His 102 and 112 WWI power point

WWITotal War

La Mitrailleuse  1915 Oil on canvas 777 x 670 x 90

C.R. W. Nevinson

WWI: The Great War

Engulfed the entire globe Harsh terms of the Treaty of Versailles

› Unbalanced global economy› Led to Great Depression› Became a rallying point for NAZI brand of

German nationalism Destroyed 3 Empires: Russia, Austro-

Hungarian, Ottoman 70 million men mobilized

Sorted by number MobilizedMobilized Dead Wounded

Missing/PoW Russia 12,000,000 1,700,000 4,950,000 2,500,000 Germany 11,000,000 1,773,700 4,216,058 1,152,800 Great Britain 8,904,467 908,371 2,090,212 191,652 France 8,410,000 1,375,800 4,266,000 537,000 Austria-Hungary 7,800,000 1,200,000 3,620,000 2,200,000 Italy 5,615,000 650,000 947,000 600,000 US 4,355,000 126,000 234,300 4,526 Turkey 2,850,000 325,000 400,000 250,000 Bulgaria 1,200,000 87,500 152,390 27,029 Japan 800,000 300 907 Rumania 750,000 335,706 120,000 80,000 Serbia 707,343 45,000 133,148 1 52,958 Belgium 267,000 13,716 44,686 34,659 Greece 230,000 5,000 21,000 1,000 Portugal 100,000 7,222 13,751 12,318 Montenegro 50,000 3,000 10,000 7,000

These figures from Everett, Susan, The Two World Wars, Vol I - World War I (1980Bison Books)

Are Figures Sufficient to tell the story?

Complex Causes

Combustible rivalry between Great Britain and Germany› The King of England, the German Kaiser, the Russian Czar

and the Empress of Austria-Hungary were cousins—the Grandchildren of Queen Victoria

Rivalry over who controlled the seas, who controlled colonies in Africa and the Middle East, whose industrial output was greatest

Rivalries› Germany, Austria-Hungary, Ottoman Empire (Central

Powers) vs.› Britain, France, Russia (Triple Entente) Italy (Allied Powers)› Secret Alliances: agreed to go to war to defend satellite

nations and each other

August 1914

Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austro-Hungarian Empire assassinated in June 1914 by Gavrilo Princip, a Serbian national who was a member of the Black Hand

Gavrillo Princip

Archduke’s Bloodied Jacket

Princip’s Arrest

Trial of the Black Hand Members

Princip sentenced to Life in Prison.Lived 3+ years in this cell. TB, boneDisease (required amputation of One arm) and malnutrition killed Him.

The July Crisis

The Balkans› The Austro-Hungarians and the Ottomans:

unsteady empires› Nationalist movements and pan-Slavism› Great powers tried to avoid direct

intervention› The First Balkan War (1912)

Serbia, Greece, Bulgaria, and Montenegro against the Ottomans

The July Crisis

Summer 1914› July: Austria issued an ultimatum

A punitive campaign to restore order in Bosnia and crush Serbia

The demands were deliberately unreasonable

The July Crisis

Summer 1914› The Serbs mobilized their army› July 28, 1914: Austria declared war› Austria saw the conflict as a chance to

reassert its authority› Russia saw the conflict as a way to regain

the tsar’s authority› July 30, 1914: Russia mobilized its troops

to fight Austria and Germany

The July Crisis

Diplomatic maneuvers› Germany

Detailed war plans Kaiser Wilhelm II sent an ultimatum to Russia

› Germany demanded to know French intentions

› August 1, 1914: Germany declared war on Russia

The Guns of August

Diplomatic maneuvers› August 7, 1914: Montenegrins joined the

Serbs against Austria› July: the Japanese declared war on

Germany› August: Turkey allied itself with Germany› A “tragedy of miscalculation”

Little diplomatic communication Austrian mismanagement The lure of the first strike

Europe in 1914, just before WWI

The Marne and Its Consequences

German war plans› Designed to suit Germany’s efficient but

small army› Von Schlieffen Plan—Attack France first,

neutralize the Western Front, then attack Russia

Map of Battle Plan of the Marne

The Marne and Its Consequences

German war plans› Problems

The plan overestimated physical and logistical capabilities

The speed of movement was too much for the troops

The resistance of the Belgian army Frequent changes made to the plan

The Marne and Its Consequences

The Battle of the Marne› The Western Front

The Great Powers dug in Trench warfare

› The importance of the Marne Changed Europe’s expectation of war The war would now be long, costly, and

deadly

Trench Warfare in Pictures

Cheshire Regiment (British) Trench near Alberta-Bapaume Road July 1916 during the Battle of the Somme

British & Australian Trench at Gallipoli 1915

Stalemate, 1915

Gallipoli and naval warfare› Turkish intervention

Threatened Russia’s supply lines Endangered British control of the Suez Canal

› Churchill argued for a naval offensive in the Dardanelles

Stalemate, 1915

Gallipoli and naval warfare› Gallipoli landing (April 25, 1915)

Incompetent naval leadership Fought for seven months and then the

British withdrew Major Allied defeat

WWI Maps

http://firstworldwar.com/photos/maps.htm

Australian Troops attempt in vain to take Dardanelles

Ottoman guns mounted on cliffs above the Allied Landing

Stalemate, 1915

A war of attrition› The nature of modern war› The total mobilization of resources› The Allies imposed a naval blockade on

Germany› Germany responded with submarine

warfare Germans sank the Lusitania (May 7, 1915)

Almost twelve hundred killed Provoked the animosity of the United States

Total War

Reliance on Technology Mobilization of entire population War on Civilians Total Devastation left little to recover

once hostilities ceased

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Austrian 30.5cm mortar

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RY A German 38cm gun fires the first shot at Fort Douaumont in the battle of

Verdun.

