19
Russel Harold Sirot
History 130(Local and Oral History)ABSS4Farmers Situation During
the Marcos Administration(1965-1986)
Introduction
Ferdinand Marcos is one of the famous presidents in the
Philippines. He served from 1965-1986. In history our history books
he is known as a dictator, the one he declared martial and assume
the presidency for 21 years. He was ousted by means of People Power
Revolution.
Before the Spaniards came to the Philippines, farming is one of
the primary livelihood for the Filipinos. The Banaue Rice Terraces
was a proof on how brilliant the Filipino farmers are. The crops
that the Filipino farmers produced our corn, onions, garlic,
coconut, and rice the stable food for Filipinos. Farmers has a
significant role in the society especially they are the one who
provide foods for the people. The government should ensure that
they can cater the needs of the farmers.
This study examines the situation of farmers of Munoz during the
Marcos administration. The study determines on how the government
has help them to ensure their welfare and needs. The study also
determines their production during the era of Marcos.
At the end of this paper, the researcher will lay down the
results of the study and begins to formulate the conclusion. The
conclusions contains comparative analysis on their situation during
Marcos and post Marcos Era.First term of Marcos
(1965-1969)Ferdinand Marcos was elected on December 30, 1965 by
beating Diosdado Macapagal in the Presidential elections. Sicat
(2011, 7) states:
When Marcos became triumphant over Macapagal in 1965, the
electoral battle was mainly fought on issues to improve the
governance and to build up the economy. The election was a battle
between two young politicians who were former political allies
within the same party but nonetheless leadership rivals from early
times in the same party. In the politics of this period, the
strength of the candidates rested more on their votegetting power
as a result of their personal appeal and less so on how they stood
on specific issues. There was a delineation of party affiliations
of the major candidates but there was hardly any substantial
difference in their stand on the major issues of development. Some
of the details of policies could differ for instance on the issue
of exchange and import controls and their subsequent impact on
industrialization but essentially the candidates remained behind
the dicta of the economic restrictions of the Constitution.
In the first term of Marcos he made some reforms in the
government, as stated by Spence (2011) his presidency involved
efforts to seize on a reform agenda that could not reach home base
and score. During his first term as a president, one of his
projects was on infrastructure building schools, bridges and roads,
etc. Spence (2011) stated His motto During his first term was rice,
roads, and school buildings. The three Rs for rice, roads and
rithmetic (that is, school buildings where arithmetic is
learned).
Spence stated:
Over the next three years, the administration of President
Marcos inspired fundamental and revolutionary improvements in
Philippine life To begin the construction of a solid foundation on
which an industrial nation might be developed, Marcos created more
and better roads, bridges, airport, schools, water supply and
irrigation systems that all five of his Presidential predecessors
put together.
Second Term (1969-1981)
In 1969, Marcos ran for a second term and won against Sergio
Osmena Jr. Analyst stated that elections in 1969 was one of the
dirtiest election in the Philippines. In the 1969 presidential
election, Marcos used massive amounts of the government budget to
secure votes through patronage, buying votes, and organized
violence and fraud. The constitution limited his presidency to two
terms, and in 1972, a year before the end of his second term,
Marcos declared martial law (Kushida 2003, 119). In 1972, the
Philippines was beset with a crisis. This crisis provided a
rationale for Marcos to declare martial law. But Marcos was partly
responsible for creating the image of a crisis by fomenting discord
and violence. He capitalized on real and perceived threats to
generate an "emergency" condition to warrant the declaration of
martial law (Mateo 2001). Martial law also features what we called
crony capitalism. Martial Law lasted for nine years in the
Philippines from September 21 1972 from 1981. Marcos declared
martial law to save the republic and reform our society (Chua
2012). Third Term (1981-1986)
In 1981 Marcos ran for a third term and won against Alejo
Santos. In 1983, the Aquino assassination plunged the Marcos regime
into a political and economic crisis. Benigno "Ninoy" Aquino, Jr.
