Historical Perspectives and Scientific Revolutions

Historical Historical Perspectives and Perspectives and

Scientific RevolutionsScientific Revolutions

OGT ReviewOGT Review

By Elizabeth BuckholtzBy Elizabeth BuckholtzWoodward High SchoolWoodward High School

TPS Science Support TeacherTPS Science Support Teacher

Atomic TheoryAtomic Theory

Democritus was Democritus was first to develop first to develop idea of ATOMS. idea of ATOMS. (440 BC)(440 BC)

Keep cutting a Keep cutting a piece of material in piece of material in half & you half & you eventually can’t eventually can’t cut any more.cut any more.


Had a hard time convincing othersHad a hard time convincing others 2000 yrs. later, the development and 2000 yrs. later, the development and

use of technology allowed scientists use of technology allowed scientists to build on his notion.to build on his notion.


John Dalton came John Dalton came up with ATOMIC up with ATOMIC THEORY.THEORY.


1.1. All matter consists of tiny particles All matter consists of tiny particles

called atoms.called atoms.

2. Atoms of the same element are 2. Atoms of the same element are exactly exactly

alike.alike.

3.3. Atoms of different elements can join Atoms of different elements can join together to form compounds.together to form compounds.


Evidence later revealed atoms can Evidence later revealed atoms can be divided.be divided.

All other aspects of Daltons atomic All other aspects of Daltons atomic theory are still supported and theory are still supported and accepted by scientists.accepted by scientists.

Newtonian MechanicsNewtonian Mechanics

Sir Isaac Newton Sir Isaac Newton developed laws developed laws

explain the forces explain the forces acting on moving acting on moving objects.objects.

Laws are known as Laws are known as NEWTONIAN NEWTONIAN MEHANICS MEHANICS


1. an object at rest will remain at rest, 1. an object at rest will remain at rest, an an

object in motion will remain in motion object in motion will remain in motion until acted upon by an unbalanced until acted upon by an unbalanced force.force.

2.2. force = mass x accelerationforce = mass x acceleration

3.3. every action has an equal and every action has an equal and opposite reactionopposite reaction


LAW OF UNIVERSAL GRAVITATIONLAW OF UNIVERSAL GRAVITATION Gravitational force between object is Gravitational force between object is

proportional to the product of their proportional to the product of their mass and inversely proportional to mass and inversely proportional to the square of their distance.the square of their distance.


Newtonian mechanics support the Newtonian mechanics support the laws of planetary motion developed laws of planetary motion developed by Johannes Kepler by Johannes Kepler

These laws explain how planetary These laws explain how planetary objects orbit other objects in ellipses.objects orbit other objects in ellipses.


Scientist continue to use these laws Scientist continue to use these laws to make predictions and discover to make predictions and discover new informationnew information

Quantum Theory and Quantum Theory and NanotechnologyNanotechnology

QUANTUM THEORY (quantum QUANTUM THEORY (quantum mechanics) are a group of laws, mechanics) are a group of laws, theories & principles.theories & principles.

Explain the relationship between Explain the relationship between energy & mater.energy & mater.


Subatomic particles (photons & Subatomic particles (photons & electrons) are so small scientist can electrons) are so small scientist can not see how they move.not see how they move.


Laws of Newtonian mechanics and Laws of Newtonian mechanics and concept of electromagnetism help concept of electromagnetism help scientists make predictions about scientists make predictions about how these particles move.how these particles move.

Properties of small substances can Properties of small substances can be determined and applied in order be determined and applied in order to make new technological advances.to make new technological advances.


NANOTECHNOLOGY is the study of NANOTECHNOLOGY is the study of particles whose size range from 1 to particles whose size range from 1 to 100 nm. 100 nm. (how big is it)

laws of quantum mechanicslaws of quantum mechanics

↓↓

predictions about how particles interact predictions about how particles interact

↓↓

understanding of properties of understanding of properties of substancessubstances


This information helps scientists make life This information helps scientists make life easiereasier

Examples Examples

scratch-resistant glassscratch-resistant glass

deep-penetrating cosmeticsdeep-penetrating cosmetics

protective sunscreenprotective sunscreen

fiber-opticsfiber-optics

microprocessorsmicroprocessors

plastics & ceramicsplastics & ceramics

PlasticsPlastics+ grocery bags, product packaging, cell + grocery bags, product packaging, cell phones, carsphones, cars+ alternative to metal (lighter & and less + alternative to metal (lighter & and less

expensive)expensive)+ one of the most widely used materials in + one of the most widely used materials in

worldworld


- do not break down do not break down easilyeasily

- build up as trashbuild up as trash- Nanotechnologists Nanotechnologists

have made plastics have made plastics that are that are environmentally environmentally friendly and can be friendly and can be recycled.recycled.


Ceramics are inorganic, claylike and Ceramics are inorganic, claylike and exposed to high heat.exposed to high heat.

Hard and porous, can be modified to Hard and porous, can be modified to perform many functions.perform many functions.

Glass & cementGlass & cement

Nuclear EnergyNuclear Energy

Energy produced Energy produced through nuclear through nuclear fission can be fission can be harnessed in harnessed in nuclear reactors to nuclear reactors to produce electrical produce electrical power.power.

Reactor contains an Reactor contains an isotope uranium-isotope uranium-235 which releases 235 which releases energy as it decays.energy as it decays.

Nuclear EnergyNuclear Energy

+ releases large amounts of energy which + releases large amounts of energy which create electricity for millions of homes & create electricity for millions of homes & businesses.businesses.

