Historical Biomass of Pink, Chum, and Sockeye Salmon in ......Historical Biomass of Pink, Chum, and Sockeye Salmon in the North Pacific Ocean 3 T a b l e 1. Summary of methods used

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*Corresponding author: [email protected]

Historical Biomass of Pink, Chum, and Sockeye Salmon in the North Pacific Ocean

Douglas M. EggErs* Alaska Department of Fish and Game, Division of Commercial Fisheries

P.O. Box 25526, Juneau, Alaska 99802, USA

American Fisheries Society Symposium 70, 2009 © 2009 by the American Fisheries Society

Abstract.—Limits to the capacity of the North Pacific Ocean to support salmon are suggested based on widespread observations of decreasing size and increasing age of salmon at maturation during time periods where the abundance of salmon has increased throughout the North Pacific rim. The increase in abundance of salmon is partially due to successful establishment of large-scale hatchery runs of chum salmon Oncorhynchus keta and pink salmon O. gorbuscha. The largest hatchery runs are chum salmon, and because of their long life span relative to the more abundant pink salmon, the increase in hatchery terminal run biomass under-represents the actual increase in salmon biomass. To put the increase in hatchery runs in perspective, the historical (since 1925) terminal runs and biomass of hatchery and wild pink, chum, and sockeye salmon O. nerka in the North Pacific Ocean were reconstructed. Various data sets of smolt releases from hatcheries, wild salmon estimates of smolt out-migrants, and subsequent adult returns by age and size were assembled. Age-structured models were fit to these data sets to estimate brood-year specific rates of natural mortality, growth, and maturation. The rates were then used to reconstruct total biomass of the “smolt data” stocks. The estimated ratio of terminal runs to total biomass estimated for the “smolt data” stocks were used to expand the historical time series of terminal run biomass on a species and area basis. The present total biomass (~4 million mt) of sockeye, chum, and pink salmon in the North Pacific Ocean is at historically high levels and is ~3.4 times the low levels observed in the early1970s. At least 38% of the recent ten-year average North Pacific salmon bio-mass is attributed to hatchery stocks of chum and pink salmon. Recent year terminal run biomass has been greater than the peak levels observed during the mid 1930s.

Introduction

Trends in salmon catch have been used as indicators of climate change (Beamish and Bouillon 1993; Francis and Hare 1994; Hare and Francis 1995). These trends suggest that decadal scale shifts in abundance of salmon have occurred over broad areas of the North Pacific (Beamish and Bouillon 1993; Fran-cis and Hare 1994; Hare and Francis 1995).

Researchers (e.g., Beamish et al. 1999) have hypothesized that the alternates between high and low salmon production regimes are driven by decadal-scale changes. In 1949, a shift occurred from a high to a low produc-tion regime (Beamish and Bouillon 1993; Francis and Hare 1994; Hare and Francis 1995). In 1977, conditions shifted back to a high production regime (Beamish and Bouil-lon 1993; Francis and Hare 1994; Hare and Francis 1995; Hare and Mantua 2000), and

2 Eggers

in 1989, shifted back to a low production re-gime (Hare and Mantua 2000).

The evidence for decadal-scale variation in salmon production driven by decadal-scale climate change is due to increases in salmon catch (abundance) coincident with shifts in climate regimes. Trends in catch are a par-tial indicator of trends in abundance. Catch may be a biased indicator of abundance since catch reflects regulatory or economic restric-tions that may occur more during weak runs. However, the large increase in the abundance of Pacific salmon in the North Pacific Ocean coincides with the 1977 regime shift, and is partially due to increases in hatchery runs, particularly of chum salmon Oncorhynchus keta in Japan and Alaska. Because of the long life span of chum salmon relative to the more abundant pink salmon O. gorbuscha, the relative increase in hatchery terminal run biomass is much less than the actual increase in salmon biomass in the North Pacific Ocean due to hatchery runs.

This paper describes and compares his-torical total runs, total run biomass, and total biomass of pink, chum, and sockeye salmon O. nerka in the North Pacific Ocean. The es-timates include the contribution of hatchery fish to the overall increase in salmon abun-dance, and corrects for bias in catch as indi-cator of abundance,

Methods

Assessment of terminal runs

Methods used to reconstruct North Pa-cific salmon runs were described by Rogers (1987, 1999; Table 1). Terminal runs include the commercial catch and the escapement (fish not caught). Subsistence and sport catches of pink, chum, and sockeye salmon are inconse-quential and were not considered here. Pre-cise estimates of escapement (tower, weir, and sonar counts) were available for most stocks

of sockeye salmon in North America (Eggers and Irvine 2007). Less precise estimates of escapement (aerial counts) were available for pink salmon in North America, and estimates of escapement were generally not available for chum salmon in North America. The re-lation between rate of exploitation and stan-dardized catch (annual catch minus average catch divided bycatch standard deviation) was estimated for pink and sockeye salmon stocks with available escapement data using the following equation:

U = A + Bln (c + C*)

where U is the exploitation rate, A and B are regression coefficients, c is a constant, and C* is standardized catch (i.e., catch ex-pressed as standard deviations from mean (C – μ)/σ)(the minimum C* + 0.05) to en-sure the quantity ln(c + C*) is defined (i.e., positive). Standardized catch models were fit to catch and exploitation rate observations, and included Bristol Bay sockeye salmon (1956–2006), North Alaska Peninsula sock-eye salmon (1962–2005), Chignik sockeye salmon (1922–2004), Karluk sockeye salmon (1922–2004), pooled southeast Alaska/Brit-ish Columbia sockeye salmon, south Alaska Peninsula pink salmon (1960–2000), Kodiak pink salmon (1960–1997), Prince William Sound pink salmon (1960–2000), and south-east Alaska pink salmon (1960–1995). Pink salmon peak index counts were scaled up-wards by factors ranging from 1.5 to 3.0 to correct, to some extent, for the structural bias inherent in aerial counts. Sockeye salmon (Figure 1) and pink salmon (Figure 2) stan-dardized catch models were used to estimate exploitation rate for years (typically before 1960), stocks, and areas where escapement estimates were not available.

Terminal runs of pink, sockeye, and chum salmon were estimated for the follow-ing regions: coastal Japan, Japan high seas and offshore fisheries, Russia, western Alas-

3Historical Biomass of Pink, Chum, and Sockeye Salmon in the North Pacific OceanTa

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4 Eggers

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Figure 1. Exploitation rate and ln (standardized catch) and fitted standardized catch for sockeye salmon Oncorhynchus nerka stocks.

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Figure 2. Exploitation rate and ln (standardized catch) and fitted standardized catch model for pink salmon Oncorhynchus gorbuscha stocks.

5Historical Biomass of Pink, Chum, and Sockeye Salmon in the North Pacific Ocean

ka (coastal waters and rivers from Kotzebue Sound to Unimak Island), central Alaska (from Unimak Island to the Bering River), southeast Alaska-northern British Columbia (Yakutat to about 51°N), and southern British Columbia and Washington.

Commercial catches of pink, chum, and sockeye salmon, in number and weight, for the above regions were from the International North Pacific Fisheries Commission (INPFC 1979), Eggers et al. (2005), Alaska Depart-ment of Fish and Game (ADF&G) catch records, and Fisheries and Oceans Canada (DFO) catch records (e.g., Irvine et al. 2006). Escapement of sockeye salmon in Alaska and British Columbia was provided by Eggers and Irvine (2007), escapements of other spe-cies were provided by ADF&G escapement records. Average weights (ratio of reported catch in weight and reported catch in num-bers) by species and region were used to esti-mate total run biomass from total run in num-bers for the respective region and species.

Large-scale chum salmon hatcheries were established in the late 1950s in Japan. Releases of chum salmon in the North Pacific increased steadily and releases have been rel-atively stable since the mid 1980s, averaging 2.9 billion fish (INPFC statistical yearbooks, INPFC 1991; North Pacific Anadromous Fish Commission (NPAFC) statistical yearbooks, NPAFC 2008; ADF&G annual enhancement reports,White 2008; Figure 3). Japan (67.4%) and Alaska (15.8%) released mostly chum salmon (Figure 3). In the reconstructed runs of chum salmon, the Japanese and Alaskan hatchery runs were accounted and included.

Pink salmon hatcheries were established in the late 1960s in Russia and Japan and in the late 1970s in Alaska. North Pacific releas-es of pink salmon increased steadily and have been relatively stable since the late 1980s, av-eraging 1.2 billion fish (Figure 4). Alaska re-leases most of the pink salmon (64.9%), fol-lowed by Russia (29.8%), and Japan (10.3%; Figure 4). In the reconstructed runs of chum

0

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Japan Alaska British Columbia P. Northwest Russia

Figure 3. Releases of chum salmon Oncorhynchus keta smolts from hatcheries in Japan, Russia, Alas-ka, British Columbia and Pacific Northwest, 1962 to 2005.

6 Eggers

salmon, the Japanese and Alaskan hatchery runs are accounted for, however, hatchery runs in Russia, British Columbia, and the Pacific Northwest, which collectively consti-tute about 25% of the pink salmon releases since 1990, are not accounted for. Thus, the wild runs of pink salmon in these areas are overestimated to the extent that hatchery runs are not accounted for. Details of terminal run estimation for each region are described be-low.

Japan.—No appreciable wild runs of salmon exist in Japan, and presently coastal fisheries occur on hatchery fish only. Japa-nese coastal fisheries, prior to the establish-ment of hatchery runs, caught pink and chum salmon of Russian origin. Japanese high seas and offshore fisheries exploit maturing and immature salmon that originate from areas throughout Japan, Russia, and western and central Alaska. The catch of pink and chum salmon in Japanese fisheries were considered as a component of the terminal run.

Russia.—Escapement estimates were not available for stocks of pink, chum, and sock-eye salmon in Russia. Catches of pink, chum, and sockeye salmon were expanded to total run based on a 60% exploitation rate (Rog-ers 1999). Hatchery runs were not assessed in Russia, and terminal runs were mixtures of hatchery and wild fish.

Western Alaska.—Western Alaska pink, chum, and sockeye, salmon runs include those of the Arctic-Yukon-Kuskokwim (AYK), Bristol Bay, and north Alaska Peninsula ar-eas. Terminal runs were available for Bristol Bay sockeye salmon, from 1956–2005 and for north Alaska Peninsula sockeye salmon, from 1962–2005. Total runs for Bristol Bay and north Alaska Peninsula sockeye were es-timated for years after 1925 prior to escape-ment monitoring based on the standardized catch model (Figure 1). AYK sockeye salm-on runs were small relative to other western Alaska salmon stocks, and fisheries were not fully developed until the 1980s. Runs from

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Japan Alaska British Columbia Russia

Figure 4. Releases of pink salmon smolts from hatcheries in Japan, Russia, Alaska, British Columbia and Pacific Northwest, 1962 to 2005.


