Histology of the Blood

blood cells+ plasma

blood smear: May-Grünwald-Giemsa staining

cell types: red blood cells (erythrocytes)

white blood cells (leukocytes)

platelets (thrombocytes)

all cell types are formed in the bone marrow

7,5 m in diameter, biconcave-shaped

Special membrane structure- deform readily

in the mature cell there are no cell organelles andnucleus

reticulocyte- immature form, ribosomes (Cresyl bluestaining)

normal value: 4,5-5,5 million/ l

function: oxygen transport- haemoglobin

2-3 m in diameter

no cell nucleus

cytoplasm fragments (megakaryocyte)

granules: coagulation factors, fibrinogen, plazminogen, PDGF, serotonin, histamine, ADP, hydrolytic enzymes etc.

normal value: 150.000-300.000/mm3

function: haemostasis

function: protection against foreign antigens/ bacteria, viruses etc., clearing away dead cells(phagocyte)

normal value: 6000-10.000/mm3

perform their function mainly in the connectivetissue

groups: granulocytes, lymphocytes, monocytes

I. GRANULOCYTES1. Neutrophil granulocyte

12-14 m in diameter, most common type60-70% of leukocyteshighly lobulated nucleus with narrow cromatin bridgescytoplasmic granules:

azurophilic granules: round shape, contains hydrolyticenzymes, myeloperoxidase, defensinespecific granules: alkaline phosphatase , collagenase, phospholipase, lizozime, fagocitine

8-10 hour in circulation connective tissuethe most effective phagocyte cell

neutrophil granulocyte

18. blood smear (MGG)

neutrophil granulocytes

large lymphocyte

18. blood smear, MGG

2. Eosinophil granulocyte

14-16 m in diameter

bilobed nucleus, eosinophil granules

2-4 % of leukocytes

granules:acidophilic granules: MBP, ECP, EPO, EDN

azurophilic granules: lysosomes

function: defence against parazites, allergy

eosinophilia: increased numbers of circulatingeosinophils

small lymphocyte

monocyte

neutrophil granulocyte

eosinophil granulocyte

neutrophil granulocyte

eosinophil granulocyte

small lymphocyte

18. blood smear, MGG

3. Basophil granulocyte

Loose cromatine structure, bilobed U or J -shaped nucleus obscured by numerous granules

13-15 m in diameter

0,5-1% of leukocytes

granules:specific: basophil- covers the nucleus, histamine, SRS-A, heparin-sulphate/ metachromasia

azurophilic: lysosomes

function: allergic reaction- anaphylaxis

basophil granulocyte

basophil granulocyte

largest of the white cells (15-20 m)

4-6% of lekocytes

eccentrically placed, large, bean-shaped nucleus, nucleoli may be visible

further differentiation in peripheral tissues(macrophag)

mononuclear phagocyte system: Kupffer-cells, microglia, Langerhans cells, alveolarmacrophages, osteoclasts

monocyte

monocyte

20-30% of leukocytes

small lymphocytes: 90%, round densely stainednucleus, narrow cytoplasm margin

large lymphpcytes: 10%, larger nucleus andcytoplasm margin

two groups: T and B-lymphocyte

large granular lymphocytes (NK-cells)

large lymphocyte

large lymphocyte

flat bones (vertebrae, costae, sternum, ala ossis ilii)

5-8% of body weight

stroma: reticular connective tissue, reticulum cells

cells: haemopoietic cells, macrophages, adipocytes

sinuses (endothel+ dicontinuous basementmembrane)

0,02-0,05% of bone marrow cells

pluripotent cells

proliferation+ differentiation

origin: liver, spleen (embryo) bone marrow

proliferation:HSC

progenitor cells

enchondralossification

periosteum

red bone marrow

megakaryocyte

19. medulla ossium rubra, HE

megakaryocytes