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RY American railroad artillery detachment posed on a 14in. rail gun

BR

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“JULIE

” Rail gun Julie with her crew in a camouflaged position.

HO

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ARTILLE

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HELLS German Soldier next to a rail gun shell

PO

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KET Powder sack used in 16 inch guns

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INTO

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N German Gun being pulled into action

BIG

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A Named for Bertha Krupp 42 cm gun

British

French,“They Shall NOTPass!” German, “Punish

England!”

War Posters: Propaganda, Recruitment, Mobilization

Russian

American

American

Australian

Italian

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N French Soldiers being Gassed

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Click icon to add picture

Belgian Soldiers leaving the Front

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N Greek Soldiers Listen to Sermon before a battle

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N Italian Soldiers in Formation

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N Training women soldiers in Russia

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N Turkish troops Marching to war

Realities of War: Cartoons

Every encouragement should be given for singing and whistling"- extract from a Military Manual

REA

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S O

F WA

R “How Long Have You Got, Fred?”

Old Bill

from Bullets & Billets: "First Discovered in the Alluvial Deposits of Southern Flanders. Feeds Almost Exclusively on Jam and Water Biscuits. Hobby: Filling Sandbags, on Dark and Rainy Nights".

Bruce Bairnsfather, creator

A Hopeless Dawn, by Bruce Bairnsfather, 1916

WW

I ART The Sadness of the Somme, Oil on Plywood by Mary Riter Hamilton

WW

I ART Ravages of War, Charcoal by Mary Riter Hamilton

WW

I ART Canadian Monument, Passchendaele Ridge, Oil on Cardboard by Mary Riter

Hamilton

WW

I ART Paths of Glory (1917) C.R. W. Nevinson

WW

I ART The Harvest of War, 1917 C.R.W. Nevinson

“

Pluck” by Eva Dobell (a British Nurse)Crippled for life at seventeen,His great eyes seem to question why:with both legs smashed it might have beenBetter in that grim trench to dieThan drag maimed years out helplessly. A child-so wasted and so white,He told a lie to get his way,To march, a man with men, and fightWhile other boys are still at play.A gallant lie your heart will say.

So broke with pain, he shrinks in dreadTo see the 'dresser' drawing near;and winds the clothes about his headThat none may see his heart-sick fear.His shaking, strangled sobs you hear. But when the dreaded moment's thereHe'll face us all, a soldier yet,Watch his bared wounds with unmoved air,(Though tell-tale lashes still are wet),And smoke his Woodbine cigarette. 

“Five Souls” W.N. Ewer, 1917

First Soul 

I was a peasant of the Polish plain; I left my plough because the message ran:- Russia, in danger, needed every man To save her from the Teuton; and was slain. I gave my life for freedom—This I know For those who bade me fight had told me so.

“Five Souls” W.N. Ewer, 1917

Second Soul I was a Tyrolese, a mountaineer; I gladly left my mountain home to fight Against the brutal treacherous Muscovite; And died in Poland on a Cossack spear.  I gave my life for freedom—This I know For those who bade me fight had told me so.

“Five Souls” W.N. Ewer, 1917

Third Soul I worked in Lyons at my weaver's loom, When suddenly the Prussian despot hurled His felon blow at France and at the world;Then I went forth to Belgium and my doom.I gave my life for freedom—This I knowFor those who bade me fight had told me so.

“Five Souls” W.N. Ewer, 1917Fourth Soul I owned a vineyard by the wooded Main,Until the Fatherland, begirt by foesLusting her downfall, called me, and I roseSwift to the call—and died in far Lorraine.I gave my life for freedom—This I knowFor those who bade me fight had told me so.

“Five Souls” W.N. Ewer, 1917Fifth Soul

 I worked in a great shipyard by the Clyde; There came a sudden word of wars declared,Of Belgium, peaceful, helpless, unprepared,Asking our aid: I joined the ranks, and died. I gave my life for freedom—This I knowFor those who bade me fight had told me so.

Europe after WWI: What Changed?

Consequences

Great Depression Bolshevik Revolution Militarization Rise of militant German nationalism Rise of anti-Semitism Creation of new states without regard

for the ethnic and historical conflicts between peoples of different cultures

Armenian Genocide

http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/6045182.stm

Article Two of the UN Convention on Genocide of December 1948 describes genocide as carrying out acts intended to destroy, in whole or in part, a national, ethnic, racial or religious group".

1918 Spanish Flu Pandemic

1918 Spanish Flu Pandemic

January 1918 to December 1920 Between 50 and 100 million died Attacked young, apparently healthy

people between 18-25 years of age 500 million, or 27% of the world’s

population, were infected

The Lost Generation

Serbia lost 40% of its troops (15% of its population

France, Britain and Germany each lost about one third of their men aged 19-22.

Disillusionment among the survivors about nationalism, the political class› Russian mistrust of Western Democracies› American isolationism

Europe no longer the center of the world economy Disillusionment: a generation of men slaughtered

to no apparent end.

Bibliography

http://www.worldwar1.com

http://voiceseducation.org/content/world-war-i

http://firstworldwar.com