Hip-Hop Hybridity in a Glocalized World: African and Muslim Diasporic Discourses in French Rap Music

7/31/2019 Hip-Hop Hybridity in a Glocalized World: African and Muslim Diasporic Discourses in French Rap Music

1/28

uuu+eco`lct}wmagtnowpklc+doh

]FGECO@LC T]WMAGTNOWPKLC

Yocwhg 0# Kwh`gp 4

Faz(Foz Fq`pama}q iop l Ecodlca~gm Uopcm> Lipadlklkm Hwtcah Maltzopad Matdowptgt ak Ipgkdf Plz

Hwtad

Mlyam Mpattgc


2/28

]FG ECO@LC T]WMAGT NOWPKLCf}}z>//uuu+eco`lct}wmagtnowpklc+doh/

Iapt} zw`catfgm ak 0::1 ak Dflhzlaek# Accakoat# WTL `q Dohhok Epowkm Zw`catfake CCDuuu+DohhokEpowkmZw`catfake+doh+

0::1 &akmayamwlc zlzgpt!# }fg lw}fop&t! 0::1 &tgcgd}aok lkm gma}opalc hl}}gp! Dohhok Epowkm

Lw}fopt lpg pgtzokta`cg iop }fg lddwpldq oi da}l}aokt# |wo}l}aokt# maleplht# }l`cgt lkmhlzt+

Lcc paef}t pgtgpygm+ Lzlp} ipoh ilap wtg iop }fg zwpzotgt oi t}wmq# pgtglpdf# dpa}adath oppgyagu lt zgpha}}gm wkmgp }fg Dozqpaef} Ld} &Lwt}plcal!# ko zlp} oi }fat uopb hlq `gpgzpomwdgm ua}fow} upa}}gk zgphattaok ipoh }fg zw`catfgp+ Iop zgphattaokt lkm o}fgpak|wapagt# zcgltg dok}ld}3de(twzzop}Jdohhokepowkmzw`catfake+doh;+

ATTK> f}}z>//uuu+eco`lct}wmagt(nowpklc+doh/

]FG ECO@LC T]WMAGT NOWPKLC at zggp(pgyagugm# twzzop}gm `q paeopowt zpodgttgtoi dpa}gpaok(pgigpgkdgm lp}adcg plkbake lkm |wlca}l}ayg dohhgk}lpq# gktwpake }fl} okcqak}gccgd}wlc uopb oi }fg epgl}gt} tw`t}lkdg lkm faefgt} taekaiadlkdg at zw`catfgm+

]qzgtg} ak Dohhok Epowkm Hlpbwz Clkewleg wtake DEDpgl}op hwc}adflkkgc}qzgtg}}ake tqt}ghf}}z>//uuu+dohhokepowkmzw`catfake+doh/toi}ulpg/


3/28

Faz(Foz Fq`pama}q iop l Ecodlca~gm Uopcm> Lipadlk lkm

Hwtcah Maltzopad Matdowptgt ak Ipgkdf Plz Hwtad

Mlyam Mpattgc# Aoul Dgk}plc Dohhwka}q Doccgeg# AL# WTL

L`t}pld}> Ufgk a} dohgt }o faz(foz# Iplkdg at zlp}adwclpcq ko}guop}fq takdg a} flt }fg tgdokm clpegt}

hlpbg} iop plz hwtad zpomwd}aok lkm doktwhz}aok ak }fg uopcm# ioccouake }fg W+T+ ]fat zlzgp zpozotgt

}fl} }fg matdowptg oi Ipgkdf plz hwtad ò}f pggd}t lkm akwgkdgt }fg dokt}pwd}aok oi fq`pama~gm

`cldb(akgd}gm amgk}a}agt# zlp}adwclpcq lhoke hakopa}q qow}f cayake ak maltzopl2 a+g+# zfqtadlccq tgzlpl}gm

lkm uamgcq matzgptgm ipoh }fgap lkdgt}plc fohgclkmt ok l zgphlkgk} op tgha(zgphlkgk} ltat+ Ak }fat

pgelpm# maltzopad Ipgkdf faz(fozzgpt lpg akyocygm ak l dohzcgv zpodgtt oi pgdokewpake lkm tqk}fgt(

a~ake pgcgylk} amaoht lkm ygpkldwclpt iowkm ko} okcq ak eco`lc faz(foz lkm }fgap kl}ayg dwc}wpg# `w}

lcto ak }fgap fot} dowk}pq oi Iplkdg+ Mpluake ok iplhake }fgopq# }fat zlzgp akygt}ael}gt ò}f Ipgkdf(

Lipadlk lkm Ipgkdf(Hwtcah iplhgt lkm pgcl}gm lk}a(pldat} zgptzgd}aygt lp}adwcl}gm ak Ipgkdf plz

hwtad# ufadf flyg `ggk todalccq lkm doeka}aygcq opelka~gm ak}o maltzopad matdowptgt+ Pgtglpdf |wgt}aoktlmmpgttgm akdcwmg }fg ioccouake> Fou flyg eco`lc out oi zgozcg# amglt# lkm lp}aild}t# ahzld}gm faz(

fozt opaeakt lkm hg}lhopzfotat ak Iplkdg? Ak ufl} ulqt flyg }fg Lipadlk lkm Hwtcah maltzoplt

akwgkdgm Ipgkdf faz(foz? Ufl} todalc lkm mghoeplzfad ild}opt flyg gkdowplegm maltzopad qow}f

}o lmoz} `cldb(akgd}gm amgk}a}agt }agm }o faz(foz? ]fat zlzgp lklcq~gt l uamg ylpag}q oi towpdgt# ak(

dcwmake }fg cqpadlc dok}gk} oi tgcgd}gm plz toket pgdopmgm `q Kop}f lkm Ugt} Lipadlk Hwtcaht# cayake

ak Iplkdg+

Bgquopmt> Faz(Foz# Plz Hwtad# Lipadlk Maltzopl# Kgu Lipadlk Maltzopl# Hwtcah Maltzopl# Maltzopad

Qow}f# Qow}f Tw`dwc}wpgt# Eco lca~l}aok# Ecodlca~l}aok# @lkcagwgt# Fq`pama~l}aok# Lipadlk Lhgpadlkt#

Ipgkdf Kop}f Lipadlkt# Dooc Atclh# @cldbkgtt# Iplkdo(Hlefpgà# Pgdokewpl}aok# Pla

Ak}pomwd}aok

FAZ(FOZ ATOI]GK mgzad}gm lt }fg uopcmt cglmake zoz(dwc}wpg zfgkohgkok lkm

at lpewl`cq }fg `gt}(bkouk hwtadlc egkpg }o opaeakl}g ak }fg Wka}gm T}l}gt takdg

podb lkm pocc+ Lt l eco`lc qow}f tw`dwc}wpg< }fl} akdcwmgt plz hwtad# wp`lk epli}a#

lkm `pglbmlkdake# faz(foz at ipg|wgk}cq l caef}kake pom iop dok}poygptq+ Ak }fat pg(

elpm# faz(foz at ga}fgp zplatgm op zlkkgm# mgzgkmake ok }fg todaozoca}adlc ylk}leg zoak} oi

}fg o`tgpygp+ Ufacg hlkq zgozcg dflpld}gpa~g faz(foz ak zota}ayg }gpht lt l zo}gk}alccq ca`(

gpl}ake lkm ghzougpake iopdg iop ozzpgttgm hakopa}agt lkm zoop zgozcg lpowkm }fg uopcm20

o}fgpt mgzad} }fg tw`dwc}wpg ak faefcq kgel}ayg }gpht# dok}gkmake }fl} }fg pgzw}gmcq elke(

< Qow}f tw dwc}wpgt dlk `g mgkgm lt epowzt oi }ggklegpt lkm qowke lmwc}t tflpake dgp}lak dohhok dwc}wplc igl}wpgt#

qg} lzzglpake }o flyg ylcwgt# kopht# pocgt# lkm l}}a}wmgt }fl} maiigp tw`t}lk}alccq ipoh }fg clpegp dwc}wpg &Nofkt}ok

lkm Tkou =5=!+0 Iop akt}lkdg# Lccgk &//uuu+eco`lct}wmagtnowpklc+doh/# ATTK de(twzzop}Jdohhokepowkmzw`catfake+doh


4/28

aktzapgm plz hwtad oi faz(foz }gkmt }o ecopaiq klpdattath# fgmokath# ak}ocgplkdg# hatoeqkq#

lkm yaocgkdg+4

Aka}alccq pggd}ake }fg zgpyltayg iglpt# dokdgpkt# lkm hw}gm ltzapl}aokt oi Lipadlk(Lhgp(

adlk lkm Fatzlkad efg}}o qow}f ak Kgu Qopb Da}qt Tow}f @pokv oi }fg


5/28

Ok lygpleg# Ipgkdf faz(foz pgdopmt dohzpatg }gk zgpdgk} oi }fg hwtad zpomwd}aok ak Iplkdg

lkm okg |wlp}gp oi }fg }oz okg fwkmpgm pgdopmt zclqgm `q codlc plmao t}l}aokt &Tdfulp}~

74!+ Taekadlk}cq# }fg ylt} hlnopa}q oi Ipgkdf faz(foz lp}at}t lpg tgdokm( lkm

}fapm(egkgpl}aok dfacmpgk oi Kop}f Lipadlk lkm Ugt} Lipadlk ahhaeplk}t }fl} lpg zpgmohak(

lk}cq Hwtcah+ Ak zlp}adwclp# g}fkad Lpl`t ua}f lkdgt}plc }agt }o Lcegpal# Hopoddo# lkm o}fgp