1980 to 2005 were assumed to be twice the catch. These expanded AYK runs averaged 8% of the north Alaska Peninsula sockeye runs over the same period. AYK runs prior to 1979 were estimated by expansion of north Alaska Peninsula sockeye runs for the re-spective years

Estimates of western Alaska chum salm-on runs were problematic. The AYK area has substantial runs of chum salmon, and com-mercial fisheries were not fully developed until the early 1970s. Further commercial catches of chum salmon in AYK after the mid 1990s do not reflect abundance due to lack of fishing effort. Rogers (1999) provided es-timates of western Alaska chum salmon runs from 1952–1998, which were consistent with minimum estimates of western Alaska chum salmon runs from 1980 to 1998, (Witherell et al. 2002). These minimum runs that were based on documented assessments include commercial and subsistence catch, escape-ments from assessed AYK chum salmon stocks (Clark 2001a, 2001b, 2001c; Clark and Sandone 2001; Eggers 2001; Eggers and Clark 2006), and assessments of Bris-tol Bay and north Alaska Peninsula chum salmon runs. Estimates of western Alaska chum salmon runs from 1925–1950 and from 1999–2005 were based on expansion of west-ern Alaska chum salmon commercial catch and on average ratios of catch to run from 1951–1961 and 1997–1998, respectively.

Central Alaska.—Central Alaska pink, chum, and sockeye salmon runs include the south Alaska Peninsula, Chignik, Kodiak, Cook Inlet, and Prince William Sound (PWS) areas. Escapement estimates were available for many central Alaska sockeye salmon stocks after the late 1970s when comprehen-sive escapement monitoring programs were implemented by ADF&G (Eggers and Irvine 2007). Escapement estimates were available for a few Chignik and Kodiak area sockeye stocks before the late 1970s. Total runs of

central Alaska sockeye salmon were estimat-ed using the standardized catch model fit to available catch: exploitation rate time series (Figure 1). Hatchery runs of sockeye salmon occur in the Cook Inlet and Prince William Sound areas; however these runs are small relative to the aggregate central Alaska sock-eye runs and were not assessed in terminal run reconstructions.

Total runs were available for wild pink salmon stocks in PWS since 1960. Total hatchery runs are available since the initial returns in 1977 (Hilborn and Eggers 1999). Total wild pink salmon runs in PWS for years prior to 1960 were estimated using standard-ized catch model fit to the PWS time series of catch and exploitation rate (Figure 2). Total Kodiak area pink salmon hatchery runs were available (Hilborn and Eggers 1999) since the initial hatchery returns in 1975. Wild pink salmon runs in central Alaska, outside of PWS, were estimated using the standard-ized catch model (Figure 2). Total runs for central Alaska chum salmon were estimated by expanding the reported catch by a fac-tor equal to 90% of the respective year pink salmon exploitation rate estimated from the standardized catch model.

Southeast Alaska, British Columbia, Washington.—Total runs of pink salmon from 1925–1960 were estimated using stan-dardized catch model fit to available catch–exploitation rate time series. Escapement estimates for wild chum salmon runs in south-east Alaska were not available. Total runs of wild chum salmon from 1925–1980 were es-timated by expanding the reported catch by a factor equal to 90% of the observed pink salmon exploitation rate (for the respective year) estimated based on the standardized catch model. Hatchery runs of chum salmon to southeast Alaska were established with ini-tial returns occurring in 1980. Estimates of hatchery runs of chum salmon in southeast Alaska were available since the onset of pro-

8 Eggers

duction from Southern Southeast Regional Aquaculture Association (SSRAA), North-ern Southeast Regional Aquaculture Associa-tion (NSRAA), and Douglas Island Pink and Chum (DIPAC). Estimates of wild stock and hatchery chum salmon contributions to com-mon property fisheries in southeast Alaska were based on comprehensive coded wire tagging and otolith marking of the hatchery releases conducted since 1980.

Pink and chum salmon runs to British Columbia and Washington from 1925–2005 were roughly estimated by expansion of commercial catch by 50% exploitation rate (Rogers 1999). Total runs of sockeye salmon were estimated for the combined southeast Alaska, British Columbia, and Washington areas because substantial British Columbia-origin sockeye salmon occur in southeast Alaska and Washington fisheries. Total runs of sockeye salmon were available for south-east Alaska (SEAK) since 1984, northern British Columbia (NBC) since 1952, south-ern British Columbia (SBC) since 1952, and Washington since 1972 (Eggers and Irvine 2007). Exploitation rates (ratio of SEAK catch to sum of SEAK catch and SEAK es-capement) in SEAK fisheries were highly correlated with exploitation rates (ratio of NBC catch to sum of NBC catch and NBC escapement) in NBC fisheries for years where assessments of total runs were avail-able in both areas. Total sockeye salmon runs to southeast Alaska from 1952–1983 were estimated based on regression of exploitation rate in SEAK fisheries to exploitation rates in NBC fisheries. Similar methods were used to estimate escapements of sockeye salmon in Washington (for example, the introduced run to Lake Washington, from1960–1971). In Washington, exploitation rates (the ratio of Washington catch to sum of Washington catch and escapement) were correlated with SBC exploitation rates. A regression model was used to estimate exploitation rates in Washington for years where Lake Washing-

ton escapements were not assessed. Total sockeye salmon runs to aggregate southeast Alaska, British Columbia, and Washington areas from 1926–1951 were estimated based on the standardized catch model, fit to avail-able combined catch—exploitation rate time series (Figure 1). Hatchery run sizes of sock-eye salmon in southeast Alaska were avail-able, but were a minor component of the ag-gregate sockeye salmon runs.

Assessment of total biomass

A population of salmon at any time of the year (for example, the time of year that maturation occurs) includes the terminal run of mature fish together with the immature age cohorts present in the ocean. For pink salm-on, cohorts include age 0.0, for chum salmon cohorts include ages 0.0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, and 0.4, and for sockeye salmon cohorts include ages x.0, x.1, and x.2. Abundance of salmon cohorts was estimated at the month of matu-ration, and was the biomass of terminal runs of mature cohorts together with the immature ocean cohorts present. Biomass of the imma-ture ocean cohorts was estimated by standard cohort analysis (Hilborn and Walters 1992). Expansion factors (ratio of total biomass to terminal run biomass) were specific to spe-cies and region, and were assumed to be con-stant over time. The total biomass to terminal run expansion factor were estimated by fitting age-structured forward projection models to various data sets, where smolt abundance and subsequent returns by age and size were known. The age-structured model enables forward construction of the immature and mature age classes from a cohort of smolts or the backward reconstruction of the immature cohorts from the mature terminal run.

Pink Salmon.—A forward projection model was used to estimate age-specific ocean abundance and biomass of pink salmon. Pink salmon mature at the end of the first year of


ocean residence; the stock consists of the ag-gregate cohorts alive at the month of matura-tion and include the immature ocean age 0 (N0,0) and the mature ocean age-1 (R0,1) co-horts. For pink salmon, two ocean life stages were assumed, knife-edged mortality (1 – z0) at entry to the ocean, and a constant mortality rate over the period of ocean residence from entry to maturation.

N0,0 = S0z0e

–Δt0μ

R0.1 = S0e

–Δt1μ

Where, S0 is smolt abundance, Z0 is ini-tial smolt survival, Δt0 is ocean age of 0.0 cohort (time of entry to month of maturity), Δt1 is ocean age of 0.1 cohort (12 months), N0.0 is abundance of immature cohort, R0.1 is abundance of mature cohort, and μ is natural mortality rate (monthly).

The parameter used to expand terminal run biomass to total biomass is the ratio of terminal run biomass to total biomass. This quantity can be expressed in terms of the co-hort (Fc ) or in terms of the mature run (Fr ), which are the same for pink salmon:

Fr = (R0.1w1) / (R0.1w1 + N0.0w0)

where w1 is the mean weight of mature co-hort, and w0 is the mean weight of ocean age-0 cohort.

The model was fit to three pink salmon smolt and adult return data sets: Hokkai-do pink salmon hatchery runs (1970–1995 broods; Hiroi 1998), Kodiak pink salmon hatchery (Kitoi Bay hatchery) runs (1972–2003 broods; Hilborn and Eggers 2000), and aggregate Prince William Sound pink salmon hatchery runs (1978–2003 broods; Hilborn and Eggers 2000). The mean weights by age for mature age classes were assessed for each cohort in the data sets. The mean weight for immature pink salmon in the first year of

ocean residence at the month of maturation was assumed to be 0.75 kg for all stocks, and was roughly the average of smolt weight and mature adult weight.

Sockeye Salmon.—A forward projec-tion model was used to estimate freshwa-ter age (a) and ocean age (0) specific ocean abundance and biomass of sockeye salmon. Sockeye salmon may spend one to two years in freshwater and mature at the end of the second or third year of ocean residence. The stock consists of the aggregate cohorts alive at the month of maturation and include the immature age classes (Na,o, a = 1,2; o = 0,1,2) and the mature age classes (Ra.o a = 1,2; o = 2,3) of the cohort. For sockeye salmon, two ocean life stages were assumed, a knife-edged mortality (1 – z0) at entry to the ocean, and a constant mortality rate over the entire period of ocean residence from entry to maturation.

Na,0 = Saz0e

–Δt0μa

Na,1 = Na.0e

–Δt1μa

Na,2 = (1 – ma2) Na.1e

–Δt2μa

Ra.2 = ma2Na.1e

–Δt2μa

Ra.3 = Na.2e

–Δt3μa

where a is freshwater age, o is ocean age, Sa is age a. smolt abundance Z0 is initial smolt sur-vival, Δt0 is ocean age of 0.0 cohort (months from time of entry to month of maturation), Δto is ocean age of .o cohort (i.e., 12 months for 0.1,.2, and 0.3 cohorts), Na,o is abundance of immature ocean age a.o cohort, Ra,o is abundance of mature age a.0 cohort, ma.o is maturation rate of age a.o cohort, and μa is natural mortality rate (monthly).

The parameter used to expand terminal run biomass to total biomass was the ratio of terminal run biomass to total biomass. This quantity can be expressed in terms of the co-

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hort (Fc ) or in terms of the mature run (Fr ). Fc was calculated by summing over the age classes of a brood year or cohort.

)(2

1

2

1

3

20..

3

00..

2

1

3

20..

∑ ∑∑∑∑∑

= = ==

= =

+=

a aoaoaoaoa

aoaoa

rwRwN

wRR

where, wa.o is the mean weight of age a.o ma-ture or immature cohort at the end of the year. Rr was calculated by summing over various age classes across broods that are present at the time of the run.

The model was fit to two sockeye salm-on smolt and adult return data sets: Ugashik smolts, (1980–1998 broods, Crawford 2001), Egegik smolts (1979–1998 broods, Crawford 2001).

