His 122 ch 28 the second world war part 1

THE SECOND WORLD WAR

Chapter 28

Introduction

Threats to the balance of power A conflict among nations, peoples, and

ideals The new methods of warfare The Holocaust and the atomic bomb

From Isolation to Intervention

Following WWI, successive U.S. administrations backed away from intervention in foreign countries

Foreign Crises

Russia Lenin 1918 Stalin 1924

Italy and Germany Benito Mussolini became leader of Italy in 1922 Adolph Hitler became Chancellor of Germany in 1933

Lenin and Stalin

The Soviet Union under Stalin

Stalin succeeded to power after Lenin died in 1924

Collectivization Local party and police officials forced

peasants to join collective farms Peasant resistance: sixteen hundred large-

scale rebellions between 1929 and 1933

The Soviet Union under Stalin

Collectivization The famine (1932–1933)

The human cost was 3–5 million lives The Bolsheviks retained grain reserves

Grain reserves sold overseas for currency Stockpiled in the event of war

The Soviet Union under Stalin

The Five-Year Plans The human cost

Large-scale projects carried out with prison labor

The Gulag system By 1940, 3.6 million people were incarcerated by

the regime (7.1 Million people incarcerated in the U.S. in 2008)

The Soviet Union under Stalin

The Great Terror (1937–1938) One million dead—1.5 million to the Gulag The elimination of Stalin’s enemies, real or

imagined Purged the old Bolsheviks

Stalin wanted to eliminate any disagreement with his personal views about Communism

Staged show trials

The Emergence of Fascism in Italy

In the aftermath of WWI A democracy in distress Seven hundred thousand dead, $15 billion

debt Territorial disputes

The Emergence of Fascism in Italy

The rise of Mussolini (1883–1945) The Fascist platform (1919): universal

suffrage, the eight-hour day, and tax on inheritance

Fascist support Gained respect of middle classes and

landowners Repressed radical movements of workers and

peasants Attacked socialists Fifty thousand fascist militia marched on Rome

on October 28, 1922

Mussolini at the march on Rome

The Emergence of Fascism in Italy

Italy under Mussolini Repression and censorship

Liberals and socialists considered enemies of the state

Granted independence to papal residence in the Vatican City

Roman Catholicism established as the state religion

Weimar Germany

November 9, 1918: Revolution Bloodless overthrow of the imperial

government of Kaiser Wilhelm Social Democratic Party (SPD) announced a

new German Republic The Kaiser abdicated

Social Democratic Partyleader, PhilipScheiderman, announcescreation of a German Republic on November 9, 1918

Weimar Germany

Problems Communists and independent socialists

staged armed uprisings in Berlin Social Democrats tried to crush the

uprisings The Freikorps

Former army officers fighting Bolsheviks, Poles, and communists

Fiercely right-wing anti-Marxist, anti-Semitic, and antiliberal

Weimar Germany

Problems Major changes introduced by unelected

Council of People’s Commissioners Introduced 8 hour workday, legalized labor

unions, required re-hiring of WWI veterans; farm labor reforms; social welfare; national health insurance.

Conservatives opposed these measures and Communists thought they did not go far enough

Elections not held until January 1919

Weimar Germany

Communists and independent socialists staged armed uprisings in Berlin during interim between Kaiser’s abdication and election

Social Democrats tried to crush the uprisings

The Freikorps Former army officers fighting Bolsheviks, Poles,

and communists Fiercely right-wing anti-Marxist, anti-Semitic,

and anti-liberal

Freikorps

Communists

Weimar Germany

The Weimar coalition Socialists, Catholic centrists, and

liberal democrats Parliamentary liberalism

Universal suffrage for men and women Bill of rights

Why Did the Weimar Republic Fail?

Social, political, and economic crisis The humiliation of World War I & conservative

propaganda Argument that Germany “stabbed in the back” by

socialists and Jews widely accepted among conservatives

Versailles and reparations $33 billion debt: impossible to repay

Parliamentary system and proportional representation gave too much power to minority parties by necessitating governing coalitions in a deeply fractured country.

Why did the Weimar Republic Fail?

The failure of Weimar Global Economic Depression further

weakened Weimar government U.S. stock market crash Unemployment Peasants staged mass demonstrations Government cut welfare benefits for veterans

Opponents seized economic setbacks to undermine Weimar government

By 1930, the two best organized opposition parties were the Communist Party and theNational Socialist German Worker’s (NAZI) Party

Hitler and the National Socialists Adolf Hitler (1889–1945)

Born in Austria, rejected by the Academy of Fine Arts in Vienna in 1907 and 1908.