+ more U-235 available than fossil fuels+ more U-235 available than fossil fuels

+ air pollutants are not releases in the + air pollutants are not releases in the reaction (unlike fossil fuels)reaction (unlike fossil fuels)

- Risk of radiation escaping the reactor and Risk of radiation escaping the reactor and contamination the environment.contamination the environment.

- Cost of operating power plant and storing Cost of operating power plant and storing radioactive substances is expensive.radioactive substances is expensive.

Communication TechnologyCommunication Technology

COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY allows messages to be sent over long allows messages to be sent over long distancesdistances– TelephonesTelephones– RadioRadio– TelevisionsTelevisions– InternetInternet


TelephonesTelephones– Sound waves are transmitted to a Sound waves are transmitted to a

microphonemicrophone– Microphone converts sound waves to an Microphone converts sound waves to an

electric currentelectric current– Electric current flows through the wire to Electric current flows through the wire to

the other phone.the other phone.– Transducer in other phone converts Transducer in other phone converts

electric current back into sound.electric current back into sound.



Cell phones Cell phones – Same as phones but without wireSame as phones but without wire– Phone converts sound to radio waves Phone converts sound to radio waves

that are sent to cellular towers that that are sent to cellular towers that transmit them from place to place.transmit them from place to place.



Radio & TVRadio & TV– Receive electromagnetic waves sent out Receive electromagnetic waves sent out

from TV and radio stations.from TV and radio stations.– These waves include radio, light and These waves include radio, light and

microwaves.microwaves.



InternetInternet– Has had a major impact on societyHas had a major impact on society– Developed in 1960’s as a computer Developed in 1960’s as a computer

network used for the worldwide sharing of network used for the worldwide sharing of scientific data scientific data

– 1989 developments made World Wide 1989 developments made World Wide Web possibleWeb possible

– Internet usage exploded and people from Internet usage exploded and people from all over the world use it to communicate.all over the world use it to communicate.


Significant People & Significant People & Contributions (matter)Contributions (matter)

Antoine LavosierAntoine Lavosier– First person to First person to

make a significant make a significant list of elementslist of elements

– Discovered that Discovered that oxygen had a oxygen had a significant role in significant role in burning burning (combustion) and (combustion) and rusting.rusting.

John Dalton (see John Dalton (see previous)previous)

Significant People & Significant People & Contributions (matter)Contributions (matter)

Gay-LussacGay-Lussac– Law of Common VolumesLaw of Common Volumes– Ratios between combining volumes of Ratios between combining volumes of

gases can be expressed in whole gases can be expressed in whole numbersnumbers

Dimitri MendeleevDimitri Mendeleev– Arranged the 64 known elements on the Arranged the 64 known elements on the

periodic tableperiodic table

Significant People & Significant People & Contributions (energy)Contributions (energy)

Marie CurieMarie Curie– Discovered radioactive elementsDiscovered radioactive elements

Albert EinsteinAlbert Einstein– Theory of relativity (E=mcTheory of relativity (E=mc22))

Significant People & Significant People & Contributions (forces & motion)Contributions (forces & motion) Johannes KeplerJohannes Kepler

– Laws of Planetary MotionLaws of Planetary Motion Planets move in ellipses around the sunPlanets move in ellipses around the sun Radius vector describes equal areas in equal Radius vector describes equal areas in equal

timestimes The squares of the periodic times are to The squares of the periodic times are to

each other as the cubes of the mean each other as the cubes of the mean distances.distances.

Isaac Newton (see previous notes)Isaac Newton (see previous notes)

New IdeasNew Ideas

Are limited by the context in which Are limited by the context in which they are conceived (time, available they are conceived (time, available technology)technology)

Often initially rejected by scienceOften initially rejected by science Sometimes come from unexpected Sometimes come from unexpected

findingsfindings Grow slowly through contributions Grow slowly through contributions

form many different scientistsform many different scientists

OGT questionsOGT questions

In his investigations of air, Henry Cavendish In his investigations of air, Henry Cavendish discovered a small bubble of leftover gas discovered a small bubble of leftover gas that would not combine with nitrogen. His that would not combine with nitrogen. His observations went unnoticed until William observations went unnoticed until William Ramsay performed experiments in which he Ramsay performed experiments in which he obtained similar results. Ramsay recalled obtained similar results. Ramsay recalled and repeated Cavendish’s experiments and repeated Cavendish’s experiments exactly to verify the results. Then, using exactly to verify the results. Then, using Gustav Kirchhoff’s spectroscopy technique, Gustav Kirchhoff’s spectroscopy technique, Ramsay was able to identify the leftover Ramsay was able to identify the leftover gas as the element he called argon. Upon gas as the element he called argon. Upon further investigation, he found the elements further investigation, he found the elements neon, krypton and xenon.neon, krypton and xenon.

OGT questionsOGT questions

Based on this information, it can be said thatBased on this information, it can be said thatA. A. the combined work of Cavendish, Kirchhoff the combined work of Cavendish, Kirchhoff

and Ramsay led to the discovery of the noble and Ramsay led to the discovery of the noble gases.gases.

B. B. Kirchhoff’s work was insignificant in the Kirchhoff’s work was insignificant in the investigations leading to the discovery of investigations leading to the discovery of argon.argon.

C. C. Ramsay violated ethical practice in science by Ramsay violated ethical practice in science by repeating Cavendish’s experiments.repeating Cavendish’s experiments.

D. D. Cavendish is directly responsible for the Cavendish is directly responsible for the discovery of argon, but not neon, krypton or discovery of argon, but not neon, krypton or xenon.xenon.

Historical Perspectives and Scientific Revolutions

Documents

substancesquantum theory

worldquantum theory

new informationquantum

laws of planetary motion

group of laws

newtonian mechanicsscientist

atomic theoryhad

atomic theoryevidence