Chum Salmon.—A forward projection model was used to estimate ocean age (o) specific ocean abundance and biomass of chum salmon. Chum salmon mature between the end of the second through the fifth year of ocean residence, and chum salmon en-ter the ocean at freshwater age 0. The stock consists of the aggregate cohorts alive at the month of maturation and include the imma-ture age classes (N0.o, o = 0–5) and the mature age classes (R0.o o = 2–5) of the cohort. For chum salmon, three ocean life stages were as-sumed, a knife-edge mortality (1 – z0) at entry to the ocean, a constant mortality rate over the first year of ocean residence (from the time of entry to the month of maturation the second ocean year), and a constant mortality rate over the remainder of ocean residence (from the month of maturation in the second year of ocean residence to maturation). The following equations were used:

N0.0 = Sz0e

–Δt0μo

N0.1 = N0.0e

–Δt1μo

N0.2 = (1 – m2) N0.1e

–Δt2μ2+

R0.2 = m2N0.1e –Δt2μ2+

N0.3 = (1 – m3) N0.2e

–Δt3μ

R0.3 = m3N0.2e

–Δt3μ1+

N0.4 = (1 – m4) N0.4e

–Δt4μ1+

R0.4 = m4N0.3e

–Δt4μ1+

R0.5 = m5N0.4e

–Δt5μ1+

Where, o is ocean age, S is age a. smolt abundance, z0 is initial smolt survival, Δt0 is ocean age of 0.0 cohort (months from time of entry to month of maturation), Δto is ocean age of .o cohort (i.e., 12 months for 0.1 through 0.4), N0.o is abundance of immature ocean age o cohort, R0.o is abundance of mature age 0.o cohort, mo is maturation rate of age .o cohort, μ0 is natural mortality rate (monthly, during the first year of ocean residence (entry to month of maturation in ocean year 1), μ2+ is natural mortality rate (after month of matura-tion in the second ocean year).

The parameter used to expand terminal run biomass to total biomass was the ratio of terminal run biomass to total biomass. Note this quantity can be expressed in terms of the cohort (Fc ) or in terms of the mature run (Fr). Rr was calculated by summing various age classes across broods present at the time of the run.

)(5

20.0

4

1.0

5

2.0

∑∑∑

==

=

+=

oooo

o

ooo

rwRwN

wRF

The forward projection model was fit to seven chum salmon smolt–adult return data sets: Honshu chum salmon hatchery runs, 1961–1991 broods (M. Kaeriyama, Hok-kaido Tokai University, Sapporo, Japan, personal communication); Hokkaido chum salmon hatchery runs, 1961–1991 broods (M.


Kaeriyama, Hokkaido Tokai University, Sap-poro, Japan, personal communication), DI-PAC chum salmon hatchery runs, 1984–1996 broods (R. Foct, DIPAC Hatchery, Juneau, personal communication); SSRAA sum-mer chum salmon hatchery runs, 1979–1996 broods (Gary Freitag, SSRAA, Ketchikan, personal communication); SRAA fall chum hatchery runs 1979–1996 broods (Gary Fre-itag, SSRAA, Ketchikan, personal communi-cation); Hidden Falls chum salmon hatchery run, 1977–1996 broods (Chip Blair, NSRAA, Sitka, personal communication); Medve-jie chum salmon hatchery run, 1981–1996 broods, (Chip Blair, NSRAA, Sitka, personal communication).

Model Fitting Process.—The mean weights by age for mature age classes were available for each of the above data sets. An-nual growth rates for each cohort were esti-mated by linear regression fit to a sequence of weights (i.e., weights of smolts and mature age classes). Weights of immature cohorts of the same age were assumed to be the same as the mature cohort; and weights of immature age classes (ages 0.0, 0.1, and 0.2) for which mature weights were not available, and were estimated by applying the growth rates to the youngest mature age-class weight available.

The model fit to individual cohorts and included the weight-at-age (of smolts and mature age classes), smolt abundance, and the abundance of the mature age classes. The month-at-maturation and immediate mortal-ity rate (z0) were fixed for each stock. The maturation rates (ma) and instantaneous natu-ral mortality rate (μ) were estimated by exact fit of the returning adults for a cohort. Excel solver was used to determine values of matu-ration and mortality rates where projected returns from a smolt cohort equaled the ob-served returns from the cohort.

The model fitting procedure was quite ro-bust for all of the data sets examined. Mortal-ity rates were consistent among stocks within

a species. Mortality rates were similar for sockeye and chum salmon, and considerably higher for pink salmon (Figure 5). Mortal-ity rates have generally decreased since the 1960s (Figure 5). Age 0.3 maturation rates have consistent trends among stocks. Matu-ration rates decreased (increased age at ma-turity) from the 1960s to the early 1990s, and increased after the 1990s (Figure 6). Trends in maturation rates were similar among chum salmon stocks.

It is widely believed that much of ocean mortality for salmon occurs early in the ocean residence period. This interpretation is consistent with the widely observed cor-relations in the returns of sibling age classes. Natural mortality is not likely to occuring at a constant rate over the ocean life of salmon. Hence, mortality was modeled as a two-stage process, with an immediate mortality rate (1 – z0) and mortality occurring at constant rate (μ) during the remainder of ocean residence. Insufficient information (i.e., too many model parameters) exists in the smolt data sets to es-timate separable immediate survival rate (z0) from an instantaneous mortality rate (μ). The sensitivity of the estimated expansion factor of total runs and the terminal run to total bio-mass expansion factor (Fr) was examined by fitting the foreword projection model over a number of immediate survival values (Figure 7). The ratio of terminal run biomass to to-tal biomass was sensitive to the value of z0, with average (over the broods of available data) Fr decreasing with increasing initial survival rate (Figure 7). The maximum ratios of terminal run biomass to total biomass oc-curred with natural mortality rate constant over the period of ocean residence (i.e., z0 = 1). To provide a more realistic expansion of total biomass, a subjective value for z0 of 0.5 was assumed for pink and chum salmon, and 0.6 for sockeye salmon. The larger value as-sumed for sockeye salmon reflects the higher initial survival expected given the relatively large body size of sockeye salmon smolts.

12 Eggers

0.0

1.0

2.0

3.0

4.0

1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000

Brood Year

Mor

talit

y R

ate

(ann

ual)

Kodiak Pink PWS Pink Hokkaido Pink Hokkaido ChumHonshu Chum SRAA Summer Chum SRAA Fall Chum Hidden Falls ChumMedvejie Chum Dipac Chum Ugashik Sockeye Age 1. Ugashik Sockeye Age 2.

Figure 5. Annual mortality rates, by brood year cohort, estimated by forward projection model fit to various smolt–total run data sets.

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

1.2

1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000

Brood Year

Age

.3 M

atur

atio

n R

ate

Hokkaido Chum Honshu Chum SRAA Summer Chum SRAA Fall ChumHidden Falls Chum Medvejie Chum Dipac Chum

Figure 6. Age 0.3 maturation rates estimated for various chum salmon populations by forward projec-tion model fits to various smolt–total run data sets.


The assumption of a constant natural mortality rate over the period of ocean resi-dence is particularly unrealistic for chum salmon. Chum salmon mortality was mod-eled with rate (μ0) during the first year of ocean residence from entry to month of maturation in second year of ocean resi-dence) and (μ1+) during ocean residence after the month of maturation in second year of ocean residence. Separate estimates of μ0 and μ1+ were not possible. Mortal-ity rates estimated for pink salmon during ocean residence were used as a surrogate for chum salmon. Pink and chum salmon enter the ocean at similar sizes and would be expected to have similar mortality rates (Parker 1962; Ricker 1964). The monthly mortality rates estimated for pink salmon over their ocean residence averaged 2.5 times the rate estimated for chum salmon integrated over their entire period of ocean

residence. In fitting the model to the chum salmon data sets, the first ocean year mor-tality rate (μ0) was 2.5 times the 2+ ocean mortality rate (μ2+).

Terminal run to total biomass expan-sion factors (Fr) were estimated by run year for each of the pink, chum, and sockeye salmon stocks with smolt data sets (Figure 8). Ratios of terminal runs to total biomass for pink salmon ranged from 0.34 to 0.87, with an average of 0.66, and were consistent among stocks. Terminal run biomass to total biomass ratios for chum salmon ranged from 0.1 to 0.28, averaged 0.19, and were con-sistent among stocks. Terminal run biomass to total biomass ratios for sockeye salmon ranged from 0.18 to 0.47, averaged 0.33. These ratios were stable over time (Figure 8).

The average ratios of terminal run bio-mass to total biomass estimated from the

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0

Initial Survival Rate

Run

Spe

cific

Exp

ansi

on

Honshu Chum Hokkaido Chum Kodiak Pink PWS Pinks

HokkaidoPinks Ugashik Sockeye Egegik Sockeye

Figure 7. Sensitivity of estimated terminal run expansion factor (total biomass/terminal run biomass) to initial survival rate based on forward projection model applied for various to various pink, chum, and sockeye salmon smolt–total run data sets.

14 Eggers

various smolt data stocks used to expand terminal run biomass to total biomass (B = R/Fr) for species and regions are shown in Table 2. The estimated forward projection models were used to estimate total biomass for hatchery stocks with smolt data. For Bris-tol Bay sockeye salmon, backward cohort analysis was used to estimate total biomass from the observed total runs and size by age using natural mortality rates and growth rates estimated from the forward projection model fit to the Egegik and Ugashik smolt data. Harvest in high seas fisheries occurs several months prior to maturation for ma-turing fish and a year prior to maturation for immature fish. Because the high seas catches were younger fish, the cohort reconstructions of year classes not represented, the ratios of terminal run to total biomass factors used to reconstruct cohorts not represented in the catch were lower than those used for mature salmon (Table 2).

Results

The total North Pacific commercial catch of pink, chum, and sockeye salmon increased from 140 million in the early 1970s to the historically high level of 491 million in 2005 (Figure 9). Pink salmon were the most nu-merous species, and have averaged 60% of the catch since the mid-1990s.

Hatchery pink salmon terminal runs and biomass were estimated by region (1925–2005) for Japan and Alaska (Tables 3–5). Hatchery chum salmon runs in numbers and biomass were estimated by year (1925–2005) and by region for Japan and Alaska (Tables 6–8). Terminal runs of sockeye salmon by year (1925–2005) and by region were estimated in numbers (Table 9), in biomass (Table 10), and were expanded to total biomass (Table 11).

The total run biomass of the three spe-cies increased from 0.455 million metric ton in the early 1970s to an average of nearly 1.2

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005Year

Term

inal

Run

as

Perc

ent o

f Tot

al B

iom

ass

Hokkaido Pinks PWS Pinks Kodiak PinksPink Average Ugashik Sockeye Sockeye AverageChum Average Hokkaido Chum SE Alaska Chum Hatcheries Combined

Figure 8. Terminal run as proportion of total biomass of salmon, by run year, estimated by forward projection fit to various pink, chum, and sockeye salmon smolt–total run data sets. Species specific averages ratios used to expand terminal run biomass to total biomass.


