Hindi 303 bookdde.pdf - Directorate Of Distance Education

1

All

copyright privileges of the Material vest with theDirectorate of Distance Education University of Jammu, Jammu - 180 006

DIRECTORATE OF DISTANCE EDUCATION

University of Jammu

Jammu

COURSE CODE HIN 303 SEMESTER-III

STUDY MATERIAL

M.A. (HINDI)SESSION : 2020 Onwards

Dr. Anju Thappa Co-ordinator

LESSON NO. 1- 12

Hindi Nibhand

https://www.print-driver.com/?demolabel-en

2

© Directorate of Distance Education, University of Jammu, Jammu, 2020

COURSE CODE – HIN 303

All rights reserved. No part of this work may be reproduced in any form, bymimeograph or any other means, without permission in writing from theDDE, University of Jammu.

The script writer shall be responsible for the lesson/script submitted to theDDE and any plagiarism shall be his/her entire responsibility

Lesson No. 5 to 8

Lesson No. 1 to 4

Lesson No. 9 to 12

Course Contributors

Prof. Parmeshwari SharmaProfessor, Department of Hindi,University of Jammu,Jammu

Dr. Rajni BalaAssociate ProfessorDepartment of HindiUniversity of Jammu,Jammu.

Prof. Pushp Pal SinghRetd. ProfessorPunjabi University,Patiala

Proof Reading

Mrs. Neelam KumariPh.D. Scholar, NET, SET

Printed by : Jandiyal Printing Press, Canal Road, Jammu / 2020 / 500


3

Course Code : Hin-303 Title : Hindi NibandhCredits : 5 Maximum Marks : 100Duration of Examination : 3 Hrs. a) Internal = 20

b) External = 80Syllabus for the Examination to be held in Dec. 2019, 2020 & 2021

ikB~;Øe esa fu/kkZfjr iqLrdsa

1 - fpUrkef.k Hkkx&1 % vkpk;Z jkepUnz ‘kqDy] yksdHkkjrh izdk’ku] bykgkckn A

¼yTtk vkSj Xykfu] dkO; esa yksdeaxy dh lk/kukoLFkk½

2 - v’kksd ds Qwy&gt+kjh izlkn f}osnh] yksd Hkkjrh izdk’ku] bykgkckn A

¼v’kksd ds Qwy] olUr vk x;k gS] vkius esjh jpuk i<+h½

3 - jl vk[ksVd & dqcsjukFk jk;] Hkkjrh; KkuihB izdk’ku] fnYyh A

¼jl vk[ksVd] gjh&gjh nwc vkSj ykpkj Øks/k] dfo rsjk Hkk sj vk x;k½

ikB~;Øe dk fooj.k %

bdkbZ &1

& ‘kqDy ds fucU/kksa dh fo’ks”krk,a

& ‘kqDy ds fucU/kksa dh Hkk”kk ‘kSyh

& ‘kqDy ds fucU/k Hkko iz/kku ;k cqf) iz/kku A

& ikB~;Øe esa fu/kkZfjr ‘kqDy ds fucU/kksa ij iz’u

bdkbZ & 2

& gt+kjh izlkn f}osnh ds fucU/kksa dh fo’ks”krk,a A

& gt+kjh izlkn f}osnh ds fucU/kk sa dh Hkk”kk ‘k Syh A

& gt+kjh izlkn f}osnh ds fucU/kk sa esa Hkkjrh; laLÑfr A


4

& ikB~;Øe esa fu/kkZfjr gt+kjh izlkn f}osnh ds fucU/kk sa ij iz’u A

bdkbZ & 3

& fucU/k ds fodkl esa dqcsjukFkjk; dk LFkku A

& dqcsjukFk jk; ds fucU/kksa dh fo’ks”krk,a A

& dqcsjukFk jk; ds fucU/kksa dh Hkk”kk ‘kSyh A

& ikB~;Øe esa fu/kkZfjr dqcsjukFk jk; ds fucU/kksa ij iz’u A

iz’u i= dk izk:i bl izdkj gksxk %

& izR;sd iqLrd ls ‘kr izfr’kr fodYi lfgr ,d ,d O;k[;k & 7x3=21

& izR;sd bdkbZ ls ‘kr izfr’kr fodYi lfgr ,d ,d nh?kZ mÙkjkis{kh& 10x3=30

& izR;sd bdkbZ ls ‘kr izfr’kr fodYi lfgr ,d ,d y?kq mÙkjkis{kh& 5x3=15

& izR;sd bdkbZ ls ‘kr izfr’kr fodYi lfgr ,d ,d vfr y?kqmÙkjkis{kh & 3x3=9

& fodYi jfgr iwjs ikB~;Øe ij vk/kkfjr ik¡p oLrqfu”B iz’u & 1x5=5


5

fo”k; lwph

Øekad fo”k; i”B la[;k

1- vkpk;Z jkepUnz ’kqDy ds fucU/kksa dh fo’ks”krk,a 4

2- vkpk;Z jkepUnz ’kqDy ds fucU/k Hkko ç/kku gSa vFkok cqf) ç/kku 18

3- vkpk;Z jkepUnz ’kqDy ds fucU/kksa dh Hkk”kk ‘kSyh 31

4- ikB~;Øe esa fu/kkZfjr ‘kqDy ds fucU/kksa ij dF;xr ewY;kadu 45

5- vkpk;Z gt+kjh izlkn f}osnh ds fucU/kksa dh fo’ks”krk,a 54

6- vkpk;Z gt+kjh izlkn f}osnh ds fuca/kksa esa O;Dr Hkkjrh; laLÑfr 68

7- vkpk;Z gt+kjh izlkn f}osnh ds fuca/kksa dh Hkk”kk ‘kSyh 77

8- ikB~;Øe esa fu/kkZfjr fucU/kksa ij iz’u 88

9- fuca/k lkfgR; ds fodkl esa dqcsjukFk jk; dk LFkku 101

10- dqcsjukFk jk; ds fucU/kksa dh fo’ks”krk,a 108

11- dqcsjukFk jk; ds fuca/kksa dh Hkk”kk ‘kSyh 117

12- ikB~;Øe esa fu/kkZfjr fucU/kksa ij iz’u 125


6

M.A. Hindi Semester -IIICourse Code Hin-303 Lesson No.1

vkpk;Z jkepUnz ’kqDy ds fucU/kksa dh fo’ks”krk,a

1-0 #ijs[kk

1-1 mís’;

1-2 izLrkouk

1-3 fucU/k % vFkZ ,oa Lo:i

1-4 vkpk;Z ‘kqDy ds vuqlkj fucU/k dh fo’ks”krk,a

1-5 fucU/k dh lkekU; fo’ks”krk,¡

1-6 vkpk;Z ‘kqDy ds fucU/kksa dh fo’ks”krk,a

1-7 lkjka’k

1-8 dfBu ‘kCn

1-9 vH;klkFkZ iz’u

1-10 lUnHkZ xzUFk @ iqLrdsa

1-1 mís’; %

fucU/k ds vFkZ ,oa Lo:i ds fo”k; esa tku ldsaxs A

fucU/k dh lkekU; fo’ks”krkvksa ds fo”k; esa tku ldsaxs A

vkpk;Z ‘kqDy ds fucU/kksa dh fo’ks”krkvksa ds lkFk fucU/k ds lUnHkZ esa ‘kqDy dk nf”Vdks.k le>ldsaxs A


7

1-2 izLrkouk %

fucU/k ,d ,slh lkfgfR;d fo/kk gS ftlesa fuca/kdkj vius O;fDrRo ;k futhiu dks dsUnz esa j[kdjfo”k; dk izfriknu djrk gS A ys[kd ds O;fDrRo dk ;g ,d vfHkUu vax gS] blfy, oSpkfjdrk vkSj vkReizdk’ku dk ,d izHkko’kkyh rFkk jkspd ek/;e ds :i esa fucU/k dks Lohdkj fd;k x;k gSA fucU/k esa dkO; dhlh je.kh;rk] Hkkoqdrk ,oa lejlrk gksrh gSA dgkuh dk lk fouksniw.kZ jl gksrk gS] ukVd dh lh xfr’khyrk]laoknkRedrk ,oa izHkkfoUofr gksrh gSA laLej.k tSlh fooj.kkRedrk vkfdZrdk ,oa fotrk gksrh gSA js[kkfp= dhlh fp=kRedrk gksrh gS vkSj O;k[;k dk izHkko] oDrRo dh e;kZnk] rdZ dk cy vkSj ikjLifjd okrkZyki dk vkuUnHkh fofgr jgrk gSA QyLo:i fucU/k dks Ükàxkj dg ldrs gSa A

vk/kqfud fgUnh lkfgR; dh x| fo/kkvksa esa fucU/k çeq[k lkfgfR;d fo/kk gSA fucU/k ’kCn ySfVu Hkk”kkds ,XukZ;j*] Qzsap* ds *,lkb* vkSj vaxzsth ds *,ls* dk i;kZ;okph gS A fucU/k dk ‘kkfCnd vFkZ gS *ck¡/kuk* vFkkZr~fdlh dks ck¡/kukA çkphu dky esa tc eqnz.k dyk dk vkfo”dkj ugha gqvk FkkA vj.;d xzUFk fy[krs gq, vFkokHkksti=ksa ij fy[ks dkO;&egkdkO; dks vkpk;Z ,d lw= ;k /kkxs ls ck¡/k nsrs Fks bl fØ;k dks fucU/k dgk tkrkFkkA dkykUrj esa ;g fucZU/k* gh fucU/k gks x;k vkSj bldk vFkZ gqvk fdlh ,d fo”k; ls lEcfU/kr lkexzh dks,d LFkku ij laxzfgr dj nsuk pwafd fuca/k ,d fo”k; dk lokZax fu:i.k djrk gSA bl çdkj vk/kqfud ;qx esafuca/k ml x| jpuk ds fy, :<+ gks x;k ftlesa fopkjksa ;k fo”k; dk rkjrE;iw.kZ foospu gksA

1 - 3 fucU/k % vFk Z ,o a Lo:i

fucU/k lEcU/kh Hkkjrh; vkSj if’peh /kkj.kk,¡ fucU/k esa ys[kd dk O;fDrRo Lohdkjdjrh gSaA blesa fuca/kdkj ds futh fopkj] fof’k”V Hkko vkSj futh ‘kSyh dh fof’k”Vrk jgrhgSA ik’pkR; fo}ku ekSUrsu ds vuqlkj] fucU/k og gS ftlesa oS;fDrd fopkjks a ;k vuqHkwfr;ksa dksdykRed lw= esa fijks nsus dk ç;Ru fd;k tk,*A bl ifjHkk”kk ds vuqlkj fucU/k O;fDrxrfpUru dh dykRed vfHkO;fDr dk ç;Ru gSA O;fDrxr fpUru dk vFkZ gS fd fucU/kdkj dkmís’; fdlh fo”k; ij nwljksa ds fopkjksa vkSj vuqHkoksa dk laxzg ugha gksrk cfYd og vius fopkjksa]vuqHkoksa] vuqHkwfr;ksa] dYiukvksa] Lefr;ksa vkfn dks dykRed vkSj fp=kRed <ax ls Li”V vkSj lh/ks :iesa çLrqr djrk gSA Hkkjrh; vkpk;ksa Z&fo}kuksa us Hkh fucU/k lEcU/kh fopkj O;Dr djrs gq, mlsifjHkkf”kr djus dh dksf’k’k dh gSA ckcw ‘;ke lqUnj nkl ds vuqlkj] *fucU/k ml ys[k dksdguk pkfg, ftlesa fdlh xgu fo”k; ij foLrkjiwoZd vkSj ikafMR;iwoZd fopkj fd;k x;k gksA*

‘kqDy th us fucU/k dks O;ofLFkr vkSj e;kZfnr fopkj ç/kku x| jpuk ekuk gS ftlesa‘kSyh dh fof’k”Vrk vkSj ys[kd ds futh fpUru vkSj vuqHkoksa dh fo’ks”krk ds dkj.k O;fDrRodh çfr”Bk Hkh jgrh gSA fucU/k ds laxBu vkSj O;ofLFkr :i ij cy nsrs gq, ‘kqDy th *fgUnhlkfgR; dk bfrgkl* esa dgrs gaS] *vk/kqfud ik’pkR; ys[kdksa ds vuqlkj fucU/k mlh dks dguk


8

pkfg, ftlesa O;fDrxr fo’ks”krk gksA ckr rks Bhd gS ;fn Bhd rjg ls le>h tk,A O;fDrxrfo’ks”krk dk ;g eryc ugha fd mlds çn’kZu ds fy, fopkjks a dh Ük a[kyk j[kh gh ugha tk,;k tkucw>dj txg&txg ls rksM+ nh tk,] Hkkoksa dh fofp=rk fn[kkus ds fy, ,slh vFkZ ;kstukdh tk, tks mudh vuqHkwfr ds çdr ;k yksd lkekU; Lo:i ls dksbZ lEcU/k gh u j[ks vFkokHkk”kk esa ljdl okyksa dh lh dljrsa ;k gB;ksfx;ksa ds ls vklu djk, tk,a ftudk y{; rek’kkfn[kkus ds flok; vkSj dqN u gksA* t;ukFk ufyu ^fgUnh fucU/kdkj* es a fucU/k dh ifjHkk”kknsrs gSa] *fucU/k Lok/khu fpUru vkSj fuf’pr vuqHkwfr;ksa dk ljl] ltho vkSj e;kZfnr x|kRedçdk’ku gSA* ckcw xqykcjk; us fucU/k dh fo’ks”krkvksa dk lekgkj djrs gq, *dkO; ds :i* es afucU/k dh vf/kd O;kid ifjHkk”kk nh gS] *fucU/k ml x| jpuk dks dgrs gaS ftlesa ,d lhfervkdkj ds Hkhrj fdlh fo”k; dk o.kZu ;k çfriknu ,d fo’ks”k futhiu] LoPNUnrk] lkS”Bo vkSjlthork rFkk vko’;d laxfr vkSj lEc)rk ds lkFk fd;k x;k gksA*

dqN fopkjdksa us fucU/k dks *xIi*] ckrphr* vkfn dgk gS fdUrq dqy feykdj fucU/k ,d xEHkhj fo/kk gSAif’peh fo}kuksa tSls MCY;w bZ- fofy;El us dgk gS] *vaxzst+h fucU/k ,d xEHkhj lkfgfR;d fo/kk gSA fucU/kdkj pkgslkekftd O;ogkj ij fy[k jgk gks] ;k fdlh iqLrd ij] foKku ij fy[k jgk gks ;k jktuhfr ij] gj gkyresa mldk mís’; ikBd dk euksjatu ek= djuk ugha gksrk] vfirq mls laLdkfjr djuk gksrk gSA fgUnh ds fucU/kdkjHkh fucU/k dh lksís’;rk ls tqM+s gq, gSaA HkkjrsUnq] jkefoykl ‘kekZ ls vkxs MkW- uxsUnz rd dh ijEijk ls ;gh çekf.krgksrk gS fd fgUnh fucU/kksa dk mís’; euksjatu ugha] lekt dks laLdkfjr vkSj euq”; dks mnkÙk cukuk gSA buifjHkk”kkvksa ,oa Lo:i fu:i.k ls fucU/k dh lkekU; fo’ks”krk,a bafxr dh tk ldrh gSa%&

d½ fucU/k ,d x| jpuk gSA

[k½ ;g ,d NksVs vkdkj dh iw.kZ jpuk gSA

x½ fdlh fo”k; dk Øec)] laxfBr] rkjrE;iw.kZ fo/kku fucU/k esa gksrk gSA

?k½ blesa fucU/kdkj ds O;fDrRo dk vadu] mlds futh nf”Vdks.k] futh fopkj Ük aa[kyk] futh Hkk”kk vkSjvuqHkwfr;ksa ds :i esa fcfECkr gksrk gSA

³½ fucU/k lokZf/kd fopkjksÙkst+d ,oa cqf) ç/kku jpuk gS

p½ ‘kSyh dh jkspdrk fucU/k dk vfuok;Z vkSj egRoiw.kZ vax gSA

bu lHkh fo’ks”krkvksa dk lekgkj djrs gq, MkW- d”.knso >kjh fucU/k dks bl :i esaifjHkkf”kr djrs gSa] *fucU/k fdlh ,d fo”k; ij ,slh fu;fer lhfer vkdkj dh fdUrq lqxfBrLor% iw.kZ x| jpuk gS ftlesa ys[kd ds futh fopkjksa&Hkkoks a dh cqf)&çsjd ;kstuk vkSj ljyçHkkoh futh ‘kSyh ds dkj.k O;fDrRo dh çfr”Bk jgrh gSA*


9

1 - 4 vkpk; Z ‘k qDy d s vu qlkj fucU /k dh fo’k s ” krk, ¡

‘kqDy th fucU/k dks lkfgR; dk egÙoiw.kZ vax ekurs gSa] *;fn x| dfo;ksa ;k ys[kdksadh dlkSVh gS rks fucU/k x| dh dlkSVh gSA Hkk”kk dh iw.kZ ‘kfDr dk fodkl fucU/kksa esa gh lclsvf/kd lEHko gksrk gSA mudh nf”V esa ‘kSyh dh ckr rks ckn esa vkrh gS igys Hkk”kk dh ‘kq)rkvkSj mldk lehphu gksuk t:jh gSA ^’kqDy ds vuqlkj ôkD; jpuk dh O;oLFkk] Hkk”kk dh‘kq)rk vkSj ç;ksxks a dh lehphurk loZ= vko’;d gSA tc rd ;s ckrsa l/k u tk,a rc rdfy[kus dk vf/kdkj gh u le>uk pkfg,A* ‘kqDy us fucU/k ds y{k.k crkrs gq, Li”V fd;k fddfork vkfn fucU/ksrj lkfgR;&:iksa esa dYiuk&çlwr oLrq dh ç/kkurk gksrh gS vkSj fucU/k es afopkj&çlwr ç/kku gksrh gS ysfdu dYiuk&çlwr oLrq xkS.k gksrh gS blds vfrfjDr fucU/k vFkZç/kku] O;fDrxr okXoSfp=~; vFkZ ds lkFk feyk tqyk gksrk gS vkSj ân;xr Hkko ,oa çofÙk;kamlesa >ydrh gS aA

fucU/k esa ys[kd ds O;fDrRo dks ysdj ‘kqDy *fgUnh lkfgR; dk bfrgkl* esa fy[krsgSa] *lalkj dh gj ,d ckr vkSj lc ckrksa ls lEc) gSA vius&vius ekufld la?kVu ds vuqlkjfdlh dk eu fdlh lEcU/k lw= ij nkSM+rk gS] fdlh dk fdlh ijA ;s lEcU/k & lw= ,d nwljsls u;s gq,] iÙkksa ds Hkhrj dh ulksa ds leku] pkjksa vksj ,d tky ds :i esa QSys gSaA rRofpUrd;k nk’kZfud dsoy vius O;kid fl)kUrksa ds çfriknu ds fy, mi;ksxh dqN lEcU/k lw=ks a dksidM+dj fdlh vksj lh/kk pyrk gS vkSj chp ds C;kSjksa esa dgha ugha Q¡lrkA ij fucU/k ys[kdvius eu dh çofÙk ds vuqlkj LoPNUn xfr ls b/kj&m/kj QwVh gqbZ lw= ‘kk[kkvksa ij fopjrkpyrk gSA ;gh mldh vFkZ lEcU/kh O;fDrxr fo’ks”krk gSA* ,d gh oLrq dks fHkUu&fHkUu n`f”V;ksals ns[kuk gh O;fDrxr fo’ks”krk gSA

‘kqDy us fucU/kk s a ds fo”k;&foLrkj dh dksb Z lhek fu/kkZfjr ugha dhA fucU/k *dqNugha* vFkok *’kwU;* ls ysdj fo’o dh vuUr Nfo esa vkus okyh ftruh oLrq,¡] fØ;k,¡] Hkko gSamu lc ij fy[ks tk ldrs gSaA fucU/k phaVh ls ysdj gkFkh rd] jsr ds d.k ls ysdj ioZr rd]ikuh dh cw¡n ls ysdj lkxj rd] *u dqN* esa ls loZK rd vFkkZr~ ys[kd dh dYiuk esa ftrusfo”k; vk ldrs gSa] os lHkh fucU/k ds fo”k; gks ldrs gSaA ‘kqDy dh nf”V esa eq[; :i ls fucU/kk sa dh rhu dksfV;ka gSa & fopkjkRed] HkkokRed vkSj o.kZukRed fucU/kA

fopkjkRed fucU/kks a es a ‘kqDy ds vuqlkj ;g ç;Ru gksuk pkfg, fd fucU/kdkj dsfopkj vkSj fl)kUr ikBdksa ds Hkh cu tk,¡A vr% t+:jh gS fd lHkh ckrsa cM+h Li”Vrk vkSjØec)rk ds lkFk fucU/k esa j[kh tk,aA fopkj Üka[kyk m[kM+h gqbZ ugha gks vkSj eq[; cy fopkjksads Li”Vhdj.k dks ysdj gksuk pkfg,A buesa Hkk”kkxr lQkbZ vkSj lko/kkuh dh t+:jr gksrh gSD;ksafd vfrfjDr ‘kCn vkSj okD; ç;ksx fopkjksa dks <d nsrs gSaA bu fucU/kksa esa Hkk”kkxr peRdkj]


10

vyadj.k dh xq atkb’k ugh a gksrhA *fgUnh lkfgR; dk bfrgkl*es a egkohj çlkn f}o snh dsfucU/kks a ij fopkj djrs gq, mUgksaus LFkkiuk dh] ‘kq) fopkjkRed fucU/kks a dk pje mRd”kZ oghdgk tk ldrk gS] *tgk¡ ,d&,d iSjkxzkQ esa fopkj nck&nckdj dls x, gksa vkSj ,d&,dokD; fdlh lEc) fopkj&[k.M ds fy, gksaA*

HkkokRed dksfV ds fucU/kksa ls ‘kqDy th dk vk’k; *Hkko* ;k *euksfodkj* lEcU/kh fucU/kksa ls ugha cfYd Hkkoukç/kku ‘kSyhesa fy[ks x, fucU/kksa ls gSA bl çdkj ds fucU/kksa esa fucU/kdkj çse] vkg~ykn] g”kZ] d:.kk] Øks/k] foLe; vFkokvU; çdkj ds Hkkoksa dks vfHkO;Dr djrk gSA bl Js.kh ds fucU/kksa dh Hkk”kk fopkjkRed fucU/kksa ls fHkUu gksrh gSD;ksafd Hkkoksa dh çcyrk ds dkj.k dgha&dgha Hkk”kk esa vlEc)rk] foÜk a[kyrk vkSj rhozrk dk vkosx vk tkrk gSAvyadkj vkSj peRdkj dk volj Hkh cuk jgrk gSA vfr’;ksfDr vkSj vR;qfDr dh lEHkkouk gksrh gSA ‘kqDy dsvuqlkj dgsa rks osnuk dh O;atuk ds volj ij vuUr Tokyk esa tyus] igkM+ ds uhps filus vkfn dh ckrsa dghtk ldrh gSaA

o.kZukRed fucU/kk sa ds fo”k; esa ‘kqDy th ds vuqlkj fucU/kdkj ds nks mís’; gksrs gSa& igyk] o.;Z fo”k; dslEcU/k esa iwjh tkudkjh nsukA nwljk] o.;Z fo”k; ds çfr ikBdksa esa dkSrqgy] foLe;] çse] d:.kk] Hk; vkfn HkkotxkukA euksjatu ds lkFk tc fo”k; ds çfr Hkko Hkh txk;k tk lds rHkh og fucU/k lkfgfR;d dksfV esa vk,xkAo.kZukRed fucU/kksa ds okD; vis{kkdr NksVs] Hkk”kk ljy ,oa lqcks/k gksrh gSA ‘kCnksa dh ltkoV rFkk vyadkj ç;ksxdk i;kZIr volj jgrk gSA Hkk”kk Hkkokuqxkfeuh gksrh gSA

dFkkRed fucU/kksa ds fo”k; esa ‘kqDy th dk dguk gS fd os fdlh mik[;ku] oÙkkUr vFkok ?kVuk dksysdj pyrs gSA fopkjkRed fucU/kksa dh Hkkafr muesa lqlEc)rk t+:jh gSA dFkkRed fucU/kksa esa ?kVukvksa dks,d&nwljs ds vkxs&ihNs bl Øe esa j[kuk iM+rk gS fd my>u u gks vkSj bl ckr ij Hkh /;ku nsuk gksrk gSfd ?kVukvksa dks tkuus dh ikBd esa cjkcj yyd vkSj mRlqdrk cuh jgsA bu fucU/kksa dh Hkk”kk ljy j[kuh iM+rhgS D;ksafd Hkkoksa dh O;atuk ;gk¡ y{; ugha gksrhA buds vfrfjDr fucU/kksa dh ,d dksfV vkSj cukbZ tk ldrh gS]og gS O;aX;kRed fucU/kA

O; aX;kRed fucU/ kdkj vius le; vkSj ifjos’k dh fofHkUu fo:irkvks a] folaxfr;ks a dk sfucU/k dk fo”k; cukrk gSA migkl vkSj Øks/k bu fucU/kksa ds LFkk;h Hkko gSaA mRlkg ls Hkh budktqM+ko gSA d:.kk dks ge çsj.kk vFkok cht :i eku ldrs gaSA budh Hkk”kk vlaxfr;kas vkSj Hkkoksads vuqlkj dHkh lh/kh] dHkh oØ] dHkh pqVhyh gksrh g SA vko sxe; çokg vkSj Å¡ph&uhphrjaxe;h xfr;k¡ ;gk¡ fn[kkbZ iM+rh gSaA y{k.kk vkSj O;atuk vius mRd”kZ :i dks ;gka çkIr djrhgaSA

dFkkRed vkSj ?kVukç/kku fucU/k] fucU/k txr dk vfuok;Z vax dnkfi ugha gaSA fucU/kLokHkkfod :i ls xSj&dFkkRed ysfdu lkfgfR;d :i gSA dsoy ?kVuk vFkok ;k=k dk o.kZu


11

ek= ls dksbZ ys[k fucU/k ugha gks tkrk ysfdu fooj.k ds lkFk fp=kadu i)fr] mlds dkj.k]fo’ys”k.k] fpUru ds ek/;e ls fucU/kdkj ds O;fDrRo ds vkUrfjd rÙoksa ls tqM+dj og x|jpuk ,d fucU/k dk :i ys ysxhA fucU/k ,d ,slk xSj&dFkkRed lkfgfR;d :i gStgk¡ ys[kd vkSj ikBd ds chp dh nwjh lcls de gksrh gSA ;gh dkj.k gS fd fucU/k] fucU/kdkjds O;fDrRo dk niZ.k gksrk gSA bu lHkh dksfV;ksa ds lkFk fucU/k dks fdlh oxZ rd lhfer ughafd;k tk ldrk D;ksafd budk Lo:i ys[kdh; O;fDrRo ij fuHkZj djrk gS vkSj O;fDrRo lHkhdk vyx&vyx gksrk gSA

