1 Volume 1, Number 1 Summer 2014 Welcome to the new electronic edion of the Historic Bridge Foundaon newsleer--Historic Bridge Bullen. Providing relevant informaon and educaon regarding all aspects of historic bridges has always been at the core of our mission. Earlier this year, the Board jumped at the opportunity to restart the “publicaon” of a newsleer using the latest electronic technology. We were further encouraged by the response received when we requested arcles for publicaon. We now have commitments to complete the first three newsleers. We enjoy hearing about your work with historic bridges. Please consider sharing your experiences by contribung an arcle for future newsleers. Clearly a project of this magnitude does not happen by itself and I thank Kiy for the excellent work as Execuve Director and Nathan as Editor for the Historic Bridge Bullen in producing a quality product for your review in record me. Chicago’s Movable Highway Bridges A Mixed Preservaon Commitment By Nathan Holth Chicago has been said to have more movable bridges than any other city in the world. Many of these bridges have historic significance. Bascule bridges designed in Chicago influenced the thinking and design of bridges across the country when city engineers pioneered the common use of the fixed trunnion bascule bridge. The fixed trunnion design is noted for its simplicity as each leaf rotates around a single trunnion, and this type also works nicely where unstable soil condions exist since the bridge maintains the same center of gravity in all operang posions. Today, across the country, the fixed trunnion is one of the two most common types of bascule bridge, the other common type being the Scherzer-style rolling liſt bascule which include leaves that roll back on a track and have a variable center of gravity during operaon. Addionally, many of Chicago’s bascule bridges are notable for their aesthec details, including significant styles such as Beaux-Arts and Art Deco. Visitors to the city almost certainly see at least some of these bridges when they tour the Welcome To Our First Digital Newsleer By Paul Brandenburg, Board President of the Historic Bridge Foundaon Bas-relief sculpture on Chicago’s Ashland Avenue Bridge. Photo by Nathan Holth.
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downtownLoopareadatetoafterthe1960s.ProjectsinvolvingthebridgesintheLoopvaryinscopefrompaintingprojectstoheavyrehabilitation.TherehabilitationoftheWellsStreetBridgefrom2012-2013wasveryextensiveandismoreofanexampleofhistoricreplicationratherthanrestoration.Withthisrathercreativeproject,theouterpanelsofeachbasculeleafwereremovedcompletelyandreplacedwithnear-replicas.Thenewsectionsreplicatethe appearance and dimensionsoftheoriginalsectionsinnearlyeveryway,withtheexceptionoffloorbeamdesignanduseofboltsinsteadofrivets.Theprojectwasa challenge to complete becausethebridgeisadouble-deckbridgethatcarriesvehiclesonalowerdeckandChicagoTransitAuthority“L”trainsontop,yettotalclosuresfortrainswerelimitedonlyforacoupleweeksfortheentireprojectduration.Onasimilarnote,projectsinvolvinghistoricbasculebridgesonCermakRoadandKinzieStreetsawmostoftherivetedtrussesreplacedwithboltedreplicas. Insomecases,Chicagohasmadeaparticularefforttoreturnbridgestotheiroriginalglory.ManyofthebridgesintheLoopwereoriginallydesignedwithsubstantialornamentaldetails.Unfortunately,theoriginalornaterailingsonanumberofbridgeswerereplacedyearsagowithutilitarianrailings.Recently,Chicagohas
Original railing detail on Michigan Avenue Bridge. Photo by Nathan Holth.