Kop}f Lipadlk dowk}pagt lpg taekadlk}cq pgzpgtgk}gm ak }fg Ipgkdf faz(foz akmwt}pq lkm pg(

cl}gm tw`dwc}wpg &Zpyot 0::==!+

Ak clpeg hgltwpg `gdlwtg oi faz(fozt fat}opad dokkgd}aok }o Lipadlk(Lhgpadlk dwc}wpg

lkm }plma}aokt# Ipgkdf plz hwtadalkt lkm }fgap ilkt flyg `ggk gvzotgm yadlpaowtcq }o `cldb

dokdgpkt# lpeo}# ylcwgt# lkm tqhòct+ ]fat zlzgp zpozotgt }fl} }fg matdowptg oi Ipgkdf plz

hwtad ò}f pggd}t lkm akwgkdgt }fg dokt}pwd}aok oi fq`pama~gm `cldb(akgd}gm amgk}a}agt#

zlp}adwclpcq lhoke hakopa}q qow}f cayake ak maltzopl2 a+g+# zfqtadlccq tgzlpl}gm lkm uamgcq

matzgptgm ipoh }fgap lkdgt}plc fohgclkmt ok l zgphlkgk} op tgha(zgphlkgk} `ltat+ Twdf

maltzoplt lpg ko} hgpgcq mgtdpaz}ayg lkm fat}opadlc# `w} lcto mapgd}cq akwgk}alc ak }fg zpgtgk}(gpl2 gkl`cake uamgcq matzgptgm zgozcg }o gkyataok }fghtgcygt lt l dohhwka}q &Dopkugcc

lkm T}ommlpm 0::5!+ ]fat zlzgp zot}wcl}gt }fl} maltzopad Ipgkdf faz(fozzgpt lpg akyocygm

ak l dohzcgv zpodgtt oi pgdokewpake lkm tqk}fgta~ake pgcgylk} amaoht lkm ygpkldwclpt

iowkm ko} okcq ak eco`lc faz(foz lkm }fgap kl}ayg dwc}wpg# `w} lcto ak }fgap fot} dowk}pq

oi Iplkdg+

Pgtglpdf |wgt}aokt lmmpgttgm ak }fat zlzgp akdcwmg }fg ioccouake> Fou flyg eco`lc out

oi zgozcg# amglt# lkm lp}aild}t# ahzld}gm faz(fozt opaeakt lkm hg}lhopzfotat ak Iplkdg? Ak

ufl} ulqt flyg }fg Lipadlk Maltzopl lkm pgcl}gm dokdgz}aokt oi `cldbkgtt akwgkdgm

Ipgkdf faz(foz? Ufl} todalc lkm mghoeplzfad ild}opt flyg gkdowplegm maltzopad qow}f }o

lmoz} `cldb(akgd}gm amgk}a}agt }agm }o faz(foz? Fou flyg }fg akdazagk} Hwtcah Maltzopl

lkm pgcl}gm zlk(Atclhad hoyghgk}t akwgkdgm Ipgkdf faz(foz lkm }fg dokt}pwd}aok oi doc(

cgd}ayg amgk}a}agt5 lhoke Ipgkdf(Hwtcah qow}f ak zlp}adwclp?

Ak opmgp }o lmmpgtt twdf |wgt}aokt# A flyg lklcq~gm l uamg ylpag}q oi |wlca}l}ayg towpdgt#

akdcwmake zpgyaowtcq zw`catfgm ak}gpyagut ua}f faz(foz lp}at}t lkm }fg cqpadlc dok}gk} oi tg(

cgd}gm plz toket pgdopmgm `q Kop}f lkm Ugt} Lipadlk Hwtcaht# cayake ak Iplkdg+ Lt l mat}akd}

}qzg oi todao(dwc}wplc dohhwkadl}aok# plz hwtad cqpadt lkm pgcl}gm tqhòct oi }fg faz(foz

tw`dwc}wpg dlk pgyglc }fg gvat}gkdg oi ylpaowt zgptoklc lkm doccgd}ayg amgk}a}agt# oi}gk ak l

t}l}g oi wv+

Mpluake ok iplhake }fgopq# A flyg akygt}ael}gm ò}f Ipgkdf(Lipadlk lkm Ipgkdf(Hwtcah

iplhgt6 lkm pgcl}gm lk}a(pldat} zgptzgd}aygt lp}adwcl}gm ak Ipgkdf plz hwtad# ufadf flyg `ggk

todalccq lkm doeka}aygcq opelka~gm ak}o maltzopad matdowptgt+ Ahzop}lk}cq# twdf iplhgt dok(}plmad} hlkq oi }fg mohaklk} todaozoca}adlc klppl}aygt ak Iplkdg+ Lddopmake }o Kgctok g} lc+

&Ipgkdf plz hwtad ld}ake lt l tw`dwc}wplc towpdg oi dowk}gp(fgeghokad akiophl}aok at

iplhgm }o pgtokl}g ua}f }fg todalc gvzgpagkdgt# ylcwgt# `gcagit# lkm dokdgpkt oi Ipgkdf

5@ltgm zpahlpacq ok }fg tflpgm gvzgpagkdgt oi gygpqmlq caig# doccgd}ayg amgk}a}q pgigpt }o lk akmayamwlct doeka}ayg#

hoplc# lkm gho}aoklc dokkgd}aok ua}f l `polmgp dohhwka}q# dl}geopq# zpld}adg# op akt}a}w}aok &Zoccg}}l lkm Nltzgp

0::067!+6 Mgkgm `q Eoiihlk &


6/28

hakopa}q qow}f+ Zlplzfpltake Tkou lkm @gkiopm &


7/28

`pama}agt }fpowefow} }fg @cldb L}clk}ad+ Lt l pgtwc} oi dgk}wpagt oi tclygpq lkm docokalcath#

Lipadlkt flyg `ggk }plktzop}gm }o ylpaowt dowk}pagt ak }fg Lhgpadlt lkm Ugt}gpk Gwpozg#

`w} ak }fg zpodgtt oi lmlz}ake }o }fgap kgu todalc gkyapokhgk} mgygcozgm l mow`cg doktdaowt(

kgtt2 hglkake }fl} }fgq `gdlhg dwc}wplccq dokkgd}gm ko} okcq }o }fg kl}ayg dok}akgk} oi

}fgap lkdgt}opt# `w} lcto }o }fg lmoz}gm clkm oi }fgap àp}f+ ]fwt# maltzopad Lipadlk amgk}a}agt

lpg mgt}l aca~ake lkm tw`ygp}ake }o hlkq oi }fg }plma}aoklc dokdgz}aokt oi zcldg lkm `gcokeake+

Lt Eacpoq &

]fg lttahacl}aok oi `cldbt at ko} l zpodgtt oi lddwc}wpl}aok `w} oi dwc}wplc tqkdpg}ath+

Lddopmakecq# }fgap tgci(mgka}aokt lkm dwc}wplc gvzpgttaokt mplu ok l zcwplca}q oi `cldb

fat}opagt lkm zoca}adtLk ak}padl}g ug` oi dwc}wplc lkm zoca}adlc dokkgd}aokt àkmt

`cldbt fgpg }o `cldbt gctgufgpg+ L} }fg tlhg }ahg# }fgq lpg cakbgm ak}o }fg todalc pgcl}aokt

oi }fat dowk}pq+ @o}f mahgktaokt flyg }o `g gvlhakgm lkm }fg dok}plmad}aokt lkm dok(

}akwa}agt ufadf gvat} `g}uggk }fgh hwt} `g `powef} ow} &4=:!+

Dokdgz}wlca~ake }fg Hwtcah Maltzopl

]fg amgl oi l eco`lc Hwtcah Maltzopl flt twpildgm okcq ak pgdgk} qglpt# tw t}lk}alccq gvzlkm(

ake wzok }fg }plma}aoklc dokdgz} oi l maltzopl `ltgm ok tflpgm lkdgt}plc opaeakt ua}fak l

zlp}adwclp kl}aok# t}l}g# op g}fkad epowz+ ]fg epouake zozwclpa}q oi }fat akdazagk} pgcaeaowt(

maltzopad dokt}pwd} flt `ggk òct}gpgm `q }fg zpgtgkdg oi lk gygp(akdpgltake kwh`gp oi

Hwtcaht cayake ak Ugt}gpk Gwpozg lkm Kop}f Lhgpadl# hlkq oi ufoh flyg kgygp yata}gm

}fgap lkdgt}plc fohgclkmt ak }fg Hammcg Glt}# Kop}f Lipadl# op o}fgp zlp}t oi }fg uopcm+ 1 Ak

lmma}aok# Hwtcaht cayake ak Ugt}gpk t}l}gt ua}f zpgmohaklk}cq ufa}g Dfpat}alk hlnopa}agt

egkgplccq lpg zgpdgaygm lt l pgcl}aygcq dofgtayg# pldalca~gm hakopa}q epowz2 mwg ak clpeg

hgltwpg }o }fgap mat}akd}ayg pgcaeaowt pa}wlct lkm g}fko(kl}aoklc dwt}oht+ Ylpaowt iopht oitodalc gvdcwtaok gvzgpagkdgm `q Hwtcaht ak }fg Ugt} iwp}fgp dok}pa`w}g }o twdf pldalca~gm

mgzad}aokt &Tfgiigp 0::4>99(95!+

Dohzlpgm }o }fgap matlzopad gcmgpt# tgdokm( lkm }fapm(egkgpl}aok Hwtcaht ak Gwpozg lkm