1 - 5 fucU/ k d h l kek U; fo’ k s” krk, ¡,d fo”k; ij dsfUnzr gksuk fucU/k dh vfuok;Z ‘krZ gSA yfyr fucU/kdkj dqcsjukFk jk; ds vuqlkjfucU/k f’ko ds ufn;k dh Hkkafr gS tks iwjs dSyk’k ij pDdj yxkus ds ckotwn f’ko ds ikl gh ykSVrkgSA blh çdkj fucU/kdkj fdlh ,d fo”k; & lkekftd] jktuhfrd] lkaLdfrd] /kkfeZd] ,sfrgkfld]çkdfrd] pfj=kRed] HkkokRed] ?kVukRed vkfn ij viuh ys[kuh pykrk gS fdUrq ,d le; esa fo”k;{ks= ,d gh jgrk gSA nwljs og fo”k; dh ifjf/k esa vkus okyh ckrksa] rF;ksa dks Nwrk gS fdUrq cjkcj ¼ewyo.;Z fo”k;½ ij viuh idM+ cuk, j[krk gSA fo”k; dk foLrkj fucU/k ds Lo:i vuqlkj gksuk pkfg,vFkkZr~ u rks çcU/k ftruk cM+k vkSj u fdlh iqLrd dh Hkwfedk ftruk NksVk gksA

futh nf”Vdks.k fucU/k dk ewyk/kkj vFkZkr~ es:n.M gSA bldk vfHkçk; gS fopkj] HkkokuqHkwfr;ksa]Hkk”kk ds çR;sd Lrj ij oS;fDrd fopkj ,oa nf”Vdks.k dks çLrqr djukA lEiw.kZ fucU/k esa fucU/kdkjdk O;fDrRo] viuk fopkj çdV gksuk pkfg,A bl fo’ks”krk ds dkj.k fopkj vk Sj c qf) rÙo fucU/kksadk lkekU; rÙo cu tkrs gSA dfork ;fn Hkkoksa dk fo”k; gS rks fucU/k fopkj vkSj cqf) ij vk/kkfjrgSA fopkjks a ds lkFk ekSfydrk dk ç’u tqM+k gqvk gSA fopkj dgha ls lqus&lquk, ugha gksus pkfg,acfYd fopkjks a ds lkFk vFkZ la;kstu t+:jh gSA fucU/kdkj vius fpUru&euu ls ekSfyd fopkjks a dhmn~Hkkouk djrs gq, ikBd dh cqf) ds dikV Hkh [kksyrk pysA LFkk;h egÙo dh leL;kvksa dks ysdjmnkÙk fopkjk s a dk çfriknu gk suk pkfg,A fopkj rÙo ds lkFk H k ko rÙo fucU/k dkvfuok;Z vax gSA Hkko ls vfHkçk; gS fucU/kdkj oS;fDrd :fp&v:fp] thou&txr ds çfrviuh jkxkRed çfrfØ;kvks a dks O;Dr djrs gq, ikBd es a Hkh laosnuk vk Sj Hkkoks a dk çlkjdjs vkSj ikBd&eu mnkÙk Hkkoks a dk vkUkUn ys ldsaA mnkÙk Hkkoks a dh jlkuqHk wfr fucU/k dkvfuok;Z xq.k gS D;ksafd blls ljlrk vkrh gSA

fucU/k dh ,d fuf’pr :ijs[ kk gksrh gSA fucU/k ds Li”Vr% rhu Hkkx çLrkouk vFkokHkwfedk] fo”k; çfriknu vkSj milagkj vFkok fu”d”kZ gksrs gSaA çLrkouk vFkkZr~ Hk wfedk dkvk;kstu fucU/k ds çkjfEHkd ,d nks vuqPNsnksa esa gksrk gSA fo”k; ds lkFk tqM+ko vkSj vkd”kZ.kHkwfedk dks egÙoiw.kZ cukrk gSA blds i’pkr~ NksVs&NksVs vuqPNsnksa esa fo”k;&çfriknu fd;k


12

tkrk gSA blds vUrxZr o.;Z fo”k; lEcU/kh lHkh egÙoiw.kZ ckrsa] vko’;d rF; ,oa vk¡dMs+ vkfnvk tkrs gSaA ;g /;ku j[kk tkrk gS fd vçkekf.kd ckr sa vkSj iqujko`fÙk nks”k ugha vk,Amilagkj] fu”d”k Z ; k vUr vke rkSj ij vfUre vuqPNsn esa LFkku ikrk g SA fo”k; dkslesVk tkrk gS vkSj ikBdh; ftKklkvksa dks ‘kkUr djrs gq, egÙoiw.kZ fu”d”kZ dh LFkkiuk dhtkrh gSA bl çdkj dksbZ Hkh fucU/k iw.kZrk dks çkIr gksrk gSA

x| ‘k Syh fucU/k dh og lokZf/kd egÙoiw.kZ fo’ks”krk gS tks fdlh Hkh fucU/kdkj dh igpkudjkrh gS] cs’kd fucU/k esa ys[kd dk uke ugha gks ysfdu ,d fo’ks”k çdkj dh x| ‘kSyh dhigpku ds dkj.k ikBd fucU/k ns[krs gh igpku ldrk gS fd veqd fucU/k fdl fucU/kdkjdk gSA ‘kqDy th dh xq#&xEHkhj ‘kSyh] gfj’kadj ijlkbZ dh O;aX;kRed ‘kSyh] egknsoh oekZ dho.;Z&fo”k; dks lkdkj dj nsus dh ‘kSyh] eqfDrcks/k dh dk;Z&dkj.k ijEijk ls tqM+h ‘kSyh ;sdqN ,sls ekun.M gSa fd fof’k”V ‘kSyh fof’k”V ys[kd ds O;fDrRo vkSj fucU/kk sa dh igpku dkek/;e cu pqdh gSA O;fDrRo dh vfHkO;fDr gksus ds ckotwn fucU/k dh Hkk”kk lkfgfR;d gksrhgS bl rF; ij fucU/kdkj dk cjkcj /;ku gk srk gSA fucU/k dh loZLohd`r fo’ks”krkvksa dsi’pkr~ vc ge ‘kqDy th ds fucU/kks a dk foospu djs axsA

1 - 6 vkpk; Z ‘k qDy d s fucU/k k s a dh fo’k s” krk, ¡

‘kqDy ds fucU/kks a es a fgUnh fucU/k lkfgR; dh lHkh fo’ks”krkvksa dk fun’kZu gksrk gSA buesa ewy:i ls fopkj vkSj foospu dh ‘kSyh gSA ;s ckSf)d eUFku ds ifj.kke gSaA fopkj foospu dk viuk,d Øe gSA vkjEHk esa ‘kqDy çfrik| fo”k; dks uih&rqyh ‘kCnkoyh esa çLrqr djrs gS aA ;gçLrqrhdj.k dgha NksVh&lh rhu&pkj iafDr;ksa dh Hkwfedk ds lkFk gksrk gS rks dgha lh/kk fo”k;dks ifjHkkf”kr djrs gq, fo”k; dks çLrqr djus ds ckn mls vf/kdkf/kd Li”V djuk pkgrs gSaAbl Øe esa os fopkj lw=ksa dks QSykrs gSaA ‘kqDy ds fucU/k eq[;r% euksHkkoksa ls lEc) gSa blfy,fopkj&lw=ksa dk ;g QSyko euksHkko fo’ks”k dh oxZxr igpku djrs gq,] mlls lEc) mlh dksfVesa vFkok mlds led{k vkus okys vU; euksHkkoksa dh ppkZ djrs gq,] mldh lerk&fo”kerk rFkklkekftd thou esa muds egÙo ds mYys[k rd lhfer jgrk gSA fopkj&lw=ksa dks lesVrs gq,os ,d ckj fQj vius ewy xarO; dks la{ksi esa mifLFkr djrs gSaA muds fucU/k dk vUr Hkh viuk,d vyx <ax fy, gksrk gSA fdlh ,d nf”V dks vk/kkj cukdj vUr fd;k tkrk gSA

‘ k qDy ds fucU/ kk s a e sa fo ”k; ck s/ k

‘kqDy dk /;ku fucU/k ds fo”k; ij cjkcj cuk jgrk gSA fucU/k fo”k; dh yhd lsgVrk ugha gSA mldh igyh iafDr fy[krs gq, os vafre iafDr dks /;ku esa j[krs gS aA fo”k; dhifjHkk”kk nsus ds lkFk&lkFk os oxhZdj.k] fo’ys”k.k] foospu djrs gq, mnkgj.k Hkh nsrs pyrs gSaAfo”k; ds lokZ axh.k igyqvksa ij ,d lkFk xfr vkSj idM+ j[kus dk mnkgj.k *J)k&HkfDr*fucU/k ds çkjfEHkd vuqPNsn esa ns[k ldrs gSaA bl vuqPNsn ds N% okD;ksa dk fo”k; cks/k dh


13

n`f”V ls fo’ys”k.k djrs gq, ‘kqDy ds fucU/kk s a esa fo”k;xr çLrqfrdj.k dks le>k tk ldrkgSA igyk okD;] *fdlh euq”; esa tulk/kkj.k ls fo’ks”k xq.k o ‘kfDr dk fodkl ns[k mldslEcU/k esa tks ,d LFkk;h vkuUn i)fr ân; esa LFkkfir gks tkrh gS mls J)k dgrs gSA* nwljkokD;] ^J)k egÙo dh vkuUniw.kZ Lohdfr ds lkFk&lkFk iwT; cqf) dk lapkj gSA* rhljk okD;]*;fn gesa fu’p; gks tk;sxk fd dksbZ euq”; cM+k ohj] cM+k lTtu] cM+k xq.kh] cM+k nkuh] cM+kfo}ku~] cM+k ijksidkjh o cM+k /kekZRek gS rks og gekjs vkuUn dk fo”k; gks tk,xk* pkSFkk okD;*ge mldk uke vkus ij ç’kalk djus yxsaxs] mls lkeus ns[k vknj ls flj uok;saxs] fdlh çdkjdk LokFkZ u jgus ij Hkh ge lnk mldk Hkyk pkgsaxs] mldh c<+rh ls çlUu gksaxs vkSj viuhiksf”kr vkuUn i)fr es a O;k?kkr igq¡pus ds dkj.k mldh fuUnk u lg ldsaxsA* ik¡poka okD;]*blls fl) gksrk gS fd ftu deksaZ ds çfr J)k gksrh gS mudk gksuk lalkj dks okafNr gSA* NBkokD;] ;gh fo’o dkeuk J)k dh çsj.kk dk ewy gSA* ;gk¡ igys okD; esa ifjHkk”kk] nwljs esa mldk¼J)k dk½ ewY;] rhljs esa Hkko dh çrhfr ds dkj.k mnkgj.k :i esa fn, x, gSaA pkSFks esa lEcfU/kr Hkkodh çfrfØ;k O;fDr esa dSls gksrh gS bldk Li”Vhdj.k gSA ik¡posa esa pkjkas dks lesVdj bl Hkko¼J)k½ dk lkekftd ewY;kadu gqvk gS rFkk NBs esa bl ¼J)k½ Hkko dh egÙkk vius pje ewY;ds :i esa O;Dr gqbZ gSA bl çdkj Ngksa okD;ksa esa vkil esa vfUofr gSA ‘kqDy th ,d okD; dksnwljs ls tksM+rs gq, fu”d”kZ dh vksj c<+rs gSaA ik¡posa okD; esa fy[kk gS] *blls fl) gksrk gS ----* vFkkZr~ blls iwoZ ds pkjksa okD;ksa dk fu”d”kZ ;gk¡ fn;k tk jgk gSA fu”d”kZ gS] *ftu deksZa dsçfr J)k gksrh gS mudk gksuk lalkj dks okafNr gSA* NBs okD; esa ik¡pos dks lesVk x;k gS vkSj;g iwjs vuqPNsn esa vf/kd çk.koku~ gks mBk gS] *;gh fo’o dkeuk J)k dh çsj.kk dk ewy gSA*bl iafDr esa *;gh* ‘kCn egÙoiw.kZ gSA *;gh* dk mÙkj ik¡pos esa gS vkSj ik¡pos dh LFkkiuk mllsihNs okys okD;ksa esa gSA

bl çdkj ‘kqDy ds fucU/kksa esa fo”k; dk Li”V cks/k rks gS gh lkFk gh loZ= vfUofr Hkhcuh gqbZ gSA Øe VwV tk, rks muds fucU/k dks le>uk dfBu gSA blh çdkj ds okD;ksa dh rjgØe çR;sd vuqPNsn esa Hkh jgrk gSA tc rd igyk okD; le> ugha vk tk,] ge nwljs rdugha igq ¡p ldrs blhfy, muds fucU/k #d&#ddj i<+us pkfg,A

fo ” k; ds lkF k O; fDr dsUn z e s a

fo”k; cks/k ls Åij mBdj ‘kqDy ds fucU/kksa esa O;fDr dh igpku gksrh gSA mudk fo”k;vUrr% O;fDr ls gh tqM+k gksrk gS D;ksafd lkfgR; ds ek/;e ls yksdeaxy esa fo’okl djus okysys[kd ds fy, t+:jh gks tkrk gS fd og O;fDr ls nwj ugha gksA ‘kqDy th dk ;g O;fDr yksdgh gSA yksd vFkkZr~ lewgA vHkh geus ftl mnkgj.k dk fo’ys”k.k fd;k gS mls ;fn /;ku lsns[ksa rks mlds dsUnz esa O;fDr gh gSA O;fDr dh igpku ds fy, ‘kqDy ds fu.kZ;kRed dFkuksa dks


14

ns[kuk pkfg, tSls mi;qZDr mnkgj.k dk NBk okD;] *;gh fo’odkeuk J)k dh çsj.kk dk ewygSA* J)k gS ,d O;fDr fo’ks”k ds çfr ysfdu mldk dkj.k ;g gS fd J)s; ds xq.k fo’odkeuk¼dY;k.k½ djus okys gS aA bl çdkj fo”k; ds lkFk O;fDr dsUnz es a g S ysfdu ‘kqDy es aO;fDr&ladYiuk cM+h O;kid gS bldk vfHkçk; leLr fo’o vFkok yksd gSA

fo ” k; dh i fjH k k ” k k

fo”k;xr ifjHkk”kk ds dkj.k fucU/k lkfgR; esa ‘kqDy dk O;fDrRo çHkkfor djrk gSAeuksHkkoks a lEcU/kh fucU/kk sa esa ;g fo’ks”krk [kklrkSj ij mHkjh gSA ifjHkk”kk dk ‘kkfCnd vFkZ gS& Li”V] la’k;jfgr dFkuA fdlh ‘kCn dk bl çdkj vFkZ djuk ftlls ml ‘kCn fo’ks”k dsvFkZ dh fo’ks”krk vkSj O;kfIr iw.kZ :i ls fuf’pr gks tk,A bl n`f”V ls ‘kqDy dh ifjHkk”kk,¡cgqr lQy gSaA ifjHkk”kk mudk dsUnz fcUnq gSA blh ds vk/kkj ij os lEc) fo”k; dk foospu]oxhZdj.k] fo’ys”k.k vkfn djrs gSaA dqN egÙoiw.kZ ifjHkk”kk,¡ bruh :<+ gks pqdh gSa fd ‘kqDyçnÙk ifjHkk”kk dks gh loZLohdr fd;k tk ldrk gS] tSls] *ukuk* fo”k;ksa ds cks/k dk fo/kku gksusij gh muls lEcU/k j[kus okyh bPNk dh vusd:irk ds vuqlkj vuqHk wfr ds fHkUu&fHkUUk ;ksxla?kfVr gksrs gSa tks Hkko ;k euksfodkj dgykrs gS a vFkok ^HkfDr /keZ dh jlkRed vuqHkwfr gSA*;k J)k vkSj çse ds ;ksx dk uke HkfDr gSA* vFkok *viuh cqjkbZ] ew[kZrk] rqPNrk bR;kfn dk,dkUr vuqHko djus ls ofÙk;ksa esa tks ‘kSfFkY; vkrk gS] mls Xykfu dgrs gSa A *vFkok* tSls nwljsds nq%[k dks ns[kdj nq%[k gksrk gS oSls gh nwljs ds lq[k ;k HkykbZ dks ns[kdj Hkh ,d çdkj dknq%[k gksrk gS] ftls bZ”;kZ dgrs gSaA* dfork dh ifjHkk”kk rks lkfgR;’kkL= esa LFkkfir gks gh pqdhgS] *ftl çdkj vkRek dh eqDrkoLFkk Kkun’kk dgykrh gS] mlh çdkj g`n; dh eqDrkoLFkkjln’kk dgykrh gS] gn; dh blh eqfDr dh lk/kuk ds fy, euq”; dh ok.kh tks ‘kCn fo/kkudjrh vkbZ gS] mls dfork dgrs gSaA* bu ifjHkk”kkvksa ds fuekZ.k esa Hkkjrh;&if’peh lkfgR;ijEijkvksa ,oa dks’kks a rFkk euksfoKku dk ekSfyd <ax ls vkJ; fy;k x;k gSA

f o ” k ; dk ox h Zdj. k

‘kqDy ds çk;% lHkh fucU/kks a es a oxhZdj.k dh ço`fÙk feyrh gSA fo”k; ds foospu esaHksn&miHksn djuk mudh futh fo’ks”krk gSA *J)k&HkfDr* esa oxhZdj.k bl çdkj gqvk gS]* LFkwy:i ls J)k rhu çdkj dh dgh tk ldrh gS 1- çfrHkk&lEcfU/kuh] 2- ‘khy lEcfU/kuh vkSj3- lk/ku lEifr lEcfU/kuhA* dgha Hksnks a ds Hkh miHksn fn, x, gSa tSls] *fLFkfr Hksn ls fç; ;kvPNh yxus okyh oLrq ds lEcU/k esa bPNk nks çdkj dh gksrh gS 1- çkfIr ;k lkfUu/; dh bPNk2- nwj u djus ;k u”V u gksus nsus dh bPNkA çkfIr ;k lkfUu/; dh bPNk Hkh nks çdkj dhgks ldrh gSA 1- brus lEidZ dh bPNk ftruh vkSj fdlh dh u gksA 2- brus lEidZ dh bPNk


15

ftruk lc dksbZ ;k cgqr ls yksx ,d lkFk j[k ldrs gksaA* Hksn & miHksn dh bl çofÙk ls‘kqDy ds fucU/k fo’ys”k.kkRed rks gks tkrs gSa fdUrq tfVy Hkh cu iM+rs gSaA

fo ” k; dk fo’y s” k . k

‘kqDy ds fucU/kksa esa fo’ys”k.k og fo’ks”krk gS ftlds }kjk os ekuo&eu dh xgjkb;ksaesa tk igq¡prs gSaA fdrkch euksfoKku ds lkFk vkfne jkx] vkfne oklukvksa ¼bPNkvks a½ dk ijh{k.kvkSj O;ogkj lkfgfR;d fo’ys”k.k }kjk djrs gSaA ,d gh le; es a Hkko fo’ks”k ds ltkrh; vFkokfotkrh; Hkko dk fo’ys”k.k vU; fdlh fucU/kdkj us ugha fd;k gSA *J)k&HkfDr es a ,sls dbZLFky feyrs gSa] *J)k }kjk ge nwljs ds egÙo ds fdlh va’k ds vf/kdkjh ugha gks ldrs] ijHkfDr }kjk gks ldrs gSaA ;gk¡ rd fd nwljs dh HkfDr djds ge rhljs dh HkfDr ds vf/kdkjhgks ldrs gSaA jke ij vuU; HkfDr djds guqeku vU; jke HkDrksa dh HkfDr ds vf/kdkjh gq,A*bl fo’ys”k.k i)fr us gh ‘kqDy dks fopkjkRed fucU/kk s a esa vxz.kh; LFkku çnku fd;k gSA

v k Re k f H k O ; f Dr

‘kqDy ds O;fDrRo dh Nki muds fucU/kks a esa fn[kkbZ nsrh gSA Hkkoks a ;k euksfodkjks alEcU/kh fucU/k mudh vkRekfHkO;fDr ds l’kDr ek/;e cus gSaA O;fDrxr ?kVukvksa ,oa çlaxks atSls ,d y[kuoh nksLr ds lkFk lkaph tkuk] ,d czkã.k nsork dks v¡xhBh tykrs ns[kuk vkSjdk’kh ds crZu cspus okys nqdkunkj ds okrkZyki dh ?kVuk&lHkh ds }kjk mUgksaus viusiu dhNki fucU/kks a ij NksM+h gSA O;fDrxr :fp&v:fp çdV djds tSls iDds jkx xkus okyksa ijQcrh dlds] Hkkjrh;ksa dh dyklfDr ds çfr viuh çfrfØ;k O;Dr djds rFkk dgha çd`fÙk&çsevkSj vrhr çse fn[kkdj HkkokRed çfrfØ;kLo:i O;fDrRo dks çfrfCkfEcr fd;k gSA bl Nkids ek/;e ls ‘kqDy dh :fp&v:fp] lkekftd fopkj] yksdkn’kZ vkfn dk cks/k gks tkrk gSA

lk fgR; ds H k k o k s a dh vf H k O ;fDr es a muds O;fDrRo dk fun’k Zu g qvk g SAmnkgj.k ds fy, ‘khy ds lEcU/k esa jke ds ‘khy dk eksgd :i *lqfu lhrkifr ‘khy lqHkkm*]Hkxoku ds lkehI; dh ckr ij jl[kku ds *ekuq”k gksa rks ogh jl[kku*] fç; ds lq[k dh fpUrkds fy, lwj dk *lanslks nsodh lksa dfg;ks*] *Xykfu* esa Hkjr dh Xykfu dk o.kZu vkfn esa ‘kqDydk Hkko oSf’k”V~; feyrk gSA

lkekftd cqjkb;ksa ds çfr Hk kokRed O;aX;kRed çfrfØ;k ds :i es a os *J)k&HkfDr*fucU/k esa >wBs lkoZtfud m|ksxifr;ksa vkSj udyfp;ksa ij *fgrksins’k ds x/ks us rks ck?k dh [kkygh vks<+h Fkh] ij ;s yks ck?k dh cksyh Hkh cksy ysrs gSa* tSlh mfDr;ka dgh xbZ gSaA *yksHk vkSjçhfr* es a yksfHk;ks a ij Qcrh dlh xbZ gSA {kk= /ke Z ds ç’k ald :i esa muds O;fDrRo dhNki *yksHk vkSj çhfr* esa ns[kh tk ldrh gS] *tc rd ;g O;kikjksUekn nwj u gksxk] rc rd


16

bl i`Foh ij lq[k&’kkfUr u gksxhA nwj og vo’; gksxkA {kk= /keZ dh lalkj esa ,d ckj fQjçfr”Bk gksxh] pksjh dk cnyk MdSrh ls fy;k tk,xkA* bl {kk= /ke Z dh çfr”Bk ‘kqDy dsfucU/kksa esa yksdkn’kZokn ds :i esa loZ= gqbZ gSA

‘kqDy th ds lUnHkZ esa le>uk t:jh gS fd muds fucU/kksa esa O;fDrRo dh LFkkiuk vFkok vkRekfHkO;fDrdk vfHkçk; O;fDrokn dks çfrikfnr djuk ugha gSA bl vFkZ esa os O;fDrxr ds fojks/kh gSaA vr% vkRedsfUnzr]LokFkZc) jktuhfrKksa ,oa /kkfeZd mUekfn;ksa ds mins’kksa dh vogsyuk djrs gSaA mudk çofÙkijd fl)kUr okLrodeZ ls c¡/kk gqvk gSA blh dk çfriknu vius fucU/kksa esa Hkh djrs gSaA bl Øe esa os çÑfr ls Hkh çse djrsgSa tks dbZ vFkksZa esa gesa çsfjr djrh gSA lk¡ph ds Lrwi ns[kus ds çlax esa ,d LFky ij ‘kqDy th vius y[kuohfe= ds lkFk ?kwers gq, vkRekfHkO;fDr bl çdkj djrs gSa] *esjs eq¡g ls fudyk & **egqvksa dh dSlh ehBh egd vkjgh gSA** bl ij y[kuoh egk’k; us eq>s jksd dj dgk] **;gk¡ egq,&lgq, dk uke u yhft,] yksx nsgkrhle>saxsA** eSa pqi gks x;k] le> x;k fd egq, dk uke tkuus ls ckcwiu esa cêk yxrk gSA* bl mnkgj.k esa ‘kqDyth ds vUr%dj.k esa O;kIr xEHkhj] ekfeZd xzkeh.k ,oa çkdfrd çse dh ekufldrk dk irk pyrk gSA mudh nf”Vesa ns’k çse dk çFke lksiku çdfr çse gSA muds fucU/kksa esa vkRekfHkO;fDr dk vfHkçk; yksdeaxy] {kk=& /keZ dhLFkkiuk] e;kZnkokn vkSj laLdfr dks xkSjokfUor djuk gSA mudh fpUrk dk eq[; fo”k; O;fDr ugha] yksd gSA

Hkk”kk dk thoar ç;ksx

vkpk;Z ‘kqDy fucU/kksa ds lkFk Hkk”kk ds Hkh vkpk;Z gSaA mudh x| Hkk”kk fo”k;kuqlkj çsfjr] ifjofrZr vkSjlapkfyr gksrh gSA *mRlkg* vkSj *Øks/k* fucU/kksa dh Hkk”kk* dkO; esa yksd&eaxy dh lk/kukoLFkk* vkSj *lk/kkj.khdj.k vkSjO;fDr oSfp«;okn* dh Hkk”kk ls fHkUu gS D;ks afd ckn ds nksuksa fucU/k lkfgR; ‘kkL= ls lEc) gSa vr% budh Hkk”kkvis{kkdr dfBu gksuk LokHkkfod gSA xzkeh.k ls ysdj mnwZ] vaxzst+h ‘kCn&ç;ksx dks ysdj ‘kqDy th esa dksbZfgpfdpkgV ughaA fucU/kksa esa O;fDrRo dh Nki ds dkj.k Hkk”kk dh vis{kk vfHkO;atuk ‘kSyh vf/kd egÙoiw.kZ gkstkrh gSA njvly ‘kSyh gh fucU/kdkj dks oSf’k”V~; çnku djrh gSA

vfHkO;atuk ‘kSyh

fgUnh x| dh vfHkO;atuk ‘kfDr dks l’kDr cukus okys ‘kqDy th gSaA gkL; O;aX;] eqgkojksa] yk{kf.kdç;ksxksa tSlh lkekU; fo’ks”krkvksa ds vfrfjDr x| ls dfork dk dke fy;k x;k gSA njvly ‘kqDy th vFkZ xzg.kdks ugha cfYd fcEc xzg.k dks lkfgR; dk mís’; ekurs gSaA vr% ewfrZdj.k muds vfHkO;atuk i{k dk egÙoiw.kZfgLlk gSA blh dkj.k mUgksaus LokHkkfod vyadj.k ds lkFk ‘kCnksa dh uohurk vkSj LofufeZr ‘kCnksa dk dks’k lkcuk Mkyk gSA muesa vFkZ xkEHkh;Z] Hkk”kk dh çkS<+rk ds lkFk ,d fo’ks”k çdkj dh ‘kkyhurk vkSj çHkko mRiUu djusokyh ‘kfDr gSA nwljh vksj] fo”k;xr nqcksZ/krk dks mUgksaus gkL;&O;aX;] HkkokRed ‘kSyh ds lkFk fuxeu] vkxeu]lekl] O;kl ‘kSyh ds ç;ksx ls larqfyr fd;k gSA dk;Z&dkj.k ijEijk ds fgek;rh ‘kqDy th mnkgj.kksa] m)j.kksa]rdZ&fordZ] rqyuk] fu.kZ; }kjk vius er dks çfrikfnr djrs gSaA

fuxeu ‘kSyh esa igys viuh ckr dks FkksM+s ‘kCnksa vFkkZr~ lw= :i esa dgrs gSa fQj Li”Vhdj.k djrs pyrs


