose during the Portuguese

colonial period (16th to 17th century).

In 1933, 11 hectares of land at Malacca were purchased with the purpose of

creating a haven for scattered Kristang and their culture.

Saint John's village, as that simple fishing village was originally known, soon

attracted additional Kristang from all over Malaysia, and grew to become one of

Malacca's main tourist attractions, improving the standard of living of its

villagers.


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COLONIALISM01

Portuguese ColoniesDutch Colonies

English Colonies


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COLONIALISM01Dutch Colonialism

The Portuguese merged with the Spanish which caused them to be attacked by the

Dutch & English.

This caused the Seven Years War that ended in 1763.

The Dutch captured Malacca on the west coast in 1641 from the Portuguese.

The longest period of Malacca under foreign control183 years.

However, the Dutch prefered Batavia as their economic and administrative center.

The hold on Malacca was to prevent loss to other European powers .

Thus in the 17th century, with Malacca ceased to be an important port, the Johor

Sultanate became the dominant local power.


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COLONIALISM01Dutch Colonies


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COLONIALISM01Malacca and the Dutch

As per the agreement with Johor in 1606, the Dutch took control of Malacca and agreed

not to seek territories or wage war with the Malay kingdoms.

They did however rebuilt the damaged fortifications and cleared the ruined buildings.

Churches and monasteries were converted into hospitals and arsenals.

The Dutch occupation of Malacca extended the range of building types in the town.

Where the Portuguese concentrated on the construction of fortifications and churches,

the Dutch built comfortable brick houses and a large administrative building.


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COLONIALISM01Stadthuys

The Stadthuys means the Municipal Town Hall in Dutch.


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The oldest and biggest Dutch colonial building in Southeast Asia.


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Construction began around 1641.


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Took closely 20years to completebuilding materials were

imported from Netherlands.


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Served as the civic centre in the town.


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Recent excavation revealed that beneath the Stadthuys there used to be a

Portuguese settlement.


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Housed the Dutch Governer and his numerous aides.


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ENDCOLONIALISM

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History 3 Lecture 2

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