Tab

le 2

. Sum

mar

y of

met

hods

use

d to

est

imat

e to

tal b

iom

ass o

f sal

mon

by

regi

on a

nd sp

ecie

s. Pe

rcen

tage

s are

the

assu

med

exp

ansi

on (i

.e.,

term

inal

ru

n as

frac

tion

of to

tal b

iom

ass)

.

Tota

l Run

to T

otal

Bio

mas

s Est

imat

ion

Are

a

Pink

Sal

mon

Sock

eye

Salm

on

Chu

m S

alm

on

Japa

n: C

oast

al

62%

N

one

Forw

ard

Con

stru

ctio

n

of

Sm

olt R

elea

ses

Japa

nese

: Sea

of J

apan

75%

N

one

Non

eJa

pane

se: H

igh

Seas

Imm

atur

e N

one

53%

51

%Ja

pane

se: H

igh

Seas

Mat

urin

g 75

%

37%

23

%R

ussi

an: C

oast

al

66

%

33%

19

%W

este

rn A

lask

a

N

one

Bac

kwar

d C

onst

ruct

ion

19

%

of T

erm

inal

Run

by

Age

C

entra

l Ala

ska

66%

33

%

19%

PWS

Hat

cher

y

Fo

rwar

d C

onst

ruct

ion

Non

e

N

one

of S

mol

t Rel

ease

s

Sout

heas

t Ala

ska

66%

W

ith B

.C./W

ash.

/Or.

19%

Sout

heas

t Ala

ska

Hat

cher

y N

one

Non

e

Fo

rwar

d C

onst

ruct

ion

of S

mol

t Rel

ease

s

B.C

./Was

hing

ton/

Ore

gon

66

%

33%

19

%

16 Eggers

million metric tons since the mid-1990s (Fig-ure 10). Pink salmon comprised the largest component of run biomass averaging 45% of the total. Hatchery runs increased in the North Pacific from nothing in the early 1960s to an average of 0.34 million tons; it consti-tutes 28% of total runs since the mid 1990s.

The total biomass of the three species in-creased from 1.3 million metric tons in 1969 to and average of 4 million metric tons since the mid-1990s (Figure 11). Chum salmon were the largest component of salmon bio-mass averaging 60% of the total since 1990. The biomass of hatchery fish in the North Pa-cific Ocean increased from zero in the early 1960s to an average of at least 1.5 million tons, and constituted at least 37% total bio-mass since the mid 1990s.

Discussion

The dramatic increase in abundance of Pacific Salmon in the North Pacific Ocean has been due in large part to an increase in

hatchery runs throughout the North Pacif-ic. Increases in abundance of wild runs of salmon coincide with the increase in hatch-ery runs; however, the rate of increase of wild-run biomass was much lower than the total (hatchery and wild) run biomass. The recent ten-year average of wild-run biomass and total-run biomass increased by 2 and 2.6 fold, respectively, from the low levels of the early 1970s. Similarly, a two-fold increase occurred for wild salmon total biomass and a three-fold increase occurred in total salmon biomass.

Substantial inter-annual variation oc-curred in the runs and survival of North Pa-cific salmon stocks (Figure 5; Peterman et al. 1998; Mueter et al. 2002; Eggers and Ir-vine 2007). The total run and total biomass reconstructions reported here were based on assumptions (e.g., fixed exploitation rates for stocks with incomplete stock assessment) that would mask the inter-annual variation in abundance. The run and total biomass recon-structions were intended to reflect trends and

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

1925

1929

1933

1937

1941

1945

1949

1953

1957

1961

1965

1969

1973

1977

1981

1985

1989

1993

1997

2001

2005

Tota

l Cat

ch (m

ilion

s)

Pink Salmon Chum Salmon Sockeye Salmon

Figure 9. Commercial catch of pink, chum, and sockeye salmon (millions of pieces) in the North Pa-cific Ocean, 1925–2005.


Table 3. Annual North Pacific total runs of pink salmon in millions of fish.

Year

North America Asia

Pacific Total

British Columbia/

Washington Southeast Alaska1

Central Alaska2 Western Alaska3

N. Amer. Total

Japan

Russian Coastal5

Asia Total

Coastal High Seas and Offshore4 Wild Hatchery Wild Hatchery

1925 13.8 54.2 12.7 0.0 80.6 8.4 0.0 60.0 68.4 149.0 1926 16.6 60.3 28.2 1.6 106.7 11.5 0.0 244.6 256.1 362.9 1927 13.0 20.8 20.3 0.7 54.8 8.6 0.0 63.8 72.4 127.3 1928 20.8 66.2 16.6 0.1 103.7 8.3 0.0 225.8 234.1 337.9 1929 12.0 44.0 25.2 0.0 81.2 24.4 0.0 48.3 72.7 153.9 1930 11.7 77.4 23.0 0.5 112.6 11.9 0.2 186.1 198.2 310.8 1931 10.0 52.6 20.6 0.0 83.3 27.4 0.1 91.9 119.3 202.6 1932 10.8 45.2 20.5 0.3 76.8 8.6 1.3 195.5 205.5 282.3 1933 7.9 50.3 20.6 0.0 78.9 7.2 1.8 105.5 114.5 193.4 1934 11.9 87.4 31.1 0.1 130.5 7.1 1.3 224.4 232.8 363.3 1935 11.1 57.3 28.1 0.0 96.5 10.6 6.0 257.6 274.2 370.7 1936 13.9 88.0 34.9 1.1 137.9 9.9 1.0 141.1 152.1 290.0 1937 11.5 64.9 40.6 0.0 117.0 9.4 1.2 233.4 244.1 361.1 1938 12.1 57.4 33.0 0.0 102.4 10.7 1.5 216.1 228.3 330.7 1939 6.5 47.0 29.0 0.0 82.6 7.1 2.0 344.3 353.4 436.0 1940 12.2 55.5 40.4 0.5 108.6 3.8 2.5 141.1 147.4 256.0 1941 13.2 101.4 26.1 0.0 140.7 8.4 3.9 286.2 298.5 439.2 1942 13.2 61.7 29.8 0.3 105.1 5.8 4.3 202.8 212.8 318.0 1943 6.4 37.8 38.1 0.0 82.3 2.2 0.0 331.1 333.3 415.6 1944 6.1 39.9 26.0 0.1 72.1 2.3 0.0 162.2 164.5 236.6 1945 6.6 43.7 34.4 0.0 84.7 2.7 0.0 89.6 92.3 177.1 1946 13.0 48.8 30.2 0.1 92.1 1.1 0.0 42.8 43.9 135.9 1947 12.9 31.1 28.5 0.0 72.5 3.0 0.0 147.9 150.9 223.4 1948 12.5 31.6 20.3 0.1 64.5 0.7 0.0 58.3 59.0 123.5 1949 7.1 78.0 20.0 0.0 105.2 6.1 0.0 184.3 190.4 295.6 1950 16.7 23.1 17.4 0.1 57.3 3.1 0.0 40.7 43.8 101.1 1951 15.0 44.6 11.8 0.0 71.4 5.2 0.0 175.3 180.5 252.0 1952 6.8 23.7 16.8 0.1 47.5 1.3 19.5 65.8 86.6 134.1 1953 10.4 15.3 17.5 0.2 43.3 1.6 15.8 163.8 181.1 224.5 1954 13.2 22.2 20.7 1.4 57.4 1.1 19.6 53.2 73.9 131.3 1955 3.9 22.9 23.2 0.1 50.1 2.5 53.4 101.6 157.6 207.7 1956 5.3 30.6 19.7 0.3 55.8 2.1 55.9 83.0 141.0 196.9 1957 5.2 18.5 12.1 0.0 35.9 1.5 79.6 122.5 203.6 239.5 1958 7.5 23.8 21.7 3.6 56.6 18.4 45.9 44.2 108.5 165.1 1959 5.1 20.3 7.8 0.0 33.2 13.0 63.1 54.2 130.3 163.5 1960 4.1 9.3 20.0 1.6 34.9 17.4 28.1 22.6 68.0 102.9 1961 2.8 22.2 16.4 0.3 41.7 7.4 49.2 34.9 91.5 133.2 1962 3.5 23.4 39.4 6.0 72.3 7.7 27.0 18.0 52.7 125.0 1963 3.6 33.6 22.4 0.3 59.9 9.3 55.6 41.0 105.8 165.7 1964 5.1 30.9 34.7 3.5 74.3 5.7 27.3 17.7 50.7 125.0 1965 1.7 22.8 15.8 0.0 40.3 9.6 51.6 57.8 119.0 159.4 1 Includes Southeast Alaska and Yakatat management areas.

2 Includes Prince William Sound, Cook Inlet, Kodiak, Chignik, and South Alaska Peninsula management areas. 3 Includes North Alaska Peninsula, Aleutian Islands, Bristol Bay, and AYK management areas. 4 Includes mothership, landbased gillnet, landbased longline, and Sea of Japan fisheries. 6 Includes coastal and freshwater fisheries. 5 Includes Japanese Concessional fisheries and coastal waters of Northern Kurils, S. Sakhalin., and Japanese driftnet fisheries in Russian zone.

18 Eggers

Table 3. Continued.