The Wells Street Bridge shown here in its raised position, before rehabilitation. Photo by Nathan Holth.
beenremovingthoserailingsandreplacingthemwithnewrailingsthatreplicatetheoriginalrailingsonthebridges.PerhapsthemostvisibleexampleofthisisinstallationofreplicasidewalkrailingsontheupperdeckofthefamousdoubledeckMichiganAvenueBridge(officiallyrenamedtheDuSableBridge)in2009.TheMichiganAvenueBridgeisnotedforitsfourlargeornamentalbridgetenderhousesthat are located at eachcornerofthebridgeandfeaturebas-reliefsculpturescommemoratingimportant events inChicago’shistory.Carefulobserverswillnote that the railings forthesidewalkonthelowerdeckofthisbridgewerenotreplaced with the ornamental railings. Thishelpstellthestoryofthebridge’shistoryandpreventscreatingafalsesenseofhistory.Asoriginallybuilt,thebridge’slowerdeckdidnothaveasidewalk.Thelowerdecksidewalkswereaddedatalaterdateandwerenotpartoftheoriginaldesign.
is planned in the future.Otherwise,thehandfulofsurviving“firstgeneration”fixedtrunnionbasculebridgesarebeingdemolished and replacedoneafteranother.Itappearsthatin the not too distant future,onlyasingleexampleofthecity’sfirstfixedtrunnionbasculebridgedesignwillremain,thatbeing
The Historic Bridge Foundation Historic Bridge Collector’s Ornaments
Division Street Bridge over North Branch Chicago River Canal. Photo by Nathan Holth.
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StreetBridge,thisdoubleleafbasculebridgeisalsoanexampleoftheearliestdesignoffixedtrunnionbridgethatthecitydeveloped,andoneofonlyafewfromthisperiodsurvivingtoday.ThebridgeisalsonotedforitsuniquedecorativeoverheadbracingwhichfeaturescutoutsthatincludeChicago’sMunicipalDevice,whichisa“Y”symbolrepresentingthethreebranchesoftheChicagoRiver.Thiswillnotbethefirstlossinthisarea;thenearbybridgeonHalstedStreetwasdemolishedin2011.Itwasalsoafirstgenerationbascule,andwhileitdidnothavetheornamentaldetailsoftheDivisionStreetBridge,itwasnotedforitssubstantial206footspanlength. AlsoofconcernistheplantodemolishandreplacetheChicagoAvenueBridgeovertheNorthBranchChicagoRiver.TheChicagoAvenueBridgerepresentsthesecondstyleofbasculebridgethatChicagodesignedandusedinthecity.Inthisdesign,theoverheadbracingwaseliminatedformingaponytrussbasculedesign.TheChicagoAvenueBridgewasamongthefirstbridgesinthecitytohaveamoreornamentaldesignofbridgetenderhouse.Thelowerportionsofthebridgetenderhouseswereconstructedofconcrete,detailed to present the appearance ofgranite.Theupperportionsofthebridgetenderhouseswere constructed with wood and coveredwithcoppersheeting.ThebridgewasbuiltonlyahandfulofyearsaftertheadjacentMontgomeryWardCompanyComplexwascompleted,whichisaNationalHistoricLandmarkandhasbeenadaptivelyreused.
Nathan Holth is the author of the website HistoricBridges.org and the book Chicago’s Bridges. In researching and advocating for the preservation of historic bridges over the past decade, he has photographed thousands of historic bridges across North America.
North Clark Street Bridge 85th Anniversary July 10, 2014
Clark Street Bridge elevation drawing. Adapted from original engineering drawings provided by CDOT Division of Engineering.
Northwest bridgehouse at the North Clark Street Bridge. Photo by Jim Phillips.