17

gSa tc rd fd fo’okl os Lo;a ugha dj ysa fd mudh ckr ikBd dks le> vk xbZ gksxhA ckn esa vkxeu ‘kSyhdh rjg *lkjka’k ;g gS fd*] *rkRi;Z ;g gS fd*] *vUr esa dgk tk ldrk gS* vkfn ls fu”d”kZ nsrs gq, fucU/k lekIrdjrs gSaA bl lw= ‘kSyh ds dkj.k vusd xEHkhj lwfDr;ksa dk fuekZ.k gqvk gSA ;s mudh vuqHko’khyrk dk ifj.kkegS] muds thou dk fupksM+ gSaA tSls] *cSj Øks/k dk vpkj ;k eqjCck gS*] ;fn çse LoIu gS rks J)k tkxj.k*] *J)kvkSj çse ds ;ksx dk uke HkfDr gS* vkfn ek= okD; ugha gS cfYd budh /ofu;k¡ gesa nwj rd çHkkfor djus okyhgSaA muds fucU/kksa esa dFku dk çkjEHk lekl ‘kSyh esa vkSj mldk foospu O;kl ‘kSyh esa gksrk gSA fucU/kksa esa lkjxfHkZrklekl ‘kSyh ls lEHko gqbZ gSA lw= :i esa lekl ‘kSyh vkSj foLrkj esa O;kl ‘kSyh nksuksa dk O;ogkj muds fucU/kksa esagqvk gSA

‘kqDy th dh foospukRed] O;k[;kRed ‘kSyh vusd ‘kSfy;ksa dks lesVdj pyh gSA n<+rk] vFkkg fo’okl]cy] xEHkhjrk mudh foospuk ‘kSyh ds egÙoiw.kZ ?kVd gSaA n<+rk ds mnkgj.kLo:i *dyk dyk ds fy, okyh ckrdks th.kZ gksdj ejs gq, cgqr fnu gq,A ,d D;k dbZ Øksps mls fQj ft+yk ugha dg ldrsA* bl okD; esa fdruh‘kfDr] fo’okl vkSj n<+rk dk lekos’k gSA fo”k;kuq:i ‘kSyh fuokZg dh viwoZ {kerk ‘kqDy esa gSA dgha&dgha rks,d gh ‘kCn tSls PkkScs th] czkã.k&nsork] ;kpd dfo] edZV&rqY;] eRL; rqY; vkfn ls O;aX; dh NVk fc[kjxbZ gSA ysfdu fNNykiu] gydkiu dgha ugha gSA f’k”V] pVd] LoLFk vkSj çsjd O;aX; dh mn~Hkkouk mudsfucU/kksa dk ewy gSA ‘kqDy esa HkkokRed ‘kSyh Hkh dbZ :iksa esa feyrh gSA dfo;ksa dh Hkkoqdrk ds çdk’ku esa rks mudkân; jek gh gS] vkReksYykl esa Hkh os ân; ds dikV [kksy nsrs gSa] og yksHk /kU; gS ftlls fdlh ds yksHk dkfojks/k ugha vkSj yksHk dh tks oLrq vius lc yksfHk;ksa dks ,d nwljs dk yksHkh cuk, jgrh gS] og Hkh ije iwT;gSA* {kksHkiw.kZ HkkokRed ‘kSyh tSls *dksjh lk/kqrk dk mins’k ik[k.M gS] dksjh ohjrk dk mins’k mí.Mrk gS] dksjsKku dk mins’k vkyL; gS vkSj dksjh prqjkbZ dk mins’k /kwrZrk gS* esa fun’kZu gqvk gSA

1 - 7 lkjk a’k

‘kqDy th ds fucU/kksa ds fo”k; esa fufoZokn :i ls dgk tk ldrk gS fd vk/kqfud fgUnh x| fo/kk dkloZrkseq[kh fodkl buesa ns[kk tk ldrk gSA muds vuqdj.k dh dksf’k’k esa gh vusdkusd fucU/kdkj çflf)dks çkIr gq, gSa fQj Hkh mudh {kfriwfrZ lEHko ugha gks ldh gSA fgUnh fucU/k ds {ks= esa O;fDrRo O;aftr fofo/krkvksads ckotwn oSKkfud vuq’khyu vkSj foospukRed ç.kkyh ls lEc) Hkk”kk i)fr ds vHkko dh iwfrZ ‘kqDy esa gh vkdjiwjh gks ldhA dkO; dh gekjs ;gk¡ ,d cM+h yEch] lqn<+ vkSj lqfopkfjr ijEijk jgh gS ftls vkfndky ls ghns[kk tk ldrk gSA yxHkx nks lgL=kfCn;ksa ds dkO;&laLdkj ds chp x| vkSj mlesa Hkh fucU/k] ftls fd if’pedh /kjksgj ekuk tkrk jgk& ds ek/;e ls lkfgR; Qyd dks çHkkfor djuk vius vki esa vk’kkrhr miyfC/kgSA vr% ‘kqDy th dk vkSj muds fucU/kksa dk oSf’k”V~; loZfofnr :i esa fgUnh lkfgR; dh vueksy/kjksgj gSA

1 - 8 dfBu ‘ k Cn


18

O;aX;] mn~Hkkouk] lk/kkj.khdj.k] oSfp«;okn] dyklfDr] O;kikjksUekn] lkfUu/;] izfriknu]izLrkouk] foÜka[kyk A

1 - 9 vH;klk F k Z i z’u

iz1- ‘kqDy ds fucU/kks a ij izdk’k Mkyrs gq,] fo’ks”krkvksa ij lfoLrkj fopkj dhft, A

------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- ------------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- ------------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------

------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- ------------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- ------------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------

------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- ------------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- ------------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------

------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- ------------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- ------------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------

------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- ------------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- ------------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------

------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- ------------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- ------------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------

iz2- fucU/k dk vFkZ ,oa Lo:i ij izdk’k Mkysa A

------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- ------------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- ------------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------

------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- ------------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- ------------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------

------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- ------------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- ------------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------

------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- ------------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- ------------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------

------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- ------------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- ------------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------

------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- ------------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- ------------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------

iz3- fuca/k dh lkekU; fo’ks”krkvksa ij fopkj djrs gq,] ‘kqDy ds fucU/kksa ij izdk’k MkysaA

------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- ------------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- ------------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------

------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- ------------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- ------------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------

------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- ------------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- ------------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------

------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- ------------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- ------------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------

------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- ------------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- ------------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------

------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- ------------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- ------------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------

1 - 1 0 lUnHk Z x zUF k @ i qLrd s a


19

1- lkfgR;&vuqHk wfr vkSj foospu & lalkj pUnz

2- x| fo/kk,a & vkpk;Z jkepUnz ‘kqDy

3- Js”B fucU/k & vkpk;Z jkepUnz ‘kqDy

4- fgUnh ds izfrfuf/k fucU/kdkj & }kfjdk izlkn lDlsuk

5- fgUnh lkfgR; es a fucU/k vkSj fucU/kdkj & xaxk izlkn xqIr

6- fgUnh fucU/k & x.kifr pUnzxqIr

7- vk/kqfud fgUnh x| lkfgR; & MkW- gjn;ky

8- lkekftd fgUnh fucU/k & MkW- KkusUnz oekZ

9- vkpk;Z jkepUnz ‘kqDy % fucU/k ;k=k & MkW- Ñ”.knso >kjh

10- vkpk;Z ‘kqDy & t;ukFk ufyu

11- jkepUnz ‘kqDy & MkW- fo’oukFk izlkn frokjh

12- fucU/k % fl)kUr vkSj iz;ksx & MkW- gfjgj ukFk f}osnh

-----------------------------------------------


20

M.A. Hindi Semester -IIICourse Code Hin-303 Lesson No. 2

vkpk;Z jkepUnz ’kqDy ds fucU/k Hkko ç/kku gSa vFkok cqf) ç/kku

2 - 0 #i j s[ k k

2-1 mí s ’;

2-2 i zLrkouk

2-3 ‘kqDy ds fucU/kksa esa Hkko i{k

2-4 ‘kqDy ds fucU/kks a es a cqf) rRo

2-5 lkjk a’k

2-6 dfBu ‘kCn

2-7 vH;klkFkZ i z’u


2 - 1 mí s’; %

fopkjkRed ,oa HkkokRed fucU/k dk Hksn tku ldsaxs A

‘kqDy ds fucU/k Hkko iz/kku gS ;k cqf) iz/kku] ;g tku ldsaxs A

2 - 2 i zLrkou k %

fucU/k esa Hkkouk ds lkFk fopkjksa dks fijksuk] ,d lkFk cka/kuk] cquuk ;k ladyu djukvko’;d gSA fo”k; izfriknu esa ,d fu”B Hkko ls fparu ds fy, rdZiw.kZ {kerk dk gksuk vfuok;Z


21

gksrk gS A tSls ‘kqDy ds fucU/kksa esa xgu xEHkhjrk] izkS<+rk] fpUru vkfn cqf)rRo lkfgR; dklkekU; rRo gS fopkjkRed fucU/kdkj dk Hkh dkS’ky blh ckr esa gS fd og fopkj&lw=ksa dschp&chp es a viuh O;fDrxr :fp;ksa&v:fp;ksa] Hkkoukvks a vkSj thou rFkk txr ds izfr viuhjkxkRed izfrfØ;kvksa dks bl izdkj O;Dr djrk pys] ftlls ikBd dk eu mnkr Hkko jl esavkuUn ys vkSj ys[kd ds O;fDrRo dk iw.kZ vkHkkl ik ldsa A

vkpk;Z ‘kqDy ds fopkjkRed ,oa HkkokRed fucU/kks a dk lekukUrj O;ogkj bl ç’u dksçkjEHk ls gh tUe nsrk gS fd muds fucU/k Hkko ç/kku g Sa vFkok cqf) ç/kkuA nwljs ‘kCnks aes a dgsa rks ;s fucU/k O;fDr ç/kku gS a vFkok fo”k; ç/kkuA okLro esa fpUrkef.k ds *fuosnu* esa‘kqDy us Hkwfedk :i esa cqf) ,oa ân; i{k dks ysdj tks ppkZ dh gS mlh ls ;g ftKklk mRiUugksrh gSA mUgksaus fy[kk] *bl iqLrd esa esjh vUr;kZ=k es a iM+us okys dqN çns’k gSaA ;k=k rksfudyrh jgh gS cqf)] ij ân; dks Hkh lkFk ysdjA viuk jkLrk fudkyrh gqbZ cqf) tgk¡ dghaekfeZd ;k Hkkokd”kZd LFkyksa ij igq ¡ph gS] ogk¡ ân; FkksM+k&cgqr jerk viuh ço`fÙk ds vuqlkjdqN dgrk x;k gSA bl çdkj ;k=k ds Je dk ifjgkj gksrk jgk gSA cqf) iFk ij vxzlj ân;Hkh vius fy, dqN u dqN ikrk jgk gSA* vkxs os fy[krs gSa] *bl ckr dk fu.kZ; eSa foK ikBdksaij NksM+rk g¡w fd ;s fucU/k fo”k; ç/kku gS a ;k O;fDr ç/kkuA* çR;sd jpuk esa jpukdkj dkO;fDrRo de&vf/kd ek=k esa lekfo”V gksrk gSA fucU/k esa nks çdkj ds rRo la;ksftr gksrs gS a,d fo”k;xr vFkkZr~ oLrqxr vkSj nwljk O;fDrxr vFkkZr~ vkRexrA fo”k; rRo dk vFkZ gS fo”k;dk ;FkkFkZ foospu vkSj bl fooj.k esa fucU/kdkj ds O;fDrRo ls dksbZ vUrj ugha vkrkA O;fDrç/kku ls vfHkçk; gS fo”k; vkSj ‘kSyh ds /kjkry ij fo”k; cks/k ls c<+dj fucU/kdkj ds futhO;fDrRo dk cks/k gksukA

;gk¡ /;ku nsus dh ckr gS fd ‘kqDy us *fgUnh lkfgR; dk bfrgkl* esa O;fDr ç/kku dkvFkZ lkekftd :i esa Li”V fd;k gS] O;fDrxr fo’ks”krk dk ;g eryc ugha fd mldh çn’kZuhds fy, fopkjksa dh Ük a a[kyk j[kh gh u tk, ;k tkucw> dj txg & txg ls rksM+ nh tk,]Hkkoks a dh fofp=rk fn[kkus ds fy, ,slh vFkZ ;kstuk dh tk, tks mudh vuqHkwfr ds çd`r ;kyksd lkekU; Lo:i ls dksbZ lEcU/k gh u j[ks vFkok Hkk”kk ls ljdl okyksa dh lh dljrsa ;kgB;ksfx;ksa ds ls vklu djk, tk,¡] ftudk y{; rek’kk fn[kkus ds flok vkSj dqN u gksA* blçdkj ‘kqDy ds fy, fo”k; ç/kkurk egÙoiw.kZ gSA

çR;sd fucU/k esa Fkk sM+h cgqr ek=k esa ckSf)drk vkSj lân;rk nksuks a jgrh gSa vFkkZr~efLr”d ¼fopkj½ i{k vkSj ân; ¼Hkko½ i{k fo|eku gksrk gSA ckSf)drk vFkkZr~ efLr”d i{k dhç/kkurk gksus ij fucU/k fo”k; ç/kku gksrk gS vkSj Hkkoqdrk vFkkZr~ ân; i{k dh vf/kdrk ijO;fDr ç/kku cu tkrk gSA fopkjkRed fucU/k fo”k; ç/kku vkSj HkkokRed fucU/k O;fDr ç/kku


22

gksrs gSaA fo”k; ç/kku fucU/kksa esa fo”k; ij foospu Øec) <ax ls gksrk gSA fopkjksa dh rdZlaxrÜkaa[kyk ‘kq: ls vUr rd jgrh gS A ‘kCn p;u ltxrk ds lkFk vkSj okD; dls gq, gksrs gSaAO;fDr ç/kku fucU/kksa esa fopkj Ükaa[kyk [kf.Mr gks tkrh gS vkSj vkReijd #fp&v#fp ds çlaxchp esa vk tkrs gSaA ‘kCn lkekU; vkSj okD; NksVs fdUrq Hkkoç/kku gksrs gSA

‘kqDy th ds *fuosnu* esa vUr;kZ=k dh :id ;kstuk ls fucU/kks a esa cqf) dh ç/kkurkLi”V gSA vUr;kZ=k dk usrRo cqf) gh djrh gS vkSj ân; mldk vuqxeu djrk jgk gSA cqf)dh ç/kkurk fo”k; dh gh ç/kkurk gS D;ksafd cqf) dh fo’ks”krk vkSj lkFkZdrk fo”k; ds oLrqxrfoospu vkSj fo’ys”k.k esa gh çdV gksrh gSA Hkko i{k dk voyEcu ‘kqDy us ‘kSyh ds lUnHkZesa fo’ks”k :i ls fy;k gS D;ks afd fucU/k dh ‘kSyh jpukdj ds O;fDrRo dk çfrfuf/kRo djrhgSA dqy feykdj Hkko vkSj cqf) i{k ds bl iwjs foospu esa i;kZ;okph ds rkSj dqN ‘kCnks a dksj[kuk vkSj le>uk Js;Ldj gS gkyk¡fd LFkwy :i ls Hkko i{k vkSj cqf)i{k gh O;ogkj esa çpfyr‘kCn gSA Hkko i{k dks ge Hkko ç/kku] O;fDr ç/kku] vkRexr] fo”k;hxr] fucZU/k fucU/k vFkoklCtsfDVo (Subjective) dg ldrs gSaA cqf) i{k dks cqf) ç/kku] fo”k; ç/kku] oLrqxr]fo”k;hxr] fopkjkRed] ifjcU/k fucU/k vFkok vksctsfDVo (Objective) dg ldrs gS aA

fo”k; ç/kku vFkok cqf) ç/kku fucU/kk s a es a fo”k; dh ç/kkurk loZ= jgrh gSA Lo;ays[kdh; O;fDrRo fo”k; ds çfriknu dh vksj /;ku dsfUnzr djrk gSA fo”k; ç/kku vFkok Hkkoç/kku fucU/k es a fucU/kdkj dks vkRekfHkO;fDr dh vis{kkdr LorU=rk gksrh gSA bl çdkj dkfucU/k ekuoh; vkSj Hkkouk ç/kku laosnukvks a ls ifjiw.kZ gksrk gSA buesa cqf) rRo de vkSjlkfgR; ds vU; rhuks a rRok sa dYiuk] Hkkouk vkSj ‘k Syh dk vkf/kD; gksrk gSA ikBd lh/ksjpukdkj ds lkFk fudVrk eglwl djrk gSA bl nf”V ls ‘kqDy ds fucU/k fo”k; ç/kku vFkkZr~cqf) ç/kku fucU/kksa dh dksfV esa vkrs gS aA gkyk¡fd muds fucU/kksa esa vkRekfHkO;fDr ,oa Hkkoqdrkdk LFkku xkS.k ugha gSA fo”k; dk foospu] viuk v/;;u&euu] fpUru vkSj fu”d”kZ ikBdksa dsle{k mUgksaus çLrqr fd;k gSA mudh LoPNUn eu%fLFkfr Hkh bu fucU/kks a esa feyrh gS fdUrq osfo”k; ls HkVdrs ugha gSA muds ekSfyd fopkj vkSj fof’k”V ‘kSyhdkj dk O;fDrRo fucU/kks a es agSa t+:j] fdUrq çofÙk] mís’; vkSj çfriknu ‘kSyh vkfn lHkh nf”V;ksa ls fo”k; ç/kku] fopkjijdvkSj cqf) ç/kku gh gSA bruk gksus ij Hkh ;g lR; gS fd ‘kqDy ds ikl ,d vkykspd dkefLr”d vkSj ,d dfo dk ân; gS ftlds jgrs cqf) vkSj Hkko i{k rjktw ds nks iyM+ksa dh Hkk¡frmuds fucU/kk s a esa cjkcj nksyk;eku jgrs gSaA

2 - 3 ‘k qDy d s fucU/kk s a e s a H kko i{ k

‘kqDy ds fucU/kks a dh Hkko ç/kkurk ckSf)d ;k=k ds Je dk ifjgkj djrh gSA mudsHkkokRed ân; dh çfrfØ;k vkSj HkkokuqHkwfr muds fucU/kks a esa O;Dr gksrh jgrh gSA lkekftd


23

fo”kerk ds çfr HkkokRed çfrfØ;k Lo:i muds ân; dh fofHkUu voLFkk,¡ tSls Hkkoqdrk]{kqC/krk] eqX/krk] mRlkg] mYykl ns[kh tk ldrh gSaA jke ds deZ lkSUn;Z esa jlyhu fLFkfr] çdfrvkSj Le`fr es a HkkoeXu n’kk] lekt ds vkMEcjks a ls {kqC/k gksus dh voLFkk] d`f=e lH;rk ijO;aX;kRed fVIi.kh muds Hkkouke; ân; dks lkeus ykrh gSA

lkekftd fo”kerkvk s a ds çfr HkkokRed çfrfØ;kvks a dk s ‘kqDy us ?k`.kk ds :iesa vfHkO;Dr fd;k gSA fo”kerk ds dkj.kksa ij os {kksHk fefJr ?k.kk vkSj fo”kerk QSykus okys yksxksaij O;aX; fefJr ?k`.kk fn[kkrs gSaA *Hk;* ‘kh”kZd fucU/k esa mUgksaus ;wjksi ds O;kikjksUekn ds çfr?k.kk O;Dr dh D;ksafd blds dkj.k ekuo dk ‘kks”k.k gks jgk gSA bldks iryk djds eksVk cuusokyksa ds çfr {kksHk tfur ?k.kk dk :i *yksHk vkSj çhfr* ‘kh”kZd fucU/k esa bl çdkj lkeus vkrkgS] eksVs vknfe;ksa! rqe tjk&lk nqcys gks tkrs&vius vUns’kksa ls lgh&rks u tkus fdruh BBfj;ksaij ek¡l p<+ tkrkA* O;fDrRo ds çdk’ku ds dkj.k gkL; O;aX;;qDr ?k.kk dk ç;ksx mUgksaus vf/kdfd;k gSA *yksHk vkSj çhfr* fucU/k esa yksfHk;ksa ds thou dh vlaxfr vkSj cqjkbZ ij gkL; O;aX;e;h?k.kk ls pksV dh xbZ gS] *yksfHk;ksa dk neu ;ksfx;ksa ds neu ls fdlh çdkj de ugaha gksrkA yksHkds cy ls os dke vkSj Øks/k dks thrrs gSa] lq[k dh okluk dk R;kx djrs gSa] eku&vieku esaleku Hkko j[krs gSaA vc vkSj pkfg, D;k \* Vdk /keZ ij mudh Q+Crh] udyh ckcqvksa ij pqVdh]pkScsth ij O;aX; vkfn esa HkkokRed çfrfØ;kvksa dks cy feyk gS ;gk¡ rd fd dykdkj Hkh mudhbl Q+Crh ls cp ugha ik, gS aA *J)k&HkfDr* fucU/k esa iDdk laxhrK muds dVk{k dk fo”k;cuk gS] *laxhr ds nkao&isap ns[kdj Hkh gB;ksx ;kn vkrk gSA ftl le; dksbZ dykoUr iDdkxkuk xkus ds fy, vkB vaxqy eq¡g QSykrk gS vkSj *vk* *vk* djds fody gksrk gS] ml le;cM+s&cMs+ /khjks a dk /kS;Z NwV tkrk gS & fnu Hkj pqipki cSBs jgus okys cMs+&cMs vkyfl;ksa dkvklu fMx tkrk gSA* bl çdkj mudh ?k.kk okLro esa ohHkRl jl ds vFkZ esa ugha gS cfYd fdlhHkh çdkj dh vlaxfr vFkok folaxfr ls {kk sHk] n;k] gkL; vkfn :i es a O;Dr gksrh gSA

‘kqDy th dk ân; ;fn vlekurk] vlaxfr esa phRdkj dj mBrk gS rks nwljh vksjlqUnj je.khd n`’;] lkfgfR;d i zl axk s a e sa Hk koeXu Hkh gk s tkrk gSA tgk¡ Hkh voljfeyrk gS os lkfgR;&HkkokRed izlaxks a dks mn~/kr djrs gSaA ^yksHk vkSj Áhfr fucU/kks a es a budhHkjekj gSA ;kpd vkSj nkrk&nksuks a ds yksHk dh HkRlZuk os jghe ds nksgs ls djrs gaSa] ^jfgeu osuj ej pqds ts dgq¡ ek¡xu tkfgaA mursa ifgys os eq, ftu eq¡g fudlr ukfgaaAA* izse dh mPpn’kk dk mnkgj.k os lwj dh xksfi;ks a ls nsrs gSaA dgha Qkx ¼gksyh½ [ksyrh ukf;dk dh mfDrin~ekdj ls mn~/kr djrs gSa] ûSau upk; dgha eqldk; yyk fQj vkb;ks [ksyu gksjh*A nwljh vksjjl[kku dh Hkxon~ HkfDr ds mnkgj.k :i esa izfl) loS;s dks izLrqr djrs gSaA êkuq”k gks rks ofgjl[kkfu clS tks xksdqy /kke ds }kjs*A lkFk&lkFk rqylhnkl ds HkfDriw.kZ inksa] lwjnkl dh ljlinkoyh] nso&efrjke dh jl /kkjk esa rYyhu gksrs gSaA blhfy, uojl muds fucU/kksa esa Ükaxkj]


24

d:.kk] izse] yTtk] yksHk] ‘kksd] gkl vkfn euksHkkoksa ds :i esa izkIr gksrs gSaA lkfgfR;d mfDr;ksadks viukus ds {ks= esa mUgksaus iksi dh iafDRk;ksa dk fgUnh vuqokn ^dfork D;k gS* fucU/k esa fd;kgSA ^f=os.kh* esa lwj] rqylh vkSj tk;lh dh fVIif.k;ksa esa mudh Hkko lcyrk dks vklkuh ls ns[kktk ldrk gSA

dfork dks uj {ks=] ujsrj vkSj leLr pjkpj txr~ ls tksM+us okys ‘kqDy ds fy,i zd `fr i zse vk Sj i zkd `frd :i Nfo;k sa l s vuqj kx LokHkkfod gSA izkd `frd lkfUu/;ds ,sls LFkyksa ij cqf) ,d rjQ NwV tkrh gS vkSj Hkkoksa dk rhoz vkosx vkyksfM+r gks mBrk gSA^dfork D;k gS* ‘kh”k Zd fucU/k bl nf”V ls iz’kaluh; gS] ^;fn vius Hkkoks a dks lesVdj euq”;vius ân; dks ‘ks”k lf”V ls fdukjs dj ys ;k LokFkZ dh i’kqofÙk esa gh fyIr j[ks rks mldheuq”;rk dgk¡ jgsxh\ ;fn og ygygkrs gq, [ksrks a vkSj taxyksa] gjh ?kkl ds chp ?kwe&?kwedjcgrs gq, ukyksa] dkyh pêkuksa ij pk¡nh dh rjg <yrs gq, >juksa] eatjh ls ynh gqbZ vejkb;ksavkSj rV ij ds chp [kM+h >kfM+;ks a dks ns[k {k.k&Hkj yhu u gqvk] ;fn dyjo djrs gq, if{k;ksads vkuUnksRlo esa mlus ;ksx u fn;k*] ;fn f[kys gq, Qwyksa dks ns[k og u f[kyk] ;fn nhu&nq[khdk vkrZukn lqu og u ilhtk] ;fn vukFkksa vkSj vcykvksa ij vR;kpkj gksrs ns[k Øks/k ls ufryfeyk;k] ;fn fdlh cs<c vkSj fouksniw.kZ n’; ;k mfpr ij u g¡lk rks mlds thou esa jgD;k x;k\ bl fo’o dkO; dh jl/kkjk esa tks FkksM+h nsj ds fy, izdfr ls izsj.kk dk dke ysusdk mRlkg ‘kqDy th esa bruk vf/kd gS fd fucU/k es a Hkh Lojfpr i|kRed iafDr;ksa dk yksHklaoj.k ugha dj ik;s gSaA cUnj ds ek/;e ls euq”; dh LokFkZijrk dks [kf.Mr djus dh izsj.kknsrs gq, blh fucU/k esa dgrs gSa%

nsrs gSa ?kqM+dh ;g vFkZ&vkst&Hkjh gfj**thus dk gekjk vf/kdkj D;k u jg x;k \ij çfr”ks/k ds çlkj chp rsjs uj!ØhM+ke; thou mik; gS gekjk ;gAnkuh tks gekjs jgs] os Hkh ikl rsjs gq,]mudh mnkjrk Hkh ldrk ugha rw lgAQwyh Qyh meax midkj dh rwNsadrk gS tkrk] ge tk,¡ dgk¡] rw gh dg!^^