Kop}f Lhgpadl lpg hopg cabgcq }o doktamgp pgcaeaok lt }fgap hot} ahzop}lk} amgk}a}q hlpbgp#

giigd}aygcq }pwhzake g}fkada}q# kl}aoklca}q# op da}a~gktfaz t}l}wt+04!+ ]fwt# }fg zpozokgk}t oi }fg amgl oi l Hwtcah Maltzopl dok}gkm }fl} mgtza}g }fg

hwc}azcada}q oi }fgap dowk}pagt oi opaeak# Hwtcaht flyg hwdf ak dohhok lkm }fgpgiopg tfowcm

opelka~g lkm ld} lt dofgtayg todalc(zoca}adlc gk}a}agt ak }fgap fot} dowk}pagt &Tfgiigp 0::4>95!+

1 Lddopmake }o pgdgk} ewpgt# }fgpg lpg lzzpovahl}gcq 04 haccaok Hwtcaht ak Gwpozg# dohzpatake lzzpovahl}gcq

yg zgpdgk} oi }fg zozwcl}aok+ Gwpozgt Hwtcah zozwcl}aok flt hopg }flk mow`cgm ak }fg zlt} }fpgg mgdlmgt lkm

}fg pl}g oi epou}f at lddgcgpl}ake &Tlyleg 0::=>09!+ Ua}fak }fg W+T+# }fgpg lpg lzzpovahl}gcq 0+47 haccaok Hwtcaht

&}fowef ewpgt ylpq ua}f tohg gt}ahl}gt lt faef lt yg haccaok!+ &Dgtlpa 0::=>zpahlpacq lt Hwtcaht &Zgu Pgtglpdf Dgk}gp 0::5>4


8/28


9/28

Faz(foz ult ko} dpgl}gm ak l todalc yldwwh2 pl}fgp# tgygplc mat}akd} hwc}adwc}wplc akwgkdgt

dolcgtdgm ak }fg Tow}f @pokv oi }fg ham(09!+

Maltzopad Iplhgt ak Lhgpadlk Faz(Foz

Tgygplc oi }fg glpcagt} zaokggpt oi faz(foz gh`pldgm Lipodgk}pad/`cldb(kl}aoklcat} zgptzgd}aygt}fl} akdcwmgm maltzopad ahlegpq+ Hot} ko}guop}fq ak }fat pgelpm ult Lipabl @lh`ll}ll

&Bgyak Moklylk!2 iophgpcq l @pokv elke cglmgp ufo lmoz}gm l cgegkmlpq ^wcw klhg li}gp

dokygp}ake }o }fg Kl}aok oi Atclh &Bgqgt 0::0>=6(=1!+ Lt l pgtwc} oi `gake aktzapgm `q

Lipadlk fat}opq lkm mgzad}aokt oi haef}q ^wcw ulppaopt ak zozwclp dwc}wpg# @lh`ll}ll gt}l`(

catfgm }fg Wkaygptlc ^wcw Kl}aok &W^K! ak =1!+

Oygp }fg qglpt# hlkq Lipadlk(Lhgpadlk faz(foz lp}at}t flyg da}gm tahaclp akwgkdgt+ Iop

gvlhzcg# }fg Coke Atclkm plz `lkm Zw`cad Gkghq flt oi}gk w}aca~gm }fg zoca}adlc tcoelkt oi

}fg @cldb Zlk}fgpt# }fg Kl}aok oi Atclh# lkm Hlcdoch V+ Wtake lkepq dowk}gpdwc}wplc }okgt#

}fg `lkm flt gh`pldgm `o}f `cldb zpamg lkm }fg Lipadlk Maltzopl ak }fg dok}gv} oi ozzotake

ozzpgttaok+ Iaef} }fg Zougp ( l


10/28

Hopg pgdgk}cq# Dfadleo plzzgp Blkqg Ugt} flt ghzcoqgm maltzopad iplhgt ak fat toket+

Ak Kgygp Cg} Hg Mouk &0::=!# iop akt}lkdg# Ugt} lccwmgt zota}aygcq }o flyake }fg fglp}

oi Bwk}l Bak}g }fg dgk}plc dflpld}gp oi Lcgv Flcgqt Lipadlk(Lhgpadlk maltzopad koygc

lkm ]Y tgpagt# Poo}t> ]fg Tlel oi lk Lhgpadlk Ilhacq+ @gholkake pldalc fl}pgm lkm

plhzlk} hl}gpalcath ak Lcc Ilcct Mouk# Ugt} plzt }fl} `cldbt }omlq lpg iw}acgcq }pqake

}o `wq `ldb owp iop}q ldpgt+ ]fat at l fat}opad pgigpgkdg }o }fg clkm lcco}hgk}t }fl} ugpg

}ghzoplpacq eplk}gm }o kgucq ipggm tclygt `q }fg igmgplc eoygpkhgk} mwpake }fg glpcq mlqt

oi Pgdokt}pwd}aok+ Lt Lipadlk(Lhgpadlkt l}}ghz} }o gkpadf }fghtgcygt ak }omlqt todag}q

lkm ldfagyg }fg gygp(gcwtayg Lhgpadlk mpglh# }fgq oi}gk gkdowk}gp l kgu }qzg oi ozzpgttaok

}fl} at lklcoeowt ak tohg pgtzgd}t }o tclygpq+ Lt Ugt} plzt# Lkm iop }fl} zlzgp# coob fou

cou ug lt}ooz2 gygk ai qow ak l @gk~# qow t}acc l kaeel ak l dooz/dowzg+

Lk ahzop}lk} ild}op }fl} flt fgczgm }o mattghakl}g }fg amgl oi l Hwtcah Maltzopl lpowkm

}fg uopcm at }fg epouake kwh`gp oi Lipadlk(Lhgpadlk faz(foz zgpiophgpt ufo flyg gh pldgm

Atclh ak pgdgk} qglpt+ Plzzgpt twdf lt Dfwdb M# Adg Dw`g# Klt# Hot Mgi# Dohhok# Gyg#

lkm Zlpat# oi}gk akdopzopl}g ylpaowt Atclhad }fghgt lkm hgttlegt ak}o }fgap toket# DM cakgpko}gt# lkm zw cad ak}gpyagut+ Tgygplc faz(foz ldaoklmot dok}gkm }fl} }fg clkewleg oi plz

lkm }fg \wplk lpg ygpq tahaclp ak t}pwd}wpg lkm t}qcg &Lcah 0::7>099!+ Hot Mgi &Mlk}g

Tha}f!# ufo dokygp}gm }o Atclh l} leg }fap}ggk ak fat kl}ayg @poobcqk# o`tgpygt }fl} ò}f

faz(foz lkm }fg \wplk dok}lak dokdatg cqpadlc hglkaket }fl} lpg gltacq mattghakl}gm ak faefcq

dlmgkdgm iltfaok+ Faz(foz lkm }fg }gv}t oi \wplk lpg ò}f iopht oi zog}pq# fg t}l}gt# lkm

ò}f zottgtt l pfqhg tdfghg }fl} dokygqt gttgk}alc akiophl}aok &|wo}gm ak Flcacl 0::7>46!+

Atclh flt gygk `ggk mgtdpa`gm lt faz(fozt oidalc pgcaeaok &Lcah 0::7>09=!+

Lipadlk lkm Hwtcah Maltzoplt ak Iplkdg

Oygp }fg zlt} tgygplc mgdlmgt# Iplkdg flt `gdohg akdpgltakecq maygptg ak }gpht oi g}fkada}q

lkm pgcaeaok# clpegcq mwg }o }fg pgcl}aygcq plzam akwv oi kgu haeplk}t lppayake ipoh iophgp

Ipgkdf docokagt ak Lipadl# Ltal# lkm }fg Dlpa``glk+ ]fowef }fg Ipgkdf eoygpkhgk} mogt

ko} dohzacg oidalc pgdopmt ok g}fkada}q op pldg# todalc tdagk}at}t flyg gt}ahl}gm }fl} }fg

Ipgkdf zozwcl}aok at lzzpovahl}gcq 65 zgpdgk} ufa}g &77 haccaok zgozcg ua}f hot}cq

Ipgkdf op o}fgp Gwpozglk `ldbepowkmt!# kakg zgpdgk} Kop}f Lipadlk &7+7 haccaok zgozcg ua}f

zpgmohaklk} Kop}f Lipadlk/Lpl` opaeakt!# }fpgg zgpdgk} `cldb &}uo haccaok zgozcg oi

hot}cq Ugt} Lipadlk op Lipo(Dlpa `glk opaeak!# lkm okg zgpdgk} Ltalk &flci l haccaok zgozcg

oi hlakcq Akmodfakgtg `ldbepowkm!+


11/28

zougp ak }fotg lpglt# flt `ggk }fg zpahg pgdazagk} oi }fat hwc}a(t}l}g Kgu Lipadlk Maltzopl2


12/28

Iplkdo(Hlefpgàkt lkm o}fgp maltzopad hakopa}agt oi}gk cayg ak ahzoygpatfgm tw`wp`lk

tcwht codl}gm ok }fg zgpazfgpagt oi hlnop wp`lk lpglt# ak dok}plt} }o }fg }qzadlc W+T+ zl}}gpk

oi akkgp(da}q efg}}oa~l}aok+ Bkouk lt `lkcagwgt# twdf ow}gp tw`wp`t dok}lak hot}cq faef(

patg zw`cad fowtake zpongd}t }fl} lpg todalccq lkm tzl}alccq atocl}gm ipoh kl}ayg Ipgkdf

kgaefòpfoomt lkm `wtakgtt mat}pad}t+ ]fg ylt} hlnopa}q oi `lkcagwgt flyg gvzgpagkdgm mg(

akmwt}palca~l}aok &a+g+# hlttayg dcotake oi ild}opagt! ak pgdgk} mgdlmgt# cglmake }o ufa}g

aef} ipoh }fg fowtake zpongd}t lkm }fg dokdoha}lk} pgtamgk}alc tgepgel}aok oi wkmgp(tbaccgm

ahhaeplk} uopbgpt+ Ua}f wkghzcoqhgk} pl}gt patake }o lt faef lt iop}q zgpdgk} ak hlkq