Supported by orphan’s benefits and his mother. After her death, Hitler lived in a homeless shelter in 1909 and later in a hostel for poor laborers. Apparently adopted Anti-Semitism,

anti-Marxism, and pan-Slavism while in Vienna.

Hitler moved to Munich in 1913. Viewed the outbreak of World War I as

his liberation

Hitler and the National Socialists

Adolf Hitler (1889–1945) After the war, Hitler joined the

German Workers’ Party Refused to accept the November (1918)

Resolution ending WWI 1920: German Workers Party

reorganized into National Socialist Workers’ Party (Nazi)

Hitler and the National Socialists

November 1923: Munich (Beer Hall) putsch Along with other Nazi’s Hitler attempted a coup

d’etat Hitler imprisoned and Dictated Mein Kampf

while in prison Portrayed himself as the savior of the German

people Weimar elections

1924: Nazis polled 6.6 percent of the vote

Beer Hall Putsch Defendants

Proportional Representation and the Parliamentary System

Parliamentary System: Political parties offer a slate of candidates

Voters elect a party not individual candidates Many parties may participate in parliamentary

elections Each party receives seats in parliament equal to

the proportional number of votes it received in the election

If no one party gets 51% or more, the party with the most seats has an opportunity to form a coalition with other parties. The leader of the party with the most votes is usually the Prime Minister

Parliamentary system differs from U.S. system where voters elect a candidate

How did Hitler come to power?

1930 election Nazis won 107 of 577 seats in the Reichstag No party gained a majority Conservative Party attempted for form a

coalition government with the Nazis who refused to support a coalition government unless Hitler was Chancellor (Prime Minister)

Nazi refusal to join the coalition caused the failure of the conservative coalition government requiring new elections

Street battles between Nazis and Communists

How did Hitler come to power?

July 1932 elections Nazi party became the largest party in the

Reichstag (Parliament) but did not have a majority

Two largest parties were Hindenburg’s Conservative party and Nazi party Nazi party refused to join any coalition unless Hitler

was made Chancellor Conservatives refused to name Hitler Chancellor Stalemate resulted in caretaker government Street battles continue between Communists and Nazis Government paralyzed and cannot perform basic

functions Economic situation worsens

How did Hitler come to power? November 1932 elections

Nazi Party lost significant seats but still the largest party

Communist Party and National Conservative German National Party increased seats significantly

Hindenberg finally agreed form a government with Hitler as Chancellor Nazis appointed to major posts in the

government

How did Nazis Consolidate Power?

Hitler as chancellor January 1933: Hindenburg appointed Hitler

chancellor February 27, 1933: Reichstag set on fire by

Dutch anarchist Hitler suspended civil rights

March 5, 1933: New elections Hitler granted unlimited power for four years Hitler proclaimed the Third Reich

Hitler and Hindenberg January 1933. Hindenberg believed that Hitler could be Controlled by Conservatives

The Reichstag Fire,27 February, 1933.

How did Nazis consolidate power?

Nazi Germany A one-party state

Hitler’s first acts sharply limited freedom of the press and enabled the cabinet to issue decrees without the consent or approval of the Reichstag.

Reichstag Fire Decree suspended all civil liberties guaranteed by the German constitution.

Widespread arrests of known or suspected opponents of the Nazi party—mainly outspoken liberals and Communists.

Opposition tactics Storm troopers (SA)—used to maintain party discipline June 30, 1934: Night of the Long Knives purged SA not

believed to be loyal to Hitler personally.

Hitler and the National Socialists

Nazi Germany Support

Played off fears of communism Spoke a language of national pride Hitler as the symbol of a strong, revitalized

Germany (the Führer cult) The recovery of German national glory

Nazis and German Racism

Nazi racism Nazi racism inherited from nineteenth-century

social Darwinism Nations and people struggle for survival Superior peoples strengthen themselves through

struggle Anti-Semitism

Joined by nationalist anti-Jewish theory: The Jew as outsider to the German nation

An “international Jewish conspiracy” based in part on Protocols of the Elders of Zion – a conspiracy theory claiming that International Jewish leaders were intent on taking over the world.

Protocols of the Elders of Zion thought to be created in 1903 by the Tsar’s Security police.