had been the leading opposition leader under Marcos. He was
imprisoned by Marcos from 1972 to 1980 and was released to undergo
a heart bypass operation in the United States. During his
three-year exile in the U.S. with his wife, Corazon, and their
children, he accepted a fellowship at Harvard University where he
continued to lambaste the Marcos regime. In 1983, rumors that
Marcos was dying from a kidney failure convinced Aquino of the need
to go home, unite the opposition, and prepare for a post-Marcos
scenario (Mateo 2011). Mateo also stated: Side-by-side with the
revival of traditional opposition was the emergence of "mass-based"
and "cause-oriented" groups, the latter so named because of their
emphasis and concern for particular causes or issues. These mass
and cause-oriented groups were made up of diverse student
organizations, teachers' associations, workers and peasants'
federations, women's groups, and human rights' advocates. They all
called for a full investigation of the Aquino assassination;
restoration of human and civil rights; the end of U.S. support to
the Marcos regime; and the stepping-down of Marcos. These groups
launched we/gang bayan, or nationwide strikes, which highlighted
the growing politicization of almost every sector of society
Mateo(2011) pointed out that the decade-long "cronyism" and
corruption perpetrated by Marcos and his cronies resulted in an
economic crisis in the 1980s, which further heightened Filipinos'
anger and loss of faith in the Marcos regime. Agriculture and
manufacturing had declined, balance of payments worsened, national
finances were in shambles, and the country was indebted to local
and foreign lending institutions to the tune of $26 billion. While
living conditions deteriorated and poverty increased, Filipinos
were confronted with the news of how the Marcoses had plundered the
country and had amassed billions of dollars of ill-gotten wealth
for themselves. Marcos called for a snap elections in 1986 but lost
to Corazon Aquino by means of a People power revolution.Brief
History of MunozIn 1886, Papaya was changed into 'Muoz' to honor
Don Francisco Muoz, the provinces alcalde mayor, and the communitys
first appointed gobernadorcillo. Muoz was annexed as a barrio of
San Juan de Guimba municipality. Settlers trickled in from Bulacan
and the Ilocos Region. In 1911, Factoria (now San Isidro town), the
provincial capital, was totally flooded. Muoz was then considered a
possible new capital of the province. Upon recommendation of the
Provincial Board of Nueva Ecija, then headed by Governor Isauro
Gabaldon, and with approval of then Acting Governor General Newton
Gilbert, the organized barrios and sitios were granted independence
as a regular municipality on January 10, 1913 under the name of
Muoz. The seat of the fledgling municipal government was positioned
in erstwhile Barrio Muoz. Thus, the municipality of Muoz was born,
and steadily grew to become today an Agricultural Science City
in-the-making. Munoz became a Science City thru the initiative of
Efren L. Alvarez (former mayor). Munoz is a home of numerous
research institutions like the Philippine Rice Research Institute,
Philippine Carabao Center etc. (Citizens Charter of Munoz).Farming
Industry in the Philippines
Before Marcos EraBefore the Spaniards came to the Philippines,
Farming is one of the livelihood of early Filipinos. Veneration
(2012) stated: Later, the Spanish engagement was mostly in the
monopolies such as the sale of tobacco, betel nuts and opium.
Therefore, agriculture was basically an activity of the native
population. Thus, words such as tubigan for irrigated field, parang
for uncultivated field, bukid for field, and pilapil for embankment
remained as the words of choice in describing agricultural farms.
There had been claims that arado or araro for plow was an evidence
that it had originated from Spain as this word replaced pambungkal
in describing the main equipment for cultivationDuring the
colonization of the Spaniards in the Philippines, as Corpuz (1992,
139) stated: Because of the basic concept that land belong to the
king the parcels in the pueblo land were not demarcated.
Furthermore they were not titled to the occupants. To keep the
natives in the pueblos it was necessary to make lands sedentary and
viable. Agriculture in the pueblo lands were made viable because of
the new innovation the use of carabao and plow. This was begun by
the friars in 16th and 17th century (ibid. 140). There was also the
haciendas own by the friars that featured foreign families
cultivating plots for rent in kind.In 1909- 1913, average rice
production was only16 cavans per hectare. With new and superior
varieties and planting of better seeds, yield increased to 24
cavans per hectare in 1919 to
28.4 cavans per hectare in 1929 and became constant up to 1948
at the level of 28.4 cavans/ha (Bautista and Javier 2005). During
the American Regime, several laws was enacted. One of these was the
Philippine Bill of 1902 that sets the ceiling on the hectares of
private individuals and corporations may acquire: 16 has. for
private individuals and 1,024 has for corporations, Land
Registration Act of 1902 (Act No. 496) Provided for a comprehensive
registration of land titles under the Torrens system, Public Land
Act of 1903 introduced the homestead system in the Philippines,
Tenancy Act of 1933 (Act No. 4054 and 4113) regulated relationships
between landowners and tenants of rice (50-50 sharing) and sugar
cane lands (Agoncillo 1990).