`lkcagwgt# zoygp}q lkm todalc matdok}gk} flyg `gdohg gkmghad+ Lt Bgl}ok &0::9! flt o`(

tgpygm# Zw`cad fowtake codl}gm ak }fg hot} matlmylk}legm ow}gp da}agt oi hlnop wp`lk lpglt

flt `gdohg l mwhzake epowkm iop }fg cglt} mgtapgm zozwcl}aokt &94!+

Zpo`cghl}adlccq# tw`wp`lk hakopa}q qow}f ak zlp}adwclp lpg oi}gk t}gpgo}qzgm2 }fwt gkdowk(

}gpake todalc t}aehl}a~l}aok lkm hlpeaklca~l}aok+ Lt Tugmgk`wpe &0::

}ag}fkad `lkcagwgt lpg pldalca~gm ak zw`cad matdowptg2 lkm }fg tqhòc oi lcc }fl} at o}fgp

ak Iplkdg at# hot} dgk}plccq# }fg qowke# ahhaeplk} Lpl` Hwtcah# }fg~oklpmoi }fg `lkcagwg&54!+ Bgl}ok &0::9! ko}gt }fl} twdf qowke zgozcg lpg }qzgdlt} lt yaocgk} mgcak|wgk}t# iglpgm

lt }gppopat}t ak }fg hlbake# lkm o ngd}agm lt dpahaklct }fg iommgp oi zpatokt lkm }fg }lpeg}t

oi pldalc zpocake# tgdwclp clut# lkm dwpigut }fl} lzzcq tocgcq }o }fgap kgaefòpfoomt &0!+

Ul|wlk} &


13/28

Zpo`l cq }fg `gt}(bkouk Iplkdozfokg plzzgp ak }fg uopcm# HD Tocllp &Dclwmg H@lplca!#

ult `opk ak Tgkgelc &l iophgp Ipgkdf docokq ak Ugt} Lipadl! lkm epgu wz ak Iplkdg+ Fg

mapgd}cq dpgma}t @lh`ll}llt ^wcw Kl}aok iop fat aka}alc gvzotwpg }o faz(foz+0: Ak hwdf oi

fat hwtad# Tocllp gvzcopgt maltzopad tw`ngd} hl}}gp# lmmpgttake }fg dohzcgv todaozoca}adlc

dokma}aokt }fl} flyg zpohz}gm haccaokt oi Lipadlkt }o cglyg }fgap fohgclkmt lkm nowpkgq }o

}fg Lhgpadlt lkm Ugt}gpk Gwpozg+ ]fg lc`wh doygp oi Dak|wahg &0::

zad}wpgt l tfap}cgtt Tocllp t}lkmake kgv} }o o}fgp `cldb hgk# tgghakecq ahzpatokgm lkm wk(

mgpeoake }plktzop} ok l tclyg tfaz+ ]fg lc`wh dok}lakt }fg }pldb# Cyg(]oa g} Plz &T}lkm

wz lkm Plz!# ufadf gvzclakt }fg dapdwht}lkdgt `gfakm fat ilhacqt haepl}aok ipoh Mlblp#

Tgkgelc }o }fg Zlpatalk `lkcagwg oi Yaccgkgwyg(Tlak}(Egopegt ufgk fg ult okcq tav(hok}ft

ocm+ Ak }fg toke# fg plzt l`ow} fat ouk maltzopad dokkgd}aokt }o Lipadl lkm ak }fg zpodgtt

lttgp}t l `cldb amgk}a}q# ufadf t}lkmt ak tflpz dok}plt} }o }fg oidalc docop(`cakmkgtt oi

Ipgkdf lttahacl}aokath+

Lt pgiweggt oi }fg Kgu Lipadlk Maltzopl# Iplkdo(Lipadlk plzzgpt pgyglc t}poke amgoco(

eadlc lika}agt lkm dokkgd}aokt ua}f }fg dok}akgk}# zlp}adwclpcq ak dohzlpatok }o }fgapLipadlk(Lhgpadlk dowk}gpzlp}t+ ]fat at mwg ak clpeg hgltwpg }o }fg pgcl}ayg egoeplzfad

zpovaha}q lkm homgpk }ahg iplhg oi }fg Iplkdo(Lipadlk Maltzopl+ Lddopmake }o Dlkkok

&


14/28

Ak tza}g oi twdf kgel}ayg dpa}a|wgt oi Ugt}gpk dayaca~l}aok lkm Ipgkdf todag}q# hlkq mal(

tzopad plzzgpt tggh }o pgdoeka~g }fl} }fgq lpg akgv}padl`cq cakbgm }o Ipgkdf wp`lk caig lkm

a}t dothozoca}lk homgpka}q+ Ak }fat tgktg# }fgq gvat} `o}f ua}fak lkm `g}uggk }uo uopcmt+

]fg Iplkdo(Hopoddlk plz `lkm#


15/28

Hglkakeiwccq# }fg wtg oi Ipgkdf &lkm o}fgp kok(Gkecatf clkewlegt! ak plz hwtad pgzpgtgk}t

l ioph oi dok}gt}l}aok }o Lhgpadlk faz(foz fgeghokq &Ha}dfgcc 0:::!+ Fougygp# }fg

Ipgkdf clkewleg w}aca~gm `q plzzgpt lkm }fgap ilkt at ipg|wgk}cq clmgk ua}f qow}f( ltgm tclke

gvzpgttaokt ghlkl}ake ipoh }fg `lkcagwgt+ Bkouk lt dgipok# }fat tw`wp`lk ygpkldwclp at l

hgc}ake zo} oi gvzpgttaokt }fl} pggd} }fg g}fkad hlbg(wz oi }fg dohhwka}agt ufgpg a} at

wtgm# `oppouake uopmt ipoh pgeaoklc malcgd}t lt ugcc lt Lpl`# Dpgocg# Eqztq# lkm @gp`gp

clkewlegt &@gcc 9!# ua}f plzzgpt oi}gk tzo}caef}ake }fg maidwc} dflccgkegt

oi caig ok }fg t}pgg} &cl pwg! lkm ak }fg zpongd}t &cl }da!+ Lttlttak# iop akt}lkdg# elakgm

ak}gpkl}aoklc pgdoeka}aok li}gp zpomwdake }fg faz(foz towkm}pldb iop }fg dpa}adlccq lddclahgm


16/28

Dfacmpgk oi }fg Efg}}o+ ]fg cqpadt oi Pgtzgd}# tg} }o l nl~~q iwkb `gl}# `gholk }fg

gpotaok oi faz(fozt }pwg ylcwgt twdf lt lw}fgk}ada}q# fokop# lkm tgci(gt}ggh lhoke hlkq

Ipgkdf qow}f ak }fg `lkcagwgt+ Gkmoptake }fg ocm tdfooc lkm a}t zpoegkq# }fg toke zplatgt

plzzgpt lkm epli}a }leegpt ufo flyg hlklegm }o hlak}lak }fgap ak}gepa}q lkm lyoam tgccake

ow}+ Lt }fg cqpadt t}l}g>

]fg kgu tdfooc kggmt }fg zpgtgkdg ak Iplkdg#

]fg `pglb at iopeo}}gk# lkm plz at hlpbg}gm+

]fg }le matlzzglpt# lkm }fg eplzf patgt lelak ak }fg elccgpagt

Of qgt a}t eoom }o `g l bake lkm qgt a}t eoom }o `g l |wggk

Pgtzgd} qowptgci# lkm }fg pgt} uacc ou

B(Hgc# }fg dflpathl}ad cglm plzzgp oi Lccalkdg G}fkab# epgu wz ak }fg Dpgcc `lkcagwg kop}f

oi Zlpat cat}gkake }o }fg pla hwtad oi fat Lcegpalk ahhaeplk} zlpgk}t lkm }fg `cldb iwkb pgdopmt

oi fat ocmgp `po}fgp+

0=

Ak pgdgk} qglpt# B(Hgc flt noakgm iopdgt ua}f }fg faefcq zozwclpIpgkdf(Lcegpalk pla lp}at}# Dfg` Hlha# }o take Zlpatagkt mw Kopm &Zlpatalkt ipoh }fg

Kop}f!+ ]fg toke gvzpgttgt }fg epouake matdok}gk} oi Ipgkdf qow}f oi Hlefpgà opaeak (

zlp}adwclpcq }fotg ufo cayg ak }fg kop}fgpk Zlpatalk `lkcagwgt+ Lddwtl}aokt oi wkg|wlc }pgl}(

hgk} lkm vgkozfoàd zgpdgz}aokt lhoke kl}ayg Ipgkdf da}a~gkt }oulpmt hakopa}q qow}f

lpg gvzpgttgm ak }fg toke+ Lt }fg cqpadt t}l}g>

@gdlwtg oi hq coobt qow dlccgm hg l iopgaekgp

A }fowef} }fl} }fat ult hq dowk}pq

]fl} A dowcm mag fgpg

]fl}t fou qow zclqgm hg

]fl}t fou qow `g}plqgm hg

Ak dok}plt} }o }fg doktdagkdg faz(foz oi Lccalkdg G}fkab lkm B(Hgc# }fg flpmdopg plz

oi Twzphg K]H oi}gk ghzcoqt tgvwlccq gvzcada} lkm yaocgk} cqpadt lttodal}gm ua}f cl pwg+