Nazi Racism

Nazi racism April 1933: New racial laws excluded Jews

from public office 1935 Nuremberg Decrees

Deprived Jews of citizenship (determined by bloodline)

November 1938: Kristallnacht (Night of Broken Glass)

Still Image from Leni Riefenstahl, Triumph of the Will (1935),

a Film about a Nazi Party Rally in Nuremberg, Germany, 1934

Nazi Boycott of Jewish Shops in Berlin, 1933

Hitler and the National Socialists

National socialism and fascism Both arose in the interwar period as

responses to war and revolution Intensely nationalistic Opposed parliamentary government and

democracy

The 1930s – The “Dishonest Decade”

An atmosphere of fear and apprehension Aggression as a challenge to civilization Avoiding another war

The 1930s – The “Dishonest Decade”

Appeasement Assumptions in Europe and the U.S.

The outbreak of another world war was unthinkable Fascist states were a bulwark against Soviet communism

Ends—how to maintain Europe’s balance of power? Soviets the greater threat, so accommodate Hitler

U.S. Isolationism Nye Committee 1934-1936

Formed in the U.S. Senate to investigate the Munitions industry profits from WWI

Headed by Senator Gerald Nye of North Dakota (R) Questioned U.S. entered WWI because the munitions industry profited

by selling arms to both sides Claimed that bankers pressured Woodrow Wilson to enter WWI to

preserve their loans

The 1930s – The “Dishonest Decade”

The League of Nations Japanese invasion of China turned into an

invasion of the whole country The Rape of Nanjing (1937) The League expressed shock but did nothing

Mussolini invaded Ethiopia in 1935 Avenging the defeat of 1896 League imposed sanctions on Italy but without

enforcement

Spanish Civil War

The Spanish Civil War (1936–1939) A weak republican government could not

overcome opposition Extreme right-wing military officers rebelled Francisco Franco (r. 1936–1975) Hitler and Mussolini sent in troops and

tested new weapons; war was a dress rehearsal Saw the war as a test of the West’s

determination to resist fascism

The 1930s – The “Dishonest Decade”

The Spanish Civil War (1936–1939) The Soviets sided with the troops fighting

for the Spanish Republic Britain and France failed to act decisively,

America stayed out of the dispute April 1937: The destruction of Guernica Hitler’s lessons

Britain, France, and the Soviet Union would have a hard time containing fascism

Britain and France would do anything to avoid another war

The 1930s – The “Dishonest Decade”

German rearmament and the politics of appeasement The unification of all ethnic Germans Reoccupied the Rhineland in 1936 The annexation of Austria (1938) Hitler declared his intention to occupy the

Sudetenland (Czechoslovakia) Neville Chamberlain

Believed Germany could not commit to a sustained war

The 1930s – The “Dishonest Decade”

German rearmament and the politics of appeasement Munich: September 29, 1938

Daladier (France), Chamberlain, Mussolini, and Hitler met (Soviet Union excluded)

France and Britain agree to German expansion into Czechoslovakia

Chamberlain proclaimed “peace in our time” March 1939: Germany invaded Czechoslovakia Persuaded public of the futility of appeasement What is appeasement?

The 1930s – The “Dishonest Decade”

German rearmament and the politics of appeasement Stalin’s response

Feared the West might strike a deal with Hitler August 1939: the Nazi-Soviet (Hitler-Stalin) pact

of nonaggression Stalin promised a share of Poland, Finland, and the

Baltic States

The Outbreak of Hostilities and the Fall of France

Poland The Blitzkrieg (lightning war) Soviet troops invaded from the East Poland fell in four weeks

Statements and treaties which outlaw war are ineffectual to stop war

Appeasement = trading land for commitments to “Peace”

Isolationism Hitler believed that Britain, France and the U.S.

lacked the moral will to fight Stalin believed that Britain, France and the U.S.

were unwilling to fight and could not be counted upon should the USSR be attacked by Germany

What Were the Lessons from the Dishonest Decade?

The Outbreak of Hostilities and the Fall of France

Scandinavia—Germans took Denmark in one day (spring 1940)

The fall of France French army overwhelmed by the German

advance French army poorly organized

The Outbreak of Hostilities and the Fall of France

The fall of France Mid-June 1940: the Germans reached Paris June 20, 1940: French surrendered

Germans occupied northern France Southern France fell under the Vichy regime,

headed by Marshall Pétain The Free French movement

The Battle of Britain & the Beginnings of a Global War

The Battle of Britain (July 1940–June 1941) Forty thousand civilians dead Stalemate in the air British resistance