When Manuel Quezon elected as President of the Commonwealth, one
of his program was the Social Justice program which includes the
welfare of the farmers. One of these was the Commonwealth Act. No.
178 that provided central controls for landlord tenant
relationships. The establishment of National Rice and Corn
Corporation and the rural program administration (Agoncillo 1990).
The Bureau of Plant Industry (BPI) in 1928 to 1937 successfully
crossed the Ramai and the native Inadhica varieties and introduced
it as Raminad Strain 3 (also known as Quezon Rice), which was
dispersed for commercial cultivation before and even after World
War II. BPI also came up with a set of improved varieties that
includes Buenkitan (from Buenavista and Ketan Koetek), Milketan and
artificial hybrids like the Milfor and Milbuen series (from
Milagrosa-Formusa and Milagrosa-Buenkitan crosses) (Bautista and
Javier 2005).With intensive campaign for planting better varieties
of rice during 1946-51, the cultivated areas increased to 3.092 M
ha, 4.093M ha in 1949 and back to the original 5.07M hectares in
1950. (In 2002, the total harvested rice area is only 2.293M
hectares (1.42M ha irrigated, 0.775M rainfed and 0.098M upland rice
areas.) (Ibid, 4).When Manuel Roxas assumed the presidency he
established RA 34 establishing 70-30 sharing arrangements and
regulating share-tenancy contracts and RA 55 that provided for a
safeguard against the ejectment of tenants. When Quirino was
elected he established the Land Settlement Development Corporation
(LASEDECO) which takes over the responsibilities of the
Agricultural Machinery Equipment Corporation and the Rice and Corn
Production Administration. When Magsaysay assumed office he also
made programs for the farmers one of these was the National
Resettlement and Rehabilitation Administration (NARRA) to resettle
dissidents and landless farmers. It was particularly aimed at rebel
returnees providing home lots and farmlands in Palawan and
Mindanao, The Agricultural Tenancy Act and the Land Reform Act.
President Garcia continued the program of the latter and when
Macapagal was elected there was the Republic Act No. 3844 of August
8, 1963 (Agricultural Land Reform Code) that abolished share
tenancy, institutionalized leasehold, set retention limit at 75
hectares, invested rights of pre-emption and redemption for tenant
farmers, provided for an administrative machinery for
implementation, institutionalized a judicial system of agrarian
cases ,incorporated extension, marketing and supervised credit
system of services of farmer beneficiaries(Agoncillo 1990). During
the 1960s growth of rice yield was the fastest in the Philippines
and in the 1970s it was the Green Revolution (Habito and Briones
2003)During Marcos EraRice production in the Philippines grew
rapidly at the annual rate of 4.3 percent during 1965-1980 nearly
double the 2.3 percent of the preceding ten years. However not only
rice but also corn ,coconut and other crops(including
non-traditional export crops such as banana, pineapple, and coffee)
achieved faster output growth during the green revolution period in
comparison to 1955 to 1965(Bautista 1995). Ibid (1995) states that
the annual land productivity in Rice improved from about one
percent in 1955-1965 to 3.67 percent in 1965-1980 while the total
income of rice producers was undoubtedly enhanced by the
accelerated productivity growth in 1965-1980. In the mid 1960s the
International Rice Research Institute start releasing modern rice
varieties. Before the spread of modern rice varieties, Filipino
farmers used to plant traditional varieties that are photoperiod
sensitive. The leading varieties then include the Milagrosa (which
is now one of the leading indica varieties being patronized in the
US), Wagwag, Buenavista (Kasungsong) and those introduced from
abroad, notably Ketan Koeteok from French Indo-China (now Vietnam),
Fortuna from Formosa, Celery Sticks and others. These varieties,
although resistant to most pest and diseases and have excellent
eating quality, yields only 20-30 cavans per hectare, matures late
at around 150 days, and grows by as much as 160 cm tall. 7 At that
time, Milagrosa was the best quality variety but it is not a good
yielder and its grains were the smallest among other varieties.
Wag-wag, named by old farmers of Muoz, Nueva Ecija from the Tagalog
word wagwagin meaning to shake off, is another leading variety for
almost three decades because of its superior quality and relatively
good yields (Bautista and Javier 2005). IR 8 was the first modern
variety of rice widely grown in Asia. At the time of its release as
much as 10 tons in the dry season and 6 tons in the wet season
(Pingali et al. 1992). IR8 was short and sturdy, tillered well, had
great seedling vigor, responded very well to fertilizer, had
moderate seed dormancy and a reasonable degree of resistance to
tungro virus, and was essentially insensitive to photoperiod.