çdfr çse ds vHkko esa ‘kqDy jk”Vª çse dks lEHko ugha ekursA çd`fr ds çfr vuqjkx brukvf/kd gS fd ujsrj {ks= Hkh mudh Hkkoqdrk ds [kses esa vk x;k gSA ‘kgjksa esa cls xzkeh.kksa dk lkFki’kq&i{kh ugha NksM+rs] *dcwrj gekjs NTTks ds uhps lq[k ls lksrs gSa] xkSj gekjs ?kj ds Hkhrj vkcSBrs gSa] fcYyh viuk fgLlk ;k rks E;k¡o&E;k¡o djds ek¡xrh gS ;k pksjh ls ys tkrh gS] dqÙks


25

?kj dh j[kokyh djrs gSa vkSj oklqnso th dHkh&dHkh nhokj QksM+dj fudy iM+rs gSaA* Li”V gSfd ‘kqDy ds fucU/kks a esa mudk dfo ân; vkSj mldh Hkkoqdrk lekfgr gSA

fucU/k fo/kk esa fucU/kdkj ds O;fDrRo dh Nki vafdr jgrh gSA vr% ys[kdds oS;fDrd thou çlaxksa] ?kVukvksa ,oa vuqHkoksa ls fucU/k esa Hkko ç/kkurk ns[krs gh curh gSA*yksHk vkSj çhfr* uked fucU/k esa ,d y[kuoh nksLr ds lkFk lkaph tkus ds çlax es a ‘kqDy usviuk çdfr çse] ns’k&çse vkSj ckcqvksa ij O;aX; vkfn dbZ Hkkoks a dks ,d lkFk O;Dr fd;k gSAtSls **;g Lrwi ,d cgqr lqUnj NksVh lh igkM+h ds Åij gSA uhps ,d NksVk lk taxy gS] ftlesaegq, ds isM+ Hkh cgqr ls gSaA clar dk le; FkkA egq, pkjkas vksj Vid jgs FksA esjs eqg¡ ls fudyk^êgqvksa dh dSlh ehBh egd vk jgh gSA** bl ij y[kuoh egk’k; us eq>s jksd dj dgk] **;gk¡egq,&lgq, dk uke u yhft,] yksx ¼iqjkrRo foHkkx ds yksx½ nsgkrh le>saxsA** eSa pqi gks x;k]le> x;k fd egq, dk uke tkuus ls ckcwiu esa a Hkkjh cêk yxrk gSA** *J)k&HkfDr* ‘kh”kZdfucU/k esa nqdkunkj dh mfDr ij O;aX; djrs gq, ‘kqDy crkrs gSa] *,d fnu eSa dk’kh dh ,dxyh ls tk jgk FkkA ,d BBsjs dh nqdku ij dqN ijnslh ;k=h fdlh cjru dk eksy Hkko djjgs Fks fd bruk ugha&bruk yks rks ysaA brus gh esa lkSHkkX;o’k nqdkunkj th dks czãKkfu;ks adh ;kn vk x;h vkSj mUgksaus pV dgk & ek;k NksM+ks vkSj ys yksA* *jlkRed cks/k ds fofo/k :i*fucU/k esa viuh vcks/krk dks Lohdkjrs gq, crkrs gSa] *jkf= esa] fo’ks”kr% o”kkZ dh jkf= esa >haxqjk savkSj f>fYy;ksa ds >adkj fefJr phRdkj dk c¡/kk rkj lqudj yM+diu esa eSa ;gh le>rk Fkk fdjkr cksy jgh gSA* *yTtk vkSj Xykfu* esa O;aX; fefJr ;FkkFkZ dks çLrqr djrs gq, dgrs gSa eSausdqÙks ds dbZ ‘kkSdhuksa dks vius dqÙks dh cnrehth ij ‘kjekrs gq, ns[kk gS**A ‘kqDy th dsvkRexr çlaxksa ds lanHkZ esa /;ku nsus dh ckr gS fd euksHkkoksa lEcU/kh fucU/kksa esa mudk O;fDrRovis{kkdr vf/kd eq[kfjr gqvk gSA ‘ks”k fucU/kk s a esa O;fDrRo dks de LFkku feyk gSA

euksHkkoksa ;k euksfodkjksa fo”k;d fucU/kks a esa fo”k; ds Li”Vhdj.k gsrq ‘kqDy th nSfudthou ds vuqHkoks a dk lgkjk ysrs gSaA *Øks/k* ‘kh”kZd fucU/k esa çfrdkj] cnyk] Øks/k tSls lw{evarjksa dks Li”V djus ds fy, os ,d loZlk/kkj.k lk mnkgj.k ysrs gSa] *,d&nwljs ls ifjfprnks vkneh jsy ij tk jgs gSaA buesa ls ,d dks vxys gh LVs’ku ij mrjuk gSA LVs’ku rdigq¡prs&igq¡prs ckr gh ckr esa ,d us nwljs dks rekpk tM+ fn;k vkSj mrjus dh rS;kjh djusyxkA vc nwljk euq”; Hkh ;fn mrjrs&mrjrs mls ,d rekpk yxk ns rks ;g mldk cnyk;k çfrdkj gh dgk tk;sxkA* blh çdkj *?k.kk* fucU/k esa ?k.kk vkSj Øks/k dk vUrj crkus dsfy, os csgn lkekU; mnkgj.k nrs gSa ftlls fucU/k dh cksf>yrk dks Hkkouk ls de fd;k tklds] *;fn gksyh esa dksbZ xUnh xkfy;ka cdrk pyk tkrk gS rks ?k.kk ek= yxus ij vki mUgsaekjus u tk;s axs] mlls nwj gVsaxs] ij ;fn vki tgk¡&tgk¡ tkrs gS a] ogk¡&ogk¡ og Hkh vkidslkFk&lkFk v’yhy cdrk tkrk gS rks vki ml ij fiYy iMs+ axsA* bl çdkj ‘kqDy th dk


26

Hkkouke; ân; xEHkhj fucU/kksa esa Hkh ljlrk vkSj jkspdrk çnku djrk gSA fucU/kks a esa mudkHkko i{k çcy gSA

2 - 4 ‘k qDy th d s fucU/k k s a e s a c qf) rRo

dksbZ Hkh fo/kk fo’kq) efLr”d ç/kku vFkok ân; ç/kku ugha gksrhA egÙo dsoy bl ckrdk gS fd fdlh lkfgfR;d fo/kk esa ,d dk vuqikr vf/kd gksrk gS vkSj fdlh vU; esa nwljs dkçfr’kr T+;knk gks ldrk gSA T+;ks a rks lkfgR; vFkok dyk ek/;eksa dk ewy ljksdkj Hkkouk ;kân; ls vf/kd esy [kkrk gS fdUrq ifjos’k vkSj le; ds cnyus ls ljksdkj Hkh ifjofrZr gksrstkrs gSa D;ks afd O;fDr gks vFkok fo/kk lHkh dh lkis{krk lekt] ifjos’k vius ;qx ls tqM+h gksrhgSA dfork vkSj fucU/k es a Hkkouk dh ç/kkurk Lohdr jgh gS fdUrq vk/kqfud nkSj ds lkfgR; dksns[ks a rks vklkuh ls igpkuk tk ldrk gS fd vkt dh dfork fo’kq) Hkkouk ç/kku vFkokxhrkRed ‘kSyh ls dkslksa dh nwjh ij [kM+h gSA ‘kqDy th us bl ifjorZu dks x| esa lcls igysigpku vkSj fucU/k dks O;fDrxr thou lanHkks Za rd gh lhfer ugha j[kdj ,d fof’k”V izdkjdh ‘kSyh ¼O;fDrxr ‘kSyh½ ls laokjkA nwljh vksj] mUgksaus foKku dh t+:jr vkSj euksfoKku dsc<+rs ncko dks eglwl djrs gq, fucU/k esa cqf) rRo dh iSjoh dhA vr% ‘kqDy esa vkdj fucU/ku dsoy efLr”d dh psruk ls tqM+k cfYd ân; vkSj cqf) dk lkeatL; Hkh bl fo/kk esa LohdrgqvkA

‘kqDy th us thou vk Sj lk fgR; ds Hk kok s a e sa e wy:i ls dk sb Z vUrj ugh afd;k D;k s afd lkfgR; mudh n`f”V esa yksd eaxy dk ek/;e gSA ;gh dkj.k gS fd jl dsvykSfddRo dks mUgksaus ykSfdd fl) fd;kA jl dh fLFkfr dkO; ls vyx ykSfdd thou es aHkh crkdj thou ds egÙo dks LFkkfir fd;kA mUgksaus yksd thou dh Bksl /kjrh ij [kMs+ gksdjlkfgfR;d ekU;rk, ¡ LFkkfir dhaA dkO; dh dlkSVh yksd lkekU; dh Hkko Hkwfe ds :i fu/kkZfjrfd;s vkSj mUgksaus O;fDroknh vkSj fo’kq) Hkkooknh ladqfpr /kkj.kkvksa ls lkfgR; dks eqDr fd;kvkSj mls lkekftd thou dk vax cuk;kA euq”; ds Hkkoksa dk Lkzskr ;gh ukuk :ikRed txrgSA blls ckgj os lkSUn;Z dh fLFkfr Lohdkjrs gSaA os ekuo Kku dks Hkh yksdc) ekurs gSa A Kkubl O;Dr vkSj xkspj :i txr~ dk gh gksrk gS] vKkr&jgL;e;h vxkspj ‘kfDr dk ughaA ‘kqDyblhfy, v/;kRe ‘kCn dks dkO; esa LFkku ugha nsrsA os thou vkSj txr~ dh lR;rk dks Lohdkjusokys rFkk blh esa lkSUn;Z jkf’k dks ns[kus okys fucU/kdkj gSaA

‘kqDy th dk thou n’kZu izo`fÙkewyd gSA os fuofÙk ekxZ dks ik[k.M ekurs gSaA ;gk¡‘kqDy th ds lUnHkZ esa bu nksuksa ‘kCnksa dks le>uk t+:jh gS D;ksafd Hkkjrh; n’kZu esa izo`fÙk HkksxvkSj fuofÙk ;ksx dk izrhd gS] tcfd ‘kqDy ds fy, izofÙk dk vFkZ deZ vkSj fuofÙk dk vFkZ


27

iyk;u vFkok vdeZ.;rk gSA yksdeaxy dh dlkSVh ij lkfgR; dks dlus okyk vkpk;Z Hkykfuo`fÙk vFkkZr~ vdeZ.;rk dk i{k/kj dSls gks ldrk gSA ‘kqDy deZ lkSUn;Z ds lPps mikldgSaA xhrk ds fu”dke deZ dh O;k[;k tSlh mUgksaus ^mRlkg* fucU/k esa dh gS og vius vki esamudk ekSfyd iz;kl vkSj O;k[;k gSA os fgUnw tkfr dh vdeZ.;rk ij t+cjnLr izgkj djrsgSaA os deZ ekxZ ds jkgh gksus ds lkFk iFk izn’kZd Hkh gSaA deZ esa vkuUn vuqHko djus okyksa dkgh uke deZ.; gSA mudk deZ ekxZ {kk= /keZ dks mfPkr ekurk gS vkSj lokZf/kd egÙo nsrk gStcfd Hkkjrh; n’kZu esa iqjksfgr /keZ loZJs”B gSA ‘kqDy th dk deZ ekxZ {kk= /keZ ls lEcfU/kr gSvkSj vR;kpkj ,oa vR;kpkjh dk neu djus okyk izp.M ekxZ gSA blhfy,] ^{kk= /keZ ikyudh vko’;drk lalkj esa lc fnu cuh jgsxha esa mudk v[k.M fo’okl gSA rHkh rks os vfgalkRedizfrjks/k vkSj vR;kpkjh dks xys yxkus dh uhfr dk fojks/k djrs gSaA lHkh izdkj ds vU;k;]vR;kpkj rFkk v/keZ ds uk’k dk ,dek= lk/ku os {kk= /keZ ds ikyu dks ekurs gSaA vkfFkZd oS”kE;vkSj izfrLi/kkZ ls Hkjs O;kikj mUekn ds chp {kk= /keZ ,dek= mik; gSA ^yksHk vkSj izhfr* fucU/k es ackSf)d /kjkry ij os bl xyk&dkV laLd`fr ls NqVdkjs dk lek/kku crkrs gSa a] ^tc rd ;gO;kikjksUekn nwj u gksxk rc rd bl i`Foh ij lq[k ‘kkfUr u gksxhA nwj og vo’; gksxkA {kk=/keZ dh lalkj esa ,d ckj fQj izfr”Bk gksxhA pksjh dk cnyk MdSrh ls fy;k tk,xkA* bl izdkj‘kqDy th LFkwy vFkks Z a esa tuoknh u gksdj thouoknh fopkjd Bgjrs gSaA os izR;sd er vkSjfl)kUr dks v/;kRe dh ugha] cqf) dh dlkSVh ij dlrs gSaA mUgks aus lf”V ds fodkl dk Øefodklokn ds cqf)laxr fl)kUr ds vuqlkj gh Lohd`r fd;k gSA ^rqylh dk yksd/keZ* ‘kh”kZdfucU/k esa mUgksaus HkfDr dk fodkl ekuork ds blh cqf)iznÙk fodkloknh fl)kUr ds vk/kkj ijfn[kk;k gSA lH;rk ds fodkl ds lkFk Hk; dh lh<+h ikj djus ij gh ‘kqDy okLrfod HkfDrdk fodkl lEHko ekurs gSaA vU/kfo’okl dk f’kdkj gksdj cqf) dh vogsyuk mUgsa Lohdk;Z ughagSA

{kk= /keZ dh egÙkk izfrikfnr djus ds Øe esa ‘kqDy jktuhfrd nk ao&is apks a l s ijsns’k i zse dks ifjHkkf”kr djrs gSaA muds ns’kiz se dh dlkSVh eap ij [kMs+ usrk dk Hkk”k.k ughagS cfYd ‘kqDy th lPpk ns’k izseh mls ekurs gSa tks ns’k ds d.k&d.k ls izse djrk gks] tks ns’kdh feêh dks eLrd ij /kkj.k djrk gks vkSj ns’k ds yksxksa ds lq[k & nq%[k dk Hkkxhnkj curkgksA os mu >wBs ckcqvksa ij O;aX; djrs gSa tks jk”Vª izse ds uke ij ns’k dh vkfFkZd voLFkk dkfglkc&fdrkc fd;k djrs gSa vkSj ftUgsa vius gh ns’k ds x+jhc ,oa xzkeh.k HkkbZ;ksa ls uQjr gksrhgSA ^bZ”;kZ* fucU/k esa NksVs&cMs+ ds vk/kkj ij HksnHkko djus okyksa ij os cjlrs gSa] U;k;/kh’k U;k;djrk gS] dkjhxj bZ aVsa tksM+rk gSA lekt dY;k.k ds fopkj ls U;k;/kh’k dk lk/kkj.k O;ogkjesa dkjhxj ds izfr ;g izdV djuk mfpr ugha fd rqe blesa NksVs gksA ftl tkfr esa blNksVkbZ&cM+kbZ dk vfHkeku txg&txg tedj n<+ gks tkrk gS mlds fHkUu oxksaZ ds chp LFkk;h


28

bZ”;kZ LFkkfir gks tkrh gS vkSj la?k ‘kfDr dk fodkl cgqr de voljksa ij ns[kk tkrk gS*A

ns’k izse dks ân;xr laLdkjks a dk fo”k; ekuus ds lkFk ‘kqDy th ekurs gSa fd ns’k dhHkkSxksfyd lhek] izkd`frd oSHko] tu&lEink] laLdfr] tkrh; xkSjo vkfn ls ifjfpr gq, fcuklPpk jk”Vª izseh ugha cuk tk ldrkA ^yksHk vkSj izhfr* esa mUgksaus ykSfdd ,oa oS;fäd izse dslkFk jk”Vª izse dh xgjkbZ ds dkj.kksa dk foospu fd;k gSA Li”V gS fd ‘kqDy dk jk”Vª izse dksjhHkkoqdrk dk fo”k; ugha cfYd jk”Vª vkSj mldh vfLerk ds ifjp; ls mitk ckSf)d çse Hkh gS]*;fn fdlh dks vius ns’k ls çse gS rks mls vius ns’k ds euq”;] i’kq&i{kh] yrk&xqYe] ou] ioZr]unh] fu>Zj lcls çse gksxk] lc dks og pkg Hkjh nf”V ls ns[ksxk] lcdh lq/k djds og fons’kesa vk¡lw cgk;sxkA tks ;g Hkh ugha tkurs fd dks;y fdl fpfM+;k dk uke gS] tks ;g Hkh ugha>kadrs fd fdlkuksa ds >kasiM+s ds Hkhrj D;k gks jgk gS] os ;fn nl cus&Bus fe=ksa ds chp çR;sdHkkjroklh dh vkSlr vkenuh dk ijrk crkdj ns’k&çse dk nkok djsa] rks muls iwNuk pkfg,fd *HkkbZ;ksa! fcuk ifjp; dk ;g çse dSlk\ ftuds lq[k&nq%[k ds rqe dHkh lkFkh u gq,] mUgsarqe lq[kh ns[kuk pkgrs gks] ;g le>rs ugha curkA jl[kku rks fdlh Hkh ydqVh vkSj defj;kij rhuksa iqjksa dk jktflagklu rd R;kxus dks rS;kj Fks] ij ns’k çse dh nqgkbZ nsus okyksa esa lsfdrus vius fdlh Fkds ek¡ns HkkbZ ds QVs&iqjkus diM+ksa vkSj /kwy Hkjs iSjksa ij jh>dj] ;k de&ls&de[kh>dj fcuk eu eSyk fd, dejs dh Q’kZ Hkh eSyk gksus nsaxs\*

çkdfrd çse ds :i esa Hkh ns’kkuqjkx dh çcyrk ‘kqDy th ekurs gSaA *dfork D;k gS* fucU/k esalPps ns’k çseh dks bl çdkj O;aftr djrs gSa] *iwoZes?k* rks ;gk¡ ls ogk¡ rd çdfr dh gh ,d euksgj>k¡dh ;k HkkjrHkwfe ds Lo:i dk gh e/kqj /;ku gSA tks bl Lo:i ds /;ku esa vius dks HkwydjdHkh&dHkh eXu gqvk djrk gS og ?kwe&?kwedj oDrrk ns ;k u ns] pUnk bdV~Bk djs ;k u djs]ns’kokfl;ksa dh vkenuh dk vkSlr fudkys ;k u fudkys] lPpk ns’k çseh gSA* bl çdkj ‘kqDy dh nf”Vesa çkdfrd ,oa HkkSxksfyd lkSUn;Z ls vfHkHkwr gksdj gh jk”Vª çseh gqvk tk ldrk gSA

ns’k çse dh Hkk¡fr ‘kqDy us HkfDr ds Lo:i dks Hkh vius <a+x ls O;k[;kf;r fd;k gSA mudhHkfDr Hkxoku~ ds lRLo:i dh ladYiuk blh txr~ esa Lohdkj djrh gSA os uj esa ukjk;.k ds n’kZuds vkdka{kh gSaA thou vkSj txr~ dk R;kx djds ?kV ¼vkRe½ ds Hkhrj fdlh vKkr vn”V dh lk/kukmUgsa ekU; ugha gSA ^yksHk vkSj çhfr^ esa os jkeHkDr dks bl çdkj ifjHkkf”kr djrs gSa] *esjs ns[kus esa rksogh jkeHkDr&lk yxrk gS tks vius iq=&dy=] HkkbZ&cfgu] ekrk&firk ls Lusg dk O;ogkj djrk gS]jkLrs esa phafV;k¡ cpkrk pyrk gS] fdlh çk.kh dk nq%[k ns[k vk¡lw cgkrk gqvk :d tkrk gS] fdlh nhuij fu”Bqj vR;kpkj gksrs ns[k Øks/k ls fryfeykrk gqvk vR;kpkjh dk gkFk Fkkeus ds fy, dwn iM+rk gS]ckydksa dh ØhM+k ns[k fouksn ls iw.kZ gks tkrk gSA ygygkrh gqbZ gfj;kyh ns[k ygygk mBrk gS vkSjf[kys gq, Qwyksa dks ns[k f[ky tkrk gSA* Li”V gS fd ‘kqDy dh v/;kRe Hkkouk ckSf)drk ls lapkfyrgSA


29

euksfodkjksa lEcU/kh futh ifjHkk”kkvksa esa Hkh ‘kqDy dh rkfdZd ,oa ckSf)d fopkj Üka[kyk dks ns[kk tkldrk gSA budk ,d Bksl lkekftd vk/kkj gSA muds Hkko fu:i.k dk mís’; Hkh euq”; dh O;kogkfjd ,oa rkfdZd{kerk dks tkxr djuk gSA os çR;sd euksfodkj dk lkekftd nf”V ls vkdyu djrs gSaA ik’pkR; Qzk;fM;ufl)kUr ;k ;kfU=d HkkSfrdoknh fopkj/kkjk mUgsa ekU; ugha] tks O;fDr dks dq.Bkvksa dk f’kdkj cukdj ifjfLFkfr;ksadk nkl cuk nsrh gSA buls nwj gVdj ‘kqDy Hkkoksa ;k euksfodkjksa dh mi;ksfxrk vFkok vuqi;ksfxrk dks lkekftdigyw ls vk¡drs gSaA mnkgj.k ds fy, *bZ”;kZ* fucU/k esa os bZ”;kZ dks vuko’;d Hkko crkdj mldh rqyuk eas Li/kkZ dkegRo crkrs gSa] *Li/kkZ lalkj esa xq.kh] çfrf”Br vkSj lq[kh yksxksa dh la[;k esa dqN c<+rh djuk pkgrh gS vkSj bZ”;kZdehA* Øks/k loZFkk fuUnuh; gS fdUrq ‘kqDy bls lkekftd mi;ksfxrk dh nf”V ls egÙo nsrs gSaA *Øks/k* fucU/kesa lkekftd thou dks vR;kpkjh&vU;k; ls cpkus ds fy, Øks/k ds egÙo dks çfrikfnr fd;k x;k gS] *{kektgk¡ ls Jhgr gks tkrh gS] ogha ls Øks/k ds lkSUn;Z dk vkjEHk gksrk gSA* ;gk¡ yksdihM+d jko.k ds neu esa çoÙkjke ds vkXus; us=ksa esa Hkh mUgsa vn~Hkqr lkSUn;Z fn[kkbZ nsrk gSA ‘khy ds fy, os yTtk vkSj ladksp dks t+:jh crkrsgSa fdUrq budh vf/kdrk dks yksd O;ogkj esa ck/kd Hkh ekurs gaSA Xykfu dks vkRe ifj”dkj dk ek/;e crkrs gSarFkk HkfDr&J)k dh lkekftd mi;ksfxrk fl) djrs gSaA *mRlkg* fucU/k esa deZ;ksx dh çfr”Bk djrs gSa] *fdlhHkko ds vPNs ;k cqjs gksus dk fu’p; vf/kdrj mldh çofÙk ds ‘kqHk ;k v’kqHk ifj.kke ls gksrk gSA* bl çdkjfoijhr le>s tkus okys Hkkoksa dks rkfdZdrk dh dlkSVh ij dldj ‘kqDy yksdfgr ds fy, mUgha fojks/kh Hkkoksadh mi;ksfxrk fl) djrs gSaA

‘kqDy us dkO; ,oa dyk dk ckSf)d i{k mn~?kkfVr fd;k gSA muds vuqlkj dkO; dh çsj.kk çofÙkewydgSA deZ dh çsj.kk vkSj yksdfgr dh lk/kuk blds ek/;e ls lEHko gSA *dyk dyk ds fy,* okys fl)kUr esa‘kqDy dh #fp ugha gSA mUgksaus dkO; dks ek= euksjatu vFkok foykl dk lk/ku ugha ekuk cfYd *dkO; esavfHkO;atukokn* fucU/k esa Li”V :i ls dgrs gSa] *dkO; dks ge thou ls vyx ugha dj ldrs A mls ge thouij ekfeZd çHkko Mkyus okyh oLrq ekurs gSaA *dyk dyk ds fy,* okyh ckr dks th.kZ gksdj ejs cgqr fnu gq,,d D;k dbZ Øksps mls fQj ftyk ugha ldrsA* dfork dks os [kq’kken rFkk fny cgykus dk ek/;e ugha ekursblfy, ‘kqDy us jhfrdky dh ?kksj Ük aaxkfjdrk dks Lohdkj ugha fd;kA Lo;a çofÙkewyd gksus ds dkj.k mUgksausiyk;uijd Nk;koknh dforkvksa dk fojk s/k fd;kA thou ds izxfr’khy rRoksa ls jfgr vkSj ;FkkFkZ thou ls nwjdh dfork mUgsa ekU; ugha gSA dYiukokfn;ksa dks Hkh Li”V dgk fd dYiuk* bl oLrq txr ls vyx fdlh vU;vn~Hkqr lf”V dh jpuk ugha djrhA yksd ân;] yksdeaxy vkSj yksdfgr dh vogsyuk djus okys lkfgR; dksos lkfgR; dh Js.kh ls cgqr nwj ekurs gSaA yksd thou vkSj deZ lkSUn;Z dk lkeatL; izfrikfnr djus dh nf”Vls ‘kqDy us Hkkjrh; izcU/k dkO;ksa vkSj muesa vfHkO;Dr yksd thouc) izse i)fr dh iz’kalk dh gSA ^yksHk vkSjizhfr* esa izofÙkewyd izcU/k dkO;ksa dh Js”Brk izfrikfnr djrs gq, fy[krs gSa] Hkkjrh; izcU/k dkO;ksa dh ewy izofÙkyksdthou ls laf’y”V izse ds o.kZu dh vksj jghA vkfn&dfo us jke vkSj lhrk ds izse dk fodkl fefFkyk ;kv;ks/;k ds egyksa vkSj cxhpksa esa u fn[kkdj n.Mdkj.; ds foLrr deZ {ks= ds chp fn[kk;k gSA mudk izse thou;k=k ds ekxZ esa ek/kq;Z QSykus okyk gS] mlls vyx fdlh dksus esa pkSdM+h ;k vkgsa Hkjus okyk ughaA blh yksd