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theoldbridgeandspeeduptheworkonthenewone.Remarkably,thefirststreetcarscrossedthenewbridgeonly48dayslateronJune17. Withhightail-endcurvaceousponytrussesandBeaux-Arts-styledbridgehouses,thisChicago-typetrunnionbasculebridgehasastrikinganddistinctiveprofile.Thebridgeplaqueprovidestheorganizationsandindividualsinvolvedintheconstructionanddesignofthebridge. PonytrusseswerenotwelllikedbymembersoftheChicagoplancommission.Ina1930ChicagoDailyTribunearticleEugeneTaylormanagingdirectoroftheChicagoplancommissionputitsimply,“Theylooklikethedevil...” Asoftenthecase,siteconstraintstrumpedaestheticdesires.Subsurfaceconditionsdictatedthattrunnionsbeatshallowerdepthsthanthoseonbridgestotheeast.Thismeantmorestructuralsteelshowingabovethebridgedeckhere. ItcouldbearguedtodaythatthisbridgeprovidesvisualrelieffromthesamenessoftherailheighttrussesusedonthebridgesbetweenhereandMichiganAvenue.Thiswasthelastbridgebuiltusingponytrussesinthedowntown area. TheSandmaster had a mishap under the new bridgeduringitsfirsttripdowntheriversincerammingtheswingbridge.Itcollidedwithabargeandthewreckagepreventedthebasculefrombeingloweredintoplace.Theaccidentcausedatwohourdelaybutdidnotdamagethebridge.Afterthisencounter,theSandmasterwastherecordholdingbridge-rammer:45collisionswiththirteenChicagobridgesinthreeyears. Anumberofthingshavehappenedintheeighty-
Jim Phillips is a retired civil engineer whose interest and appreciation of Chicago’s downtown movable bridges led to the creation of chicagoloopbridges.com. Jim lives in Chicago where he leads walking tours about the engineering, architectural, and cultural significance of these beauties.
The North Clark Street Bridge – looking east on the Chicago River. Photo by Jim Phillips.
Fran and Jack Drew, a retired chemist and engineer, are ardent members of Save the Glimmer Glass Bridge Committee. Both are long-time supporters of historic preservation. They continue to encourage the county engineers to save the iconic Glimmer Glass Bridge.
The Prowse Memorial BridgeBy James Garvin
Anaward-winningbridge,hailedatitscompletionasthefirstweldedsteelrigidframeoverpassontheinterstatehighwayorprimaryroadsystemsintheUnitedStates,isdestinedforremovalduringthewideningofI-93inLondonderry,NewHampshire.Completedin1962anddesignedbyRobertJ.ProwseoftheNewHampshireDepartmentofPublicWorksandHighways,thebridgewasdedicatedasamemorialtoProwseafterhisdeathin1969atagesixty-three.Ifthebridgecannotberelocated,itmaybedemolished. TheProwseMemorialBridgetracesitsorigintoeffortsbytheJamesF.LincolnArcWeldingFoundationofClevelandtopromotethefabricationofsteelhighwaybridgesthrough welding ratherthantraditionalriveting.Beginningin1938,theLincolnFoundationannounced a series ofconteststhatchallengedengineerstosubmitdesignsthatwoulddemonstratethefeasibilityofweldedfabricationofsteelbridgesofinnovativedesign.EngineerProwsewonanhonorablementioninaLincolnArcWeldingFoundationcontestof1958forhisdesignofaweldedcontinuousdeckplategirderbridge. In1958,AmericanBridge,adivisionofUnitedStatesSteel,announcedasimilarcompetition“dedicatedtothestimulationofamoreimaginativeandeffectiveuseofsteelinthedesignofhighwayoverpassestypicalofthe
thousandsofsuchstructuresthatmustbedesignedandbuiltalongthe41,000mileInterstateandDefenseHighwayby1972.”Thecompetitionwasopenedtoallprofessionaland design engineers and college engineering students throughouttheworld.Theproblemtobesolvedwasthedesignofasteeloverpassstructuretocarryatwo-lanehighwayoverafour-laneinterstatehighwayinaccordancewiththen-currentAASHOstandards. Some300entrantssubmitteddesigns.AmongtheentrieswasadesignbyProwseforaweldedsteelrigidframeoverpasswithfreestandingverticallegs.Through
cuttingandwelding,flaredshouldersoneach steel leg merged seamlesslywiththehorizontalspansinaseriesofgracefullycurvedspandrels,allowing the legs toresistbendingstresses imparted byloadingonthehorizontalspansandto transmit those
Elevation of Prowse Memorial Bridge. Photo by James Garvin.
