Histology for Pathology Female Genital Tract and Breast Theresa Kristopaitis, MD Associate Professor Director of Mechanisms of Human Disease Kelli A. Hutchens, MD, FCAP Assistant Professor Assistant Director of Mechanisms of Human Disease Loyola Stritch School of Medicine
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Histology for Pathology Female Genital Tract and Breast Theresa Kristopaitis, MD Associate Professor Director of Mechanisms of Human Disease Kelli A. Hutchens,
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Histology for PathologyFemale Genital Tract and Breast
Theresa Kristopaitis, MDAssociate Professor
Director of Mechanisms of Human Disease
Kelli A. Hutchens, MD, FCAPAssistant Professor
Assistant Director of Mechanisms of Human Disease
Loyola Stritch School of Medicine
Objectives• Ovary– On a section of ovarian cortex identify stroma and follicles– Define “Graafian follicle”– Explain where “granulosa cells” are normally found in the
ovary– Define “corpus luteum”– Define corpus albicans and identify in a section of ovary
• Fallopian Tube– List the 2 types of cells that line the fallopian tube and
their function
• Uterus / Cervix– On a low power section identify the endometrium and
myometrium– Define endometrial “basalis” and “functionalis”– Identify endometrial glands and stroma– Describe the major changes of the endometrium through the
menstrual cycle (ie menstrual, proliferative and secretory endometrium findings)
– Describe the epithelial lining of the endocervix and ectocervix• Breast (Mammary Glands)• List the flow of milk through the mammary glands• Identify on histologic sections the major components of
breast tissue (lobules of glands, stroma, and adipose tissue)
• Describe the epithelial lining of the intralobular ducts
Objectives
Image from Harvard University Medical School Website
Medulla
Cortex
Ovarian CortexFollicles
Mesothelium(also called germinal epithelium)
Ovarian follicle• Primordial follicle: prior to
puberty• Primary follicle: (after
puberty)– Primary oocyte surrounded
by single layer of squamous cells (granulosa cells) embedded in ovarian stroma
• Secondary follicle:– increased thickness of
granulosa cells and formation of the theca folliculi (stroma cells around the follicle)
fluid (liquor folliculi)– Ready to release oocyte in
response to LH surge– Granulosa cells directly
around the oocyte = corona radiata
– Just prior to release oocyte resumes meiosis then arrests as a secondary oocyte
Oocyte
Granulosa Cells
Graafian (preovulatory) follicle(up to 2.5 cm)
Site of follicular Rupture / Corpus Luteum
A. Granulosa cellsB. Corpora albicans
Corpus Luteum• After ovulation, the
remaining wall of the graafian follicle transforms into the corpus luteum
• The wall of the corpus luteum is folded and contains granulosa lutein cells derived from granulosa cells which secrete progesterone
Corpus Albicans
• In the absence of fertilization the corpus luteum degenerates, decreases in size and form the corpus albicans which consists of dense connective tissue
Fallopian Tubes / Oviducts
• Two, open ended tubes that receive the ovum• Provide the ideal environment for fertilization– Most often occurs in ampulla
• The wall is composed of:– Mucosa: ciliated cells, secretory (peg) cells, and
• Nonciliated Peg cells (arrowheads)– Produce secretions to protect
oocyte and promote fertilization• Lamina propria (a)
Lumen
SerosaMucosa
Muscularis
Uterus
• Relative large organ between the fallopian tubes and the vagina
• 3 anatomic regions: fundus, body, and cervix• Site of implantation and placentation• 3 layers– Endometrium– Myometrium– Serosa
Uterus – low power
Endometrium
Myometrium(smooth muscle)
Endometrium
FunctionalisNear the lumenHormonally responsive
BasalisProduces new cells to replace endometrium that was shed duringmenstruation
Endometrium – high power
Endometrial glands Stroma
The endometrium undergoes morphologic and functional changes during the menstrual cycle
Graafianfollicle
Corpus luteumRegressing corpus luteum
Early post-menstrualSparse glandsPredominant basalis
Early proliferativeEndometrium thicker underestrogen influenceGlands straight and thin
Later ProliferativeDarker more compact basal layer
Proliferative Phase
Early Secretory Phase EndometriumGlands tortuous –progesterone effect, mucoid secretions stored within the glands, pending a possible embryo implantation
Mucoid secretions
Secretory Phase Endometrium
Cervix
• Lower part of uterus• Bulges into vagina• Two parts with different histology and a
transitional zone between them:– Endocervix: Simple columnar glands– Ectocervix: Stratified squamous epithelium
CervixTransition zone: simple columnar epithelium of the endocervix with overlying non-cornified stratified squamous epithelium of the ectocervix
Endocervical glands
Breast (Mammary Glands)
• Breasts are composed of two multilobed mammary glands embedded in connective and adipose tissue– Glands are coumpound tubuloalveolar glands that
open into a lactiferous duct which express their contents via the nipple• Milk produced by the secretory alveoli first drains into
intralobular ducts and then interlobular ducts to lactiferous sinus • Intralobular ducts makes of the majority of the