Opaeakl}ake ak }fg Zlpatalk tw`wp` oi Tgakg(Tlak}(Mgkat ak 0:!+

Okg oi K]Ht hot} ilhowt toket# Zocadg# gvzpgttgt t}poke fot}aca}q }oulpmt Ipgkdf

clu gkiopdghgk}+ Iodwtake zpahlpacq ok zocadg `pw}lca}q lkm }fg flpltthgk} oi hakopa}q

qow}f ak }fg Zlpatalk `lkcagwgt# }fg cqpadt t}l}g }fl} }fg zocadg lpg l ygpa}l cg elke# hgk}lccq

pg}lpmgm# lkm l `plakcgtt hldfakg wkmgp nwt}adgt opmgpt lkm wzok ufadf A zgg+ ]fowef

twdf adokodclt}ad cqpadt lpg dohzlpl`cg }o }fotg oi elket}l plz zpomwdgm ak }fg W+T+# K]H

pgiwtgt }o amgk}aiq }fgap hwtad ua}f }fl} zlp}adwclp tw`(egkpg+ Pl}fgp }flk tahzcq ecopaiq

0=

Iop l tfop} àoeplzfq oi Lccalkdg G}fkab# tgg f}}z>//uuu+phwta|wg+doh/ta}gGk/àoeplzfag/àoeplzfag_9:40+ltz


17/28

epl}wa}owt yaocgkdg# hgh`gpt oi K]H tgg }fgap hattaok lt }fg pgngd}aok oi todalc lkm

gdokohad gvzcoa}l}aok &Zpyot 0::0>1!+

]fpowefow} K]Ht dlpggp# }fg `lkm flt `ggk mapgd}cq dpa}adlc oi pldath lkm todaogdokohad

akg|wlca}q ak Iplkdg# iodwtake ok tzgdad attwgt oi dokdgpk iop ahzoygpatfgm lkm hlpeaklca~gm

tw`wp`lk pgtamgk}t+ Ak caef} oi uamgtzpglm pao}t lkm zocadg dpldbmoukt ak }fg `lkcagwgt ak

pgdgk} qglpt# K]H flt akdpgltakecq dowktgcgm kok(yaocgkdg ak twdf toket lt Zotg }ok Ewk

&Zw} mouk qowp Ewk!# ufacg dok}akwake }o lmyodl}g pgyocw}aoklpq ld}ayath+ Dlkkok

&


18/28

zflploft lkm o}fgp Lipadlk/Kop}f Lipadlk amglt lkm lp}aild}t+ Geqz} flt coke `ggk l

zougpiwc hg}lzfop iop }fg Lipodgk}pad hoyghgk} uopcmuamg# }fowef }fg `lkmt dohàkl}aok

oi Geqz}alk tqhòcath ua}f Lplàd/Atclhad dokdgz}t at l taekadlk} ylpal}aok ok }fat }fghg+

Lt okg oi }fg t}pokegt} lkm hot} akwgk}alc Hwtcah kl}aokt ak }fg uopcm# Geqz} tqhòc(

adlccq dlcct l}}gk}aok }o }fg zpgtgk}(mlq zcaef} oi Kop}f Lipadlk Hwtcaht ak zlp}adwclp# pl}fgp

}flk tahzcq iodwtake ok }fg Hammcg Glt}+ ALHt zfacotozfq# zozwclpcq bkouk lt zflplo(

fath op Geqz}alkath# at l domgm pgld}aok }o docokalcath lkm }fg dok}akwgm &zot}docokalc!

tw`nwel}aok oi Hwtcaht# Lpl`t# `cldbt# lkm o}fgp hakopa}agt `q }fg Ugt} &Zpyot 0::=6!+

Gygk }fg epowzt klhg# ALH# pgzop}gmcq t}lkmt iop Ahzgpalc Ltal}ad Hgk207 ufadf flt

pgzw}gm dokko}l}aokt }o pgkoukgm Ltalk/Lipadlk/Lpl` dayaca~l}aokt oi lk}a|wa}q twdf lt

Geqz}+ ]fowef }fg `lkm at dohzotgm hlakcq oi maltzopad Lipadlkt# }fg cglm plzzgp iop }fg

epowz flt A}lcalk poo}t+ Zfacazzg Ipleaokg &l+b+l+ Lbfgkl}ok! at }fg tok oi tow}fgpk A}lcalk

ahhaeplk}t# l Hwtcah dokygp}# lkm l ph `gcagygp ak }fg tqhào}ad gvat}gkdg oi l zlk(

Hgma}gpplkglk `cldb Atclhad dwc}wpg+ ]fowef t}pokecq Atclhad# fg dclaht }o `g kga}fgp l

iwkmlhgk}lcat} kop lkq bakm oi zoca}adlc gv}pghat} &Zewacclk


19/28

Dooc Atclh ak Ipgkdf Faz(Foz

Ak pgdgk} qglpt# Dooc Atclh# l kgu maltzopad zfgkohgkok# flt ghgpegm ak Iplkdg# Epgl}

@pa}lak# lkm o}fgp dowk}pagt+ ]fat hoyghgk}# lt tohg zgozcg lpg dlccake a}# ult mgtaekgm

}o zpoho}g l hopg homgpk# mgdamgmcq cgtt iwkmlhgk}lcat}# Hwtcah doccgd}ayg amgk}a}q &Zaeo}}0::6# Tlpmlp 0::9!+ Iplhake Atclh lt dooc at lk lzzlpgk} l}}ghz} }o dowk}gpld} zozwclp

t}gpgo}qzgt oi Hwtcah qow}f lt oygpcq }plma}aoklc# lk}a(Ugt}gpk# zwpa}lkadlc# hgkldake# lkm

todalccq(pgzpgttgm+

Ak hlkq pgtzgd}t# Dooc Atclh at mapgd}cq cakbgm }o faz(foz lkm l `cldb(akgd}gm amgk}a}q

ak }gpht oi hwtadlc }lt}gt# ylcwgt# lkm l}}a}wmgt+ Cabg }fg tclke }gph faz# }fg tw`dwc}wplc

dokdgz} oi dooc pgzw}gmcq flt Lipadlk Maltzopad/Lipadlk(Lhgpadlk opaeakt+ Ko}l cq#

Lhgpadlk `cldb nl~~ hwtadalkt lkm }fgap ilkt pt} zozwclpa~gm dooc mwpake }fg

Dooc Atclh gvzpgttgt a}t amgk}a}q }fpowef faz(foz lkm plz# lkm at fglyacq akwgkdgm

`q lk wkmgpepowkm Hwtcah faz(foz hoyghgk} ak }fg W+TDooc Atclh wtgt faz(foz

}o dokygq l zoca}adlc lkm pgcaeaowt hgttleg> lcc Hwtcaht lpg wka}gm2 Atclh at l zplehl}ad

lkm pl}aoklc ila}f2 Hwtcaht lpg ko} fgczcgtt yad}aht# `w} flyg dpgl}ayg ulqt }o pgtat}

lkm tw`ygp} ahzgpalcath+

Lhgc @ow`gbgwp# oi }fg Tdfooc oi Todalc T}wmagt ak Zlpat# gvzclakt }fl} Dooc Atclh at ko}

okcq tzapa}wlc lkm dohha}}gm }o dopg Hwtcah zpakdazcgt# `w} lcto tohgufl} hl}gpalcat}ad lkmUgt}gpk ak a}t todalc ow}coob+ Ak dok}plt} }o zlt} egkgpl}aokt# }fg ylt} hlnopa}q oi qowkegp

Hwtcaht pgdoeka~g }fl} }fgq uacc pghlak ak Iplkdg iop }fg pgt} oi }fgap caygt# mgtza}g ipwt}pl}ake

gvzgpagkdgt ua}f todalc gvdcwtaok# tfg o`tgpygt+ ]fowef }fgq pg}lak lk ldw}g iltdakl}aok

ua}f }fgap maltzopad fohgclkm# hot} mo ko} qglpk }o pg}wpk l} cglt} ko} zgphlkgk}cq+ ]fwt#

Hwtcah qow}f flyg towef} }o pgdokdacg lkm tqk}fgta~g }fg ylcwgt oi Atclh ua}f }fotg oi }fgap

lmoz}gm kl}aok+ Lt @ow`gbgwp t}l}gt# ]fgq lpg }pqake }o zpoho}g lk Atclhad amgk}a}q# `w}

lcto lk g}fad oi tocamlpa}q# dflpa}q# pgtzokta`aca}q iop gldf o}fgp &|wo}gm ak Zaeo}} 0::6!+

Okg gvlhzcg oi l Ipgkdf(Lcegpalk zgpiophgp ufo tgci(amgk}agt ua}f Dooc Atclh at }fg

plzzgp# Hmakg &Hgfma ^lowadfg!+ Epouake wz ak }fg `lkcagwgt oi dolt}lc Cg Flypg# fg ult

l} okg }ahg faefcq ak}ocgplk} oi Ugt}gpk ylcwgt+ @w} ak pgdgk} qglpt# fg dclaht }o flyg wkmgp(

eokg l dooc Atclhad }plktiophl}aok# }fwt `gdohake mgdamgmcq cgtt moehl}ad lkm hopggdwhgkadlc+ A }fakb }fl} ak lcc pgcaeaokt }omlq# }fgpg lpg dohhok fwhlk ylcwgt# fg t}l}gt

&|wo}gm ak Zaeo}} 0::6!+ T}acc mgyow}cq pgcaeaowt lkm zpowm oi fat g}fko(pgcaeaowt opaeakt#

Hmakg ghzflta~gt kok(yaocgk} ld}ayath lkm }fg ahzop}lkdg oi wkmgpeoake lk ak}gpklc

tzapa}wlc }plktiophl}aok2 }fwt# }fg klhg oi fat `gt}(tgccake lc`wh# Naflm> ]fg Epgl}gt}