Detail of the Prowse Memorial Bridge. Photo by James Garvin.
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haveremainedanabstractconceptifanextensionoftheinterstatehighwaysystemwerenotbeingplannedforcentralNewHampshireatthatverytime.TheNewHampshireDepartmentofPublicWorksandHighwayssawanopportunitytotransformProwse’sinnovativedesign into an overpass that would meet an actual need oftheinterstatesysteminNewHampshireundertheclassificationofan“ExperimentalProject.”Thebridgewascompletedatacostofabout$183,000.In1964,theAmericanInstituteofSteelDesign(AISC)presentedthebridgewithanawardforitsoutstandingaestheticdesign. Indesigningthebridge,RobertProwseusedbothmathematicalcalculationsandtestsonaphysicalmodel.
James L. Garvin was the State Architectural Historian at the New Hampshire Division of Historical Resources from 1978-2011. His specialties include history of American architecture, history of engineering, geographical history, building investigation, and traditional methods and materials of construction.
structuredafamily-ownedandoperatedcompany,intowhichhissonswereputintomanagementpositionsatanearlyage.WhileZenasandhissonsdidnotreceiveanyformaltrainingascivilengineers,thecompanyhiredasuccessionofoutstandingengineersincludingFrankOsbornandAlbertPorter,amongothers,whowentontocreate their own companies later in their careers. Zenas wasaself-mademanofambition,energyandforesightandmusthavebeenwellawareofhisClevelandneighbors(likeJ.D.Rockefeller)establishingthemselvesinNewYorktocontinuetheircompany’sgrowth.HemusthaveseentheopportunityNewYorkCityaffordedforhisbusiness,soheproceededtodevelopanaudaciousplanforhisentryintothisboomingmarketforbridges.TheKingBridgeCompanyhadestablishedanofficeat18Broadwayin
LowerManhattanin1889underthemanagementofHenryG.Gladstone. OnFebruary6,1892,thefirstpageoftheNew York Timescarriedthefollowingheadline:
MORE BIG BRIDGE SCHEMESTHE OBJECT IS TO CONNECT HARLEM WITH LONG ISLAND CITY.THE ENTERPRISE IS BACKED BY THE KING BRIDGE COMPANY OF
St. Clair Street (Bridge Street) Bridge over Kentucky River, Frankfort, Kentucky. This bridge was built in 1893 by the King Bridge Company and remains standing today.
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theTimesarticlewas$1millionincapitalstockownedbythebridgecompanywhichcouldbeexpandedto$15millionthroughactionbythestockholders.Itwastobeamoney-makingoperationwithrevenuesprovidedbytollsfrom“wagonsandpedestrians”andeventuallytherailroadsthatwereexpectedtousethefacilities.Thebillalsoprovidedforlandacquisitionbythecompanyandanexemptionfromtaxationforfiveyears. Atthisperiodofthecountry’shistory,privateentrepreneurs,includingbridgebuilders,wereoftenprovidersofmajortransportationinfrastructureincludingturnpikes,rivercrossings(ferries)andrailroadswherefeesandtollswerechargedfortrafficusage.Thiswastochangeinlaterdecadesasstateandlocalgovernmentstookoverresponsibilityfortransportationfacilitiesandcreatedpublicauthoritieswhichnowcontrolmuchofthemajortransportationinfrastructure,particularlyintheNewYorkregion.ButwhenZenasKingdevelopedthisgrandplan,privatecompanieswerestillinthebusiness–the“dot-com”entrepreneursofthelate19thcentury. TheKingBridgeCompanyhadhadatleasttwomajorbridgeengineeringsuccessesintheyearsjustpriortothe“GrandScheme”whichmusthaveengenderedconfidencethatthisambitiousplancouldbepulledoff.ThefirstwastheCentralBridgeacrosstheOhioRiverconnectingCincinnatiwithNewportKentucky.Ithadatotallengthofoverahalfamileandfeaturedacentercantileverspanof520feet,whichwasthesecondlongestcantileverspaninNorthAmericaatthetimeofitscompletion.AlbertPorterwasamajorparticipantinthedesignoftheapproachesandFrankOsborn,thecompany’schiefEngineer,designedthecantileversection.Thisprojectwas