hipersensitivitas

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HIPERSENSITIVITAS

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Glosarium

• hypersensivity : an altered, enhanced immune reaction leading to

pathological changes ; also called allergy

• anaphylaxis : a hypersensitivity reaction involving IgE antibodies,

mast cells, and basophils

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Glosarium

• immune complex : a circulating antigen-antibody aggregate

capable of fixing complement

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Glosarium

• complement : a group of serum proteins involved in phagocytosis and

lysis of bacteria ; a group of serum proteins that is activated by factors such as the combination of antigen

and antibody and results in a variety of biological consequences, including

cell lysis and opsonization

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Glosarium

• opsonin : a substance that facilitates

phagocytosis by coating foreign particles

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Glosarium

• sel NK (natural killer cell) : a lymphoid cell that destroys tumor

cells and virus-infected cells • antigen-presenting cell (APC) : a

macrophage or dendritic cell that engulfs an antigen and presents

fragments to T cells

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Glosarium

• dendritic cell : a type of antigen-presenting cell characterized by long

fingerlike extensions ; found in lymphatic tissue and skin

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Klasifikasi Hipersensitivitas

1. Tipe I (anafilaktis)2. Tipe II (sitotoksis)

3. Tipe III (kompleks imun)4. Tipe IV (cell-mediated or

delayed-type)

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Tipe I

• Nama lain : immediate hypersensitivity, allergic reaction

• Yang berperan : antigen (alergen), IgE, sel mast, dan basofil

• Jangka waktu sampai kemunculan tanda-tanda klinis : < 30 menit

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Tipe I

• Contoh : setelah injeksi antibiotika, sengatan insekta, urtikaria, hay fever, dan asma

• Dibagi menjadi dua : anafilaksis sistemik dan anafilaksis lokal (localized anaphylaxis)

• Contoh anafilaksis sistemik : syok anafilaktik• Contoh anafilaksis lokal : asma (saluran

pernapasan bawah)

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Tipe I

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Tipe II

• Nama lain : cytotoxic hypersensitivity

• Yang berperan : cell surface antigen, sel target, IgM, IgG,

komplemen, netrofil, makrofag, dan sel NK

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Tipe II

• Jangka waktu sampai kemunculan tanda-tanda klinis : 5 – 12 jam

• Contoh : reaksi transfusi, inkompatibilitas Rh (erythroblastosis fetalis/hemolytic

disease of the newborn/HDNB), anemia hemolitik karena alergi obat tertentu, dan

thrombocytopenic purpura

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Tipe II

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Tipe III• Nama lain : immune complex-mediated

hypersensitivity• Yang berperan : antigen, IgG, kompleks

imun, komplemen, dan netrofil• Jangka waktu sampai kemunculan tanda-

tanda klinis : 3 – 8 jam• Contoh : reaksi Arthus, glomerulonefritis,

dan serum sickness

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Tipe III

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Tipe IV

• Nama lain : cell-mediated reaction or delayed type hypersensitivity (DTH)• Yang berperan : antigen, antigen-

presenting cell, sel T (terutama sel TD), dan makrofag

• Sel TD : sel T delayed hipersensitivity

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Tipe IV

• Jangka waktu sampai kemunculan tanda-tanda klinis :

24 – 48 jam• Contoh : penolakan jaringan yang

ditransplantasikan, dermatitis kontak alergika, dan uji tuberkulin

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Tipe IV