London during the Battle of Britain

Foreign Crises

Degrees of Neutrality Neutrality Acts prevented the U.S. from shipping

key materials to aggressor nations

Degrees of Neutrality

Selective Service Act of 1940 First peace-time conscription in U.S. history. Drafted men between 18 & 45

for one year FDR’s request that term of service be extended beyond 1 year passed the

House of Representatives by 1 vote on August 12, 1941 Lend-Lease Program

March 11, 1941 U.S. sent armaments to Great Britain, Free France, China and the USSR in

return for leases on military bases around the world Public Opinion

February 1941: Gallup 54% of Americans favored Lend-Lease without qualifications 22% (primarily among Republicans)opposed to any aid

Senate Vote: 49 Democrats and 10 Republicans voted in favor; 13 Democrats and 17 Republicans voted against

House vote: Democrats 238 to 25 in favor; Republicans 135 against, 24 in favor

Mothers urge defeat of the Lend-Lease program, kneel in prayer in front of the Capitol

FDR signs Selective Service Act into Law

The Storm in the Pacific

Japanese Aggression As Japan’s invasion of China became bogged down, Japan was

forced to look to other Pacific Islands for natural resources As Japan became more aggressive, FDR limited exports of

American goods to Japan Oil, scrap, and iron shipments prohibited Japan decided to eliminate U.S. Pacific fleet

The Attack on Pearl Harbor December 7, 1941

19 American ships sunk or disabled 2,400 people killed; 1700 wounded FDR asked for a declaration of war against Japan on December 8 Germany and Italy declared war on the U.S. on December 11

Doolittle Raid

April 18, 1942 Joint action by the Army and Navy to

retaliate against Japan by bombing Japanese industrial centers on Japanese home islands

Primary purpose: boost morale at home and hurt Japanese morale

Photos by Doolittle Raiders: http://www.doolittleraider.com/raid_photos.htm

Early U.S. Losses in the Pacific Guam, Wake Island, Hong Kong and Manila

fell to Japanese in early 1942 Bataan Death March: April 8, 1942

Forcible transfer of 60,000- 80,000 American and Philipino POW’s following the 3 month battle of Bataan Peninsula

80 mile march Japanese atrocities Racism? General Homma tried and executed for war

crimes in 1946

American public did not learn about the “Death March” until January 1944

Battles of Coral Sea and Midway

Coral Sea—May 4-8, 1942 Americans took more damage than Japanese Repulsed Japanese threat to Australia

Midway—June 4-7, 1942 U.S. had broken the Japanese code

Knew attack coming but not exactly where Confirmed location by sending a false message

3 of 6 Japanese aircraft carriers that attacked Pearl Harbor destroyed at Midway

Cumulative effect of these two battles was turning point in Pacific theatre

Japanese carrier destroyed in Battle of Coral Sea

Photo by Kiyoshi Oniwa: Sinking of Hiryu

Mobilization at Home

Economic Controls Congress authorized office of Price Administration in 1942 to set

wages and prices War Production Board Allowed for central control of industry from peacetime production

to war production Congress forced FDR to sell war bonds to finance the war Did not raise taxes

Domestic Conservatism FDR won election of 1940 Midterm elections of 1942: Republicans regained many seats in

Congress and attempted to abolish most New Deal Programs

Franklin D. Roosevelt E.C. 449 Popular: 27,243,218 Wendell Willkie E.C. 82 Popular: 22,334,940

African American Soldiers in WWII Segregated units Separate accommodations Job opportunities Tuskegee Airmen Red Ball Express: African Americans

drove 500,000 TONS of supplies to 1st and 3rd Armies’ advance through France

D-Day 1,700 African Americans in units in 1st Army at Omaha and Utah beaches

Double V Campaign

Victory at Home and Victory Abroad Attitudes of white servicemen who saw

the courage of African American servicemen

Latinos Southern farmers recruit Mexican workers

for harvest time Zoot Suit Riots: series of riots in Los

Angeles in 1943 between white U.S. servicemen stationed in California and Latino youths

Native Americans

Supported war effort 1/3 of all eligible Native Americans served Code Talkers

Japanese-American Internment 1942: 110,000 Japanese Americans

Name State Opened Max. Pop'n

Manzanar California March 1942 10,046

Tule Lake California May 1942 18,789

Poston Arizona May 1942 17,814

Gila River Arizona July 1942 13,348

Granada Colorado August 1942 7,318

Heart Mountain Wyoming August 1942 10,767

Minidoka Idaho August 1942 9,397

Topaz Utah September 1942 8,130

Rohwer Arkansas September 1942 8,475

Jerome Arkansas October 1942 8,497