T}pweecg At Ua}fak Qowptgci+ Ok twdf lc`wht# fat toket lpg oi}gk zcglmake ak }okg `w} plpgcq

lkepq# iodwtake ok zpo`cght oi pldath# zoygp}q# lkm vgkozfo`al ak Ipgkdf todag}q lkm

lpowkm }fg uopcm+ Fg plzt }fl} zgozcg ufo cayg ak }fg `lkcagwgt lpg oi}gk mgzpaygm oi dayac

paef}t+ Lt Hmakg &0::7! upo}g ufgk fg ult 00(qglpt ocm ak l ]ahg Hlel~akg gttlq>


20/28

Zgozcg cabg hg((}fg mgtdgkmlk}t oi ahhaeplk}t# ufg}fgp Lpl`# `cldb op Ltalk((lpg

}wpkake }o owp poo}t lkm gh`pldake owp fgpa}leg# nwt} }fg ozzota}g oi ufl} owp zlpgk}t

mam ufgk }fgq lppaygm+++&@w}! ugpg t}lkmake wz }o mgkowkdg }fg zpgnwmadg lkm aknwt}adg

ug ildg+ Ak hq dltg# Atclh at lk gkophowt zlp} oi ufo A lh# nwt} lt `gake Ipgkdf at+

]fg }uo lpgk} ak ozzota}aok op gygk hw}wlccq gvdcwtayg+ Qg} ufgk qow fglp }fg mg`l}g

ak Iplkdg }omlq# qowm tuglp }fgq hwt} `g+

Oi}gk lmmpgttake eco`lc attwgt twdf lt }fg 1(

Fgpg ak Hgmakl uacc pgt} hq hakm# ahhaepl}aok akdcwmgt l caig}ahg

Lkm }lbgt hq hakm }ahg }o hwtad# hq yataok oi hokwhgk} hotlad

Oi }fg O}}ohlk Ghzapg lkm }fg bakemoht oi Ltal

Lkmlcwtal }fpowef }fg `wacmaket ak Hlclqtal

Ug cglpk }fg ahzop}lkdg oi }faket `w} }oo cl}g

Lt coke lt }fgpg at caig }fgpg at fozg

Qow `g ufa}g# op Lipadlk Hlepàk `cldb+

Cat}gk }o hq t}opq,

Dokdcwtaok

Ua}f a}t opaeakt ak }fg hlpeaklca~gm akkgp(da}q kgaefòpfoomt oi }fg Tow}f @pokv# faz(foz

flt gclòpl}gm ok wkaygptlc }fghgt oi pldath# zoygp}q# ozzpgttaok# lw}fgk}ada}q# lkm pleg ak

l ylpag}q oi ecodlc tg}}aket2 akdcwmake }fg faefcq matlmylk}legm ow}gp tw`wp`t oi Zlpat# Hlp(

tgaccgt# lkm o}fgp Ipgkdf da}agt+ Pgdok}gv}wlca~gm }o `g}}gp pggd} }fg mghoeplzfad lkm toda(

ozoca}adlc dokma}aokt oi Iplkdg# faz(foz flt `ggk lzzpozpal}gm `q maltzopad }ggkt lkm qowke

lmwc}t cayake ak l t}l}g oi todalc gvdcwtaok lkm dwc}wplc wv+ Ak }fg zpodgtt oi zpomwdake lkm

doktwhake fq`pama~gm iopht oi hwtad# Iplkdozfokg faz(foz lp}at}t lkm }fgap ilkt flyg gt(

}l`catfgm faefcq akkoyl}ayg# ak}gp(g}fkad kg}uopbt# pggd}ake }fg hwc}adwc}wplc dflpld}gp oi

}fgap gvat}gkdg+ Hoyake `gqokm }fg àzoclp homgc oi eco`lc ygptwt codlc# }fg doccgd}ayg

amgk}a}agt oi Ipgkdf maltzopad qow}f pggd} ufl} @fl`fl &


21/28

ahlegpq# zpamg# lkm mglkdg ak }fg ildg oi lmygpta}q2 lkm }fg pgcl}gm maltzopad iltdakl}aok

ua}f l pglc op ahleakgm fohgclkm+ Kop}f Lipadlkt lkm o}fgp hakopa}agt ak Iplkdg# zfqtadlccq

mg}ldfgm ipoh }fgap kl}ayg clkmt# lzzglp }o amgk}aiq ua}f }fat }fghg2 lt gyamgkdgm ak tgygplc

plz toket lkm ak}gpyagut lklcq~gm ak }fat zlzgp+ ]o hlkq Kop}f lkm Ugt} Lipadlk qow}ft

gvzgpagkdake zpgnwmadg op matdpahakl}aok ak Iplkdg# Lipadl `gdohgt l hg}lzfopadlc hglkt

iop matdoygpake okgt ouk poo}t lkm dflp}ake l kgu doccgd}ayg mgt}akq+

Hopgoygp# }fat kgu dowk}gp(fgeghokad matdowptg akdcwmgt maltzopad iplhgt mgzad}ake }fg

pgcl}aygcq pgdgk} zot}(docokalc ulyg oi Lipadlk ahhaepl}aok }o Ugt}gpk Gwpozg# ufadf flt

`powef} l pgakyaeopl}gm pgcgylkdq }o faz(foz+ Hot} ko}l`cq# }fg dclttad Lipadlk Maltzopad

zop}plqlc oi }fg @cldb L}clk}ad flt `ggk pgdok}gv}wlca~gm lkm gvzlkmgm }o akdcwmg }fg kgu

maltzopad iplhg oi }fg @cldb Hgma}gpplkglk2 pggd}ake }fg hopg ahhgmal}g pgdoccgd}aokt

lkm doccgd}ayg hghopagt oi Lipadlk Maltzopad hakopa}agt ak Iplkdg+ ]fg ahleg oi }fg tclyg(

tfaz iopda`cq }plktzop}ake `cldbt }o }fg Lhgpadlt flt `ggk twzzcghgk}gm `q }fg hopg dok(

}ghzoplpq pgzpgtgk}l}aok oi zot}(docokalc `cldb lkm Lpl` haeplk}t ggake }wphoac ak }fgap

fohgclkmt lkm tggbake `g}}gp zpotzgd}t ak Iplkdg lkm o}fgp Ugt} Gwpozglk fot} kl}aokt+@o}f oi }fgtg dwc}wplc maltzopad klppl}aygt ak}gptgd} ak Ipgkdf plz# ua}f gldf iplhgm lt

hlttayg matzgptlct oi Lipadlkt ipoh }fgap lkdgt}plc fohgclkmt# lc`ga} wkmgp t}lpbcq maiigpgk}

dapdwht}lkdgt+ Ak ò}f dltgt# }fg fot} kl}aok at iplhgm lt akfotza}l`cg# ozzpgttayg# lkm

gvdcwtaoklpq }oulpmt kgu haeplk}t# }fowef }fg gkyapokhgk} oi }fg fot} kokg}fgcgtt }gkmt

}o ildaca}l}g doccgd}ayg amgk}a}q }plktiophl}aokt oi }fg haeplk} zgozcgt akyocygm+ Doktg|wgk}cq#

Ipgkdf plz hwtad dokygqt }fg fq pama~gm matdowptg oi mow`cg doktdaowtkgtt }fl} oi}gk gvat}t

lhoke maltzopad zgozcgt# akdcwmake Lcegpalkt# Hopoddlkt# Tgkgelcgtg# lkm o}fgpt+

Tahaclpcq# }fg oi}gk(tqhzl}fg}ad zop}plqlc oi }fg ahzoygpatfgm# `gtagegm akkgp(da}q efg}}o

ak Lhgpadlk faz(foz flt `ggk pgiplhgm lt }fg `lkcagwg ak Ipgkdf plz+ Mwg ak clpeg hgltwpg

}o uamgtzpglm zpgnwmadg# gdokohad hlpeaklca~l}aok# lkm t}aehl}a~l}aok ak }fg `lkcagwgt#

}fgpg at l zpoiowkm }plktkl}aoklc lika}q lhoke Ipgkdf hakopa}q qow}f ua}f Lipadlk(Lhgp(

adlkt+ ]fat lika}q ult aka}alccq dohhwkadl}gm yal }fg zozwclpa}q oi Lipadlk(Lhgpadlk plz

ak Iplkdg# `w} ult took eaygk l kgu hglkake `q Ipgkdf(Lipadlk plz+ Ak }fat pgelpm# lzzpo(

zpal}ake lkm pgmgkake Lipadlk(Lhgpadlk faz(foz iplhgt `q plz hwtadalkt ak Iplkdg lzzglpt

}o `g pgcl}aygcq lw}fgk}ad# zlp}adwclpcq eaygk }fg tahaclpcq(ozzpgttgm t}l}wt oi }fg maltzopad

lp}at}t lkm ilkt akyocygm+

Hwtcah(Lpl` qow}f# hopg }flk lkq o}fgp epowz ak Iplkdg# lzzglp }o flyg gh`pldgm faz(

foz clpegcq lt l hglkt iop lttgp}ake l zota}ayg }plktkl}aoklc amgk}a}q# cakbgm }o }fg pgcl}aygcq

kgu iplhg oi }fg Hwtcah Maltzopl+ ]fwt# Hwtcah faz(fozzgpt ak Iplkdg flyg akdopzopl}gm

Lipadlk/Lpl`/Hgma}gpplkglk/Hammcg Glt}gpk tqhòct ak}o l `polmcq pgmgkgm Lipodgk}pad

zfacotozfq# ufadf at mgtaekgm }o òct}gp lkm gvzlkm wzok }fg ghgpeake eco`lc whhlf+ ]fatamgk}a}q at pgld}ayg ak tohg pgtzgd}t# `gake l doccgd}ayg pgtzoktg }o pldath# Atclhozfoàl#

no` matdpahakl}aok# oygpdpoumgm fowtake# zocadg flpltthgk}# lkm pgcl}gm todalc zpo`cght

iowkm ak Iplkdg+ Zlplmovadlccq# }fg Dooc Atclh hoyghgk}# lt gvzpgttgm ak faz(foz lkm pgcl}gm

iltfaok }pgkmt# iplhgt Hwtcah qow}f lt faz lkm Ugt}gpk(opagk}gm2 }fwt giigd}aygcq dowk(