Year

North America Asia

Pacific Total

British Columbia/



N. Amer. Total

Japan

Russian Coastal5 Asia Total


1966 3.5 36.0 34.7 5.2 79.4 9.8 30.5 23.4 63.6 143.1 1967 2.8 8.6 15.8 0.1 27.3 14.9 49.2 55.1 119.3 146.6 1968 7.2 38.2 25.5 6.0 76.7 11.7 26.8 16.8 55.3 132.0 1969 3.0 13.9 7.7 0.7 25.3 16.8 48.3 71.3 136.4 161.7 1970 7.9 21.8 24.8 2.5 56.9 9.1 23.5 18.5 51.1 108.0 1971 2.9 22.5 27.9 0.0 0.1 53.4 16.2 1.0 39.8 73.9 130.9 184.3 1972 13.9 25.6 27.4 0.0 0.4 67.2 9.5 0.4 21.4 22.1 53.4 120.7 1973 13.7 18.9 20.6 0.0 0.1 53.3 10.7 2.8 36.2 113.7 163.4 216.7 1974 5.3 16.7 7.9 0.0 2.3 32.3 10.3 0.5 22.2 39.8 72.7 105.1 1975 2.7 17.2 7.9 0.0 0.1 28.0 11.6 2.3 33.7 149.7 197.2 225.2 1976 5.4 20.7 8.9 0.1 2.3 37.5 4.0 1.2 16.5 65.3 87.0 124.5 1977 3.1 42.3 14.8 0.1 0.1 60.4 4.8 1.6 24.1 138.1 168.7 229.1 1978 8.5 44.7 26.1 0.4 12.1 91.8 5.7 1.1 9.7 69.1 85.6 177.4 1979 2.0 37.6 22.1 1.0 1.4 64.1 5.4 0.8 16.8 124.4 147.5 211.6 1980 8.9 37.3 35.3 2.5 11.4 95.4 5.4 0.8 15.1 95.1 116.3 211.7 1981 3.3 43.6 47.7 3.4 1.1 99.1 5.8 0.8 17.8 105.4 129.8 228.9 1982 8.2 47.4 50.4 6.4 6.4 118.7 4.6 0.9 14.7 57.3 77.5 196.2 1983 3.1 67.0 46.3 5.1 0.2 121.7 3.9 1.6 18.1 129.1 152.7 274.4 1984 5.2 57.5 41.2 5.8 11.7 121.4 5.1 0.9 13.5 67.9 87.4 208.8 1985 13.3 103.3 26.2 12.3 0.0 155.2 7.5 1.4 14.7 115.6 139.2 294.3 1986 13.7 91.2 53.8 7.8 1.0 167.5 4.6 1.4 8.0 49.1 63.0 230.6 1987 7.4 36.1 36.1 19.7 0.0 99.3 4.6 2.7 8.5 118.5 134.2 233.5 1988 16.0 29.6 31.9 12.4 2.6 92.6 4.6 1.9 6.6 48.7 61.8 154.4 1989 5.5 93.4 23.7 26.8 0.0 149.4 2.7 3.8 6.9 179.4 192.8 342.2 1990 8.6 60.4 34.7 34.1 2.1 139.9 0.9 3.9 4.8 91.2 100.8 240.6 1991 6.9 93.5 19.5 34.4 0.0 154.3 8.9 4.0 4.3 254.1 271.2 425.4 1992 11.0 66.9 29.2 9.7 2.2 118.9 9.4 2.6 1.3 104.7 118.0 236.9 1993 10.8 91.2 44.0 18.6 0.3 164.9 10.0 8.2 2.7 139.8 160.8 325.7 1994 11.4 96.4 23.6 37.4 4.5 173.2 9.8 9.4 2.9 174.4 196.5 369.7 1995 6.5 87.5 45.0 19.2 0.2 158.4 4.9 7.9 3.2 175.6 191.7 350.1 1996 4.4 120.2 31.9 25.6 1.2 183.2 0.8 17.4 2.8 135.7 156.7 339.9 1997 4.6 68.0 70.3 28.1 0.1 171.1 0.8 9.9 3.1 229.1 242.8 413.9 1998 10.6 76.0 15.3 34.9 1.3 138.1 0.5 19.1 3.7 272.0 295.4 433.5 1999 2.4 126.4 25.5 47.1 0.0 201.4 0.8 11.3 3.9 260.5 276.4 477.8 2000 1.7 41.5 39.6 38.4 1.0 122.2 0.3 17.3 2.0 185.5 205.1 327.3 2001 5.5 111.4 36.2 43.6 0.0 196.8 0.6 6.9 2.4 213.4 223.3 420.0 2002 8.9 80.1 25.8 27.2 0.0 142.0 0.5 13.9 2.4 125.0 141.8 283.8 2003 8.9 90.6 27.8 57.9 0.0 185.2 0.5 13.3 2.8 219.1 235.7 420.9 2004 6.1 80.1 24.6 26.9 0.1 137.9 0.2 6.9 2.3 119.9 129.3 267.2 2005 4.3 100.0 27.7 67.6 0.0 199.6 0.0 10.1 2.2 273.8 286.2 485.8 1 Includes Southeast Alaska and Yakatat management areas.



Year

North America Asia

Pacific Total

British Columbia/



N. Amer. Total

Japan

Russian Coastal5

Asia Total




Table 4. Annual North Pacific total runs of pink salmon in thousands of mt.

20 Eggers

Table 4. Continued.

Year

North America Asia

Pacific Total

British Columbia/



N. Amer. Total

Japan

Russian Coastal5

Asia Total


1966 72.6 72.1 44.0 7.3 196.0 5.6 32.8 34.5 72.9 268.9 1967 70.5 17.6 14.5 0.1 102.7 8.4 50.7 84.5 143.6 246.3 1968 56.5 57.3 37.7 8.8 160.3 6.7 31.1 27.2 65.0 225.2 1969 19.0 27.1 52.7 1.2 100.1 9.4 51.3 105.7 166.3 266.4 1970 52.3 38.5 46.2 4.0 141.1 5.2 25.7 27.0 57.9 199.0 1971 50.0 37.8 34.5 0.0 0.2 122.4 16.4 1.3 42.9 111.4 172.1 294.5 1972 38.9 36.3 15.5 0.0 0.5 91.3 9.7 0.4 25.5 33.9 69.5 160.8 1973 40.5 30.9 14.0 0.0 0.2 85.5 10.9 2.8 40.0 151.5 205.2 290.7 1974 24.4 31.3 17.4 0.0 4.3 77.4 10.4 0.5 24.5 55.0 90.5 167.9 1975 29.8 29.8 28.1 0.1 0.1 87.8 11.8 2.3 34.9 184.0 232.9 320.7 1976 37.2 41.2 48.6 0.1 3.6 130.7 6.3 1.2 21.1 90.8 119.5 250.2 1977 65.8 93.9 41.9 0.2 0.2 201.9 4.5 1.6 28.2 192.0 226.3 428.2 1978 33.4 64.7 58.1 0.7 17.9 174.8 4.5 1.1 11.2 96.1 112.9 287.7 1979 75.0 67.2 79.4 1.7 2.3 225.6 4.4 0.8 18.5 173.0 196.7 422.3 1980 30.6 65.7 75.6 3.8 17.0 192.8 4.7 0.8 14.6 132.2 152.2 345.0 1981 101.4 84.2 83.2 6.3 1.7 276.8 5.9 0.8 18.7 146.6 171.9 448.7 1982 8.7 70.2 64.1 10.2 9.3 162.5 4.3 0.9 15.3 79.6 100.1 262.6 1983 93.8 95.0 40.7 7.6 0.3 237.3 3.9 1.6 19.1 179.5 204.1 441.5 1984 26.3 93.4 89.8 9.7 17.7 236.9 5.2 0.9 12.4 94.4 112.8 349.7 1985 102.2 149.3 59.3 20.0 0.0 330.8 8.8 1.4 16.5 160.7 187.4 518.2 1986 64.3 137.7 50.5 10.9 1.7 265.0 5.4 1.4 8.4 68.3 83.4 348.4 1987 67.4 60.6 37.9 31.2 0.0 197.0 6.5 2.7 9.0 164.7 183.0 380.0 1988 70.2 43.8 57.6 19.7 4.2 195.6 6.4 1.9 6.7 67.8 82.8 278.3 1989 81.3 145.6 29.9 41.4 0.0 298.2 5.1 3.8 7.1 249.4 265.4 563.7 1990 57.1 87.5 40.5 46.1 3.2 234.5 2.4 3.9 4.9 126.9 138.1 372.6 1991 88.7 114.8 58.0 39.8 0.0 301.3 10.0 4.0 4.4 353.2 371.6 672.9 1992 32.5 100.2 37.3 15.0 3.5 188.4 14.9 2.6 1.3 145.6 164.4 352.8 1993 42.3 123.1 64.4 25.9 0.4 256.0 8.0 8.2 2.7 193.4 212.3 468.4 1994 7.4 132.0 49.6 53.3 5.9 248.2 13.8 9.4 3.0 211.3 237.5 485.7 1995 52.3 126.4 112.0 31.0 0.2 321.9 6.6 7.9 3.3 250.2 268.0 589.9 1996 17.2 163.6 23.7 41.4 1.4 247.3 4.3 17.4 2.9 185.8 210.4 457.7 1997 30.9 118.6 38.6 47.5 0.1 235.8 0.7 9.9 3.1 318.9 332.6 568.4 1998 7.8 119.4 65.2 58.0 1.4 251.8 0.7 19.1 3.8 322.6 346.2 598.1 1999 19.1 168.2 49.3 63.6 0.0 300.2 0.6 11.3 3.9 315.0 330.9 631.0 2000 14.4 64.2 37.4 59.0 1.3 176.3 0.7 17.3 2.0 248.6 268.6 444.9 2001 24.8 166.1 43.2 67.5 0.0 301.7 0.4 6.9 2.5 285.7 295.4 597.1 2002 17.2 120.7 40.6 43.4 0.1 222.0 0.5 13.9 2.8 183.7 200.9 423.0 2003 35.5 144.4 45.4 95.5 0.1 320.9 0.6 13.3 2.8 300.5 317.2 638.0 2004 7.2 131.9 64.9 45.1 0.0 249.0 0.5 6.9 2.7 189.5 199.7 448.7 2005 26.2 158.8 74.4 105.5 0.0 364.8 0.2 10.1 2.7 343.0 356.1 720.9

1 Includes Southeast Alaska and Yakatat management areas.



Table 5. Annual North Pacific pink salmon biomass in thousands of mt.