30

thouc) izse dks os Js;Ldj ekurs gSa tgk¡ oS;fDrd izse lkekftd mi;ksfxrk ,oa yksdeaxy dk ek/;e curk gSAos ml izse dk eku djrs gSa tks lathou jl ds :i esa izseh ds lkjs thou iFk dks je.kh; vkSj lqUnj cuk nsrk gSvkSj yksd ds fy, iz’kLr djrk gSA

‘kqDy th dksjh Hkkoqdrk dk fojks/k djrs gSaaA os ml df=e lH;rk ds fo:) gSa ftlesa lPphlgkuqHkwfr dk vHkko gS vkSj ?kfM+;kyh vk¡lw cgkus okyksa dh HkhM+ gSA Hkkoksa ds bl cukoVhiu ds dkj.k ?k.kk* ‘kCnoSj ;k Øks/k dks fNikus dk dke ns tkrk gSA oSKkfud thou ds gLr{ksi dks Lohdkj djrs gq, Hkh os thou&ewY;ksadh mnkÙk HkkoHkwfe ls vk¡[ks ugha pqjkrsA ^yksHk vkSj izhfr* fucU/k esa Vdk/keZ ij pqVdh ysrs gq, ;FkkFkZ dkthrk&tkxrk fp= izLrqr djds ns’k dh folaxfr;ksa dks m?kkM+rs gSa] ^vktdy rks cgqr&lh ckrsa /kkrq ds Bhdjksaij Bgjk nh xbZ gSaA iSls ls jktlEeku dh izkfIr] fo|k dh izkfIr vkSj U;k; dh izkfIr gksrh gS ftuds ikl dqN#i;k gS] cMs+&cMs+ fo|ky;ksa esa vius yM+dksa dks Hkst ldrs gSa] U;k;ky;ksa esa Qhl nsdj vius eqdíesa nkf[ky djldrs gSa vkSj eg¡xs odhy&cSfjLVj djds cf<+;k [kklk fu.kZ; djk ldrs gSa] vR;Ur Hkh# vkSj dk;j gksdj cgknqjdgyk ldrs gSaA jkt/keZ] vkpk;Z/keZ] ohj/keZ lc ij lksus dk ikuh fQj x;k] lc Vdk/keZ gks x,A* bl df=elH;rk ij J)k&HkfDr* fucU/k esa Hkh pksV dh xbZ gS] dqN fnuksa igys dh lH;rk euq”; thou dks nsorqY; cukusesa Fkh] vc edZVrqY; vkSj eRL;rqY; cukus esa le>h tkus yxh gSA* blh izdkj xs:vk oL= yisVs] /keZ dk MadkihVus okyksa] ns’k fgrSf”k;ksa dk yEck pksxk iguus okyksa] ns’kks)kj dk <ksax jpus okyksa] >wBh J)k djus vkSj djkusokyksa] ukuk fo/k ds çiapks dks lHkk lkslk;fV;ksa ds eapksa ls mBkus okys okXohjksa dh ckSf)d vk/kkj ij HkRlZuk dhxbZ gSA dk’kh ds T;ksfr”kh] dkuiqj ds cfu, vkSj nyky] dpgfj;ksa ds veys vkSj eq[rkj vkfn /ku ds iqtkfj;ksadks vkMs+ gkFkksa ‘kqDy us fy;k gSA vius Lo:i oSfp«; vkSj vius vHkko dh j{kk vkSj çfr”Bk ds fy, euq”; dsHkkoksa ls [ksyus okys ‘kkLkdksa vkSj /kekZpk;ksZa] lHkh çdkj ds <ksafx;ksa vkSj vukpkfj;ksa ds çfr muds eu esa vfr’k;jks”k Hkko gSA

2 - 5 l kjk a ’ k

bl foospu ls Li”V gS fd ‘kqDy ds fucU/kksa esa Hkko ,oa cqf) dk lkeatL; gSA Hkkomuds fucU/kksa dks ljl cukrs gSa rks cqf) ds }kjk os yksdfgr dk ek/;e curs gSaA eq[; ckr;g gS fd ?kwe fQj dj ‘kqDy ds fucU/k yksdeaxy ,oa deZçsj.kk ls vk tqM+rs gSaA bl Øe esaoS”kE;ksa ij dqBkjk?kkr djus ls os ugha pwdrs lkFk gh thou dk lqUnj :i tgk¡ Hkh mUgsa feyrkgS ogha mudk ân; jerk fn[kkbZ nsrk gSA ;gha ij ;g Hkh /;ku nsus dh ckr gS fd euksfodkjlEcU/kh fucU/kk s a esa muds oS;fDrd thoukuqHkoks a ls çkIr fu”d”kZ lekfgr gSa vkSj lkfgR;’kkL=,oa fo”k;ç/kku fucU/kksa esa ckSf)drk dk vkxzg gSA dqy feykdj bruk rks fufoZokn :i ls dgktk ldrk gS fd lkfgR; dks yksd dY;k.k dk ek/;e cukus dh iSjoh ‘kqDy us çeq[krk ds lkFkdhA Hkkoksa vkSj fo’kq) euksjatu dh pkSgn~nh ls mUgksaus lkfgR; dks ckgj fudkydj mlls {kk=/keZ dh Hkk¡fr deZ lkSUn;Z dk ikB i<+k;kA ;g mudh lokZf/kd egÙoiw.kZ miyfC/k dgh tk ldrh


31

gSA fo”k; ,oa fo”k;hxr /kkj.kk ds vk/kkj ij ukis a rks ge dg ldrs gS fd ekSfydrk dh nf”Vls ’kqDy ds fucU/k ;fn fo”k;hxr gSa rks lkfgfR;d ,oa O;kogkfjd /kjkry ij fo”k; ç/kku gS aAys[kdh; mís’;] ço`fÙk] ‘kSyh rFkk ikBdh; miyfC/k dh n`f”V ls ;s fucU/k fo”k; ç/kku gSaAmUgksaus viuh ckSf)d ;k=k esa iM+us okys dqN fPkUrueuu ç/kku fo”k;ksa dks pquk vkSj foosfprfd;kA mudk mís’; uohu fo”k;ksa ls ikBdh; psruk dks ek= ifjfpr djkuk ugha oju~ mldhcqf) dks tkxr djuk Hkh jgk gS vr% foospu esa ckSf)drk ,oa ekfeZdrk nksuks a dk leHkko gSAvusd LFkyksa ij oS;fDrd thoukuqHkoksa ls tqM+dj Hkh ;s fucU/k fo”k; ls tqMs+ jgrs gSaA dgldrs gSa fd Hkkoksa ;k euksfodkjksa dk ifjp; ‘kqDy ds fucU/kksa dks fo”k;hxr cukrk gS vkSj lkFkgh budk lkekftd O;kogkfjd tqM+ko ,oa mÙkjnkf;Ro bUgsa fo”k; ç/kkurk dh dksfV esa [kM+kdjrk gSA fpj&ifjfpr ekU;rkvksa ds cfg”dkj ,oa uohu ekSfyd mn~Hkkoukvksa dh ltZuk es a‘kqDy dk ckSf)d vkxzg [kqydj lkeus vkrk gS vkSj ijEijkxr lkfgfR;d fojklr ,oa vuqxzgmUgsa Hkkoqd cukrs gSaA bl çdkj fo’ys”k.k dh nf”V ls muds fucU/kks a dks [kqys :i esa ge fo”k;ç/kku vFkok fo”k;h ç/kku dg ldrs gSaA fuf’pr :i ls ,d vksj Hkkoç/kkurk vkSj cqf)ç/kkurk ds [kses esa foHkkftr dj ldrs gSa fdUrq lkFk gh ;g Hkh ns[kuk gksxk fd ;s nksuksa fLFkfr;k¡‘kqDy ds ;gk¡ ijLij iwjd gSa vkSj buls feydj gh muds fucU/k iw.kZrk dks çkIr gksrs gSaA blçdkj vkykspuk dh nf”V ls ‘kqDy ds fucU/k Hkko ;k cqf) ç/kku dgs tk ldrs gSa fdUrq budkiw.kZ vkLoknu ân; ,oa cqf) ds lEiw.kZ vk;keksa dks lkFk j[k dj gh fd;k tk ldrk gSA

2 - 6 dfBu ‘ k Cn

vfHkO; atukokn] i zo `frewyd] ek/kq;Z ] ladksp] mRlkg] U;k;/kh’k] /kjkry] yksdeaxy]lkSHkkX;o’k] izfrdkj A2 - 7 vH;klk F k Z i z’uiz1- vkpk;Z ‘kqDy ds fucU/k Hkkoiz/kku gS ;k cqf) iz/kku] foLrkjiwoZd fopkj djsa A

------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- ------------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- ------------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- ------------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- ------------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- ------------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- ------------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- ------------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- ------------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- ------------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- ------------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- ------------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- ------------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------

iz2- Hkko rRo ,oa cqf) rRo ij izdk’k Mkyrs gq, ‘kqDy ds fucU/kksa ij fopkj djsa A------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- ------------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- ------------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- ------------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- ------------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- ------------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- ------------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------


32

------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- ------------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- ------------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- ------------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- ------------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- ------------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- ------------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------

iz3- ^vkpk;Z ‘kqDy* ds fucU/kksa esa fucU/k ds Hkko ,oa cqf) rRo ds egÙo dks fl) djsa A------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- ------------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- ------------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- ------------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- ------------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- ------------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- ------------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- ------------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- ------------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- ------------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- ------------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- ------------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- ------------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------

2 - 8 lUnHk Z x zUF k @ i qLrd s a

1- lkfgR;&vuqHkwfr vkSj foospu & lalkj pUnz




5- fgUnh lkfgR; esa fucU/k vkSj fucU/kdkj & xaxk izlkn xqIr








---------------------


33

M.A. Hindi Semester -IIICourse Code Hin-303 Lesson No. 3

vkpk;Z jkepUnz ’kqDy ds fucU/kksa dh Hkk”kk ‘kSyh

3 - 0 #i j s[ k k

3-1 mí s ’;

3-2 i zLrkouk

3-3 vkpk;Z ‘kqDy dh Hkk”kk ‘kSyh

3-3-1 oSKkfud Hkk”kk i)fr

3-3-2 mnkgj.k ‘k Syh

3-3-3 lkfgfR;d Hkkouk iz/kku Hkk”kk ‘kSyh

3-4 ‘kqDyh; fucU/k ‘kSyh ds fofo/k :i

3-5 Hkk”kk ‘kSyh dh lhek,a

3-6 Hkk”kk ‘kSyh dk egÙo

3-7 lkjk a’k

3-8 dfBu ‘kCn




34

3 - 1 m í s ’ ;

Hkk”kk dk vFkZ tku ldsaxs A

‘kSyh dk vFkZ tku ldsaxs A

fucU/k esa Hkk”kk ,oa ‘kSyh dk egRo tku ldsaxs A

fucU/k dh ‘kSyh ds fofo/k :iksa ls ifjfpr gks ldsaxs A

3 - 2 i z Lr kou k

fucU/k x| dh dlkSVh gS vkSj ‘kSyh fucU/k dh dlkSVh gSA dfork ds dyk&i{k dh ckrdjrs gq, ge dkO; f’kYi dh pPkkZ djrs gSa f’kYi vFkkZr~ dkO;&’kkL=h; n`f”V ls dkO; dsdyk&i{k dh tkap iM+rky djukA fdUrq x| esa] fo’ks”k :i ls fucU/k esa f’kYi dk LFkku *’kSyh*ys ysrh gS D;ksafd ‘kSyh fucU/kdkj ds O;fDrRo rFkk vkRe&i{k ds lkFk tqM+h gksrh gS vkSjO;fDrRo dh vfHkO;atuk dh xqatkb’k fucU/k esa jgrh gSA vr% fucU/k ds dyk i{k dh ppkZ djrsgq, Hkk”kk rÙo vFkkZr~ Hkk”kk ‘kSyh dk egÙo c<+ tkrk gSA

vkpk;Z jkepUnz ‘kqDy fgUnh ds fxus&pqus ‘kSyh fuekZrkvks a esa çeq[k LFkku j[krs gSaAfgUnh x| dh Hkk”kk vkSj ‘kSyh ds fuekZ.k esa Hkh vkykspuk dh rjg] mudk lokZf/kd egÙo gSAfgUnh x| dh vfHkO;atuk ‘kfDr dks mUgks aus [kwc c<+k;k gSA gkL;&O;aX;] eqgkojs vkSj yk{kf.kdç;ksxks a ds vfrfjDr ewfrZeÙkk mudh ‘kSyh dh ,d cM+h fo’ks”krk g SA ‘kqDy th lkfgR; dhfo’ks”krk vFkZ xzg.k djkus ek= esa ugha ekursA os fcEc xzg.k djkuk Hkk”kk dh eq[; fo’ks”krk ekursjgsA Hkk”kk dh dlkoV dk loksZÙke mnkgj.k ‘kqDy ds vfrfjDr dgha vkSj ikuk nq”çk;% gSA ‘kqDyth gh fgUnh dh çkS<+ lkfgfR;d O;atuk&ç/kku lekl;qDr foospukRed oS;fDrd ‘kSyh ds tudgSaA fgUnh fucU/kdkjks a esa ;fn fdlh lQy jpukdkj dk uke ysuk gks] ftlus Hkk”kk dh leLr‘kSfy;ksa & foospukRed] O;k[;kRed ‘kSyh vkSj mlds fofHkUu :iksa fuxeu] vkxeu] vkykspukRed]rdZ ç/kku] rqyukRed] fu.kZ;kRed vkfn ds lkFk HkkokRed] o.kZukRed] fooj.kkRed] gkL;&O;aX;kRed]vkyadkfjd ‘kSyh dk fuokZg leku vf/kdkj ds lkFk fd;k gS rks ogka ij vkpk;Z ‘kqDy dks ghfy;k tk ldrk gSA

‘kqDy th ds fucU/k fgUnh x| ds pje fodkl ds |ksrd gSaA fucU/k esa Hkk”kk iw.k Zr%O;kdj.k& lEer gksrh gS] tks Hkk”kk dh ‘kfDr vkSj mlds Lo:i dh fuf’prrk vkSj çfr”Bk dsfy, vko’;d gSA fucU/k fofHkUu çdkj ds fopkjkRed Kku&foKku lEcU/kh fo”k;ks a ij fy[kstkrs gSaA vr% lHkh fo”k;ks a ls lEcfU/kr] çpfyr vkSj ikfjHkkf”kd ‘kCnks a dk lekos’k fucU/kks a es agks tkrk gSA vr% Hkk”kk dh vfHkO;atuk ‘kfDr dk iw.kZ fodkl fucU/kksa esa gh gksrk gSA fdlh x|


35

ys[kd dh Hkk”kk ‘kSyh dk iw.kZ fodkl mlds fucU/kksa ls gh Kkr gksrk gSA mnkgj.k ds fy, ‘kqDyth ds x| dks ysa rks x| ‘kSyh dk] Hkk”kk dk çkS<+ :i tSlk muds fucU/kksa esa feyrk gS og mudsvuqoknksa vFkok *lkfgR; dk bfrgkl* esa ugh >yd ikrkA

3 - 3 vkpk;Z ‘k qDy dh H k k ”k k ‘ k Syh

vkpk;Z ‘kqDy ls igys fgUnh fucU/k ds {ks= esa O;fDrRo O;atd fofo/krk,¡ çpqj ek=kesa lkeus vkrh jgha] fdUrq fpUru dh oSKkfud çdfr ls vuq’kkflr Hkk”kk ‘kSyh dk vkfoHkkZo ughagks ik;k FkkA bl vHkko dh iwfrZ ‘kqDy th us dhA ‘kqDy dh Hkk”kk ‘kSyh eqq[;r% oSKkfud foospudh Hkk”kk i)fr gSA blhfy, rdZ ;kstuk muds fucU/kksa dks çkjEHk ls vUr rd vkSj ‘kCn p;uls okD; jpuk rd] fopkjks a ds Øe ls ysdj vuqPNsnks a ds fu;kstu rd lekfgr jgrh gSA blrdZ ;kstuk ds lkFk Hkk”kk dk Lka?kVu ns[krs gh curk gSA

3 - 3 - 1 o SK k f ud H k k ” k k i)f r

‘kqDy th dh ‘kSyh oSKkfud foospu dh ‘kSyh gSA mlesa dykRed lkSUn;Z iSnk djusdh dksf’k’k ugha dh x;h gSA rFkkfi ;g ‘kSyh ,d tSlh ugha oju~ fucU/k dh lkis{krk ds vuq:iifjofrZr gksrh x;h gSA *d:.kk*] Øks/k* vkfn fucU/kks a esa ‘kSyh dk vkuUn de gS] lw{e rdZ;kstuk es a jlkLokn dh çfØ;k fNih gqbZ gSA ;gk¡ vkos’kiw.kZ ,oa vkyadkfjd ‘kSyh dk ç;ksxir>M+ es a clUr dh rjg gSA tcfd ^dkO; es a çkd`frd n`’;]* dkO; ea s jgL;okn* vkfndkO;&’kkL=h; fucU/kks a esa ;g i)fr çokgiw.kZ gSA buesa ,d ljl oDrk dh vkos’kiw.kZ ‘kSyh dkvkuUn feyrk gSA oSKkfud Hkk”kk i)fr dk C;kSjsckj o.kZu bl çdkj gS%&

¼d½ mi;qDr ‘kCn fu;kstu vFkkZr~ ‘kCn i;kZ; laHko ugha % oSKkfud Hkk”kk i)fr dh lclscM+h fo’ks”krk çlaxkuqdwy mi;qDr ‘kCn dh [kkst vkSj mldk ç;ksx gSA mnkgj.k ds fy, Øks/k* fucU/kdk igyk okD; gS] **Øks/k nq%[k ds psru dkj.k ds lk{kkRdkj ;k vuqeku ls mRiUu gksrk gSA** bl okD;esa çlaxkuqdwy mi;qDrre~ ‘kCnksa dk ;FkkLFkku ç;ksx gqvk gSA ;gk¡ ds psru* LFkku ij ltho] lKkuvkfn esa ls vU; ‘kCn mi;qDr ugha gSA blh çdkj *lk{kkRdkj* ds LFkku ij ns[kus ;k n’kZu tSls ‘kCni;kZ; ugha j[ks tk ldrsA blh çdkj ;fn *vuqeku* ds LFkku ij vUnkt+ ‘kCn ls okD; lkSUn;Z gh[kf.Mr gks tk;sxk] D;ksafd dk;Z dkj.k] vuqeku ‘kCn U;k; vFkok rdZ’kkL= ls lEcfU/kr ‘kCn gSA dk;Zls dkj.k dk vuqeku vkSj dkj.k ls dk;Z dk vuqeku n’kZu] vFkok rdZ’kkL= esa lkekU; ckr gSAmi;qDrre~ ‘kCn [kksth gksus ds dkj.k ‘kqDy ds fucU/kksa ds lEikfnr dk;Z esa ‘kCn i;kZ; ugha j[ks tkldrsA

¼[ k½ uohu ‘kCn fuekZ.k % ‘kqDy th us vius fucU/kksa }kjk fgUnh x| ‘kSyh ds fofo/k :i] jaxksa] Hkafxekvksadk fodkl fd;k vkSj ‘kCn Hk.Mkj dh Jhof) dhA ,d vksj] mUgksaus çkphu vk;Z laLdfr ls çkIr iqjkus


36

‘kCnksa dks lgstk vkSj nwljh vksj] if’peh lkfgR; vkSj dkO;’kkL= ds iqjkus&u;s ‘kCnksa dk fgUnh esavuqokn dj ikfjHkkf”kd fgUnh ‘kCnksa dk fuekZ.k dj Hkk”kk dks le) fd;kA laLdr lkfgR; ls lkn’;fo/kku] foHkktu O;kikj] vU;ksU;kJ;] jkxkfRedk ofÙk] vKku dqy’khy] czãkuUn lgksnjRo] dkO;kuqHkwfr]jlkuqHkwfr] ijks{k lÙkk] lay{;Øe vuqeku] vlay{;Øe vuqeku] LeR;kHkkl] Hkkoksnzsd] HkkoksUes”k] :ilkSUn;Z] deZ lkSUn;Z] Hkko&lkSUn;Z] lokZRek] va’kkRek] xzg.k ‘kfDr vkSj mn~Hkkfodk ‘kfDr tSls vçpfyr‘kCnksa dk th.kksZ)kj fd;kA vaxzsth ds vuqokn :i esa fgUnh i;kZ; [kksts tSls LoPNUnrkokn(Romanticism)] vkn’kkZRed (Idealistic)] xR;kRed (Dynamic)] vfHkO;atukokn(Expressionism)] :f<+ (Convention)] bfroÙkkRed (Matter of Fact)] çHkkooknhleh{kk (Impressionist criticism)] Lo;açdk’k Kku (Intuition)] fujis{k (Absolute)]Kkukrhr (Transcendental)] loZokn (Panthesim)] çHkkookn (Suppressionism)vkfn vuqokfnr ‘kCnksa us fgUnh Hkk”kk ds ikfjHkkf”kd dks’k dks O;kid cuk;kA buds vfrfjDr ‘kqDy thus ewy ‘kCn ls la;qDr ‘kCn cukdj oS;fDrd ikfjHkkf”kd /kjkry ij mUgsa Li”V djrs gq, fucU/kksa esaçfr”Bk fnykbZA tSls *yksd* ‘kCn ls mUgksaus vusd la;qDr ‘kCn cuk;s & yksdeaxy] yksd/keZ] yksd_.k]yksd&e;kZnk] yksd&dY;k.k] yksd&jatu] yksdc)] yksd&O;ogkj] yksdkuqdj.k] yksdksUeq[k] yksd laxzgbR;kfnA

¼x½ ‘kCnksa dk ferO;;h ç;ksx % ‘kqDy th dh ,d cgqr cM+h fo’ks”krk lkjxfHkZr okD; jpus dh{kerk gSA bu okD;ksa esa thou ds vuqHkoksa vkSj fpUru dk lqnh?kZ Qy lafpr gksrk gSA ,sls okD; lk/kkj.kokD;ksa ds chp esa vkdj peRdkj mRiUu djrs gSa] *;fn çse LoIu gS rks J)k tkxj.k gSA* vFkok* ftUgsa;g dgus esa ladksp ugha fd ge cMs+ ladksph gS] muesa ladksp dgka \* vFkok jke dk ukrk lkjs lalkjls ukrk tksM+rk gS] rksM+rk ugha*A vFkok *dÙkkZ ls c<+dj deZ dk Lekjd nwljk ugha gSA* tSls okD; ‘kfDr:i esa de ‘kCnksa ds ek/;e ls cgqr cM+h ckr dg nsrs gSaA

¼? k ½ aa[kykc) okD; fo/kku % bl çdkj ds x| fo/kku esa çR;sd okD; vius iwoZorhZ vkSj ijorhZokD; ds lkFk rdZiw.kZ <ax ls tqM+k gksrk gSA okD;ksa ds bl Øe ifjorZu dh xqatkb’k ugha gksrhA blhçdkj vuqPNsnksa dk Øe Hkh Ük aa[kykc) gksrk gSA *Hkko ;k euksfodkj* fucU/k dh çkjfEHkd iafDr;ksa lsbls le>k tk ldrk gS] *vuqHkwfr ds }U} gh ls çk.kh ds thou dk vkjEHk gksrk gSA mPp çk.kh euq”;Hkh dsoy ,d tksM+h vuqHkwfr ysdj bl lalkj esa vkrk gSA cPps ds NksVs ls ân; esa igys lq[k vkSjnq%[k dh lkekU; vuqHkwfr Hkjus ds fy, txg gksrh gSA isV dk Hkjk ;k [kkyh jguk gh ,slh vuqHkwfr dsfy, i;kZIr gksrk gSA thou ds vkjEHk esa bUgha nksuksa ds fpg~u g¡luk vkSj jksuk ns[ks tkrs gSa ij ;svuqHkwfr;k¡ fCkYdqy lkekU; :i esa jgrh gSa] fo’ks”k&fo’ks”k fo”k;ksa dh vksj fo’ks”k&fo’ks”k :iksa esa KkuiwoZdmUeq[k ugha gksrhaA


37

mi;qZDr vuqPNsn esa ;fn igys&nwljs okD; dk gh vkil es a Øe cny fn;k tk, rkso SKkfud rdZ ç.kkyh dk iwjk Øe gh Hkax gks tk,xk D;ksafd ;gk¡ rdZ dh fuxeukRed i)frdk ç;ksx gksus ls okD;ksa dk Øe Åij ls uhps mrjus dh vksj gSA igys okD; es a lkoZHkkSfedlR; ¼çk.kh thou dk vkjEHk }U} ls ½ gS vkSj nwljs okD; esa lhfer lR; ¼mPp çk.kh euq”;Hkh½ dk o.kZu gSA rhljs okD; esa vkSj Hkh lhfer lR; ¼cPps dk NksVk lk ân;½ nwljs okD; dhvis{kk gSA bl çdkj igys leLr çk.kh vFkkZr~ tho vkSj i’kq&i{kh] fQj mPp çk.kh vFkkZr~ euq”;vkSj fQj CkPpk vkSj mlesa Hkh NksVk lk ân; bl çdkj ,d Øe esa okD; j[ks x;s gSaA pkSFks okD;esa lq[k&nq%[k dh lkekU; vuqHkwfr vkSj ikapos esa g¡luk vkSj jksuk :i esa fof’k”V vuqHkwfr dh ppkZgSA bl çdkj ‘kqDy ds okD; fo/kku es a Øe ifjorZu ugha fd;k tk ldrkA

3 - 3 - 2 mnk gj. k ‘ k Sy h

oSKkfud foospu ç.kkyh ds vUrZxr ‘kqDy th ds fucU/kks a dh ,d fo’ks”krk ;g Hkh gSfd os mnkgj.k ;k n`”VkUr nsdj viuh ckr le>krs gSaA buds ç;ksx ls fopkj lgtrk vkSjLi”Vrk ds lkFk le> vk tkrs gSa vkSj Hkk”kk eas thoUrrk] lknxh vkSj fp=kRedrk vk tkrh gSA*Øks/k* ‘kh”kZd fucU/k esa igys ‘kqDy us Øks/k dh ifjHkk”kk nh gS fQj crk;k fd Øks/k ds fy,igq¡pus okys nq%[k vkSj mlds dkj.k dk ifjKku vko’;d gS] blds fcuk Øks/k mRiUu ugha gksrkAviuh ckr dgus ds ckn os bls vkSj T;knk Li”V djus ds fy, mnkgj.k nsdj le>kus dkç;kl djrs gSa] *rhu&pkj eghus ds cPps dks dksb Z gkFk mBkdj ekj ns] rks mlus gkFk mBkrsrks ns[kk gS ij viuh ihM+k vkSj ml gkFk mBkus ls D;k lEcU/k gS] ;g og ugha tkurk gSA vr%og dsoy jksdj viuk nq%[k çdV dj nsrk gSA* bl mnkgj.k ds vk/kkj ij vxys okD; esamUgksaus lw= ‘kSyh esa fu”d”kZ fudkyk fd] *nq%[k ds dkj.k dh Li”V /kkj.kk ds fcuk Øks/k dk mn;ugha gksrkA oSKkfud Hkk”kk i)fr esa rdZ] c qf) vkSj fopkj vk/kkj :i es a jgrk gS tcfdlkfgfR;drk dk vk/kkj Hkkoqdrk vkSj Hkko gSaA gkyk¡fd oSKkfudrk Hkh lkfgR; es a] lkfgfR;d iqVls vyx ugha gksrhA