so important to the companythatasketchofitwasincorporatedintotheKingBridgeCompany’smasthead.Itwasfeaturedinengineering journals oftheday,includingalengthyarticleinthe“TransactionsoftheAmericanSocietyofCivilEngineers”in1892. ThesecondwastheCentralViaductinCleveland,aseriesofstructurestotalingover3,900feetcrossingthebroadvalleyoftheCuyahogaRiverconnectingtheeastandwestsidesofthecity.Theconstructionofthe
be.ZenasKingdiedonOctober25,1892andwith him this grand scheme. His sons who tookoverthebusiness,bothwellestablishedinthesocialandbusinesslifeofCleveland,didnot seem inclined to pursue this major businessventureinNewYork.However,theKingBridgeCompanydidcontinuetodoimportantbusinessintheCityandbuiltsomenotablehighwayandrailroadfacilitiesinthe
The Central Bridge. This bridge was demolished and replaced in 1992.
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reachedtheNewYorkStateLegislature?Wasitthedesiretomovehiscompanytothetoptierofthebridgebuildingindustry?WasitavisionofwhatNewYorkneededinthewayofinfrastructure?WasittokeepupwiththeotherbridgebuilderswhohaddevelopedothergrandschemesforNewYork?WasitadesiretomatchtheRoeblingsandotherlargeandfamousbridgebuildersinnotoriety?Washeinterestedinjustmakingalotmoremoney?Wewillneverknowtheanswerstothesequestions,butseeingtheenergyandambitionthatmarkedhiscareerpath,itwasprobableacombinationofallthesefactors. However,theKingBridgeCompany,undertheleadershipfirstofJamesA.King,andlaterhisbrotherHarryW.King,hadanumberofotherpressingissuestodealwithafterZenas’sdeath.OneofthemostimportantissueswasmappingaresponsetotheeffortsoffinancierJ.P.MorganandsteelbaronAndrewCarnegietoconsolidatethebridgebuildingindustrybypurchasingtheplethoraofindependent companies under thebanneroftheAmericanBridgeCompany.By1900AmericanBridgehad succeeded in acquiring29ofthenation’smajorbridgebuildersincludingmanyofthemajorcompetitorsoftheKingBridgeCompany.Whileapparentlyapproachedtojoin,theKingsfamouslydecidedtoremainindependent.Inaddition,therewastheloomingproblemofdealingwiththeanti-trustsentimentgrowinginthecountrywhichtargetedthe“bridgetrust”createdbyZenasKingandothermostlyOhiobasedbuildersforlegalactionsincludingpricefixingandmarketmanipulation.AlawsuitbroughtbytheStateofOhioagainstKingandeightotherbridgecompanies(someofwhomhadbeenacquiredbyAmericanBridge)resultedintheKingBridgeCompany’slosingitsOhiofranchisein1906.Tocontinueinbusiness,ithadtobereincorporatedinNewJersey. ItwouldbesomeyearsinthefuturethatthegreatbridgesenvisionedbyZenasKingandfriendswouldactuallybebuilt.TheGreaterCityofNewYorkwascreatedin1897bycombiningthefiveadjacentcountiesintothefiveboroughsweknowtoday,makingthelargestmunicipalgovernmentinthenation.Thisenabledthecreationofapowerfulcentralauthorityabletoplanandcarryoutmajor
Allan King Sloan is the great grandson of Zenas King, founder of the King Bridge Company of Cleveland, Ohio. The Allan King Sloan Family Fund is a donor-directed charitable gift fund set up by the descendants of the Zenas King. It was established in 2000 to provide funds to various nonprofit organizations involved in documenting and preserving historic bridges.
