Historical Landmarks in Our Understanding of Proteins • 1838 The name "protein" (from the Greek proteios, "primary") was suggested by Berzelius for the complex organic nitrogen-rich substance found in the cells of all animals and plants. • 1819-1904 Most of the 20 common amino acids found in proteins were discovered. • 1864 Hoppe-Seyler crystallized, and named, the protein hemoglobin. • 1894 Fischer proposed a lock-and-key analogy for enzyme-substrate interactions. • 1897 Buchner and Buchner showed that cell-free extracts of yeast can ferment sucrose to form carbon dioxide and ethanol, thereby laying the foundations of enzymology. • 1926 Svedberg developed the first analytical ultracentrifuge and used it to estimate the correct molecular weight of hemoglobin. • 1933 Tiselius introduced electrophoresis for separating proteins in solution. • 1942 Martin and Synge developed chromatography, a technique now widely used to separate proteins. • 1951 Pauling and Corey proposed the structure of a helical conformation of a chain of L-amino acids -- the alpha helix -- and the structure of the beta sheet, both of which were later found in many proteins. • 1955 Sanger completed the analysis of the amino acid sequence of insulin, the first protein to have its amino acid sequence determined. • 1956 Ingram produced the first protein fingerprints, showing that the difference between sickle-cell hemoglobin and normal hemoglobin is due to a change in a single amino acid. • 1963 Monod, Jacob, and Changeux recognized that many enzymes are regulated through allosteric changes in their conformation.
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Historical Landmarks in Our Understanding of Proteins
Historical Landmarks in Our Understanding of Proteins. 1838The name "protein" (from the Greek proteios, "primary") was suggested by Berzelius for the complex organic nitrogen-rich substance found in the cells of all animals and plants. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Historical Landmarks in Our Understanding of Proteins• 1838 The name "protein" (from the Greek proteios, "primary") was suggested by Berzelius
for the complex organic nitrogen-rich substance found in the cells of all animals and plants.• 1819-1904 Most of the 20 common amino acids found in proteins were discovered.• 1864 Hoppe-Seyler crystallized, and named, the protein hemoglobin.• 1894 Fischer proposed a lock-and-key analogy for enzyme-substrate interactions.• 1897 Buchner and Buchner showed that cell-free extracts of yeast can ferment sucrose to form
carbon dioxide and ethanol, thereby laying the foundations of enzymology.• 1926 Svedberg developed the first analytical ultracentrifuge and used it to estimate the correct
molecular weight of hemoglobin.• 1933 Tiselius introduced electrophoresis for separating proteins in solution.• 1942 Martin and Synge developed chromatography, a technique now widely used to separate
proteins.• 1951 Pauling and Corey proposed the structure of a helical conformation of a chain of L-
amino acids -- the alpha helix -- and the structure of the beta sheet, both of which were later found in many proteins.
• 1955 Sanger completed the analysis of the amino acid sequence of insulin, the first protein to have its amino acid sequence determined.
• 1956 Ingram produced the first protein fingerprints, showing that the difference between sickle- cell hemoglobin and normal hemoglobin is due to a change in a single amino acid.
• 1963 Monod, Jacob, and Changeux recognized that many enzymes are regulated through allosteric changes in their conformation.
Number & Size Distribution of Cellular Proteins
Size & Shape Comparisons of Proteins
Protein Structure and Function• Protein Structure
– Primary structure - amino acid sequence.
– Secondary structure - formation of helices and sheets.
– Tertiary structure - the three-dimensional conformation of a polypeptide chain.
– Quaternary structure - formation of a protein molecule as a complex of more than one