3 - 3 - 3 lk f gf R;d] H k kou k ç/ k ku H k k ” k k ‘k Syh

ân; vkSj cqf) dh ;k=k esa ‘kqDy ds fucU/kksa dh Hkk”kk ‘kSyh fofHkUu euksHkkoksa ds vuq:ivius :i es a ifjorZu djrh gqbZ Hkkokuqxkfeuh cuh gSA gkL; vk Sj fouk sn dh euksn’kk esa‘kqDy vFkZ&lkS”Bo ls vkxs c<+dj ‘kCnksa dh ltkoV vFkok ‘kCn peRdkj dk feJ.k dj nsrsgSaA *yksHk vkSj çhfr* ds flyflys esa *lcdh VdVdh Vds dh vksj yx xbZ*] *y{eh dh ewfrZ /kkrqe;hgks xbZ] mikld lc iRFkj ds gks x,A* /;ku nsus dh ckr gS fd ;g ‘kCnxr ltkoV ek=peRdkj gsrq ugha gS cfYd vFkZ lkS”Bo dks vf/kd Li”V djus vkSj pedkus okyh gSA


38

vkos’k dh euksn’kk esa ‘kqDy ,d gh çdkj ds NksVs&NksVs okD;ksa dh >M+h&lh yxk nsrsgSaA *yksHk vkSj çhfr* ls bl Hkkon’kk dks le>k tk ldrk gS] *tks ;g Hkh ugha tkurs fd dks;yfdl fpfM+;k dk uke gS] tks ;g Hkh ugha lqurs fd pkrd dgk¡ fpYykrk gS] tks vk¡[k Hkj ;gHkh ugha ns[krs fd vke ç.k;&lkSjHkiw.kZ eatfj;ksa ls dSls yns gq, gSa] tks ;g Hkh ugha tkurs fdfdlkuksa ds >ksaiM+ksa ds Hkhrj D;k gks jgk gS] os ;fn nl cus&Bus fe=ksa ds chp çR;sd Hkkjroklhdh vkSlr vkenuh dk irk crkdj ns’kçse dk nkok djsa rks muls iwNuk pkfg, fd] *Hkkb;ksa!fcuk ifjp; dk ;g çse dSlk \

mRlkg ewyd Øk s/k dh n’kk es a muds okD; lh/ks ysfdu gFkkSMs+ dh lh pksV djusokys gksrs gSaA *J)k&HkfDr* fucU/k es a os xq.k’khy lk;ghu udyh J)s;ksa ij dqfir gksdj turkls dgrs gSa] *buls lekt dks gj ?kM+h lko/kku jguk pkfg,A bUgsa lkekftd n.M ns nsus ds fy,mls lnk lUu) jguk pkfg,A ;s vusd :iksa esa fn[kkbZ iM+rs gS aA dksb Z xs:vk oL= yisVs /keZdk Madk ihVrk fn[kkbZ nsrk gS] dksbZ ns’k fgrSf”krk dk yEck pksxk igus ns’kks)kj dh iqdkjdjrk ik;k tkrk gSA* gYds Øks/k dh fLFkfr esa os migkl&O;aX; djrs gSa] *J)kd”kZ.k dh fo|kdh Hkh vktdy [kwc mUufr gqbZ gSA vk’p;Z ugha fd blds fy, dqN fnuksa esa ,d vyx fo|ky;[kqysA* tcfd vfr’k; Øks/k dh fryfeykgV esa os dVq O;aX; ck.k NksM+rs gSa] ÞyksfHk;ksa! rqEgkjkvØks/k] rqEgkjk bfUnz;&fuxzg] rqEgkjh ekukieku&lerk] r qEgkjk ri vuqdj.kh; gS ] rqEgkjhfu”Bqjrk] rqEgkjh fuyZTtrk] rqEgkjk vfoosd] rqEgkjk vU;k; foxzg.kh; gSA rqe /kU; gks! rqEgsaf/kDdkj gSAß vFkok *fgrksins’k ds xngs us rks ck?k dh [kky vks<+h Fkh] ij os yksx ck?k dh cksyhcksy ysrs gSaA*

bl çdkj ‘kqDy ds fucU/kksa dh Hkk”kk&i)fr oSKkfud gksus ds lkFk fofHkUu euksHkkoks ads vuqdwy fofHkUu ‘kSyhxr Hkafxek,¡ /kkj.k dj ysrh gSA Hkk”kk ifjorZu dk ;g Lo:i mudsO;fDrRo dh vfHkO;fDr dk ek/;e gSA

3 - 4 ‘k qDyh; fucU/k ‘k Sy h d s fofo/k :i

fucU/k ds fo”k;kuq:i fucU/k dh ‘kSyh Hkh vusd gks ldrh gSaA ‘kqDy ds fucU/k ân;vkSj efLr”d ij ,dne çHkko Mkyrs gS a mldk ,d cgqr cMk+ dkj.k ‘kSyh dh] fo”k;kuq:iLohdfr gSA ;gk¡ rd fd vaxzst+h dh rt+Z ij mUgksaus lkadsfrd fpg~uks a ls Hkh ijgst ugha fd;kAHkkokosx vFkok fopkj çokg ds dkj.k mUgksaus ,sls ç;ksx fd, gSaA

lkadsfrd Hkk”kk ‘kSyh ds vUrxZr fofHkUu funsZ’kd fpg~uks a tSls m)j.k fpg~uksa] dks”Bd]MS’k bR;kfn dk ç;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA ‘kqDy ds funsZ’kd fpg~uks a dk vuqdj.k u;h dfork es ac[kwch ns[kk tk ldrk gS tgk¡ laosnuk dh vfr’k;rk ls budk ç;ksx dfo;ksa us fd;k gSA ‘kqDy


39

es a ;g ‘kSyh dbZ :iksa esa feyrh gS v)Zfojke vFkkZr~ dkWek¼,½ dk ç;ksx djus ls çR;sd okD;ds fy, vyx ls fØ;k dk bLrseky ugha djuk iM+rk nwljs] dFku dh O;kfIr Hkh fl) gksrhgS] *vuUr :iksa esa çdfr gekjs lkeus vkrh gS & dgha e/kqj] lqlfTtr ;k lqUnj :iksa esa] dghamxz] djky ;k Hk;adj :iksa esaA* ;gk¡ dkWek ç;ksx ls çR;sd v)Zfojke ds lkFk **:i esa çd`frgekjs lkeus vkrh gS** ckj&ckj dgus dh vko’;drk ugha gSA dgha dks”Bd dk lh/ks ç;ksx ughadjds MS’k ¼&½ dk ç;ksx gqvk gS] *d:.kk viuk cht vius vkyEcu ;k ik= esa ugha QSadrhvFkkZr~ ftl ij d:.kk dh tkrh gS og cnys esa d:.kk djus okys ij Hkh d:.kk ugha djrk& tSlk fd Øks/k vkSj çse esa gksrk gS& cfYd drK gksrk gS vFkok J)k ;k çhfr djrk gSA* ;gknksuksa ¼&½ ds chp dk dFku* tSlk fd Øks/k vkSj çse esa gksrk gS* njvly dks”Bd esa Hkh j[kktk ldrk FkkA dgha&dgha ij lh/ks dks”Bd ¼ ½ ç;ksx fd;k x;k gSA dks”Bd okLro esa ,d çdkjdh rkRi;Z ‘kSyh gS dFku ij nokc nsus ds fy, mlh Hkko dh fu;kstuk nwljh ‘kCnkoyh esa dh tkrh gS]*os dHkh rks vius vki fo”k;ksa dks eu ds lkeus ykrs gSa] dHkh fdlh fo”k; ds vkus ij mlls lEcU/k¼iwokZij ok dk;Z&dkj.k lEcU/k½ j[kus okys vkSj cgqr ls fo”k; mifLFkr djrs gSA* ¼d:.kk fucU/k½vaxzsth çHkkfor rt+Z ij ‘kqDy us la;qDr okD;ksa dk *dUtsD’ku* dh Hkk¡fr ç;ksx fd;k gSA

leqPp; cks/kd ‘kSyh ds vUrxZr ;fn rks vFkkZr~ dk;Zdkj.k ijEijk ds ç;ksx ls Hkk”kkesa pqLrh] çokg vkSj çHkko mRiUu fd;k tkrk gSA *dfork D;k gS* ls mnkgj.k ysdj bl ç;ksxdks le>k tk ldrk gS]* ;fn dyjo djrs gq, if{k;ksa ds vkUkUnksRlo esa mlus ;ksx u fn;k];fn f[kys gq, Qwyksa dks ns[kdj og u f[kyk] ;fn lqUnj :i lkeus ikdj Hkhrjh dq:irk dkfoltZu mlus u fd;k] ;fn nhu&nq%[kh dk vkÙkZukn lqu og u ilhtk] ;fn vukFkks a vkSjvcykvksa ij vR;kpkj gksrs ns[k Øks/k ls u fryfeyk;k] ;fn fdlh cs<+c vkSj fouksniw.kZ n’;;k mfDr ij u g¡lk rks mlds thou esa jg D;k x;k \*

buds vfrfjDr ‘kqDy ds fucU/kks a esa fucU/k ‘kSyh ds fpjifjfpr :i Hkh feyrs gSaA

f o o spu k R ed ‘k Sy h

‘kqDy ds fopkjkRed fucU/kks a dh çeq[k ‘kSyh foospukRed gSA ‘kCnxr vkSj vFkZxr nf”Vls ;g nks çdkj dh gksrh gS&,d O;kl ‘kSyh vkSj nwljh lekl ‘kSyhA lekl ds Hkh nks çdkj‘kCnxr vkSj vFkZxr lekl gSaA ‘kqDy ds fucU/kks a dh foospukRed ‘kSyh lekl ç/kku gS tksvFkZxr lekl ds :i esa feyrh gSA ‘kCn lekl ‘kSyh dk ç;ksx vis{kkd`r cgqr de fd;k x;kgSA nks ‘kCnksa vFkok dgha rhu ‘kCnksa ls vf/kd dk ‘kCn lekl ç;ksx muesa ugha feyrkA *uknlkSUn;Z*] *yksd laxzg*] *fl)kUr okD;*] *yksd&thou&c)* tSls LokHkkfod ‘kCn lekl Hkk”kkesa lkS”Bo vk Sj xkEHkh;Z ykrs gS aA FkksM+ s es a cgqr vf/kd dgus dh çd`fr ds dkj.k ‘kqDy dsfucU/kk s a esa vFkZ lekl vf/kd egÙoiw.kZ gS aA O; atuk’kfDr ij vk/kkfjr dyk&dkS’ky muds


40

fucU/kksa dk ,d cM+k xq.k gS ftlds jgrs mUgksaus vusd vFkZxfHkZr ekfeZd mfDr;ksa dk fuekZ.kfd;k gS] *tks fdlh ds fy, ugha thrs] mudk thuk&u&thuk cjkcj gSA* yksfHk;ksa ds fy, dgrsgSa] *u mUgsa eD[kh pwlus esa ?k.kk gksrh gS vkSj u jDr pwlus esa n;kA* foospukRed ‘kSyh dk ç/kku:i O;k[;kRed ‘kSyh gS ftlds vUrxZr vkxeu] fuxeu vkSj vkxeu&fuxeu&rhuksa ‘kSfy;ks adk ç;ksx ‘kqDy us fd;k gSA

v kxeu ‘ k Sy h

blds ek/;e ls fucU/kdkj viuh ckr dks [kwc le>k&le>kdj dgrk gS vkSj bldsfy, og mnkgj.k] m)j.k] rqyuk] O;k[;k] vFkkZr~ rkRi;Z ;g gS fd] blls fl) gqvk] lkjka’kgS fd bR;kfn dk ç;ksx djrs gq, vius dFku dks lw=c) djus dh dksf’k’k djrk gSA vkxeu‘kSyh esa fo’ks”k&fo’ks”k lR;ksa ds vk/kkj ij lkekU; lR; dh LFkkiuk dh tkrh gSA blesa okD;fo/kku lqÜk a a[kfyr gksrk gSA*dfork D;k gS* esa blh lkekU; lR; vFkok lkekU; /keZ dh LFkkiukgqbZ gS] *blls fl) gqvk fd lk/kkj.khdj.k vkyEcuRo /keZ dk gksrk gSA O;fDr rks fo’ks”k gh jgrkgS] ij mlesa çfr”Bk ,sls lkekU; /keZ dh jgrh gS ftlds lk{kkRdkj ls lc Jksrkvksa ;k ikBdksads eu esa ,d gh Hkko dk mn; FkksM+k&cgqr gksrk gSA* fo”k; Li”Vhdj.k ds i’pkr~ bl çdkjLFkkiuk dh xbZ gS] *lkjka’k ;g gS fd dsoy lk/kkj.kRo dh :fp lPph lân;rk dh igpkuugha gSA* blh çdkj *yksHk vkSj çhfr* esa igys fo’okfe= ds mnkgj.k vkSj O;k[;k ls Li”V djdsvUr esa LFkkiuk djrs gSa] *vU; dk R;kx vuU; vkSj lPps yksHk dh igpku gSA*

f uxeu ‘ k Sy h

blesa lkekU; ls fo’ks”k lR; dh LFkkiuk gksrh gSA vkxeu ‘kSyh esa fu”d”kZ vFkok lw=LFkkiuk ckn esa gksrh gS tcfd fuxeu ‘kSyh esa igys vkSj ckn esa mnkgj.k] O;k[;k ls Li”Vhdj.kgksrk gSA *bZ”;kZ* fucU/k ds vusd vuqPNsnksa dk vkjEHk lw= LFkkiuk ls gh gqvk gS tSls] *bZ”;kZ dknq%[k çk;% fUk”Qy gh tkrk gS*] *bZ”;kZ esa ç;RuksRikfnuh ‘kfDr cgqr de gksrh gS*] *bZ”;kZ vR;UryTtkorh ofÙk*A bu lw=ksa ls Li”V gS fd vuqPNsn dk vkjEHk vkd”kZd mn~Hkkouk ls gqvk gS vkSjikBd es a mRlqdrk txkus dh ‘kfDr fy, gSA

f uxeu&vkxeu l a; qD r ‘ k Sy h

*dfork D;k gS\* fucU/k esa nksuks a ‘kSfy;ksa dk la;qDr mnkgj.k feyrk gSA igys fuxeu‘kSyh ds vk/kkj ij lw= LFkkiuk gS] *Hkkoks a ds fo”k;ksa vkSj muds }kjk çsfjr O;kikjksa esa tfVyrkvkus ij Hkh mudk lEcU/k ewy fo”k;ksa vkSj ewy O;kikjksa ls Hkhrj&Hkhrj cuk gS vkSj cjkcj cukjgsxkA* bl ckr dh O;k[;k] mnkgj.kksa vkfn ls le>kdj fQj vkxeu ‘kSyh ds vuqlkj lkjka’kvFkok fu”d”kZ çfrikfnr djrs gSa] *lkjka’k ;g gS fd dkO; ds fy, vusd LFkyksa ij gesa Hkkoksa


41

ds fo”k;ksa ds ewy vkSj vkfne :iksa rd tkuk gksxk] tks ewrZ vkSj xkspj gksaxsA Hkkoksa ds vewrZ fo”k;ksadh rg esa Hkh ewrZ vkSj xkspj :i fNis feysaxsA* bl çdkj dh la;qDr ‘kSyh esa ‘kqDy fo”k; dksHkk¡fr&Hkk¡fr ls le>kus dk ç;Ru djrs gSaA foospukRed&O;k[;kRed dh fofo/krk] ‘kSyh dhçofÙk ij Hkh vk/kkfjr gksrh gS tSls rdZ ds vk/kkj ij rdZiw.kZ ‘kSyhA blh Hkkafr vusd ‘kSfy;ka‘kqDyh; fucU/kks a es a feyrh gSaA

mn~cks/kukRed ‘kSyh es a uSfrdrk dh nf”V ls vkns’k&funsZ’k fn, tkrs gS aA tSls&*;ksjksimls NksM+ jgk gS] NksM+ ns] ;g vko’;d ugha fd ge gj ,d dne mlh ds ihNs&ihNs gSa aA*lkfgR;&vkykspuk lEcU/kh fucU/kksa esa fu.kZ;kRed ‘kSyh dk ç;ksx gqvk gSA blds }kjk fdlh erdh LFkkiuk dh tkrh gS vFkok fu.kZ; fn;k tkrk gSA *J)k&HkfDr* ls ,sls mnkgj.k fy, tkldrs gSa] *lalkj esa euq”; ek= dh leku o`fÙk dHkh ugha gks ldrhA* *{kk=&/keZ ikyu dhvko’;drk lalkj esa lc fnu cuh jgsxhA* *J)k vkSj çse ds ;ksx dk uke HkfDr gSA* fdUghanks nf”Vdks.kksa ] fopkjksa] lEçnk;ksa ds chp rqyuk djrs gq, rqyukRed ‘kSyh dk ç;ksx *dkO; es ajgL;okn* fucU/k esa feyrk gS]*vO;Dr czã dh ftKklk vkSj O;Dr] lxq.k bZ’oj ;k Hkxoku dslkfUu/; dh vfHkyk”kk] ;gh Hkkjrh; i)fr gSA vO;Dr] vHkkSfrd vkSj vKkr dh vfHkyk”kk ;gfcydqy fons’kh dYiuk gS vkSj et+gch #dkoVksa ds dkj.k iSxEcjh er ekuus okys ns’kksa esa dhxbZ gSA* blh çdkj *J)k&HkfDr* esa ns[ks a] *çse es a ?kUkRo vf/kd gS vkSj J)k esa foLrkj*] ;fnçse LoIu gS rks J)k tkxj.k gSA* leh{kkRed fucU/kksa esa rdZiw.kZ ‘kSyh dk fuokZg gqvk gSA fofHkUufl)kUrksa vkSj fopkjksa dk [k.Mu&e.Mu djus ds fy, ‘kqDy rdZ nsrs gSaA bl nf”V ls *dfork D;k gS*esa egÙoiw.kZ rdZ ;kstuk feyrh gS] *mfDr dh ogha rd dh opu Hkaxh ;k oØrk ds lEcU/k esa gelsdqUry th dk *oØksfDr% dkO;thfore~* ekurs curk gS tgk¡ rd fd og Hkkokuqeksfnr gks ;k fdlhekfeZd vUro`ZfÙk ls lEcU/k j[krh gks] mlds vkxs ughaA* bl çdkj foospukRed&O;k[;kRed ‘kSyh dhftruh O;kidrk ‘kqDy esa gS] mruh fdlh fucU/kdkj esa ugha gSA ‘kqDy us Hkk”kk dks x<+us ds Øe esa lHkh{ks=ksa ls Hkk”kk ç;ksx fd, gSa vkSj fucU/k dh x| ‘kSyh dks leFkZ ,oa lqn<+ fd;k gSA

eqgkojs

lkfgR; vFkok dkO; dk vFkZ ek=&xzg.k ls ugha cfYd fcEc xzg.k ls iw.kZ gksrk gS vkSj ;ghdkO; dk mís’; gSA bl mís’; dh iwfrZ gsrq ‘kqDy th us fp=kRed] fcEckRed vkSj eqgkojsnkj ‘kSyh dkç;ksx fd;k gS D;ksafd eqgkojksa esa iwjh laLdfr dk vFkZ lek;k gksrk gSA *bZ”;kZ* fucU/k esa okLrfodrk vkSjlkisf{kdrk ds çlax esa eqgkojk ç;ksx gS] * lkisf{kdrk ut+j dk [ksy gS] vkSj dqN ughaA ;fn gesa isVHkj vUu ugha feyrk gS] rks yksx le>rs gS fd ge vius fdlh lkFkh ls vPNs ;k /kuh gSa] rks yksxksa dhbl /kkj.kk ls gekjk isV ugha Hkj ldrkA* xaHkhj foospu gsrq Hkh eqgkojksa dk ç;ksx gqvk gS] *tks fdlhds fy, ugha thrs mudk thuk&u thuk cjkcj gSA* ,d gh okD; esa ,dkf/kd eqgkojksa dk ç;ksx Hkh


42

feyrk gS] * fdlh dh vPNh pht+ dks ns[krs gh ftuds eqag esa ikuh vk tkrk gS os cjkcj [kjh&[kk sVh l quk djrs gS aA

rn ~ H k o ‘ k C n k oyh

fl)kUr fu:i.k ,oa xaHkhj foospu es a ‘kqDy th us laLd`rfu”B rRle ‘kCnkoyh dkbLrseky fd;k gSA ysfdu euksHkkoksa lEcU/kh fucU/kks a esa rn~Hko ‘kCnks a dks viuk;k x;k gSA rn~Hkodk ç;ksx ‘kqDy th /kM+Yys ls djrs gSa& xM+cM+>kyk] lsaresar] fudEEkk] /kM+k/kM+] cs/kM+d] [kVduk]eksy] yr] <c bR;kfnA Hkk”kk dks leFkZ djus ds Øe esa mUgksaus fons’kh ‘kCnksa tSls mnwZ ‘kCnkoyhls Hkh ijgst+ ugha fd;kA

mnw Z ‘ k Cn k oyh

‘kCn ds çfr mnkjrk cjrus okys ‘kqDy th us fo”k;&fuokZg vkSj ‘kSyh lkS”Bo dh nf”Vls mnwZ&Qkjlh ‘kCnks a dk [kqydj ç;ksx fd;k gSA *mRlkg* fucU/k esa ,d okD; mnwZ ‘kCnksa lsHkjk iM+k gS] *lyke&lk/kd yksx gkfdeksa ls eqykdkr djus ds igys vnZfy;ksa ls mudk fetktiwN fy;k djrs gSaA* blds vykok cksypky dh mnwZ ds lSadM+ks a ‘kCn feyrs gSa& vycÙkk] dnz]dk;e] [ksy&rek’kk] ‘kkSd] et+kd] Qjeku] Qjekb’k] nLrko st] nkLrku] gdhdr] xqatkb’k]xuher] vDy] egfQy] udy] l[kqu] dne vkfnA ‘kCn pkgs vaxzst+h gks ;k laLdr] rn~Hko gks;k mnw Z ‘kqDy us budk ç;ksx fo”k;xr xkEHkh;Z vkSj foospu gsrq gh fd;k gSA

yk { k f. kd ‘ k Syh

fcEc xzg.k dks egÙo nsus ds dkj.k ‘kqDy th ds fy, yk{kf.kd Hkk”kk dk ç;ksx t:jhcu iM+k gSA muds fucU/kks a esa yk{kf.kd ‘kCnkoyh ls ;qDr ekfeZd mfDr;k¡ cM+h çHkko’kkyh gSaA*yTtk vkSj Xykfu* esa ;g ç;ksx ns[krs gh curk gS] *y{eh dh ewfrZ /kkrqe;h gks x;h] mikldlc iRFkj ds gks x,A vktdy rks cgqr lh ckrsa /kkrq ds Bhdjksa ij Bgjk nh xbZ gSaA lc /keZ]vkpk;Z /keZ] ohj /keZ lc ij lksus dk ikuh fQj x;k] lc Vdk/keZ gks x,A* ,d gh ‘kCn dsfofHkUUk yk{kf.kd ç;ksxksa dks bl fucU/k esa ns[kk tk ldrk gS] *vk¡[k [kqyus ij tks vk¡[k [kksyusokyksa dks gh ns[k ldsa] mudh vk¡[k dh nq:Lrh esa cgqr dlj le>uh pkfg,A* rqdcUnh okys‘kCnksa ls laojh y{k.kk ‘kfDr dks Hkh ns[k ldrs gSa] *yksd O;ogkj dh nf”V ls vfu”V ls cpusds fy, b”V ;gh gS fd ge nq”Vks a dk gkFk Fkkesa vkSj /k`”Vksa dk eq ¡g&mudh oUnuk djds geikj ugha ik ldrsA b/kj ge gkFk tksMs+ axs] m/kj os gkFk NksMsa +xsA* blh çdkj in jpuk es ayk{kf.kdrk feyrh gS tSls & *BBfj;ksa ij ek¡l p<+uk*] *’kCn tcku ij ukpuk*] *Vs<h&lh/khlquuk* vkfnA


43

vky adk f jd ‘ k Sy h

peRdkj ds LFkku ij LokHkkfodrk ds :i esa ‘kqDy ds fucU/k vyadkjksa ls ijgst+ ughadjrsA miek vkSj :id tSls lkn`’; ewyd vyadkjks a dk ç;ksx muesa feyrk gSA *Hkko ;keuksfodkj* esa jlk;u foKku ls fy, x, mieku dk lVhd ç;ksx fd;k x;k gS] *euksfodkjks a;k Hkkoksa dh vuqHkwfr;k¡ ijLij rFkk lq[k ;k nq%[k dh ewy vuqHkwfr ls ,slh gh fHkUu gksrh gSa tSlsjklk;fud feJ.k ijLij rFkk vius la;kstd nzO;ksa ls fHkUu gksrs gSaA* blh çdkj Hkwxksy ls o”kkZdh çfØ;k dks ysdj mls lkekftd çfØ;k ij miek vkSj :id ds ek/;e ls lqUnj :i esa J)kHkfDr esa mn~?kkfVr fd;k gS] *dÙkkZ vius lRdeZ }kjk ,d foLr`r {ks= esa euq”; dh ln~o`fÙk;ks ads vkd”kZ.k dk ,d ‘kfDr dsUnz gks tkrk gSA ftl lekt esa fdlh ,sls T;ksfr”keku ‘kfDr dsUnzdk mn; gksrk gS ml lekt es a fHkUu ân;ks a ls ‘kqHk Hkkouk,¡ es?k[k.Mksa ds leku mBdj rFkk,d vkSj ,d lkFk vxzlj gksus ds dkj.k ijLij feydj bruh ?kuh gks tkrh gSa fd mudh?kVk&lh meM+ iM+rh gS vkSj eaxy dh ,slh o”kkZ gksrh gS fd lkjs nq%[k vkSj Dys’k cg tkrs gSaA vFkZ ds mRd”kZ esa lgk;d NksVs& NksVs vuqçkl mUgsa fç; gS a] *d:.k Øks/k*] *d”V&ØUnu*]*çQqYy&çlwu&çlkj*] *’khry lq[k Li’kZ*] *rkel rki* vkfnA ,d gh vorj.k esa miek] :id] y{k.kk]O;atuk dk lafy”V fo/kku J)k&HkfDÙk] fucU/k esa feyrk gS] *bUgsa tks dqN ge J)ko’k nsrs gSa] og Bhdlekt ds nq:Lr isV esa tkrk gS] tgk¡ ls jl] :i esa mldk lapkj vax&vax esa gksrk gSA blds fo:)LokfFkZ;ksa] vU;kf;;ksa vkfn dks tks dqN fn;k tkrk gS og lekt ds vax esa mlh çdkj ugha yxrk ftlçdkj vfrlkj ;k laxzg.kh okys dks f[kyk;k gqvk vUuA* bruh foiqy ek=k esa Hkk”kk ‘kSyh le) gksusds dkj.k ‘kqDy ij Hkk”kkxr nqcks Z/krk ifj.kkeLo:i fpUru fo”k;d tfVyrk dks ysdj vkjksi Hkh yxsgSaA