Unfortunately, it also had an 8 bold and chalky appearance, was
subject to considerable breakage during milling, and the amylose
content of its starch was so high as to cause hardening after
cooking and cooling. It was also susceptible to bacterial blight
and to several races of rice blast. However, it was capable of
yielding as high as 273 cav/ha at shorter duration of only 125 days
(Bautista and Javier 2005).Programs of the Marcos Administration
for the farmersMarcos administration initiated the program called
Masagana 99.A massive program for rice and corn production that
raised productivity linked with the new high yielding rice
varieties propagated during these years. This was a concerted
program that involved the improvement of the road networks,
irrigation system expansions at the community level, available
agricultural credit for fertilizers and for planting that were all
geared toward raising rice and corn production(Sicat 2011, 17).
Ibid (2011, 18) stated that under Martial Law land reform was the
first major measure that he undertook. The land reform law that he
adopted was the most far reaching up to that time in the country.
It was a break from the landlordoriented land reform laws. It
provided a land transfer scheme that was relatively speedy compared
to old reform measures. He confined the coverage of the land reform
law to the rice and corn sector, historically the most serious
aspect of the agrarian reform issue. In addition, under Marcos, the
Land Bank, an institution created before him, was made to function
effectively. It was recapitalized and it became not only the major
institution of the government to facilitate the land transfer but
also to provide credit and deposit functions, initially to help the
agricultural sector but eventually to undertake universal banking
functions(Ibid. 2011, 18).Definition of Terminologies
Agriculture- the science, art, or occupation concerned with
cultivating land, raising crops, and feeding, breeding, and raising
livestock.Agrarian Reform-agrarian reform is land reform, the
transfer of control and ownership of agricultural land to the
actual tillersCrops-a plant or plant product that is grown by
farmersGDP- The monetary value of all the finished goods and
services produced within a country's borders in a specific time
period, though GDP is usually calculated on an annual
basis.Farming-the activity or business of growing crops and raising
livestock.Ferdinand Marcos- The 10th president of the Philippine
serve from 1965-1986. Longest serving Philippine President.Green
Revolution-The rapid diffusion of high yielding varieties in the
Philippines.IR 8- One of the modern rice varieties introduced in
the 60sMasagana99-s a massive program for rice and corn production
that raised productivity linked with the new high yielding rice
varieties propagatedProductivity-the quality or state of being
productiveProductivity growth- The growth of a particular
production.Yield -to produce or provide (something, such as a plant
or crop)Results and Discussion
The secondary data presented by the researcher were supported by
the participants especially the agricultural statistics in the
Marcos era in the review of related literature. The two
participants agreed that Ferdinand Marcos was a great president,
has numerous programs or projects and the farmers really benefited
from the administration of Marcos. The two farmers of Munoz said
that during those times, there is really an agrarian reform
program, green revolution and the Masagana 99. Both of the farmers
agreed that Marcos was better than his successors. They both stated
that farmers during those times can make a loan in the government
as stated by Nombrado, a farmer can loan through LandBank or
cooperative; Geron and Casuga (2012) stated:
Under the intensive rice production program (a.k.a Masagana 99),
credit was
Considered as an input to production. The program presumed that
farmers need
Credit to be able to use the recommended package of technology
for increased
Rice production. To ensure that farmers were able to avail of
credit, loans were
Provided at highly subsidized interest rates to bring down the
cost of borrowing
Of the targeted sectors. To direct credit resources into the
sector, special time
Deposits and a subsidized rediscounting facility were made
available by the
Central Bank of the Philippines to both private and government
financial
Institutions that were used as conduits of government funds for
agriculture. Diga stated that the farming machines they used was
provided by the government and stated irrigation system was started
by Marcos. The used of commercial fertilizer was introduced during
those times as stated by Nombrado and the price according to Diga
was approximately 8 pesos as compared to today, when the researcher
asked Nombrado if his life was better in that era he replied of
course life was better cause, formerly the farmers were just a
slave but when Marcos became president the farmers have their own
piece of land. The two farmers stated that during the era of Marcos
they produced at least 100 cavans of rice or more, one of the
participants stated that 35 cavans of rice were enough, a proof
that there was really a green revolution and Masagana 99. The
farmers during the era as stated by one of the participant was
categorically classified as amateurs when it comes to producing
rice such as Ir 8 or any hybrid rice as compared today. They stated
that their land during those times was approximate 1- 2 hectares
and they produced two times (1st crop and 2nd crop). They both
agreed that the life of farmers during that era were prosperous
especially they both witnessed the production of what we called IR8
or the Miracle Rice which became part of the Green Revolution and
the Masagana 99 as Bernardo (2010, 54) stated: The IR8-2883(IR8) is
responsive to high rates of nitrogen fertilizer application, early
maturing, and non-photoperiod sensitive and pest resistant. Indeed
IR8-288-3 served as the prototype of modern varieties developed
through innovative applied science to feed the hungry world.