The Queensboro Bridge, also known as the 59th Street Bridge and officially named the Ed Koch Queensboro Bridge.
2014 Conference on Illinois HistoryLocation:SpringfieldILDate:September25-26,2014Summary:Theconferenceincludes20papersessionsthatfeaturetopicssuchaspolitics,AbrahamLincoln,Route66,archaeology,andtheCivilWar;onefilm;eightworkshops;and three panel discussions.Website:http://www.illinois.gov/ihpa/Involved/Pages/Conference.aspx
Preserving the Historic Road 2014Location:SavannahGADate:September26-28,2014Summary:The2014PreservingtheHistoricRoadConference,partneredwiththeNationalScenicBywaysFoundation,willprovideadiverseandcomprehensiveconferenceprogram,whichwillincludeenlighteningeducationalsessions,andinformativemobileworkshopstouniquesites(featuringsomegreatshrimp,gritsandbarbeque).Thecombinationoftheseeventswillletyouexperiencesouthernroadculture,historyandlocalissuesthattieintothenational,andglobal,perspectiveofhistoricroadidentificationandprotection.Website:http://www.historicroads.org/
Ironton-Russell Bridge over the Ohio River. A project to replace and then demolish this historic cantilever truss bridge is underway. The 1922 bridge is one of the oldest highway bridges on the Ohio River. Photo by Nathan Holth.
Festival of RiverboatsLocation:LouisvilleKYDate:October18,2014Summary:CelebrateAmerica’srichSouthernheritagewithacruiseonthemightyOhioRiverduringLouisville’sCentennialFestivalofRiverboats.InOctober2014,ninehistoricriverboatswillprovidethebackdropasLouisvilleplayshosttoasix-dayfestivaloffood,bourbon,musicandartattheinternationally-acclaimedWaterfrontPark.LouisvilleisalsonotedforitshistoricbridgeswhichcrosstheOhioRiver.Website:http://festivalofriverboats.com/
Society for Industrial Archaeology Fall Tour 2014Location:SouthernIndianaDate:October5-8,2014Summary:Thebaseforthisyear’stourwillbetheCliftyInnlocatedinCliftyFallsStateParkaboutfivemileswestofMadison.TheFallTour’sSundayafternoonopeningscheduleincludesatourofdowntownMadison,withits130-blockNationalHistoricLandmarkDistrictwhichisoneofthebestpreservedandthelargestofitskindintheU.S.ThetouralsooffersopportunitiestovisitsitesinColumbusandSeymour,forCumminsDieselandSeymourManufacturing,thelatterafirmthathasbeenmakinglawnandgardentoolssincethe1870s.Columbusfeaturesworld-recognizedarchitecture.Plansarealsounderwayforafull-dayuprivertourwhichmayexploremoreof
Past Forward: The National Trust for Historic Preservation Annual Conference Location:SavannahGeorgiaDate:November10-14,2014Summary:Thepremiereducationalandnetworkingeventforthosewhoarecommittedtosavingplaces.PastForwardfeaturesin-depthLearningLabs,onthegroundexplorationthroughFieldStudies,IntensiveWorkshopsandlivedemonstrations,filmsandexhibitsinthePreservationStudio.PastForward,engagesnewaudiencesinSavannahandvirtuallywithTrustLive,live-streamingmarqueepresentationsthatexplorepreservationthroughnewlensesincludingclimatechange,realestate,datamapping,and new audiences.Website:http://www.preservationnation.org/resources/training/npc/
The Triple Whipple Bridge over Laughery Creek, Indiana. This is the only triple intersection Pratt truss bridge known to survive today. Photo by Nathan Holth.
The Big Four Bridge in Louisville, KY is a historic former railroad bridge that has been reused as an iconic pedestrian bridge. Photo by Mike Miley, CC BY-SA 2.0, flickr.com/photos/mike_miley/