3-5 Hkk”kk ‘kSyh dh lhek,¡

Hkk”kk lEcU/kh uohurk vkSj fo”k;ksa ds lkFk&lkFk ifjofrZr ‘kSyh ds dkj.k ‘kqDy ds fucU/kksa esa‘kSyhxr tfVyrk fo}ku~ ikBd ,oa vkykspd eglwl djrs gSaA tSls fd dgha lekl cgqyrk ls vFkZLi”V ugaha gksrk] *O;fDr lEcU/k ghu fl)kUr ekxZ fu’p;kfRedk cqf) dks pkgs O;Dr gks ij çoÙkZd eudks vO;Dr jgrs gSa*A ogha okD; foU;kl vLi”V gks x;k gS] *fuUnk dk Hk; yTtk ugha gS] Hk; gh gS]vkSj ckrksa dk ftuesa yTtk Hkh ,d gSA* dgha&dgha okD; vfr’k; nh?kZ gks x, gSa]*dksbZ ckr ,slh gSftlds çdV gks tkus ds dkj.k ge nwljksa dks vPNs ugha yxrs gSa] ;g tkudj vius dks] vkSj çdV gksusij ge vPNs u yxsaxs ;g le>dj ml ckr dks] FkksM+s&cgqr ;Ru ls muds nf”ViFk ls nwj djds Hkhtc ge le; ij viuk cpko dj ldrs gSa] ;gh ugha] vius O;o/kku dkS’ky ij lnk cprs pys tkusdh vk’kk rd & pkgs og >wBh gh D;ksa u gks & dj ldrs gSa] rc gekjk dsoy ;g tkuuk ;k le>uklnk lq/kkj dh bPNk gh mRiUu djsxk] dSls dgk tk ldrk gS \* ,sls yEcs okD; viuh yEckbZ vkSjnwljs funs Z’k fpg~uks a ds dkj.k ljyrk ls le> ugha vkrsA


44

3 - 6 Hk k ”k k ‘k Syh d k egÙo

mi;qZDr NqV&iqV nks”kks a d s ckotwn ‘kqDy ds fucU/kks a dh Hkk”kk ‘k Syh fgUnh x| dslokZaxh.k fodkl dh dgkuh dgrh gSA mUgks aus x| ‘kSyh dh vfHkO;atuk lkeF;Z dks c<+krk dykdk S’ky] ‘k Syhxr çk S<+rk] x aHkhj] dLkkoVe;h] laf’y”V ‘k Syh dk lQy ç;ksx fd;k] fofo/k‘kSfy;ksa dk lkFkZd leUo; fd;kA bruh leLr] leFkZ] ifj”dr] çkS<+] fo’kq) vkSj lq”Bq Hkk”kk dk:i vkSj dgk¡ feysxk ftlesa O;okgkfjdrk] oSKkfudrk vkSj lkfgfR;drk dk :i ,d lkFk cukjgrk gSA yxrk gS ,d&,d ‘kCn es a fucU/kdkj us Lo;a dks lkdkj fd;k gSA bruh leFkZ] Li”VvkSj jkspd ‘kSyh esa ,sls xaHkhj fo”k;ksa dk lw{e çfriknu fdlh vU; fucU/kdkj us fd;k gks] blesalansg gSA Style is the man himself dh mfDr muds fucU/kksa esa pfjrkFkZ gksrh gSAmuds xEHkhj O;fDrRo ds vuqdwy gh mudh x| ‘kSyh Hkh xaHkhj gSA ikfjHkkf”kd ‘kCn&fuekZ.k]LofufeZr] uofufeZr ‘kCn] fcEc xzkg~;rk] gkL;&O;aX;] lkadsfrd Hkk”kk ‘kSyh dk dkO;e; ç;ksx]vFkZ&xfHkZr lw= ‘kCnkoyh vkfn mudh x| ‘kSyh dh ,slh fo’ks”krk,¡ gS a tks mUgsa fgUnh x|lkfgR; dk loZ leFkZ fucU/kdkj fl) djrh gaSA

3 - 7 l kjk a ’ k

MkWñ jkefoykl ‘kekZ ds ‘kCnksa esa dgsa rks ‘kqDy th us vius fucU/kksa }kjk fgUnh ds dkO;’kkL=dks ,d u;k euksoSKkfud vkSj nk’kZfud vk/kkj fn;kA bl vk/kkj ij mUgksaus lkfgR; dh çxfrfojks/kh /kkjkvksa dk [k.Mu fd;k vkSj laLdr&fgUnh dh çxfr’khy ijEijk dk leFkZu fd;kA mudh‘kSyh rkfdZd foospu ds fy, mi;qDr gksus ds lkFk vko’;drkuqlkj vkos’kiw.kZ vkSj vkyadkfjd Hkh gSavkSj mldh ,d fo’ks”krk thou dk lafpr vuqHko çdV djus okyh okD;koyh gSA ‘kCn p;u esa mnwZds çpfyr ‘kCnksa ls mUgsa ijgst+ ugha gSA lkfgfR;d Hkk”kk çofÙk vkSj foospukRed&oSKkfud ‘kSyh dslHkh :iksa dk fuokZg mUgksaus fd;k gSA fgUnh fucU/k txr esa O;fDrRo O;atd fofo/krk,¡ çpqj ek=k esalkeus vkrh jgha fdUrq fpUru dh oSKkfudrk ls vuq’kkflr Hkk”kk ‘kSyh ds vHkko dh iwfrZ ‘kqDy dsfucU/kksa esa vk dj gh gks ldhA bl çdkj muds fucU/kksa esa ,d lq?kM+ f’kYih] ewfrZdkj] ‘kCnksa ds fprsjsdh lh Nfo gksrh fn[kkbZ nsrh gSA ftldk mnkgj.k lSadM+ksa dksf’k’kksa ds ckotwn dksbZ nwljk ys[kd ughadj ldkA ‘kqDy viuk dhfrZeku Lo;a gSA ‘kqDy esa vk dj fucU/k ‘kSyh dk pje vkSj iw.kZ fodkl lEHkogqvkA

3-8 dfBu ‘kCn

vfHkO;atuk] ewfrZerk] lekl;qDr] O;aX;kRed] vkxeu] fuxeu] rdZ] fu.kZ;kRed] fuokZg]lekos’k] leh{kk] czãuUn] Hkkoksnzsd A


45


iz1- vkpk;Z ‘kqDy ds fucU/kks a dh Hkk”kk ‘kSyh ij lfoLrkj izdk’k Mkfy, A

------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- ------------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- ------------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------

------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- ------------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- ------------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------

------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- ------------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- ------------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------

------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- ------------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- ------------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------

------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- ------------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- ------------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------

------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- ------------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- ------------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------

iz2- Hkk”kk ‘kSyh dk lfoLrkj ifjp; nsrs gq, ‘kqDy ds fucU/kk sa ij izdk’k Mkfy, A

------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- ------------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- ------------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------

------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- ------------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- ------------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------

------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- ------------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- ------------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------

------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- ------------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- ------------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------

------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- ------------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- ------------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------

------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- ------------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- ------------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------

iz3- ‘kqDy ds fucU/kksa es a Hkk”kk ‘kSyh ds egÙo ij izdk’k Mkfy, A

------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- ------------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- ------------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------

------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- ------------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- ------------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------

------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- ------------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- ------------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------

------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- ------------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- ------------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------

------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- ------------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- ------------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------

------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- ------------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- ------------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------

3 - 1 0 lUnHk Z x zUF k @ i qLrd s a

1- lkfgR;&vuqHkwfr vkSj foospu & lalkj pUnz


46












-- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -- - - -- - - - -


47

M.A. Hindi Semester - IIICourse Code Hin-303 Lesson No. 4

ikB~;Øe esa fu/kkZfjr ‘kqDy ds fucU/kksa ij dF;xr ewY;kadu

4 - 0 #i j s[ k k

4-1 mí s ’;

4-2 i zLrkouk

4-3 ikB~;Øe esa fu/kk Zfjr ‘kqDy ds fucU/kk s a ij iz’u

4-3-1 yTtk vkSj Xykfu dk dF;kxr ewY;kadu

4-3-2 dkO; esa yksdeaxy dh lk/kukoLFkk dk dF;xr ewY;kadu

4-4 lkjk a’k

4-5 dfBu ‘kCn



4 - 1 m í s ’ ;

vuqHkwfr ds nks izdkj & lq[kkRed ,oa nq%[kkRed dks lw{e :i ls tku ldsaxs A

‘kqDy us Hkkoks a ;k euksfodkjksa dh mRifÙk vkSj fodkl dh lekt’kkL=h; O;k[;k djmUgsa leLr ekuo thou dk izoZrd dgdj thou ds vk/kkj :i esa izfrf”Br fd;kA


48

euksfodkjksa dks iwjs lekt ;k yksd ls tksM+dj mUgksaus yksdj{kk vkSj yksdjatu dh lkjhO;oLFkk fdl vk/kkj ij dh] ;g tku ldsaxsA

4 - 2 i zLrkou k %

‘kqDy us fucU/kks a esa viuh vuqHkwfr dk ef.kdkapu la;ksx djds lkfgR; rFkk thou dhrRdkyhu leL;kvksa dks lqy>kus dh izsj.kk dks fucU/kksa dk mRl cukdj jl dh ‘kkL= tM+hHkwr;a= xfrd O;k[;k dks uo&thou rFkk u, vkn’kksZa ls iznhIr dj bu fucU/kksa }kjk jl&fl)kUrdk uofuekZ.k fd;k gSA bUgksaus euksfodkj lEcU/kh fucU/kk s a }kjk vk/kqfud euksfoKku] viuhfuth vuqHkwfr rFkk fparu dh lgk;rk ls jl dh v/kqukru O;k[;k djus dh ps”Vk dh gS A

4 - 3 ikB ~;Øe esa fu/kk Zfjr ‘k qDy ds fucU/kk s a ij i z’u

vkpk;Z jkepUnz ‘kqDy dk fucU/k&laxzg *fpUrkef.k ¼Hkkx ,d½ loZçFke rsjg fucU/kks ads ladyu :i esa *fopkjohFkh* uke ls lu~ 1930 esa çdkf’kr gqvkA rRi’pkr~ f}rh; laLdj.kds volj ij dqy l=g fucU/kk s a ds lkFk *fpUrkef.k* ¼Hkkx ,d½ uke ls lkfgR; txr dhvueksy fuf/k ds :i esa lkeus vk;kA *fpUrkef.k ds dqy rhu Hkkx çdkf’kr gq,A Hkkx nks es adqy rhu fucU/k gSa & dkO; esa çkdfrd n’;] dkO; esa jgL;okn] dkO; esa vfHkO;atukoknA blçdkj dkO;&leh{kk dh n `f”V ls Hkkx&nks egÙoiw.kZ gSA Hkkx rhu dqy bDdhl fucU/kks a dkladyu gSA lokZf/kd pfpZr Hkkx ,d gh gqvk D;ksafd blds çkjfEHkd nl fucU/kks a dk ljksdkj‘kqDy th us igyh ckj euksoSKkfud /kjkry ij çfrikfnr fd;kA gekjs ikB~;Øe es dqy nksfucU/k ladfyr gSa & *yTtk vkSj Xykfu* rFkk *dkO; esa yksdeaxy dh lk/kukoLFkk*A

4 - 3 - 1 yTtk vk S j Xy k f u d k dF;xr e wY;k adu

^J)k&HkfDr* fucU/k fuo`fÙk&izo`fÙk] deZ lkSUn;Z dh foospuk djrs gq, ‘kqDy us euq”;ds fy, ftu thou ewY;ksa] vkn’kks ± dh ifjdYiuk dh gS mlh dk vxyk pj.k ^yTtk vkSjXykfu* fucU/k dgk tk jgk gSA ;gka mUgksaus vdj.kh; deks± ls nwj jgus vkSj reksxq.kks a ds R;kxds cgkus ekuoh; O;ogkjksa dk lw{e] eukso SKkfud v/;;u fd;k gSA

yTtk dh ifjHkk”kk ‘kqDy us bl izdkj nh gS] ^nwljksa ds fpÙk esa vius fo”k; esa cqjh ;krqPN /kkj.kk gksus ds fu’p; ;k vk’kadk ek= ls o`fÙk;k s a dk tks ladksp gksrk gS& mudhLoPNUnrk ds fo/kku dk tks vuqHko gksrk gS& mls yTtk dgrs gSaA bl izdkj yTtk dk Hkkoo`fÙk;ksa vFkkZr~ ekuoh; fØ;kvksa] ps”Vkvksa vkSj O;ogkj esa ladksp ¼ck/kk½ mRiUu djrk gSA ftldsdkj.k euq”; viuk flj Å¡pk ugha dj ikrs] eqag rd ugha fn[kk ldrs] lkeus vkus ls drjkrs


49

gSa] Li”V dFku dgrs mudh tqcku yM+[kM+krh gSA ^ge cqjs ugha le>s tk,a* ;g LFkk;h Hkkoukftruh vf/kd gksxh] O;fDr Hkh mruk gh T;knk yTtk’khy gksxkA blds foijhr fdlh dhijokg ugha djus okyk] ^dksb Z Hkyk dgs ;k cqjk* gesa D;k eryc dh Hkkouk j[kus okyk O;fDrfuyZTt gksrk gSA bl izdkj yTtk Hkko nwljksa dh /kkj.k ;k lksp ds izfr gekjs vuqeku ;kfu’p; ls lapkfyr gksrk gSA

yTtk ekufld O;kikj gS vFkkZr~ ge nks”kh gSa vFkok nwljs gesa vijk/kh le>rs gSa ;gt:jh ugha cfYd ek= laHkkouk ls gh ge yfTtr gks tkrs gSaA fuUnk dk Hk; yTtk ugha gS]Hk; gh gSA fuUnk lquus ls yTtk dk osx c<+ tkrk gS dbZ ckj fuUnk ds LFkku ij izse] lfg”.kkqrk]midkj ikdj yTtk dk osx bruk vf/kd c<+ tkrk gS fd yfTtr gksdj pqYyw Hkj ikuh <aw<usyxrs gSaA ,slh n’kk jke&y{e.k ou ls ykSVdj tc dSds;h ls feyrs gSa rks mldh gksrh gSAofÙk;ksa esa ladksp ^Xykfu* ds dkj.k vkrk gSA ‘kqDy th ds vuqlkj nksuksa esa varj ;g gS fd yTtkviuh cqjkbZ ds izfr nwljksa dh cqjh /kkj.kk ij nf”V j[kus ls vkrh gS tcfd Xykfu esa nwljs dh/kkj.kk t:jh ugha gksrh] ^viuh cqjkbZ] ew[kZrk] rqPNrk bR;kfn dk ,dkUr vuqHko djus ls ofÙk;ksaes a tks ‘kSfFkY; vkrk gS] mls Xykfu dgrs gSaA* bldk vuqHko ân; dh lkfRod voLFkk esa gksrkgSA bl izdkj Xykfu vUr% dj.k dh ‘kqf) dk ek/;e vkSj |ksrd gS vr% foijhr euksHkko HkhO;fDr dks mnkr euksHkwfe ij ys tkrs gSaA blfy, ‘kqDy ^fo:)ksa ds lkeatL;* esa fo’okl j[krsgSa ftlesa izse&?k`.kk] n;k&Øks/k] yksHk&ijksidkj] bZ”;kZ&d:.kk tSls loZFkk foijhr Hkko ekuothou dks larqfyr djrs gS aA Xykfu esa nqjko&fNiko dh txg ughaA ge viuk eq ag ugha fn[kkdjyTtk ls cp ldrs gSa fdUrq pkjikbZ esa fygkQ ds uhps eq¡g fNikus ds ckn Hkh yksx Xykfu lsxy ldrs gSaA

yfTtr gksus ds fy, izR;{k :i ls nks”k djuk t:jh ugha gSA lekt esa jgrs gq, geftruk vius deks± ij yTtk dk vuqHko djrs gSa] mruk gh vius lEcfU/k;ks a }kjk fn, xyrdke ij viuk uke tqM+ tkus ls yTtk vkrh gSA fdUrq vc vius izse] izfr”Bk dk kl ns[krsgSa vkSj lek/kku <aw<us esa vlQy gksrs gSa rks Xykfu ls Hkj tkrs gSaA jke ds ouokl ij Hkjr dh,slh gh n’kk gqbZ FkhA yTtk vkSj Xykfu euq”; dks mnkÙk cukus dk ek/;e gS D;ks afd ‘kqDy dsvuqlkj Xykfu lkfRod izdfr ds yksxksa dks gksrh gSA jktlh izofÙk okyksa dks yTtk gksrh gS vkSjrkelh izdfr okys fuyZTt gksrs gSaA yTtk djus okys rks viuh cqjkbZ fNikrk gS] fdUrq Xykfuls xydj lkfRod izdfr okyk lekt esa viuh cqjkbZ Lohdkj djrk gSA bl izdkj cqjkbZ ls cpusokyksa ds fy, ‘kqDy rhu euksfodkj crkrs gS aA lkfRod ds fy, Xykfu] jktlh gsrq yTtk vkSjrkelh o`fÙk okys Hk; ls gh vUr% dj.k dks ‘kq) dj ldrs gS aA ‘kqDy ds vuqlkj yTtk dh


50

vk’kadk Hkh euq”; dks cqjkbZ ls jksdrh gSA ;g lkspdj fd yksx ges a cqjk u le>sa] yksx bPNkgksus ij Hkh cqjk dke djus ls fgpfdpkrs gSaA yTtk ds fy, t+:jh ugha fd O;fDr okLro lscqjkbZ djs cfYd fdlh cqjs ds lkFk viuk uke tqM+ tkus ls Hkh yTtk vk ldrh gSA ;fn dqpØjpdj gekjs pfj= ij dksb Z vk{ksi djrk gS rks mls lqudj gesa yTtk ds lkFk Xykfu Hkh vkldrh gSA vius pfj= guu ds nq”pØ dk O;fDr tc Hksn ugha ikrk rks mls Xykfu gksrh gSvFkkZr~ Xykfu ds lkFk vleFkZrk] ghurk ds lkFk Øks/k tqM+k gqvk gksrk gSA

bl fucU/k esa yTtk ds lanHkZ esa ladksp Hkko dk foospu gqvk gSA ‘kqDy ds vuqlkj]^yTtk dk gYdk :i ladksp gS tks fdlh dke dks djus ds igys gh gksrk gSA* bl izdkj yTtkdh nks voLFkk,¡ gSa& ,d] fdlh dke dks djus ls igys okyh vkSj nks] dke ds ckn gksus okyhvoLFkkA dke ds igys okyh fLFkfr gh ladksp gS ftldk fp=.k ^dkek;uh* esa izlkn us ^yTtk*lxZ esa fd;k gSA ;g ladksp ‘khy dk iz/kku vax gSA ladksp ,d vkUrfjd izfrcU/k gS tks nksizdkj dk gksrk gS ,d] foospukRed izfrcU/k tks iz;Ru lk/; gksrk gS vkSj nwljk eu% izo`R;kRedtks LoHkkor% gksrk gS igys es a cqf) }kjk i zo`fr tcju jksdh tkrh gS fdUrq nwljk eu dkLokHkkfod izorZu gSA ‘kqDy bls gh lPPkk izfrcU/k ekurs gSA ladksp dk ewy vk/kkj ;g lkspgS fd tks ge djus tk jgs gSa] og deZ nwljksa dks rks cqjk ugha yxsxkA

ladksp dks ‘kqDy us nks”k :i esa Hkh fy;k gS D;ksafd vfr’k; ladksp&Hkkouk deZ lsjksdrh gS tcfd ‘kqDy rks deZ dks Kku;ksx vkSj Hkko;ksx ftruk egRo nsrs gSaA u tkus yksxksadks dSlk yxsxk ;g nks”k gesa O;ogkfjd deZ ls jksdrk gSA blh izdkj vf/kd MkaV&QVdkj lscPps yTtkyq cu tkrs gSaA fL=;k¡ bl Mj ls dke ugha dj ikrh fd dgha iq:”kksa dks irk ughapy tk,A tcfd iq:”kk s a us yTtk es a viuh foykflrk ikb ZA dkO; es a eqX/kk vk Sj e/;kukf;dk&o.kZu dj dkj.k ;gh foykflrk vkSj yTtk dk lgHkko gSA bl izdkj vfr’k; yTtkvkSj ladksp vO;kogkfjd gS] rks fuyZTtrk dk ladksp dk lEiw.kZ vHkko Hkh cqjk gSA bls Li”Vdjrs gq, os dgrs gSa] ^;fn lcdh /kM+d ,dckjxh [kqy tk, rks ,d vksj NksVs eaqg ls cM+h&cM+hckrs a fudyus yxsa] pkj fnu ds esgeku rjg&rjg dh Qjekb’ksa djus yxsa] maxyh dk lgkjkikus okys ck¡g idM+dj [khapus yxsa] nwljh vksj cM+ksa dk cgqr dqN cM+Iiu fudy tk,] xgjslkFkh cgjs gks tk;sa ;k lw[kk tokc nsus yxsa] tks gkFk lgkjk nsus ds fy, c<+rs gSa os <dsyusyxsa fQj rks Hkyeulkgr dk Hkkj mBkus okys brus de jg tk;sa fd os mls ysdj py gh uldsaA* nwljs Nksj ij ladksp dk lkekftd egÙo Hkh crkrs gS] êuq dh tks ofÙk cM+k sa dh ckrdk mÙkj nsus ls jksdrh gS ckj&ckj fdlh ls dqN ekaxus ls jksdrh gSa ] mlds u jgus lsHkyeulkgr Hkyk dgka jgsxhA* bl izdkj ladksp f’k”Vkpkj vkSj lnkpkj dk vk/kkj gSA dqy


51

feykdj ;g fucU/k lekt ds vuqdwy&izfrdwy i{kksa dk oSKkfud foospu djrk gS orZeku U;k;dkuwu O;oLFkk dks dbZ Lrjksa ij] euksfodkjks a dks /;ku esa j[kdj lek/kku dh iz sj.kk nsrs gq,euq”; vkSj lekt ds LoLFk cukus dh fn’kk es a ,d dne gSA

4 - 3 - 2 dk O; e s a y k sde axy dh l k / k uk o LF k k dk dF;xr e wY; k adu

deZ dh çsj.kk nsu s okys vkpk; Z ‘kqDy dk ;g fucU/k thou ds ç;Ru ¼deZ½ i{kvFkkZr~ lk/kukoLFkk ls tqM+k gSA mUgksaus çfrikfnr fd;k fd czã ds rhu Lo:iksa&lr~ fpr~ vkSjvkuan esa ls dkO; vkSj HkfDr ekXkZ esa vkuUn Lo:i dks egÙo fn;k x;kA bl vkuUn dh nksvoLFkk,¡ gksrh gSa lk/kukoLFkk vkSj fl)koLFkkA lk/kukoLFkk ç;Ru i{k vkSj fl)koLFkk miHkksxi{k ls tqM+h gqbZ gSA yksd esa QSyh gqbZ nq%[k dh Nk;k dks gVkus ds fy, tc czã dh vkuUndyk Hkh”k.k ‘kfDr esa ifj.kr gksdj vU;k;] vR;kpkj vkfn ds neu esa rRij gksrh gS rks vkuUndh lk/kukoLFkk dk fo/kku gksrk gSA vkuUn dh fl)koLFkk es a vkuUneaxy dh flf) ds fy,ç;Ru ugha djuk iM+rkA og fl) vkSj vkfoHkwZr gksrk gSA mlds vkfoHkwZr gksus ij thou esa lq[k]lkSUn;Z] ek/kq;Z] lq”kek] mYykl] oSHko dh fLFkfr dk fo/kku lgt gh gks tkrk gSA dqN dfo bunksuks a fLFkfr;ksa esa ço`Ùk gksrs gSa] dqN fl)koLFkk vFkok lk/kukoLFkk esa vFkkZr~ ,d i{k esa ço`Ùkgksrs gSaA xksLokeh rqylh dk *ekul* lk/kukoLFkk dk mnkgj.k gSA tcfd *lwjlkxj*] fcgkjhlrlbZ* fl)koLFkk ds mnkgj.k gSaA

vkuUn dh lk/kukoLFkk dks egÙo nsus okys dkO; esa xR;kRed lkSUn;Z dk fp=.k gksrkgS D;ksafd bues a czã dh vkU kUn dyk çkjEHk ls vUr rd eaxy dk fo/kku djus ds fy,ç;Ru’khy gksrh gS vkSj mldh Hkh”k.krk] çp.Mrk esa Hkh e/kqjrk dk lekos’k gksrk gSA fl)koLFkkdks egÙo nsus okys dkO; esa fLFkj lkSUn;Z dk fp=.k gksrk gSA lk/kukoLFkk lEcU/kh dkO; dkcht Hkko d:.kk gS vkSj nwljk Hkko çse gSA d:.kk dh ço`fÙk j{kk dh gksrh gS vkSj çse jatuls lEcfU/kr gSA yksdj{kk ds ckn gh yksdjatu b”V gSA ;g ç;Ru ;k lk/kukoLFkk fdl i{kdh vksj ls gksuh pkfg, bls ‘kqDy th Li”V djrs gSaA deZ jko.k Hkh djrk gS jke ds çfr fdUrqmlds dk;Z ls ikBdksa dk rknkRE; ugha gksxk tcfd jko.k ds çfr jke dk ç;Ru tSls Øks/k]lagkj ls ikBd rknkRE; djus es a lQy gks axsA bl çdkj yksdeaxy ds lk/kuLFk i{k dÙkkZij /;ku nsuk Hkh t+:jh gSA blhfy, ‘kqDy th vR;kpkjh ds neu :i deZ lkSUn;Z ds ctk;VkyLVkW; }kjk çpkfjr vR;kpkjh ds çfr Hkh çse vkSj HkzkrHkko ds fo:) gSaA jko.k ds çfr jkeds Øks/k esa yksdksÙkj lkSUn;Z dk dkj.k vkRexkSjo vFkok nkEiR;&çse ugha cfYd ihfM+r ekuorkds çfr d:.kk dh Hkkouk gSA bl çdkj dkO; dk mRd”kZ dsoy çse Hkko dh O;atuk esa ugha ekuktk ldrk tSls fd dykdkjh ekurs gSaA tc rd lekt esa vPNs&cqjs] lr~&vlr~] U;k;&vU;k;]