}gpake kgel}ayg t}gpgo}qzgt oi Hwtcaht lt akfgpgk}cq iwkmlhgk}lcat}# mlkegpowt# lkm zwpa}lk(

adlc+

Kgeo}al}ake }fgap ouk doccgd}ayg amgk}a}agt# maltzopad qow}f ipg|wgk}cq km }fghtgcygt ak

}fg Ipgkdf }uacaef} ~okg oi g}fko(pldalc lhàewa}q+ Oi}gk mgzad}gm `q }fg ufa}g Ipgkdf hl(

nopa}q lt ahhaeplk}t cayake ak mlkegpowt `lkcagwgt# twdf qowke zgozcg lpg tggbake lk

lw}fgk}ad tgktg oi kl}aoklc gk}a}cghgk} lkm dwc}wplc `gcokeake+ Faz(foz# ua}f a}t hwc}aylpal}g


22/28

dokko}l}aokt# `paket }fgh }fat liphl}aok# lc`ga} ak tw`dwc}wplc ioph+ Lttwhake l `cldb(ak(

gd}gm hwc}adwc}wplc amgk}a}q yal faz(foz at okg twpg ulq }o lttgp} l hopg mqklhad zgptokl#

dflccgkeg lw}fopa}q# akiophlccq pgeat}gp mattgk}# lkm ahzcada}cq mgiq t}gpgo}qzgt+ Ak }fat tgktg#

dohzcgv fq`pam amgk}a}agt lpg `gake dokt}pwd}gm ak }fg dok}gv} oi tw`dwc}wplc ylcwgt lkm mal(

tzopad matdowptgt }fl} lpg tahwc}lkgowtcq ò}f lcagk lkm akmaegkowt }o }fg hakopa}q epowzt

akyocygm+

Pgigpgkdgt

Lcah# F+ Tlhq+ 0::7+ L kgu pgtglpdf legkml> Gvzcopake }fg }plkteco`lc faz(foz whhl+ Ak Hwtcah

Kg}uopbt> Ipoh Flnn }o Faz Foz# Hapalh Doobg lkm @pwdg Clupgkdg &gmt+!+ Dflzgc Facc

lkm Cokmok> ]fg Wkaygpta}q oi Kop}f Dlpocakl Zpgtt+

Lccgk# Gpkgt} Np+ Dpa}adlc Gttlqt ok Plz Hwtad lkm Faz Foz Dwc}wpg # Uaccalh Gpad

Zgpbakt &gm+!+ Zfaclmgczfal> ]ghzcg Wkaygpta}q Zpgtt+

Lkmpow}tozowcot# Nlkkat lkm Lpko Tdfoc~+ 0::0+ Ok }fg pgdok}gv}wlca~l}aok oi faz foz ak Gwpozglktzggdf dohhwka}agt> L dok}plt}ayg lklcqtat oi plz cqpadt+ Zw`catfgm okcakg l} uuu+iw(`gp(

cak+mg/zfak/zfak Hwtcaht ak Gwpozg lkm ak }fg Wka}gm T}l}gt+Kgu Qopb> Zlceplyg+

Dofgk# Poàk+ WDC Zpgtt+

Dopkugcc# Eplk} lkm Gyg Ulctf T}ommlpm+ 0:: Dohzlpl}ayg zgptzgd}aygt

ok G}fkada}q# Pldg# lkm Kl}aok+ Clkflh# Hlpqclkm> Pouhlk lkm Ca}}cggcm Zw`catfgpt+

MgEgkoyl# Kadb+ Tohg |wgt}aokt oi caig lkm mgl}f#

Todalc ]gv}=4> 61( Ho aca~ake maltzopad Hwtcah qow}f

ak dq`gptzldg# ]fg Ak}gpkl}aoklc Nowpklc oi Ak}gpmatdazcaklpq Todalc Tdagkdgt# 0&=!> 5(0:+

Gmulpmt# @pgk} Flqgt+ 0::

Flcacl# Towlm+ L faz(foz yagu oi Atclh> Lgt}fg}ad pg`gct = lk}a(lk}a(Atclhath lkm = lk}a(lk}a(Lpl(

àth# ]fg Ak}gpkl}aoklc Nowpklc oi }fg Fwhlka}agt 7& 47(=0+

Flcc# T}wlp}+ Clupgkdg lkm Uatflp}+


23/28

Fgcgkok# Ygpoka|wg+ 0::9+ Lipadl ok }fgap hakm> Plz# `cldbkgtt# lkm da}a~gktfaz ak Iplkdg+ Ak ]fg

Yakqc Lak} Iaklc> Faz Foz lkm }fg Eco`lca~l}aok oi @cldb Zozwclp Dwc}wpg# Mazlkka}l @ltw

lkm Tamkgq N+ Cghgccg# &gmt+!# ]fg dltg oi }fg WB kgu Ltalk mlkdg

hwtad lkm Ipgkdf plz+ Ak ]fg Zot}(Tw`dwc}wpgt Pglmgp# Mlyam Hweecg}ok lkm Pwzgp}Ugak~agpc &gmt+!+ Oviopm lkm Kgu Qopb> @gpe+

Fw|# Pwzl+ 0::9+ Gwpozglk qow}f dwc}wpgt ak l zot}(docokalc uopcm> @pa}atf Ltalk wkmgpepowkm lkm

Ipgkdf faz(foz hwtad tdgkgt+ Ak Eco`lc Qow}f? Fq`pam Amgk}a}agt# Zcwplc Uopcmt# Zlh

Kaclk lkm Dlpcgt Igavl &gmt+!+ Kgu Qopb> Pow}cgmeg+

Nofkt}ok# Flkb lkm Mlyam Tkou+ Akmalkl Wkaygpta}q Zpgtt+

Bgqgt# Dfgpqc+ 0::0+ Plz Hwtad lkm T}pgg} Doktdaowtkgtt+ Wp`lkl# Accakoat> Wkaygpta}q oi Accakoat

Zpgtt+

Bcgak# El`pagcg+ 0::4+ Ahleg# `oq lkm zgpiophl}aya}q> ]fg dokt}a}w}aok oi }fg tw`dwc}wplc zpld}adg ak

}fg eco`lca~gm uopcm oi zoz+ Ak ]fg Zot}(Tw`dwc}wpgt Pglmgp# Mlyam Hweecg}ok lkm Pwzgp}

Ugak~agpc &gmt+!+ Oviopm lkm Kgu Qopb> @gpe+

Botgp# Bflcam+ 0::4+ Kgu Lipadlk Maltzoplt &Eco`lc Maltzopl!+ Cokmok> Pow}cgmeg+

Bgqgt# Dfgpqc+ 0::6+ ]fg poo}t lkm t}qcat}ad iowkml}aokt oi }fg plz hwtad }plma}aok+ Ak ]fg Faz(Foz

Pglmgp# ]ah T}pomg lkm ]ah Uoom &gmt+!+ Kgu Qopb> Zglptok Cokehlk

Botgp# Bflcam+ 0::4+ Kgu Lipadlk maltzoplt> Lk ak}pomwd}aok+ Ak Kgu Lipadlk Maltzoplt# Bflcam

Botgp &gm+!+ Cokmok> Pow}cgmeg+

Cgclkm# Nofk+ 0::=+ Faz> ]fg Fat}opq+ Kgu Qopb> Flpzgp Doccakt+

Cwcc# Nlhgt+ L Eco`lc Lzzpoldf+ Dlh`pameg> Zocadq Zpgtt+

Hlkmlyaccg# Zg}gp+ 0:: Pgahleakake }fg Whhl+Kgu Qopb> Pow}cgeg+

Hmakg+ 0::7+ Fou hwdf hopg Ipgkdf dlk A `g? ]ahg+doh+ &Koygh`gp 9!+ Zw`catfgm okcakg l}

f}}z>//uuu+}ahg+doh/}ahg/hlel~akg/lp}adcg/:#1//zgupgtglpdf+ope/lttg}t/zmi/hwtcah(lhgpadlkt+zmi

Zaeo}}# Po`gp}+ 0::6+ Ipgkdf Hwtcaht zpoho}g dooc Atclh# @@D Kgut &Hlpdf 7# 0::6!+ Lylacl`cg

okcakg l} f}}z>//kgut+``d+do+wb/0/fa/gwpozg/5099501+t}h

Zoccg}}l# Iplkdgtdl lkm Nlhgt H+ Nltzgp+ 0::064(4:7+

Zpyot# Lkmp+ 0::

75(67+


24/28

Zpyot# Lkmp+ 0::0+ ]uo mgdlmgt oi plz ak Iplkdg> Ghgpegkdg# mgygcozhgk}t# zpotzgd}t+ Ak @cldb#

@clkd# @gwp> Plz Hwtad lkm Faz(Foz Dwc}wpg ak }fg Iplkdozfokg Uopcm# Lclak(Zfacazzg

Mwplkm# &gm+!+ Cltflh# Hlpqclkm> Tdlpgdpou Zpgtt+

Potg# ]padal+ 0::6+ Plz hwtad+ Ak ]fg Faz(Foz Pglmgp# ]ah T}pomg lkm ]ah Uoom &gmt+!+ Kgu

Qopb> Zglptok Cokehlk+Poq# Ocayagp+ 0::=+ Eco`lca~gm Atclh> ]fg Tglpdf iop l Kgu Whhlf+ Kgu Qopb> Docwh`al Wkaygpta}q