ConclusionFerdinand Marcos was really a great president who has
numerous accomplishments especially when it comes to farmers
welfare. He was a people or mass oriented leader just like Ramon
Magsaysay. It can be conclude in this paper that the farmers
situation of Munoz during those times were excellent because the
government provided them with their needs, producing at least 100
cavans, farming technologies, making loans, cheap fertilizers et
al. As compared to the succeeding administration, Marcos has
numerous projects for the farmers than his successors. The
participants cannot state the programs of the succeeding
administrations regarding farmers, the other participant said that
the administration that succeeded Marcos, collaborated with the
landlords instead of the farmers. The participants did not felt the
programs of the succeeding administration. Marcos gave much
importance for the farmers than the landlords because he knows that
the farmers are the one who produced and not the landlords. In
regards to the current government, one of the participants stated
that the policies were good but the implementation are not. The
situation of the farmers in Munoz, Nueva Ecija during the post
Marcos era can be categorically good cause they have an own piece
of land, high yielding varieties of rice, and farm technologies are
evolving, but when it comes to government support they are lacking
unlike Marcos. Even though that there were many negative
connotations about Marcos, Marcos was the embodiment of s a people
oriented leader. If the farmers in todays time are still lacking
support from the government they will end up poor or the farmers
will have no trust for them, instead of going to the government for
help they will go to the Non-governmental organizations. References
Agoncillo, Teodoro. 1990. History of the Filipino People. Garotech
Publishing, Quezon City
Bautista, Romeo M.1995. The Green Revolution in a Macro Economic
Perspective: The Philippine Case. TMD Discussion Paper No. 4. Trade
and Macroeconomics Division, International Food Policy Research
Institute.
http://www.ifpri.org/sites/default/files/publications/tmdp04.pdf
accessed December 10, 2014Bautista, Eulito U. and Evelyn F. Javier.
2005. The Evolution of Rice Production Practices. DISCUSSION PAPER
SERIES NO. 2005-14. Philippine Institute of Development Studies:
Makati City Bernardo, Fernando.2010. IRRI-Philippines 50 years of
progress fighting poverty and hunger. Philippine Rice Research
Institute: Science City of Munoz, Nueva Ecija
Chua, Xiao.2012. TORTYUR: Human Rights Violations During The
Marcos Regime.
http://bangkanixiao.files.wordpress.com/2012/10/chua-tortyur-human-rights-violations-during-the-marcos-regime.pdf
accessed December 17, 2014
Citizens Chapter of Munoz. [2010?]. History of Science City of
Munoz. Citizens Chapter of Munoz: Science City of MunozCorpuz,
O.D.1992. Land and Agriculture in the Philippines: An Economic
History Perspective. Philippine Review of Economics and Business
29(3): 137-160Geron, Ma. Piedad S. and Magdalena S. Casuga. Credit
Subsidy in Philippine Agriculture. DISCUSSION PAPER SERIES NO.
2012-28. Philippine Institute of Development Studies: Makati
City
Habito, Cielito F and Roehlano M. Briones .2003. Philippine
Agriculture over the Years: Performance, Policies and Pitfalls.
World Bank.
http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTPHILIPPINES/Resources/Habito-word.pdf
accessed January 31 2015
Kushida, Kenji. 2003. The Political Economy of the Philippines
under Marcos Property Rights in the Philippines from 1965-1986.
Stanford Journal of East Asian Affairs 3(1): 119-126. Stanford
University Press
Nombrado, Arthuro.2014. Interview by Russel Harold Sirot,
Central Luzon State University. Jan.31Pingali, P.L, P.F Moya, and
L. E Velasco.1992. Prospects for Rice Yield Improvement in the Post
Green Revolution Philippines .Philippine Review of Economics and
Business 27 (1)Sicat, Gerardo.2011. The Economic Legacy of Marcos.