Year

North America Asia

Pacific Total

British Columbia/



N. Amer. Total

Japan

Russian Coastal5

Asia Total


1925 104.3 144.5 29.9 0.0 278.7 16.8 0.0 131.4 148.2 426.9 1926 87.3 160.8 66.5 3.8 318.4 23.0 0.0 541.0 564.0 882.4 1927 87.4 55.6 48.1 1.6 192.7 17.2 0.0 139.2 156.4 349.1 1928 88.8 176.6 39.0 0.2 304.5 16.6 0.0 496.6 513.2 817.8 1929 127.3 117.4 59.5 0.0 304.1 48.8 0.0 103.8 152.6 456.8 1930 122.1 206.3 54.6 1.2 384.1 23.8 0.3 414.7 438.8 822.9 1931 118.7 140.3 49.0 0.0 307.9 54.8 0.1 201.6 256.5 564.5 1932 28.1 120.6 48.8 0.8 198.3 17.2 2.2 439.7 459.1 657.4 1933 117.6 134.2 49.2 0.0 301.0 14.4 2.9 230.6 247.8 548.8 1934 54.6 233.1 74.0 0.2 361.9 14.2 2.0 504.5 520.7 882.6 1935 111.5 152.8 67.3 0.0 331.6 21.2 9.5 564.6 595.4 927.0 1936 74.4 234.7 82.8 2.4 394.4 19.8 1.7 318.1 339.5 733.9 1937 112.9 173.0 97.4 0.0 383.3 18.8 2.0 519.7 540.5 923.8 1938 52.0 153.0 78.5 0.0 283.4 21.4 2.4 486.4 510.2 793.6 1939 109.5 125.4 69.5 0.0 304.4 14.2 3.3 767.4 784.9 1,089.1940 25.5 148.0 95.8 1.2 270.5 7.6 4.0 317.5 329.1 599.6 1941 72.4 270.5 62.2 0.0 405.2 16.8 6.3 635.1 658.2 1,063.1942 30.9 164.7 70.8 0.8 267.1 11.6 6.8 458.4 476.9 744.0 1943 72.6 100.8 90.3 0.0 263.8 4.4 0.0 739.3 743.7 1,007.1944 38.7 106.5 61.5 0.3 207.0 4.6 0.0 366.8 371.4 578.4 1945 137.7 116.5 81.5 0.0 335.7 5.4 0.0 202.7 208.1 543.7 1946 14.6 130.1 71.6 0.2 216.4 2.2 0.0 96.7 98.9 315.4 1947 143.8 82.9 67.7 0.0 294.4 6.0 0.0 334.3 340.3 634.8 1948 36.7 84.3 48.5 0.2 169.7 1.4 0.0 131.8 133.2 303.0 1949 137.5 208.0 47.4 0.0 392.9 12.2 0.0 416.7 428.9 821.8 1950 55.4 61.5 41.7 0.1 158.7 6.2 0.0 91.9 98.1 256.8 1951 129.4 119.0 28.2 0.1 276.7 10.4 0.0 390.9 401.3 678.0 1952 76.6 63.3 40.1 0.2 180.2 2.6 31.9 144.4 178.9 359.2 1953 139.8 40.7 7.8 0.4 188.7 3.2 25.8 359.3 388.4 577.1 1954 38.6 59.1 49.9 3.3 150.9 2.3 31.6 116.7 150.6 301.4 1955 138.3 61.1 55.9 0.2 255.4 5.2 94.8 223.0 323.0 578.4 1956 43.4 81.5 46.8 0.6 172.3 4.4 91.5 182.1 277.9 450.2 1957 109.8 49.4 29.1 0.0 188.3 3.1 125.0 268.7 396.8 585.1 1958 50.8 63.5 51.4 8.5 174.2 37.8 87.3 97.0 222.1 396.3 1959 71.3 54.1 18.6 0.1 144.1 26.8 110.4 118.9 256.1 400.2 1960 25.4 21.7 43.6 4.2 94.9 35.7 48.1 49.5 133.3 228.3 1961 81.7 79.5 48.7 0.7 210.7 15.2 87.2 76.5 178.9 389.6 1962 140.1 62.8 79.5 12.5 295.0 16.7 38.5 41.2 96.4 391.3 1963 133.9 71.8 55.3 0.6 261.6 19.1 82.7 90.2 191.9 453.6 1964 55.0 80.6 79.7 7.3 222.7 11.3 40.4 36.9 88.6 311.3 1965 40.6 61.3 36.3 0.0 138.3 19.6 71.1 121.0 211.7 349.9 1 Includes Southeast Alaska and Yakatat management areas.


22 Eggers

Year

North America Asia

Pacific Total

British Columbia/



N. Amer. Total

Japan

Russian Coastal5

Asia Total


1966 72.6 109.2 65.3 11.1 258.2 20.1 43.7 52.3 116.1 374.3 1967 70.5 26.6 20.7 0.2 118.0 30.3 67.6 128.0 225.9 343.9 1968 56.5 86.8 56.0 13.3 212.6 23.9 41.5 41.2 106.6 319.2 1969 19.0 41.0 78.3 1.9 140.2 33.6 68.3 160.1 262.1 402.3 1970 52.3 58.4 68.7 6.1 185.6 18.7 34.2 40.9 93.9 279.4 1971 50.0 57.3 49.8 0.0 0.2 157.4 21.9 2.2 57.1 168.8 250.0 407.4 1972 38.9 55.1 23.2 0.0 0.8 118.0 12.9 0.8 34.0 51.4 99.1 217.2 1973 40.5 46.8 20.1 0.0 0.2 107.6 14.5 6.4 53.3 229.5 303.7 411.3 1974 24.4 47.4 25.8 0.1 6.5 104.2 13.9 1.2 32.6 83.4 131.1 235.2 1975 29.8 45.2 40.5 0.1 0.1 115.7 15.7 5.1 46.6 278.8 346.1 461.8 1976 37.2 62.4 72.3 0.2 5.5 177.5 8.4 2.8 28.1 137.6 177.0 354.5 1977 65.8 142.2 61.3 0.2 0.3 269.8 6.0 3.6 37.6 290.9 338.1 607.9 1978 33.4 98.1 86.9 0.7 27.1 246.0 6.0 2.5 14.9 145.6 169.0 415.0 1979 75.0 101.8 116.9 2.4 3.6 299.7 5.8 2.0 24.7 262.1 294.5 594.3 1980 30.6 99.6 108.8 5.2 25.8 270.0 6.3 1.8 19.4 200.3 227.7 497.8 1981 101.4 127.6 111.8 7.8 2.6 351.2 7.8 1.8 25.0 222.1 256.6 607.8 1982 8.7 106.4 89.5 12.8 14.1 231.5 5.7 2.0 20.4 120.7 148.8 380.2 1983 93.8 143.9 58.1 10.0 0.4 306.2 5.3 3.7 25.5 272.0 306.4 612.6 1984 26.3 141.5 128.3 12.8 26.9 335.7 6.9 2.0 16.5 143.1 168.5 504.2 1985 102.2 226.2 80.1 26.3 0.0 434.8 11.7 3.3 22.0 243.5 280.4 715.3 1986 64.3 208.6 75.8 15.6 2.5 366.8 7.2 3.1 11.1 103.4 124.9 491.7 1987 67.4 91.8 50.9 38.4 0.0 248.5 8.7 6.2 12.0 249.6 276.4 524.9 1988 70.2 66.4 86.8 27.3 6.4 257.1 8.5 4.4 9.0 102.7 124.5 381.6 1989 81.3 220.6 44.4 59.3 0.1 405.6 6.9 8.7 9.4 377.8 402.8 808.4 1990 57.1 132.6 57.1 59.4 4.9 311.2 3.3 8.7 6.6 192.2 210.8 521.9 1991 88.7 174.0 86.7 55.7 0.0 405.1 13.4 7.3 5.8 535.2 561.6 966.7 1992 32.5 151.8 57.4 27.0 5.3 273.9 19.9 6.2 1.8 220.6 248.4 522.4 1993 42.3 186.4 99.4 43.9 0.6 372.8 10.7 14.9 3.6 293.0 322.2 695.0 1994 7.4 200.0 72.9 69.2 8.9 358.4 18.4 21.4 4.0 320.2 363.9 722.4 1995 52.3 191.5 169.3 45.3 0.3 458.8 8.8 18.4 4.4 379.1 410.6 869.4 1996 17.2 247.9 34.6 56.2 2.1 358.0 5.8 39.8 3.9 281.5 330.9 688.9 1997 30.9 179.7 57.6 63.5 0.2 331.9 0.9 24.8 4.2 483.2 513.2 845.1 1998 7.8 180.9 96.3 75.8 2.1 363.0 0.9 43.3 5.1 488.8 538.1 901.1 1999 19.1 254.8 71.1 80.8 0.0 425.9 0.8 18.4 5.2 477.3 501.7 927.6 2000 14.4 97.3 53.7 76.5 1.9 243.9 1.0 37.2 2.7 376.6 417.5 661.4 2001 24.8 251.7 62.5 92.5 0.1 431.5 0.5 11.0 3.3 432.8 447.6 879.1 2002 17.2 182.8 61.4 62.9 0.1 324.5 0.7 35.3 3.7 278.3 318.0 642.5 2003 35.5 218.8 64.4 117.2 0.1 436.0 0.8 33.3 3.7 455.3 493.1 929.1 2004 7.2 199.8 96.9 62.2 0.0 366.2 0.7 18.3 3.7 287.1 309.8 676.0 2005 26.2 240.5 106.8 133.3 0.0 506.9 0.3 24.4 3.6 519.7 548.1 1,055.0 1 Includes Southeast Alaska and Yakatat management areas.


Table 5. Continued.


Year

North America Asia

Pacific Total

British Columbia/



N. Amer. Total

Japan

Russian Coastal5

Asia Total




Table 6. Annual North Pacific total runs of chum salmon in millions of fish.

24 Eggers

Year

North America Asia

Pacific Total

British Columbia/



N. Amer. Total

Japan

Russian Coastal5

Asia Total


1966 3.5 6.4 4.3 3.0 17.2 5.1 22.3 13.1 40.5 57.7 1967 2.8 5.6 3.0 3.5 14.9 5.9 19.1 8.5 33.5 48.4 1968 7.2 4.5 4.7 3.2 19.5 3.1 17.3 7.4 27.8 47.3 1969 3.0 1.8 2.5 3.3 10.6 5.1 12.9 2.4 20.5 31.1 1970 7.9 5.6 5.7 6.0 25.2 6.6 17.1 5.2 28.8 54.0 1971 2.9 5.2 7.0 4.7 19.8 9.3 16.8 6.1 32.2 52.0 1972 13.9 6.7 7.2 4.7 32.5 7.9 22.4 2.8 33.2 65.6 1973 13.7 6.0 5.7 6.5 31.9 10.5 15.7 3.1 29.4 61.2 1974 5.3 6.4 2.3 6.8 20.8 13.0 21.8 4.0 38.8 59.6 1975 2.7 3.3 2.4 8.4 16.8 20.0 19.3 3.9 43.3 60.1 1976 5.4 4.4 3.6 7.5 21.0 12.4 21.9 6.0 40.3 61.2 1977 3.1 2.5 5.7 9.1 20.4 15.2 12.2 7.5 34.9 55.3 1978 8.5 2.0 3.9 7.3 21.8 18.2 7.3 10.2 35.7 57.5 1979 2.0 3.4 3.2 7.5 16.0 28.0 6.1 12.3 46.4 62.4 1980 8.9 4.7 0.0 5.0 12.0 30.6 25.7 6.3 8.2 40.2 70.8 1981 3.3 2.2 0.0 9.4 11.6 26.5 33.5 5.6 7.9 47.1 73.6 1982 8.2 2.7 0.1 10.1 7.4 28.4 29.9 6.7 7.3 44.0 72.4 1983 3.1 1.8 0.2 8.6 8.0 21.8 37.1 5.7 11.1 53.9 75.7 1984 5.2 6.5 1.6 6.4 11.4 31.1 37.8 5.8 7.1 50.7 81.8 1985 13.3 5.1 1.0 5.8 8.8 34.0 50.9 4.4 13.0 68.3 102.3 1986 13.7 4.8 1.2 9.0 8.9 37.6 46.0 3.0 11.9 60.9 98.5 1987 7.4 5.4 1.3 7.1 8.0 29.2 42.7 2.9 13.9 59.5 88.7 1988 16.0 7.2 1.1 9.7 10.8 44.8 47.2 1.8 13.6 62.6 107.4 1989 5.5 2.3 0.6 3.8 9.0 21.2 54.1 1.5 11.8 67.4 88.6 1990 8.6 2.4 1.1 5.1 6.5 23.6 66.9 1.1 14.1 82.2 105.8 1991 6.9 3.0 1.5 5.1 8.2 24.7 61.4 0.8 10.2 72.5 97.2 1992 11.0 5.2 2.5 4.6 6.4 29.7 44.3 0.0 10.0 54.4 84.1 1993 10.8 5.7 5.1 4.3 4.3 30.2 62.8 0.1 15.4 78.3 108.5 1994 11.4 6.9 7.5 7.0 8.0 40.8 63.3 0.2 20.0 83.5 124.3 1995 6.5 6.7 8.5 6.3 11.0 39.1 75.6 0.2 21.2 97.0 136.0 1996 4.4 8.3 14.0 7.2 7.9 41.7 86.8 0.2 16.4 103.4 145.2 1997 4.6 5.0 10.5 6.1 5.1 31.4 77.9 0.2 14.4 92.5 123.8 1998 10.6 8.1 12.2 3.7 4.9 39.6 59.1 0.2 17.6 76.9 116.4 1999 2.4 6.4 12.0 7.8 6.1 34.8 52.0 0.2 17.2 69.3 104.1 2000 1.7 7.2 13.6 12.7 4.3 39.6 46.4 0.2 20.6 67.1 106.7 2001 5.5 5.7 6.3 8.9 7.6 34.0 64.5 0.1 17.2 81.8 115.8 2002 8.9 3.6 6.1 13.5 3.5 35.6 56.2 0.2 19.8 76.2 111.8 2003 8.9 4.1 9.7 10.0 6.4 39.2 73.5 0.2 15.7 89.4 128.5 2004 6.1 9.0 7.4 6.4 5.4 34.3 74.3 0.2 15.4 89.8 124.1 2005 4.3 3.3 5.2 5.2 9.5 27.5 69.0 0.2 18.1 87.2 114.7 1 Includes Southeast Alaska and Yakatat management areas.