Zpgtt+

Tlpmlp# ^alwmmak+ 0::9+ Dlk @pa}atf Atclh dflkeg? ]fg Kgu T}l}gthlk &Nwcq 4# 0::9!+ Lddgttgm

okcakg l} f}}z>//kgut}l}gthlk+doh/0::9:5:4::4=

Tlyleg# ]aho}fq H+ 0::=+ Gwpozg lkm Atclh> Dpgtdgk} ulvake# dwc}wpgt dcltfake+ ]fg Ultfake}ok

\wlp}gpcq 4>07(7:+

Tdfulp}~# Hlpb+ ]fpgg Paygpt Zpgtt+

Tflphl# Tlknlq lkm Ltfulka Tflphl+ 0:::+ To ilp to eoomCl Flakg lkm }fg zog}adt oi }fg gygpq(

mlq# ]fgopq Dwc}wpg Todag}q Plz Hwtad lkm Faz(Foz Dwc}wpg ak }fg Iplkdo(

zfokg Uopcm# Lclak(Zfacazzg Mwplkm &gm+!+ Cltflh# Hlpqclkm> Tdlpgdpou Zpgtt+

Tha}fgphlk# Egkgyl+ Dohhwkadl}ayg zpld}adgt ak }fg faz foz

kl}aok# Nowpklc oi @cldb T}wmagt 06& 4(07+

Tkou# Mlyam L+ lkm Po`gp} M+ @gkiopm+ 75(67+

Tdfulp}~# Hlpb+ faz foz twzl kl}aoklc+ Ak ]fg Ya`g Fat}opq oi Faz(foz# Lclk

Caef} &gm+!+ Kgu Qopb> ]fpgg Paygpt Zpgtt> 49 mg clpeo} lw iplklat zozwclapg#

]fg Ipgkdf Pgyagu 54 &9!+

Ulc}gpt# Poklcm U+ Lk Lklcqtat oi Homgpk Lipodgk}pad

Zoca}adlc Hoyghgk}t+ Mg}poa}> Ulqkg T}l}g Wkaygpta}q Zpgtt+

Ul|wlk}# Coad+ Iopgaekgpt lkm ahhaeplk}t ak }fg zpatokt oi Gwpozg# Zwk(

atfhgk} lkm Todag}q


25/28

L`ow} }fg Lw}fop

Zpoi+ Mlyam Mpattgc

Mlyam Mpattgc at l zpoigttop oi todalc tdagkdgt l} Aoul Dgk}plc Dohhwka}q Doccgeg ak Iop}

Momeg# Aoul+ Fat wkmgpeplmwl}g uopb akdcwmgm l mow`cg hlnop ak zoca}adlc tdagkdg lkm toda(ocoeq+ Fat eplmwl}g t}wmagt iodwtgm ok dohzlpl}ayg zoca}adt# ak}gpkl}aoklc pgcl}aokt# todalc

dflkeg lkm mgygcozhgk}# lkm todalc hoyghgk}t+ Pgtglpdf ak}gpgt}t akdcwmg }plktkl}aoklc

todalc hoyghgk}t lkm dohzw}gp(hgmal}gm dohhwkadl}aok# kl}aokt/t}l}gt wkmgpeoake zoca}(

adlc/gdokohad }plkta}aok# qow}f tw`dwc}wpgt lkm doccgd}ayg amgk}a}agt# }fg eco`lc zoca}adt oi

Ak}gpkg} eoygpklkdg# nwygkacg mgcak|wgkdq lkm tw }gpplkglk ylcwgt# maltzopad qow}f lkm todalc

kg}uopbake# lkm }fg pocg oi ak}gpld}ayg hgmal lkm zozwclp dwc}wpg ak ho`aca~ake todalc kg}(

uopbt+ Zpoigttop Mpattgc at l }uo(}ahg Iwc`paef} Tdfoclp ufo flt t}wmagm gv}gktaygcq ak

Dfakl lkm }fg D~gdf/Tcoylb Pgzw`cadt# lhoke hlkq o}fgp dowk}pagt+ L ipg|wgk} tzglbgp

lkm dokigpgkdg zlp}adazlk}# fg flt flm tgygplc zlzgpt zw catfgm ak ylpaowt ldlmghad nowpklct

lkm dohzacl}aokt+ Fg at lk lcwhkwt oi }fg Oviopm &Wkaygpta}q! Powkm}l`cg ak Epgl} @pa}lak#

ufgpg fg zpgtgk}gm l zlzgp ok Ak}gpkg} eoygpklkdg# ufadf ult cl}gp zw`catfgm ak }fg Dlh(

`pameg Pgyagu oi Ak}gpkl}aoklc Liilapt+


26/28


27/28

GMA]OPTNlk Kgmgpyggk Zag}gptg# Wkaygpta}q oi Dlcaiopkal# Tlk}l @lp`lpl# WTL+@acc Dozg# Wkaygpta}q oi Accakoat# Wp`lkl(Dflhzlaek# WTL+

GMA]OPALCLMYATOPQ@OLPMNak(Fo Nlke# Akt}a}w}g iop Todalc Mgygcozhgk} lkm Zocadq Pgtglpdf#

Tgowc Kl}aoklc Wkaygpta}q# Tgowc# Tow}f Bopgl

Flà`wc Fl|wg Bfokmbgp# ^lqgm Wkaygpta}q# L`w Mflà# Wka}gm Lpl` Ghapl}gt+

Alak Moklcm HldZfgptok# Wkaygpta}q oi Dlcelpq# Dlcelpq# Dlklml#

@fabfw Zlpgbf# Wkaygpta}q oi Fwcc# WB2 Hgh`gp# Fowtg oi Copmt# WB+

]fohlt Zoeeg# Docwhàl Wkaygpta}q# Kgu Qopb# Kgu Qopb# WTL+

]aho}fq Tflu# Wkaygpta}q oi }fg Ugt} Akmagt# T}+ Lwewt}akg# ]pakamlm+

Hlkipgm @+ T}gegp# PHA] Wkaygpta}q# Hgcòwpkg# Lwt}plcal

Ewt}lyo Cakt Pa`gapo# Akt}a}w}o mg Dakdalt Todalat#Wkaygptamlmg mg @pltcal# @pltcal

Il~lc Pa~ya# Wkaygpta}q oi Accakoat Wp`lkl(Dflhzlaek# WTL

Zcgltg yata} }fg Nowpklc ug`ta}g l} f}}z>//uuu+Eco`lcT}wmagtNowpklc+dohiop iwp}fgp akiophl}aok lòw} }fg Nowpklc op }o tw`tdpa`g+


28/28

]FG WKAYGPTA]Q ZPGTT NOWPKLCT

Dpgl}gt l tzldg iop malcoewg ok akkoyl}ayg }fgopagtlkm zpld}adgt ak }fg lp}t# lkm }fgap ak}gp(pgcl}aoktfazt

ua}f todag}q+ATTK> //uuu+@oob(Nowpklc+doh

Gvlhakgt }fg hglkake lkm zwpzotg oi mgtaek ufacglcto tzglbake ak epowkmgm ulqt lòw} }fg }ltb oi

mgtaek lkm }fg wtg oi mgtaekgm lp}gild}t lkmzpodgttgt+

ATTK> //uuu+Maygpta}q(Nowpklc+doh

Hlzt lkm ak}gpzpg}t kgu }pgkmt lkm zl}}gpkt akeco`lcatl}aok+

ATTK //uuu+Eco`lcT}wmagtNowpklc+doh

Matdwttgt }fg pocg oi }fg fwhlka}agt ak dok}ghzcl}ake}fg iw}wpg lkm }fg fwhlk# ak lk gpl o}fgpuatg

mohakl}gm `q tdagk}aiad# }gdfkadlc lkm gdokohadpl}aoklcatht+

ATTK> //uuu+Fwhlka}agt(Nowpklc+doh

Tg}t ow} }o iot}gp ak|wapq# akya}g malcoewg lkm `wacm lòmq oi bkoucgmeg ok }fg kl}wpg lkm iw}wpg oi

cglpkake+ATTK> //uuu+Cglpkake(Nowpklc+doh

Dpgl}gt l tzldg iop matdwttaok oi }fg kl}wpg lkmiw}wpg oi opelkatl}aokt# ak lcc }fgap iopht lkm

hlkaigt}l}aokt+ATTK> //uuu+Hlkleghgk}(Nowpklc+doh

Lmmpgttgt }fg bgq |wgt}aok> Fou dlk }fg akt}a}w}aokoi }fg hwtgwh `gdohg hopg akdcwtayg?

ATTK //uuu+Twt}laklàca}q(Nowpklc+doh

Iodwtgt ok l plkeg oi dpa}adlccq ahzop}lk} }fghgt ak}fg ylpaowt iagcmt }fl} lmmpgtt }fg dohzcgv lkm

tw`}cg pgcl}aoktfazt `g}uggk }gdfkocoeq# bkoucgmeglkm todag}q+

ATTK> //uuu+]gdfkocoeq(Nowpklc+doh

Akygt}ael}gt }fg liiopmlkdgt iop cglpkake ak }fg maea}lchgmal# ak tdfooc lkm }fpowefow} gygpqmlq caig+

ATTK //uuu+WCNowpklc+doh

Gvzcopgt }fg hglkake lkm zwpzotg oi }fg ldlmghq ak}ahgt oi t}pabake todalc }plktiophl}aok+

ATTK //uuu+Wkaygpta}agt(Nowpklc+doh

IOP TW@TDPAZ]AOK AKIOPHL]AOK# ZCGLTG DOK]LD]tw`tdpaz}aoktJdohhokepowkm doh lw

Hip-Hop Hybridity in a Glocalized World: African and Muslim Diasporic Discourses in French Rap Music

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