UP Discussion Paper No. 2011-11. UP School of Economics.
Spence, Hartzell.1964. Marcos of the Philippines. World
Publishing CompanyVeneration, Jaime. [2012?]. The Hispanization of
Filipinos. http://www.paclas.org.ph/PAPERS/Veneracion.pdf December
17, 2014Transcript from the InterviewsInterview with Jose Diga
Sr.
The interview was recorded with the consent of the interviewee,
the interview lasted for 15 minutes. The interview was done at the
house of the interviewee at Barangay Cabisuculan, Science City of
Muoz, Nueva Ecija.
RHPS: Ano po yung buo nyong pangalan?
JDS: Jose Diga Sr
RHPS: Ilang taon na po kayo?
JDS: 77
RHPS: Ilang na po kayo bilang isang magsasaka?
JDS: Aba ehh , nagumpisa ako nung bata pa ako, pero nung
nagsarili ako 17..
RHPS: mga anong taon po iyon?
JDS: 1960
RHPS: Ano po yung masasabi ninyo sa pamamahala ni Ferdinand
Marcos?
Interviewee: Ahh, kwan sya, maganda ang pamumuno
RHPS: Ano po yung mga nagawa ni Marcos sa inyong magsasaka?
JDS: Mga patubih,high way, sya nagbigay ng lupa para sa
magsasakang mahirap
RHPS: Ano po yung mga naging programa ni Marcos para sa inyong
magsasaka?
JDS: Yun nga, unang una inyong pamimigay ng lupa para sa
mahihirap na magsasaka,mga dam, mga highway sya nagumpisa nyan, may
subsidy samin nun.
RHPS: Mga nakakailang ani po kayo nun?
JDS: Ehhh, medyo, minsan palang pagkani nin, sa kanya nagumpisa
yung mga patubig na yun, pagdating ng mga panahon ehh
nakakadalawang cropping na kami, sa kabila nung una bomba ang
ginagamit sa 2nd crop pero sya rin ang nagbigay ng mga bomba na
yun, yung mga makina.
RHPS: Sino po ba ang mayor ng Munoz noong panahon na iyon?
Interviewee: Ehh maraming kwan noon, marami, Santos o si...
hindi hindi ko matandaan yung mayor, alam mo si Marcos ehh ilang
taon nyan noung magpresidente.
RHPS: 21 years
JDS: Oo 21 years ehh yung mayor three years lang, maraming mayor
na... kwan nya.. administrador nya.
RHPS: May mga naitulong po sila sa mga magsasaka noon?
JDS: Si Damian siguro ,Juan Martin ganun, Si Santos sunod sunod
na yan. Ahh marcos, ahh martial law 1972 nung martial sya
yung..
RHPS: Nung martial law po, may mga naging programa din po sya
nun, nakakatulong pa rin po sya sa magsasaka nun?
Interviewee: Ou, malaki talaga ang naitulong nya..
RHPS: Nung panahon po ni Marcos meron pong tinatawag na Green
Revolution po?Interviewee: Ahh yung Martial Law?
RHPS: Green Revolution po,yung period po kung saan mataas daw po
ang ani noon?
Interviewee: Alam mo, nung panahon ni Marcos nageexport tayo ng
bigas, ehh nitong panahon nagiimport naman na, so di kalaki bagay
nun.
JDS: Nung panahon po ni Marcos may mga ipinakilala syang bagong
brid ng bigas po noon? Yung IR 8
JDS Ahh yung panahon na yun, dun nagumpisa ang IRI na yan, ala
pang hybrid basta Iri pa lang, IR 8, IR 5
RHPS: Ano po yung pagkakaalam ninyo sa programa ni Marcos na
Masagana 99?JDS: ahh ehh, maganda yun, alam mo maganda pinigay ang
mga lupain sa mga magsasaka, kinuha nya ang mga lupa sa mga may ari
pero di naman sa marahas na pamamaraan, binigay sa tao na
magsasaka, halimabawa ikaw 2 ektarya yung kwan, hinuhulugan yun ng
labinlimang taon, ganun ang patakaran noon at nagbigay sya ng
puhunan sa masagana 99.. tinulungan yung magsasaka, dahil wala
namang mayaman na magpapautang sa magsasaka noon ehh gobyerno ang
tumulong, kaya lang ang nangyari ehh alam mo naman ang tao sa
kahirapan, at saka sa alam mo yung mga tao nun kung saan saan
lang,
RHPS: Nakakailang kaban po kayo ng palay noon?