Table 6. Continued.


Table 7. Annual North Pacific total runs of chum salmon in thousands of mt.

Year

North America Asia

Pacific Total

British Columbia/



N. Amer. Total

Japan

Russian Coastal5

Asia Total




26 Eggers

Year

North America Asia

Pacific Total

British Columbia/



N. Amer. Total

Japan

Russian Coastal5

Asia Total


1966 19.1 25.0 14.7 10.4 69.2 16.8 42.9 46.0 105.7 174.9 1967 14.7 24.2 10.9 11.1 60.9 19.4 35.2 34.3 88.9 149.8 1968 41.3 22.1 16.9 9.8 90.0 10.2 33.7 22.8 66.7 156.7 1969 15.2 7.4 8.5 9.6 40.7 16.9 25.3 9.8 52.0 92.7 1970 39.2 21.2 17.7 17.5 95.5 21.6 34.7 20.7 76.9 172.5 1971 13.3 19.6 22.0 14.1 68.9 30.7 31.7 18.6 81.0 149.9 1972 73.8 26.9 24.3 15.1 140.1 26.0 40.4 10.5 76.9 217.0 1973 77.3 26.3 21.6 21.6 146.7 34.7 28.5 11.6 74.7 221.4 1974 31.9 25.7 8.7 21.2 87.5 42.7 37.5 15.1 95.3 182.8 1975 13.8 13.6 7.6 26.6 61.5 65.8 33.7 15.5 115.0 176.6 1976 32.1 21.5 13.3 23.4 90.3 40.4 38.0 21.4 99.8 190.0 1977 17.7 11.6 22.1 30.9 82.3 50.3 21.6 26.9 98.8 181.1 1978 47.4 8.6 14.7 23.6 94.3 59.8 14.2 36.6 110.6 204.9 1979 11.4 14.6 11.2 24.2 61.5 90.7 11.3 43.9 145.9 207.3 1980 47.0 21.4 0.1 16.6 36.4 121.6 84.5 12.2 29.3 126.1 247.6 1981 18.8 9.8 0.4 34.0 39.3 102.3 110.3 10.6 28.4 149.2 251.5 1982 43.8 12.3 4.2 37.7 24.9 122.8 98.7 13.1 26.2 138.0 260.8 1983 16.1 7.6 2.2 31.3 25.2 82.3 122.2 11.3 39.8 173.2 255.6 1984 26.8 27.5 3.9 22.9 34.3 115.5 124.5 11.8 25.3 161.6 277.0 1985 62.3 20.9 4.2 20.1 28.3 135.7 167.7 9.0 46.5 223.2 358.9 1986 66.9 19.1 6.3 31.2 27.8 151.4 151.5 6.0 42.7 200.2 351.6 1987 36.5 21.6 4.3 24.3 24.3 111.0 140.4 6.1 49.7 196.3 307.3 1988 82.7 29.5 3.1 36.3 34.8 186.3 155.5 3.7 48.5 207.7 394.0 1989 29.1 10.1 2.7 13.4 28.1 83.4 178.1 2.9 42.3 223.3 306.8 1990 48.3 10.1 5.5 17.5 20.1 101.5 220.6 2.3 50.6 273.5 375.0 1991 31.5 10.9 7.3 15.9 24.3 89.8 196.0 1.6 36.7 234.3 324.1 1992 52.3 18.9 11.2 14.7 19.8 117.0 145.7 0.1 35.9 181.8 298.8 1993 46.4 18.3 16.4 12.2 12.8 106.1 199.9 0.2 61.2 261.3 367.4 1994 56.0 24.0 26.1 23.1 23.5 152.7 208.0 0.3 85.1 293.4 446.1 1995 32.4 24.9 31.7 21.0 34.0 144.1 248.4 0.3 97.2 346.0 490.0 1996 18.9 35.0 59.0 26.8 25.5 165.1 285.3 0.4 80.8 366.4 531.5 1997 21.2 20.5 42.9 22.5 16.2 123.3 255.6 0.4 68.4 324.3 447.6 1998 45.7 32.5 48.9 13.1 14.7 154.9 193.7 0.4 73.9 268.0 423.0 1999 12.4 27.4 51.5 28.0 17.6 136.9 170.4 0.4 73.1 243.9 380.8 2000 8.5 30.8 57.7 46.3 14.4 157.6 152.2 0.3 81.7 234.2 391.8 2001 25.1 23.2 25.2 31.2 25.9 130.5 211.7 0.2 70.4 282.3 412.8 2002 42.5 15.3 25.9 49.7 10.9 144.3 209.6 0.3 77.5 287.5 431.8 2003 41.3 13.4 31.5 30.1 19.1 135.3 277.1 0.3 62.6 340.0 475.4 2004 28.6 33.1 27.3 21.3 15.8 126.2 240.1 0.3 58.9 299.3 425.5 2005 20.8 13.4 21.1 18.0 28.9 102.2 221.9 0.3 63.5 285.7 387.9 1 Includes Southeast Alaska and Yakatat management areas.


Table 7. Continued.


Table 8. Annual North Pacific chum salmon biomass in thousands of mt.

Year

North America Asia

Pacific Total

British Columbia/



N. Amer. Total

Japan



1925 384.3 401.5 80.5 24.3 890.6 72.4 0.0 464.0 536.4 1,427.0 1926 451.9 292.4 68.9 33.4 846.7 79.2 0.0 701.9 781.1 1,627.8 1927 349.7 144.9 81.5 23.3 599.3 65.7 0.0 692.0 757.7 1,356.9 1928 570.0 228.7 118.0 39.5 956.2 40.4 0.0 853.9 894.3 1,850.6 1929 327.9 135.3 146.4 63.1 672.6 64.0 0.0 1,120.9 1,184.9 1,857.6 1930 316.3 123.2 85.6 26.4 551.5 87.6 1.2 1,282.0 1,370.8 1,922.2 1931 279.5 140.7 65.4 56.8 542.5 92.6 3.1 1,278.6 1,374.3 1,916.8 1932 312.3 286.1 48.9 79.4 726.7 55.6 4.7 976.6 1,036.9 1,763.6 1933 220.8 226.8 69.9 22.4 539.9 38.7 12.7 923.6 975.0 1,514.9 1934 320.9 169.0 87.8 28.4 606.0 79.2 18.7 1,431.4 1,529.3 2,135.3 1935 302.7 246.2 94.5 8.7 652.1 94.3 20.6 1,212.1 1,327.0 1,979.1 1936 379.9 337.3 88.5 22.9 828.6 60.6 21.4 2,142.2 2,224.2 3,052.8 1937 313.9 262.0 63.0 30.3 669.1 50.5 19.8 1,560.0 1,630.3 2,299.5 1938 331.2 220.6 73.5 47.7 673.1 74.1 27.3 1,763.4 1,864.8 2,537.9 1939 179.8 171.7 77.6 83.7 512.8 77.5 27.0 1,514.7 1,619.2 2,132.0 1940 329.1 225.6 101.1 29.5 685.3 57.3 32.4 1,485.5 1,575.2 2,260.5 1941 358.4 127.8 88.0 45.6 619.9 47.2 22.4 1,411.7 1,481.2 2,101.1 1942 309.4 259.3 90.0 13.9 672.6 42.1 16.9 1,074.2 1,133.3 1,805.8 1943 179.2 365.9 59.0 35.2 639.3 35.4 0.0 1,025.6 1,061.0 1,700.3 1944 162.1 363.2 88.0 38.9 652.3 26.9 0.0 758.4 785.4 1,437.6 1945 187.0 171.2 100.1 79.9 538.2 38.7 0.0 737.4 776.1 1,314.3 1946 361.7 201.5 83.0 22.4 668.6 37.1 0.0 817.9 854.9 1,523.5 1947 311.8 190.2 73.7 23.9 599.7 45.5 0.0 825.0 870.5 1,470.1 1948 338.4 225.5 88.6 54.2 706.7 45.5 0.0 744.0 789.5 1,496.2 1949 196.4 131.4 77.1 25.5 430.4 62.3 0.0 945.2 1,007.6 1,438.0 1950 437.6 299.1 76.8 30.0 843.5 90.9 0.0 732.1 823.1 1,666.5 1951 369.3 211.6 79.3 50.2 710.5 99.4 0.0 992.9 1,092.2 1,802.8 1952 221.7 258.7 118.2 51.8 650.4 42.9 11.6 523.8 578.3 1,228.8 1953 310.7 277.6 106.2 55.1 749.6 41.2 38.6 404.8 484.6 1,234.2 1954 428.2 269.9 114.3 63.2 875.5 62.0 109.3 626.2 797.4 1,672.9 1955 115.7 95.9 54.9 47.0 313.6 43.2 204.2 781.0 1,028.3 1,341.9 1956 153.3 153.7 127.7 58.3 493.0 32.5 169.6 920.2 1,122.4 1,615.4 1957 184.5 235.6 166.7 48.6 635.4 57.7 125.9 381.0 564.5 1,199.9 1958 227.2 172.4 100.0 51.8 551.4 63.0 218.5 329.8 611.3 1,162.6 1959 149.6 85.3 99.6 64.8 399.3 38.5 172.6 454.8 665.9 1,065.1 1960 115.6 85.0 108.8 82.8 392.2 37.5 161.0 515.5 714.0 1,106.2 1961 85.5 112.2 80.1 62.6 340.3 63.4 108.2 433.3 605.0 945.4 1962 106.6 101.8 109.2 62.1 379.7 74.7 113.0 404.8 592.5 972.1 1963 94.9 60.5 75.6 47.6 278.7 78.5 116.8 400.0 595.3 874.0 1964 139.4 86.3 128.4 62.3 416.5 83.9 139.3 302.4 525.5 942.0 1965 44.2 83.8 55.1 49.1 232.2 105.5 109.1 375.0 589.6 821.8 1 Includes Southeast Alaska and Yakatat management areas.


