History 11- IB Portugal and Spain Notes

7/31/2019 History 11- IB Portugal and Spain Notes

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1139- Afonso Henriques of the House ofBurgundy

Struggled to expel the Muslims for the next century

Last of the Muslim armies were pushed out of the Algarve

(Southern tip of Portugal) by 1250

Neighboring kingdom of Castile (Spain) had toreluctantly recognize the independence of

Portugal as they had their own struggle againstthe Muslims

1200s-1300s- King Denis establishes Portugal asEuropes first modern nation-state


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Due to their location on the west coast of theIberian Peninsula, Portugal became the leaderin the Age of Exploration

Peaceful domestic situation allowed Portugal toturn their attentions outward

Prince Henry the Navigator initiates the first

voyages along the coast of Africa Policy of exploration- systematic voyages outward

Each based on the intelligence collected from theformer voyager and each traveling beyond itspredecessor


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Portugal first attempted to defeat theMuslims of West Africa

To establish Christianity in West Africa Commercial success also served as

motivation

1415- Portugal invaded Ceuta

Guardian city to the opening of theMediterranean Sea


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Heading into the 16th century, Portugalmonopolized the only sea lanes to India (aroundAfrica)

da Gamas cargo provided a return 60 timesover the original cost of the expedition

Portuguese maritime routes were proving to be farmore lucrative than those of the Spaniards (duringthe first two decades of the 16th century)

1500- Pedro Cabral follows up da Gamas voyageby veering off course and ending up in Brazil Later found to be on their side of the Line of

Demarcation


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Early 16th century- Portugalcreates a network of trade

outposts along the coasts of SouthAmerica, Africa, and Asia

Not colonialas the purpose of the

settlements was to exploit the nativepopulations and natural resources toproduce wealth in Portugal itself


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Columbuss discovery of the New World in

1492 angered the Portuguese

Spanish claims in the New World wentagainst the Popes decree

New lands were tabbed as belonging to thePortuguese

1493- Pope Alexander VI creates a line ofdemarcation

All lands west of the line belonged to Spain

All lands east of the line belonged to Portugal


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Alexander owed King Ferdinand and

Queen Isabella for his election

The Line of Demarcation favored Spain

All of the New World was located west of the line

The Popes decree made things uneasy

between Spain and Portugal

Result was the Treaty of Tordesillas Moved the line farther west

Allowed for Brazil to fall under Portugueseterritory


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Religious intoleranceand fervor

Suspicion of

foreigners Respect for the

soldier rather thanthe farmer

Vice-royalty

Captaincy-general

Posts of visitador and

adelantado


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North America loomed as anundesirable barrier to a direct water-

route to Asia Thus the search for the elusive

Northwest Passage

The native inhabitants displayed littleinterest in trading with the Iberianmerchants

Who could blame them?


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Spanish sailor who became the governorof Darien (Santa Maria de lAntigua) First permanent Euro settlement in Panama,

North America

Set out in search of gold across theisthmus of Panama in 1513

Discovered the Pacific Ocean Claimed it for Spain


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Portuguese nobleman and expert sailor

Ventured to the East Indies from Europe in thefirst decade of the 1500s

Believed in Columbuss theory of sailing

west to get to the East Indies quicker

Rejected by King Manuel I of Portugal

Portuguese sea routes had become prosperous

King Charles I of Spain jumped at theopportunity to sponsor Magellan


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Sets out to circumnavigate the globe in 1519 Five ships and 265 officers and men

Took one year to find a way around South

America Put down one mutiny and lost a ship to shipwreck

October 1520- takes five weeks to make hisway around the Strait of Magellan Southern tip of South America

One ships crew mutinied at this point and sailedback to Spain

November 1520- entered the Pacific Ocean Three ships and 150 crewmen


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March 1521- Magellan reaches the island of Guam Several months to cross the Pacific

Lost 19 men to scurvy

From Guam he sailed to the Philippines Got involved in a battle between native tribes and ended

dying

Magellans crew continued on leaving oneunseaworthy ship behind

Portuguese navy later confiscated one of theremaining two ships

1522- one ship (Vittoria) returned to Spain 18 sailors and 3 natives


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1519- Spaniard Hernando Cortes sailed to

Mexico looking for fame and fortune

550 soldiers, 16 horses, and 10 cannon

By 1520- subdued the Aztec nation

The riches of the Aztecs were brought back

to King Charles I (aka Emperor Charles V)

For the first time, Euros saw the New World as aprofitable destination

Spaniards no longer looked beyond theAmericas for their fame and fortune


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1531- Spaniard Francisco Pizarro landed in

Peru looking for fame and fortune

180 soldiers and 27 horses

Within the year, he subdued the Inca nation

13,265 lbs of gold

26,000 lbs of silver

King Atahualpa was put to death and thecapital city of Cuzco was captured and the

empire collapsed


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1513- Ponce de Leon explored Floridalooking for the legendary Fountain of

Youth

1527- Panfilo de Narvaez explored the

present-day US looking for wealth likeCortes had found in Mexico


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1528 to 1536- Cabeza de Vaca andEsteban (African Slave) explored the

present-day US looking for the legendarySeven Cities of Cibola

1539- Esteban and Father Marcosexplored the present-day US looking forthe Seven Cities of Cibola


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1540- Francisco de Coronado led anexpedition from Mexico northward into thepresent-day US looking for the Seven Cities

of Cibola and the Strait of Anian (aka TheNorthwest Passage)

1539 to 1543- Hernando de Soto landed inFort Myers, Florida and set out on anexpedition across the American Southlooking for another Incan empire


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Spains land claims in the New

World

Stretched from the southern

US southward through the

Caribbean Islands and intoCentral and South America


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Presidios

Forts / Soldiers

Missions

Churches / Monks

Haciendas

Estates / Planters


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Encomienda Spanish word for entrust

Enacted because the king and churchobjected to enslaving the Natives

Spanish King entrusted a group ofNative families to a Spanish settler in the

New World Natives had to pay tribute to the settler

Through crops or forced labor


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Two reasons for failure of theencomienda system Spanish King reduced the power of the

encomienda lords over time as they hadbecome too powerful

Natives were dying by the millions due to the

diseases (small pox, typhoid, and measles)that the Euros brought to the New World


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New World claims were considered thekings personal property

Supreme Council of the Indies Headquartered in Spain

Absolute power over colonial life

Head of the government in America wascalled the Viceroy


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American colonies produced only whatSpain needed and bought everything

that they needed from Spain Benefited the Mother Country twofold

Supreme Council of the Indies strictlyenforced this rule upon the Spanishcolonists in America


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Spanish King and Catholic Church leadersthought it was their duty to bring Christianityto the Natives

Established a system of missions throughoutthe Americas Missions included churches, shops, farms, and

livestock

Overseen by a few monks Some resembled the encomienda system, while

others were pure in their intent to convert theNatives


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1565- St. Augustine, Florida Established as a fort to control the borderlands

between English and Spanish territory in America 1609- Santa Fe, New Mexico

Established as the capital of Spanish colonies inAmerica

1659 to 1721- El Paso, Texas Missions established by Father Kino throughout

the region 1769 to 1776- San DiegoSan Francisco, California

Missions established Father Serra up and downthe coast


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Nearly all Spanish settlers in America were

men

Married Native women and created a race ofmixed blood people (Mestizos/Mexicans)

Populated small towns throughout

California, Arizona, and New Mexico

Lived peacefully for approximately 200years until the arrival of Anglo-Americans in

the early 1800s

History 11- IB Portugal and Spain Notes

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