JDS: Di pareho, di pa gaanong kwan yung magsasaka noon, bago
bago pa lang yung Iri na yan, walang inbrid walang hybrid basta
Iri.
RHPS: Sa tansya nyo po nakakailang kaban po kayo nang bigas
noon?
JDS: Ehhh, merong isang daan, merong mahigit, hindi pa naman
gaanong mahusay sa magsasaka, nasanay sa seasonal na palay,
RHPS: Nakakautang po ba kayo noon? Halimbawa po, pataba
Interviewee: Pataba?
RHPS: Nakakautang po ba kayo noon?
JDS: Ou, alam mo nung panahon ni Marcos ang pataba noon 8 piso
lang, ala pa ganyan na libu libo
RHPS: Yung pagkatapos ni Marcos. Yung mga sumunod na
administration Si cory si Fidel
JDS: Ala na, bumagsak na ang lupa, pati yung hacienda, yung
ibang kwan ng yung programa nang.. binago ni Cory ehh dahil ayaw
niyanh i kwan yung hacienda nila sa magsasaka
RHPS: Nung kay Ramos naman po?
Interviewee: Ganun din, maganda rin, kaya lang si Marcos din,
maraming anomalya.
RHPS: Ehh nung sumunod po ka Ramos?
JDS: Sino ba sumunod kay Ramos?
RHPS : Estrada po
Interviewee: Maganda rin yung kwan ni Estrada, pabor din sa
magsasaka kaya inalis din yan, kumampi sa magsasaka yan ehh, yung
away sa Mindanao napatahimik ni Estrada yan
RHPS Yung kay Arroyo naman po at Aquino
JDS: Oo si Arroyo, medyo palala na ng palala yung katiwalian sa
gobyerno, marami nang anomalya
JDS: Maganda rin naman yung patakaran na, maganda naman yung
patakaran, maganda ang batas yung implementasyon ang hindi.
RHPS: Masasabi ninyo po ba na maganda buhay po ng magsasaka nung
panahon Marcos, Maginhawa po?
Interviewee: Talaga.
RHPS: Pano ho nyo ba ikukumparasa kasalukuyan po, yung buhay po
ng magsasaka sa buhay ni Marcos?
JDS: Alam mo nung panahon ni Marcos hindi pa gaano improved ang
Iri na yan, pinagaaralan pa ng magsasaka,kaya medyo kwan pa yung
magsasaka noon inosente pa
Interviewer:Yung panahon ni Marcos ilang ektarya po yung
sinasaka ninyo?
JDS: Alam mo nung panahon na yun nung hindi pa martial law mga 2
ganun, nung martial law na mga isang taon.
RHPS: Dun na po natatapos yung interview ko po. Maraming salamat
poInterview with Arthuro Nombrado.
The interview was recorded with the consent of the interviewee,
the interview lasted for 11 minutes. The interview was done at the
house of the interviewee at Barangay Bagong Sikat, Science City of
Munoz, Nueva Ecija.RHPS: Una ko pong itataning ano po yung buong
pangalan nyo?
AN: Arthuro Nombrado
RHPS : Ilang taon na po kayo?
AN: 73
RHPS: ilang taon na po kayo bilang isang magsasaka?
AN: Aba matagal na, nagsimula ako magsaka ehh kwan pa lang ehh,
high pa school pa lang ehh
RHPS: Mga ilang taon po yun?
AN: Teka(thinking) mga daisy sais, sixteen years old siguro
RHPS: So ano po yung masasabi ninyo sa pamamahala ni Marcos?
AN : Magaling, Sya ang magaling na presidente,
AN: Una sa lahat, pinamigay nya yung lupa sa magsasaka, payable
in 15 years, kapag nakapagbuwis ng labinglimang taon iyo na ang
lupa. Itinatag nya yung bangko, itong landbank. itinatag nya ang
coorperatiba, yan ang mga paraaan ni Marcos para magkaroon ng lupa
yung mga mahihirap.
RHPS: Ano po yung alam ninyong naging programa ni Marcos para sa
magsasaka?