28 Eggers

Year

North America Asia

Pacific Total

British Columbia/



N. Amer. Total

Japan



1966 100.4 131.7 77.3 55.0 364.3 88.4 160.8 328.6 577.8 942.0 1967 77.2 127.6 57.6 58.2 320.6 101.9 131.9 245.2 479.0 799.6 1968 217.3 116.3 88.8 51.4 473.9 53.6 126.3 163.1 343.0 816.9 1969 79.9 39.0 44.7 50.5 214.1 89.0 94.9 70.2 254.1 468.2 1970 206.1 111.3 93.2 92.3 502.9 113.5 130.1 147.6 391.3 894.2 1971 70.2 103.1 115.6 74.0 362.8 161.4 119.1 132.8 413.2 776.1 1972 388.6 141.3 127.9 79.6 737.4 137.0 151.4 75.0 363.4 1,100.8 1973 406.7 138.3 113.5 113.6 772.1 182.4 106.9 82.6 372.0 1,144.0 1974 167.9 135.1 45.9 111.7 460.5 224.9 140.6 107.9 473.4 934.0 1975 72.6 71.5 40.0 139.8 323.9 346.4 126.5 110.6 583.6 907.5 1976 168.8 113.3 70.1 123.0 475.1 212.6 142.4 152.9 507.9 983.0 1977 93.0 61.0 116.4 162.7 433.1 265.0 80.9 192.0 537.9 971.0 1978 249.3 45.3 77.4 124.4 496.3 314.8 53.4 261.1 629.3 1,125.7 1979 60.1 76.8 59.1 127.5 323.5 477.1 42.3 313.8 833.2 1,156.7 1980 247.5 112.8 4.0 87.5 191.5 643.3 445.0 45.9 209.0 699.9 1,343.3 1981 99.0 51.5 15.0 179.1 206.8 551.4 580.4 39.6 202.7 822.8 1,374.2 1982 230.6 64.5 23.8 198.4 130.8 648.1 519.2 49.3 187.2 755.7 1,403.8 1983 84.5 40.0 31.2 164.6 132.4 452.7 643.0 42.3 284.1 969.4 1,422.2 1984 141.3 144.5 37.7 120.7 180.7 624.9 655.3 44.1 180.8 880.1 1,505.0 1985 327.8 110.0 49.8 105.6 148.9 742.1 882.8 33.6 332.2 1,248.6 1,990.7 1986 352.3 100.4 56.0 164.4 146.4 819.4 797.3 22.7 305.0 1,124.9 1,944.3 1987 192.3 113.9 64.2 127.7 127.8 625.9 739.1 23.0 355.0 1,117.1 1,742.9 1988 435.3 155.1 75.0 191.0 183.0 1,039. 818.4 13.8 346.6 1,178.7 2,218.0 1989 153.4 53.4 86.7 70.6 147.7 511.9 937.4 11.0 302.3 1,250.6 1,762.5 1990 254.0 53.3 98.5 92.3 105.7 603.7 1,161.0 8.6 361.4 1,531.0 2,134.8 1991 165.6 57.2 124.4 83.8 127.8 558.7 1,031.3 6.1 262.0 1,299.5 1,858.2 1992 275.3 99.5 182.6 77.3 104.4 739.1 767.1 0.3 256.8 1,024.2 1,763.3 1993 244.2 96.3 243.4 64.0 67.5 715.4 1,052.1 0.7 437.2 1,490.1 2,205.5 1994 294.8 126.4 306.6 121.4 123.8 973.1 1,094.7 1.2 607.8 1,703.7 2,676.8 1995 170.6 131.2 340.6 110.6 179.1 932.2 1,307.6 1.3 694.1 2,003.0 2,935.2 1996 99.2 184.0 359.6 141.3 134.1 918.2 1,501.5 1.3 576.8 2,079.7 2,997.8 1997 111.5 108.0 335.2 118.4 85.0 758.2 1,345.2 1.3 488.2 1,834.7 2,592.9 1998 240.6 170.9 371.3 69.0 77.2 929.0 1,019.6 1.5 528.0 1,549.1 2,478.2 1999 65.0 144.0 271.2 147.6 92.5 720.3 896.6 1.5 522.5 1,420.6 2,140.9 2000 44.7 162.0 303.8 243.4 75.6 829.5 800.9 1.2 583.5 1,385.5 2,215.0 2001 131.8 121.9 132.8 164.2 136.1 686.9 1,114.0 0.9 502.8 1,617.7 2,304.6 2002 223.7 80.7 136.3 261.3 57.5 759.5 1,103.2 1.3 553.6 1,658.1 2,417.6 2003 217.5 70.4 165.7 158.4 100.4 712.3 1,458.3 1.2 447.2 1,906.8 2,619.1 2004 150.6 174.5 143.6 112.4 83.3 664.2 1,263.8 1.2 420.4 1,685.4 2,349.6 2005 109.6 70.4 110.8 94.7 152.0 537.5 1,168.0 1.2 453.3 1,622.5 2,160.0

1 Includes Southeast Alaska and Yakatat management areas.


Table 8. Continued.


Year

North America Asia

Pacific Total

Southeast Alaska, British

Columbia, Washington1

Central Alaska2

Western Alaska3

N. Amer. Total

Japan

Russian Coastal5

Asia TotalCoastal

High Seas and Offshore4

1925 12.8 9.7 16.8 39.3 0.0 12.1 12.1 51.4 1926 11.2 9.5 37.7 58.4 0.0 24.9 24.9 83.3 1927 10.3 7.3 20.9 38.4 0.0 16.2 16.2 54.7 1928 8.2 8.1 34.2 50.5 0.0 25.3 25.3 75.8 1929 10.6 7.8 24.0 42.4 0.3 21.0 21.3 63.7 1930 17.7 5.7 11.0 34.3 0.6 19.2 19.7 54.0 1931 10.6 6.8 26.5 43.8 1.3 14.9 16.1 59.9 1932 10.9 8.1 32.0 51.0 2.0 12.9 15.0 65.9 1933 9.9 7.4 40.6 57.9 4.9 15.6 20.5 78.4 1934 13.1 10.0 36.5 59.6 2.5 20.9 23.4 83.0 1935 11.3 7.6 9.6 28.5 3.9 11.0 15.0 43.5 1936 12.6 10.9 40.3 63.8 5.8 15.4 21.2 85.0 1937 11.5 9.1 37.4 58.1 4.3 19.4 23.6 81.7 1938 14.1 10.1 40.5 64.7 5.6 23.3 28.9 93.6 1939 10.2 10.5 27.2 47.9 3.2 17.0 20.2 68.2 1940 10.7 7.3 12.8 30.9 4.3 11.4 15.7 46.6 1941 13.6 8.0 16.3 37.9 1.3 12.2 13.5 51.4 1942 17.7 8.0 13.6 39.3 0.0 14.2 14.2 53.5 1943 6.4 9.3 33.4 49.1 0.0 15.4 15.4 64.4 1944 7.9 9.4 21.5 38.8 0.0 9.9 9.9 48.7 1945 9.8 8.9 15.8 34.6 0.0 7.3 7.3 41.9 1946 14.0 7.7 17.4 39.1 0.0 7.5 7.5 46.6 1947 8.4 9.1 32.3 49.8 0.0 5.8 5.8 55.6 1948 7.9 8.3 25.3 41.4 0.0 3.5 3.5 44.9 1949 8.2 8.1 13.7 30.0 0.0 5.0 5.0 35.0 1950 10.4 8.4 17.0 35.8 0.0 5.3 5.3 41.1 1951 10.3 8.1 10.1 28.5 0.6 4.4 4.9 33.4 1952 9.2 7.1 21.8 38.1 1.3 5.4 6.7 44.8 1953 12.7 6.0 14.8 33.4 3.0 3.0 6.0 39.4 1954 16.8 6.4 11.4 34.6 9.9 2.4 12.2 46.8 1955 6.0 5.9 11.4 23.3 7.0 1.8 8.8 32.1 1956 7.4 6.6 26.6 40.6 13.6 3.4 17.0 57.6 1957 9.7 6.2 19.3 35.1 12.5 2.1 14.6 49.7 1958 23.3 12.8 7.3 43.4 9.3 0.6 9.8 53.2 1959 9.1 7.1 14.8 31.0 10.6 2.4 12.9 43.9 1960 6.2 6.9 42.4 55.5 8.3 2.4 10.6 66.1 1961 9.7 6.9 25.6 42.2 9.9 4.6 14.5 56.7 1962 8.6 7.2 9.9 25.8 7.9 2.4 10.3 36.0 1963 8.4 6.7 6.9 22.1 6.1 2.1 8.2 30.3 1964 7.9 7.1 10.3 25.2 5.7 1.6 7.3 32.5 1965 7.8 7.2 60.1 75.1 6.4 2.5 8.9 84.0

1 Includes Southeast Alaska and Yakatat management areas, British Columbia, and Washington.


Table 9. Annual North Pacific total runs of sockeye salmon in millions of fish.

30 Eggers

Year

North America Asia

Pacific Total

Southeast Alaska, British

Columbia, Washington1

Central Alaska2

Western Alaska3

N. Amer. Total

Japan

Russian Coastal5

Asia Total Coastal

High Seas and Offshore4

1966 10.6 7.8 18.9 37.4 6.4 1.9 8.3 45.7 1967 13.7 6.9 12.4 33.0 9.8 1.6 11.4 44.4 1968 11.1 7.6 9.4 28.1 7.5 1.4 8.9 37.0 1969 10.0 6.2 24.5 40.7 6.6 1.0 7.6 48.4 1970 9.9 7.9 44.5 62.4 5.2 2.7 7.9 70.3 1971 13.3 7.0 17.8 38.2 5.2 1.3 6.5 44.7

Historical Biomass of Pink, Chum, and Sockeye Salmon in ......Historical Biomass of Pink, Chum, and Sockeye Salmon in the North Pacific Ocean 3 T a b l e 1. Summary of methods used

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