Hist 19 The History of Mexico

Topics

• Review The Fall of the PRI & Fox

• Elections 2006 and Calderon & the Drug War

• Return of the PRI 2012

1

Vicente Fox 2000-2006

• 1999 Promised to solve the issue of Zapatistas in 15 minutes

• 1999 waves the banner of the Virgin de Guadalupe

2

July 2, 2000 Elections

• PRI Francisco Labastida 36.11%

• PRD Cuauhtémoc Cardenas 16.64%

• PAN Vicente Fox 42.52%

• The end of the PRI’s 71-year control of government

– Smooth peaceful transition

3

Fox (Sexenio 2000-2006)

• PRI and PRD controlled-Congress

• Zapatour

– Zapatistas addressed Congress & Indian rights bill

• 2001 September 11

– Concerns with border security put the immigration reform on the back burner

• Drug War New Policy

– 2001 Chapo Guzman escapes from prison

4

Los Tigres Del Norte - La Granja

• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ff3C-Kyv8wI

5

• Fox War on Drugs

• 2001 “El Chapo” Guzman, leader of Sinaloa Cartel, escapes from prison

• 2004-2005 turf war between cartels in Nuevo Laredo

– Why Laredo?

– Gulf Cartel

• Zetas: paramilitary group

• April 2006 Decapitation of 2 Acapulco policemen (Middle East?)

• Fox puts Nuevo Laredo under federal control

6

July 2, 2006 Elections

• PAN Felipe Calderon wins by less than 1% (233,832 votes) 35.89%

• PRD Andres Manuel Lopez Obrador 35.31%

• PRI Roberto Madrazo 22.26%

– Accusations of Fraud

• PRD protests the result and camp out in the Zocalo

• 2006 September PRD take over congressional session

• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cFTzIoqFeiQ

7

Presidential Election State Results 2006

8

Felipe Calderon 2006-2012 • Policy against cartels

– Militarization of Mexico

• Calderon has 45,000 troops in 18 states

– Merida Initiative

• Aim to combat drug trafficking

• Domestic policy

– Universal health care

– Growth of schools & hospitals

• ATF Fast & Furious Operation – U.S. guns sold to cartels in Mexico (1,725 weapons)

9

2009 PRI Comeback

10

2009

April: H1N1 Virus (Swine Flu)

Dec: Mexico City legalizes gay marriage

Summer Olympics 2012

Gold Medal

11

Huichol Struggle for Land 21st Century

Wirikuta, place where the sun was born.

22 mining concessions

Issue unresolved?

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Nlaqx1NW-zU

12

Is Mexico a failed state or a narco-state?

Failed state

• Failed state- a weak state where social and political structures have collapsed to the point where the government has little or no control.

• U.S. ambassadors – Carlos Pascual

– Earl Anthony Wayne

Narco state

• narco-state - an area that has been taken over and is controlled and corrupted by drug cartels and where law enforcement is effectively nonexistent.

• Clinton: Colombianization of Mexico

13

14

Calderon’s Legacy 2006-2012

• Michoacán

• Declares war on cartels

– Cartels seek to replace

– Government

• More than 55,000

• deaths since Jan. 2007

15

16

cartoons referencing history

17

• A cartel is a group of businesses that agree to fix prices so they all will make more money.

What is a Cartel?

18

How Cartels work?

19

Mexican Drug Cartels

The Sinaloa Cartel

The Juarez Cartel

The Tijuana Cartel

The Gulf Cartel

Los Zetas

La Familia

http://www.forbes.com/lists/2010/10/billionaires-2010_Joaquin-

Guzman-Loera_FS0Y.html

20

21

Marijuana Cultivation Cocaine Trade

22

Opium Cultivation

23

Cartels and Pop-Culture

Narco-novelas: La Reina del Sur

Banning of Narco-corridos

Los Tucanes de Tijuana

Laura Zuniga, Miss Sinaloa, arrested.

Shooting of soccer star Salvador Cabanas Jan 2010

Aug. 2011 soccer game Morelia v. Santos in Torreon Coahuila

suspended due to narco-violence

24

Cartels in American Pop Culture

Chicago declares “el chapo

Guzman” public enemy #1

25

“The Ballad of Heisenberg”

Narco Cultura documentary 2013

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Kz7OkjLr0wg

26

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LxxIuEV9loE

The War On Drugs In Mexico

23 mins documentary

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Mn8hEoVYfyU

BBC Mexico Drug Cartel War

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xp6F06bBVBo

59 mins

Mexico’s Economy (13th)

• 1. Oil (7th production of oil) $80 billion

• 2. Remittances $21 billion

• 3. Drugs $17 billion?

• 4. Tourism $11.3 billion

27

Mexican Immigration to the U.S. at a standstill 2012

28

29

Elections of July 2012 PRI

Enrique Peña Nieto

PRD

Andres Manuel Lopez Obrador

PAN Josefina Vasquez Mota

30

Nueva Alianza

Gabriel Quadri de Torre

Controversies during the Campaign 2012

31

Elections of 2012

• PRI Enrique Pena Nieto 39.1%

• PRD Andres Manuel Lopez Obrador 32.43%

• PAN Josefina Vasquez Mota 26.04%

• Accusations of Fraud – Gift cards for votes

32

Presidential Elections

1998 Carlos Salinas de Gortari 50.48%

1994

Ernest Zedillo 48.69%

2000 PRI Candidate

Francisco Labastida 36.11%

2006 PRI Candidate

Roberto Madrazo

35.31%

2012

Enrique Pena Nieto

39.1%

33

Yo Soy 132 Student Movement

“Mexican Spring”

• Protest movement against Pena Nieto. – Students protesting an event

by Pena Nieto

• Against Televisa & TV Azteca favorable coverage for the PRI

• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iVvPa0ZvO2g

34

Elections of 2012 Senate Chamber of Deputies

35

Gubernatorial Elections

36

Dec.1 2012 The return of the PRI to Los Pinos, presidency.

37

Enrique Peña Nieto 2013

• Drug War policy

– "national gendarmerie”

– Colombian advisors

– Reduction of violence instead of attacking the cartels

• Energy policy

– foreign investment?

38

39

40

Estela de Luz Tower 2011

• Bicentennial Tower

• Mexico City

Baktun

• 1st Mayan language telenovela

• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hPb3xpiYVQ4

41

Mayan Calendar Dec. 21, 2012

42

Tijuana’s club Xolos Champions 2012

43

Major News in 2013

coke tax & junk food tax

44

Mexico qualifies to the World Cup 2014 on Nov.19, 2013

45

“El Chapo” captured Feb. 22, 2014

46

2014 Discussion Questions

• Which historical events are compared to the disappearance of the 43 students?

• Who do the protestors in Mexico City blame?

• Why did this happen?

• Which political party governs Iguala?

• What are the article’s main points?

47