AN: Yun nga, naging programa nya magkaroon ng coorperatiba yun
ang naging daan nung mga magsasaka para maging kanila ang lupa,
kung hindi tanggapin ng may ari yung buwis, sa landbank ka
magbabayad ng buwis, pagdating ng 15 taon iyo na ang lupa kahit
walang tinanggap na buwis ang may ari.
RHPS: Direktang nakatulong po ba si Marcos sa inyo?
AN: Oo ahh,
RHPS: Mga nakakailang ani po kayo noon?
AN: Nung mga panahon na yun, nito nalang naman nung 1970s
nagsimula ang 2nd crop
RHPS: Sa tansya nakakailang kaban po kayo ng palay noon?
AN: ehh dati dati kapag naka 35 ka isang ektarya noon mayos, ehh
ngayon nung dumating yung sa Iri yung mga kwan na yun mga bagong
binhi nakakaisang daan na ang isang ektarya, yung ruminant Be 3
nakaka35 magangandang ani
RHPS: Nung panahon ni Marcos may mga ipinakilala po syang
binhi?
AN: Meron na, naitayo na ang Iri noon, nagsimula naman gumamit
yung mga magsasaka ng pataba, commercial fertilizer dahil mahina na
ang lupa
RHPS: Nakakapagutang po ba kayo noon? Nakakapagloan po ba yung
magsasaka noon?
Interviewee: Ou naman, Nakakapagloan yung magsasaka noon kaya
nga may coorperatiba ehh, yun ang naging daan ng pagpapautang ng
gobyerno noon, magtatag ng kooreparatiba susuprotahan ang
magsasaka
RHPS: Ilang ektarya po ba yung lupa ninyo noon 1970s, 1980s
AN: Ehh hindi pa, ehh nito na nahati hati na nung 1970s hati
hati na sa lupa..
RHPS: Nung panahon po ni Marcos, meron pong tinatawag na Green
Revolution, mataas daw po yung ani noon?
AN: Ou... meron nun
RHPS: Ano po ba yung Masagana 99
AN: Nagpapautang nga sa koorperatiba yun, sa koorperatiba yun,
ang karamihan nag ani noon dahil sa ari, pinangalanan nilang
masagna 99 dahil nakakaisang daan na ng an isang ektaryai.
RHPS: So maganda po yung buhay ninyo, maganda po ba ang buhay ng
magsasaka kabilang na po kayo?
Interviewee: Oo ahh, dahil yung magsasaka noon utusan lang, nung
panahon ng martial law hindi na utusan ang Magsasaka, kanya na ang
lupa, yun ang kinaiman ng pagbibigay ng Martial Law, pinamigay nya
yung maluluwang na lupain ng mayayaman, sama sama nayung presidente
hindi pa sila pwepwede sa galing ni Marcos yun ang sabihin mo.
RHPS: Opo
RHPS: Ehh si cory po?
AN: Wala yan,
RHPS: Pati rin po kay Fidel po?
AN: Wala yung mga yan, pagsama samahin mo sila, wala sila kay
Marcos, panay pangugurakot lang ang ginawa nila, tingnan mo yung
highway pinagawa ni Marcos yun.
RHPS: Pwede nyo ho ba ikumpara yung buhay ninyo noong panahon ni
Marcos sa kasalukuyan po?
AN: Ehh mahirap ako ngayon ehh, dati may trabaho ako noon,
retired na, nagtrabaho ako sa honda motors, nagtrabaho sa mindanao.
hindi na nga ako makalusong sa pilapil
RHPS: Maganda talaga ang situation ng magsasaka noon?
AN: Ou, maganda hanggang ngayon dahil nagkaroon sila ng lupa,
Magaling si Marcos
RHPS: May pakialam po sya sa tao?
AN: Ou, pag sinabi nya ito ang proyekto, dumarating..Di katulad
ngayon, project sa Munoz wala namang dumadating, Si arroyo dumating
dyan, tapos na daw ang irrigation hindi pa rin pala
RHPS: Sino po yung mayor ng munoz nung panahon ni Marcos?
AN: Ahh si Santos
RHPS: May nagawa din po sya katulad ni Marcos?
AN: Ou ahhh, tulong tulong sila noon.
RHPS: So yun lang po ang mga tanong ko,, Maraming Salamat po.
Sicat, Gerardo.2011. The Economic Legacy of Marcos. UP Discussion
Paper No. 2011-11. UP School of Economics.
Spence, Hartzell.1964. Marcos of the Philippines. World
Publishing Company
Land assigned to the native