52

eaxy&veaxy dk }U} fo|eku jgsxk rc rd dkO; esa lk/kukoLFkk dh t+:jr cuh jgsxhApfj= dk fodkl djus okys ekun.Mks a dh LFkkiuk gk srh jg sxh vkSj dkO; ds mRd”kZ fufeZrdjus okys çfrekuks a esa yksdeaxy dh lk/kukoLFkk dh çklafxdrk vkSj vfuok;Zrk cuh jgsxhAbl çdkj ‘kqDy ds vFkk s Z a esa dkO; ç;Ru] yk sdeaxy] d:.kk] mnkÙkrk dk i;k Z; cudjlkfgfR;d vkSj O;kogkfjd Hkwfedk fuHkk ldrk gSA

4 - 4 l kjk a ’ k

ikB~;Øe esa fu/kkZfjr bu fucU/kksa ds vk/kkj ij rhu phtsa [kkl rkSj ij bafxr dh tkldrh gS a ,d] ‘kqDy th dk O;kogkfjd n`f”Vdks.k] nwljk euk so SKkfud n`f”V vkSj rhljklkfgfR;d çfrekuksa dh LFkkiukA *Hkko ;k euk sfodkj* ls os vk/kqfud ekuo ds Hkk Sfrd vkSjvkfne :i dks Li”V djrs gSa vkSj *J)k&HkfDr*] *yTtk&Xykfu* ls O;k[;kRed foospukRed‘kSyh esa euksHkkoks a dk lw{e oSKkfud v/;;u dj ,d gh LFkku ij nks Hkkoks a dks le>krs pyrsgSaA tcfd *dkO; esa yksdeaxy dh lk/kukoLFkk* ‘kq) :i ls lkfgfR;d dksfV dk fucU/k gSysfdu ç;Ru i{k ls tksM+ dj ‘kqDy us dfork dks Hkh {kk=&/keZ dh Hkk¡fr deZ&çsj.kk dkek/;e cukdj vR;Ur egÙoiw.kZ cuk;k gSA ‘kqDy us igyh ckj dkO; dks *je.kh*] euksjatu dsLFkwy in ls Åij mBkdj ekuo dh mnkÙk euksHkwfe ij vf/kf”Br djus dk egRoiw.kZ dk;Z fd;kvkSj deZ çsj.kk dk ek/;e cukdj Kku;ksx] Hkko;ksx dh rjg deZ;ksx dk lekdyu djrs gq,lkfgfR;d vo/kkj.kk dks euk s foKku vkSj O;kogkfjdrk ds lkFk tksM +kA ; s fucU/k] fgUnhfucU/k dh gh ugha] cfYd fgUnh lkfgR; dh vueksy /kjksgj gSaA

4 - 5 dfBu ‘ k Cn

yksdjatu] lk/kukoLFkk] rknkRe;] Hkzkr`Hkko] mRd”kZ] iz freku] izklafxdrk] vfuok; Zrk]bafxr] mnkÙk] vf/kf”Br] lgofrZ;ks a


iz1- ikB~;Øe esa fu/kk Zfjr ‘kqDy ds fucU/kks a dk dF;xr ewY;kadu dhft, A

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------


53

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

iz2- J)k ,oa HkfDr fuca/k dk dF;xr ewY;kadu dhft, A

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

iz3- dkO; esa yksdeaxy dh lk/kukoLFkk dk dF;xr ewY;kadu dhft, A

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

4 - 7 lUnHk Z i z’u @ i qLrds a %

1- lkfgR;&vuqHk wfr vkSj foospu & lalkj pUnz









54





-- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -- - -


55


vkpk;Z gt+kjh izlkn f}osnh ds fucU/kksa dh fo’ks”krk,aa

5 - 0 #i j s[ k k

5-1 mí s ’;

5-2 i zLrkouk

5-3 gt+kjh izlkn f}osnh ds fucU/kks a dh fo’ks”krk,a

5-4 lkjk a’k

5-5 dfBu ‘kCn



5 - 1 m í s ’ ;

gt+kjh izlkn f}osnh ds fucU/k ds lEcU/k es a fopkj tku ldsaxs A

f}osnh ds fucU/kk sa dh fo’ks”krkvksa ls ifjfpr gks ldsaxs A

f}osnh dh Hkkjrh; laLÑfr ds izfr furkUr fu”Bk gS vkSj og Hkkjrh; laLÑfr dksleUo; dk fojkV iz;kl ekurs gSa ewyr% gt+kjh izlkn f}osnh ds leLr lalkj ds izfrnf”dks.k dks tku ldsaxs A

5 - 2 i z Lr kou k

vkpk;Z f}osnh dk O;fDrRo vk/kqfud fuca/k lkfgR; dk gh ugha] Hkkjrh; lkfgR; dk


56

,d fojkV O;fDrRo gSA xaxk dh vfojy çokfgr /kkjk dh Hkk¡fr lnk ifo=] euq”; dh nqnZeftthfo”kk dk ;g ys[kd vR;Ur dq’kkxz cqf)] vry Li’khZ çfrHkk] ekfeZd fparu&mnkj eu ,oaO;kid ekuorkoknh Hkkouk dk Lokeh gSA Hkk”kkvks a esa laLd`r] çkd`r] viHkz a’k] fgUnh] vaxzsth]caxyk vkfn] ‘kkL=k sa esa bfrgkl] iqjk.k] Hkk”kk’kkL=] lkSan; Z&’kkL=] euks foKku] u`rRo’kkL=]tho&foKku] fodklokn vkfn] lkfgR; esa ik’pkR; lkfgR;] Kku&foKku] Hkkjrh; bfrgkl ,oalaLdfr] vkfndkyhu ,oa e/;dkyhu dkO;] johUnz] dkfynkl dk lkfgR; vkfn ds xgu Kkrkf}osnh dk O;fDrRo *Kku* dh nf”V ls lokZf/kd xfjeke; dgk tk;sxkA vU; vusd rRoksa us blO;fDrRo dks vkSj Hkh mTToy cuk;k gSA egkRek xk¡/kh vkSj johUnzukFk Bkdqj dk çHkko mu ijdkQh gSA xq:nso Bkdqj ds fudV lkfUu/; esa rks os dbZ fnuksa rd FksA xk¡/khth ds çfr mudseu esa vikj J)k FkhA dsoy J)k gh ugha Fkh] os eulk] okpk] deZ.kk&muds vkn’kksZa dks ekursFksA laHkor% johUnz vkSj xk¡/kh ds çHkko us gh mUgsa vius thou vkSj lkfgR; esa vR;Ur _tq vkSjlgt cuk fn;k gSA mPpre ekuoh; xq.kksa esa çse] n;k] vfgalk] lR;&ijk;.krk] lnkpj.k] uSfrdrk]la;e] vkLFkk ,oa fo’okl dks laHkor% mUgksaus blhfy;s loksZÙke ekuk gSA vr% vkpk;Z f}osnh dk O;fDrRo,oa thou n’kZu Hkkjrh; lk/kuk dh nh?kZ ijEijk dk og pje fodflr iq”i gS ftlesa ,d vksjdkfynkl dh lân;rk] ck.kHkV~V dk ikf.MR; vkSj dchj dh fu’Nyrk fo|eku gS rks nwljh vksj mlesadohUnz&johUnz dh O;kid&lkSan;Z psruk] egkeuk ekyoh;th dh mnkj nf”V vkSj egkRek xka/kh dhpkfjf=d egÙkk vius lqjE;:i esa fo|eku gSA os çkphu vkSj uohu] n’kZu vkSj foKku] lkfgR; vkSjthou ds lqUnj leUo; ds çR;{k mnkgj.k gSaA fucU/kksa eas mudk ;gh O;fDrRo >ydrk gSA

5-3 vkpk;Z gt+kjh çlkn f}osnh ds fucU/kksa dh fo’ks”krk,¡

Hkkjrh; laLdfr ij mudh furkUr fu”Bk gS vkSj laLdfr rRo dh mudh O;k[;k Hkh vR;UrO;kid gSA **eSa laLdfr dks fdlh ns’k&fons’k dh viuh ekSfydrk ugha ekurkA esjs fopkj ls lkjs lalkjds euq”;ksa dh ,d gh lkekU; ekuo laLdfr gks ldrh gSA** os laLdfr dks euq”; dh fofo/k lk/kukvksadh loksZÙke ifj.kfr ekurs gSaA Hkkjrh; laLdfr leUo; dk fojkV ç;kl gSA og fofHkUu erksa] oknksa]fooknksa] lEçnk;ksa] /keksZa ,oa çofÙk;ksa rFkk ekU;rkvksa esa leUo; dk ç;kl djrs gSaA ;gk¡ os gh yksduk;dcu lds ftUgksaus leUo; ds bl fojkV ç;Ru esa viuk jpukRed ;ksxnku fn;kA ;g ijEijk bllaLdfr esa oSfnd dky ls vkt rd fujarj pyrh vk;hA vk/kqfud ;qx esa çsepan] johUnzukFk vkSjegkRek xk¡/kh blh ijEijk dh dfM+;k¡ gSaA f}osnh th ds er vuqlkj lkjs lalkj dh ,d lkekU; laLdfrgks ldrh gSA vxj ekuo ijLij Hksn&Hkwydj bl ,d laLdfr dk vuq;k;h cu tk;s rks la?k”kZ ds lkjsdkj.k lekIr gks tk;saxsA vkpk;Z f}osnh dh Hkkjrh; laLdfr dh çkphurk] egÙkk ,oa mudh mnkjlfg”.kq ofÙk ij ftruh J)k gS] mruk gh {kksHk mlesa O;kIr dqlaLdkj] {kqnzrk] HksnkHksn] vKkurk ds fy;sgSA Hkkjrh; laLdfr esa O;kIr bu nks”kksa ij f}osnh us dM+h Vhdk&fVIi.kh dhA fofHkUu fucU/kksa esa LkaLdfrds vusd :iksa dk fo’kn~ o.kZu mUgksaus fd;k] ij dgha ij Hkh ns’kfHkeku dh feF;k Hkkouk ;k laLdfr


57

ds çfr fujk/kkj eksg ls O;kIr fn[kkb Z ugh a nsrs mudk v/;;u loZ= xo s”k.kk’khy rFkkvkLFkkewyd gh jgkA mudh oSpkfjd nf”V ijEijkvksa dh ijrsa Hksndj lR; dks [kkst ldus es a,oa mldk lektksi;ksxh :i lkeus j[k ldus esa lQy jgh gSA fofHkUu fo”k;ksa ij fy[ks x;smuds fucU/kk sa esa ewy çofÙk ;gh jgh gSA

vkpk;Z th çkphu Hkkjrh; laLdfr ds iqtkjh gSaA lR;] R;kx] vfgalk esa mudh fu”Bk gSA;fn dksbZ oLrq ekuork dks egkuk’k ls cpk ldrh gS rks og Hkkjrh; laLdfr gh gSA bldk vfHkçk;;g ugha fd vHkkjrh; oLrq dY;k.kdkjh gksus ij gh xzkg~; ugha] vfirq os mls viukus esa **ladqfprnf”Vdks.k u j[kus dh çsj.kk nsrs gSa** os fy[krs gSa & **ge O;FkZ ds bl >xM+s esa iM+ tk,¡ fd dksbZpht dgka rd Hkkjrh; ;k vHkkjrh;] vk/; kf Red] vuk/;kfRed gSA pht vxj vPNh gS rksog Hkkjrh; gks ;k u gks] Lohdk;Z gS] vk/;kfRed gks ;k u gks] xzkg~; gSA** os Hkkjrh;&laLd`fr*dh lhek Li”V dj nsrs gS a fd cqjh&Hkyh lHkh oLrq,¡ tks Hkkjrh; gSa] Hkkjrh; laLd`fr dk:i ugh a vFkok lHkh Hkkjrh; laLdkj vPNs gh gSa] ;g Hkh ugha] çR;qr Hkkjrh; laLd`fr lsrkRi;Z **Hkkjro”kZ }kjk vf/kxr vkSj lk{kkr d`r vfojk s/kh /keZ gh gSA** Hkkjro”kZ us ,f’k;kvkSj ;wjksi ds ns’kk s a dks viuh /keZ lk/kuk dh mÙke oLrq,¡ nku nh gSaA mlus vfg alk vkSjeS=h dk lans’k fn;k g S] {kqnz nqfu;koh LokFkks Z a dh mis{kk djds fo’kky vk/;kfRed vuqHkwfr;ksadk mins’k fn;k gSA

Hkkjrh; laLd`fr fo’otuhu ekuoh; Hkkoukvk s a ls ifjpkfyr gSA mlesa *olq/k SodqVqEcde~* dh Hkkouk fufgr gS vkSj ;fn leLr lalkj dHkh ,d gqvk] lHkh dh ,d lkekU;laLd`fr gqbZ rks mldk ,d gh vk/kkj gksxk *euq”;rk*A blh *euq”;rk* ds Loj dk xku Hkkjrh;laLdfr us fd;k gS] ftlesa O;fDr dk ugha] tkfr dk ugha vfirq leLr lalkj dk fgr fufgrgSA **/keZ euq”; ls R;kx dh vk’kk j[krk gS] ijUrq ftl R;kx ls xkSjo dh vuqHkwfr ugha gksrh]og /keZ ugha dgk tk ldrkA** ijUrq gekjk /keZ *ft;ks vkSj thus nks* dh Hkkouk dks ifjO;kIrdjrk gSA ;s ckrsa vkpk;Z th ds fpUru dk vax cu xbZ gSaA vLrq] mudh /kkj.kk gS fd Hkkjrh;laLdfr us gh leLr ekuork dks ,d Lrj ij ykdj [kM+k fd;k gS vkSj Hkfo”; esa Hkh yk ldrhgSA

çkphu laLd`fr es a J)k ,oa vkLFkk j[kus ds lkFk&lkFk orZeku esa gksus okys vkfo”dkjksa,oa fopkjksa esa gksus okys ifjorZuksa dks Hkh f}osnh th xzkg~; ekurs gaSA ;fn os ekuork dk dY;k.kdjus esa lgk;d fl) gksaA os fy[krs gSa&**iqjkuh lM+h :f<+;ksa dk eSa i{kikrh ugha gw¡] ijUrq la;evkSj fu”Bk iqjkuh :f<+;k¡ ugha gSaA os euq”; ds nh?kZ vk;kl ls çkIr xq.k gSa vkSj nh?kZ vk;kl lsgh ik;s tkrs gSaA buds çfr fonzksg çxfr ugha gSA** tgka os çkphu dks uohurk ds vkyksd esaR;kT; ugha ekurs ogk¡ ;g Hkh Lohdkj djrs gSa fd fLFkjrk ,oa tM+rk vfHk’kki gSA thou dh


58

lkFkZdrk blh esa gS fd ge fuR; çfr vkxs c<+rs jgsaA

Hkkjrh; laLd`fr ,oa çkphu bfrgkl ds çfr f}osnh th ds eu es a vlhe vkLFkk ,oaeerk gS vkSj os bls O;Dr djus ds fy, volj fudky fy;k djrs gSaA muds fopkj loZnkxos”k.kk ds cy ls iq”V fn[kkbZ nsrs gS aA mUgksaus vPNs rÙo dks dgha ls Hkh xzg.k djus ds fy,bruh mRlqdrk O;Dr dh gSA vkpk;Z f}osnh th vrhr dks vius Hkfo”; fuekZ.k gsrq vk/kkjf’kykds :i esa viukus ds i{k esa gSa ^^vxj vrhr] Hkfo”; ds fuekZ.k esa lgk;d u gks rks mldk oFkkeksg <ksus ls ykHk\ muds ‘kCnksa eas ;fn gekjs lewps çkDru rRoksa dk Kku gekjs Hkfo”; ds fuekZ.kesa lgk;d ugha gksrk rks csdkj gSA**

vkpk;Z f}osnh Hkkjrh; laLd`fr ds okLrfod :i ls vifjfpr ugha gSaA os mls fdlhlhek js[kk es a ca/kk ugha ekurs vkSj u gh mls fdlh tkfr fo’ks”k dh mit ;k /keZ ,oa lEçnk;dh mit gh ekurs gSaA os mls fdlh LFky vkSj dky fo’ks”k dh lhekvksa ls Hkh eqDr ,oa cgqrgh O;kid ekurs gSaA mudk fopkj gS fd bl Hkkjrh; egk&tu leqnz es a u tkus vkt rdfdruh tkfr;k¡] fdrus /keZ] lEçnk; vk&vk dj fey x, gSa vkSj bu leLr fopkj/kkjkvks a]vkLFkkvksa] fo’oklksa] /keks± us feydj bl laLdfr dk fuekZ.k fd;k gSA vkSj mlh ls vius dks iq”Vfd;k gSA Hkkjrh; laLdfr dh lcls cM+h fo’ks”krk leUo;okn gS& **jfoUnzukFk us bl Hkkjro”kZdks egkekuo leqnz dgk gSA fofp= ns’k gS] ;gk¡ vlqj vk,] vk;Z vk,] ‘kd vk,] gw.k vk,] ukxvk,] ;{k vk,] xa/koZ vk,& u tkus fdruh ekuo tkfr;k¡ ;gk¡ vkbZ vkSj vkt ds Hkkjro”kZ dkscukus esa gkFk yxk x;haA ftls ge fgUnw&jhfr&uhfr dgrs gSa og vusd vk;Z vkSj vk;sZrjmiknkuksa dk vn~Hkqr feJ.k gSA** vkpk;Z f}osnh laLdfr dh feF;k Hkkoukvksa ds leFkZd dHkh ughajgsA os rks muds fouk’k ds i{k es a gSaA *v’kksd ds Qwy* fucU/k esa os fy[krs gSa &**laLd`fr vkSjdyk ds uke ij tks vklfDr gS] /kekZpkj vkSj lR;fu”Bk ds uke ij tks tfM+ek gS] mlesa lsfdruk Hkkx rqEgkjs dq”B u`R; ls /oLr gks tk,xk] dkSu tkurk gS** lkfgR; esa ;qx dh Nk;kiM+uk lgt LokHkkfod gSA tkus&vutkus esa ;qx viuk fp=.k lkfgR;dkj ls djokrk gSA f}osnhth dh jpuk esa Hkh ;qx ds dqN fp= muds çxfroknh fopkjksa ds iks”kd fopkjksa ds :i esa ns[kstk ldrs gSaA çxfroknh fopkj/kkjk us lkeUroknh Hkkouk dks dHkh Hkh çJ; ugha fn;k] mldkfojks/k fd;k gS vkSj lektoknh vFkok lkE;oknh fopkj/kkjk dk leFkZu fd;k gSA *v’kksd dsQwy* esa ys[kd ds v’kksd o{k ,oa enuksRlo dks e/;dkyhu lkeUrh lH;rk dk ifjpk;d ekursgq, mlds feV tkus ij lUrks”k gh ekuk gSA *v’kksd dk o`{k ftruk gh euksgj gks] ftruk HkhjgL;e; gks] ftruk Hkh vyadkje; gks] ijUrq gS og ml fo’kky lkeUrh&lH;rk dh ifj”d`r:fp dk gh çrhd tks lk/kkj.k çtk ds ifjJeksa ij iyh Fkh] mlds jDr ds lalkj d.kksa dks[kkdj cM+h gqbZ Fkh ------------ vkt ftls ge cgqewY; laLdfr eku jgs gSa] og D;k ,slh gh cuh jgsxh\ lezkVksa vkSj lkeUrksa us ftl vkpkj&fu”Bk dks bruk eksgd vkSj eknd :i fn;k Fkk og yqIr


59

gks xbZ] /kekZpkfj;ksa us ftl Kku vkSj oSjkX; dks bruk egk/keZ le>k Fkk og lekIr gks x;k]e/; ;qx ds eqlyeku jbZlksa ds vuqdj.k ij tks jl jkf’k meM+h Fkh og ok”i dh Hkk¡fr mM+ xbZ]rks D;k e/; ;qx ds dadky es f[kyk gqvk O;kolkf;d ;qx dk dey ,slk gh cuk jgsxk\ ----- lc cnysxk] lc fodr gksxk & lc uohu cusxkA**

f}osnh th ekuorkoknh dykdkj gSaA os ekurs gSa fd lkfgR;dkj ds le{k cM+k ç’uvkn’kZ ekuork ds m)kj ,oa mUu;u dk gSA lkfgR; ek= oS;fDrd vuqHkwfr;ksa dk vfHkO;fDrdj.kugha] çR;qr lewph lkekftd psruk dk vuqdj.k gSA euq”; dh ‘kfDr ij f}osnh th dh vxk/kvkLFkk gSA mUgsa iw.kZ fo’okl gS fd euq”; vuqfnu lq[k] ‘kkfUr vkSj lef) dh vksj c<rk tk,xkA*v’kksd ds Qwy* fucU/k es a euq”; dh vnE;] vuqies; ‘kfDr ds çfr çxk<+ vkLFkk O;Dr djrsgq;s fy[krs gSa&**eq>s ekuo tkfr dh nqnZe&fueZe /kkjk ds gtkjksa o”kks Za dk :i lkQ fn[kkbZ nsjgk gSA euq”; dh thouh&‘kfDr cM+h fueZe gSA og lH;rk vkSj laLdfr ds oFkk eksgksa dks jkSanrhpyh vk jgh gSA u tkus fdrus /kekZpkjksa] fo’oklksa] mRloksa vkSj ozrksa dks /kksrh&cgkrh og thou/kkjkvkxs c<+h gSA la?k”kksaZ ls euq”; us ubZ ‘kfDr ik;h gSA gekjs lkeus lekt dk tks :i gS og utkus fdrus xzg.k vkSj R;kx dk :i gSA ns’k vkSj tkfr dh fo’kq) laLdfr dsoy ckn dh ckrgSA lc dqN esa feykoV gS] lc dqN v’kq) gSA ‘kq) gS dsoy euq”; dh nqnZe ftthfo”kkA og xaxkdh vckf/kr&vukgr /kkjk ds leku lc dqN gte djus ds ckn Hkh ifo= gSA**

ekuork dks foHkkftr djus okyh nq”çofÙk;ksa dh dVq fuank f}osnh th us dh gSA nwf”krvFkZuhfr] lkekftd&oS”kE; vkfn ij mUgksaus xaHkhj fpark O;Dr dhA f}osnh th viuh gkfnZdHkkouk O;Dr djrs gq, fy[krs gSa&**eSa cjkcj lksprk vk jgk gw¡ fd D;k ,slk dksbZ mik; ughagks ldrk fd lekt ls iSls dk jkt [kRe gks tk;sA gekjs lc cM+s ç;Ru bl ,d pV~Vku lsVdjkdj pwj gks tkrs gSaA D;k dksbZ ,slh O;oLFkk gks ldrh gS fd ftlesa çR;sd O;fDr viuseryc Hkj dk iSlk ik tk, vkSj mlls vf/kd ik ldus dk dksbZ mik; gh u gksA** tkfr&Hksnls mRiUu lkekftd vO;oLFkk ls os fpafrr fn[kkbZ iM+rs gS] &**Hkkjrekrk dk t;t;dkjoLrqr% bu rgks ¼tkfrHksn vkfn½ dks u”V dj nsus dk ladYi gS] laHkor% cgqr FkksMs yksx gh ;gckr eglwl djrs gSaA ijUrq tkfr&Hksn dh d`f=e rgksa dks u”V dj nsuk dksbZ vklku dkeughaA** f}osnh th dk leLr lkfgR; ekuo fgr dh dkeuk ls çsfjr gSA Jh f’koukFk th us mudsekuookn ds fo”k; es a mfpr gh fy[kk gS& **mudk ekuookn mifu”knk sa dk ekuookn gS]johUnzukFk dk ekuookn gS] tks ekuo lekt esa fdlh çdkj dk Hksn ;k oxZ ekudj Ukgha pyrk]tks ekuo dgus ls lHkh oxksZa ds ekuo dks xzg.k djrk gSA mudh ekuork ekuo lekt esa tgk¡Hkh mRihM+u ns[krh gS] <qyd iM+us dh i{kikfruh gS] D;ksafd ekuo&ekuo ds e/; lapfjr gksusokyh ,d gh vkRek ij mudk fo’okl gS] ;g vkRek vkfFkZd nf”V ls fd, x, mPp oxZ esa HkhgS] e/; oxZ esa Hkh gS] vkSj fuEu oxZ esa Hkh gSA**


60

MkW] f}osnh us tgk¡ ,d vksj ekuork ds xhr xk, gSa ogk¡ nwljh vksj muesa jk”Vªh;&HkkoukHkh de ughaA os Hkkjrokfl;ksa esa jk”Vªh;&Hkkouk dk lapkj dj nsuk pkgrs gSaA ;g Bhd gS fdgesa LorU=rk çkIr gks xbZ gS ijUrq bldk ;g vfHkçk; ugha fd lkfgR;dkjks a dk dÙkZO; lekIrgks x;k gSA lkfgR; dk y{; dsoy okx~foykl dh lk/kuk ugha gksuk pkfg,] vfirq mls euq”;rkdk mUu;u djuk gSA ;fn ge ,slk ugha djrs rks ge ns’k dh vxzxfr esa lgk;rk rks igq¡pk,xsagh ugha] vius çfr ns’kokfl;ksa dh mis{kk vkSj voKk ds Hkko dks n<+ cuk nsaxsA os Hkkjrokfl;ksa,oa lkfgR;dkjks a dks lpsr djrs gSa& *jktuSfrd ijk/khurk cM+h cqjh oLrq gSA og euq”; dksthou ;k=k esa vxzlj gksus okyh lqfo/kkvksa ls oafpr dj nsrh gSA geus bl ijk/khurk dh tathjsrksM+ nh gSaA ysfdu lqfo/kkvksa dks ik ysuk gh cM+h ckr ugha] çkIr lqfo/kkvksa dks euq”; ek= dseaxy ds fy, fu;ksftr dj lduk gh cMh ckr gSA**

os Li”V djrs gSa fd gesa Hkk”kk lEcU/kh NksVs&NksVs >xM+k sa es a u iM+dj jk”Vª ds mRFkku,oa ekuo ds eaxy dh ckr lkspuh pkfg,A muds erkuqlkj *Hkkjro”kZ ijk/khurk ds tky lseqDr gks x;k gSA gesa bl iqjkus jk”Vª ds vusd iqtsZ nqjLr djus iMsa+xsA vusd tatky lkQ djusgks axsA çR;sd {ks= esa uo&fuekZ.k dk ozr ysuk gksxkA O;FkZ ds Hkk”kk&lEcU/kh >xMs+ gekjs jk”Vª dhmUufr esa ck/kd fl) gksxsaA mudk nf”Vdks.k bu iafDr;ksa es a Li”V gS& **esjh vYi&cqf) esa rks;gh lw>rk gS fd lekt ds Lrjksa ds fy, vyx&vyx <ax dh Hkk”kk gksxh] ukuk mís’;ksa dhflf) ds fy, ukuk Hkk¡fr ds ç;Ru djus gk saxsA** vLrq] vkpk;Z th lkfgR;dkjks a dk /;kuvkdf”kZr djrs gSa fd]*gekjs usrkvksa dh lq>kbZ gqbZ ;kstukvksa ds dk;kZfUor gksus esa dbZ ck/kk,sa gSaA**mu lHkh dk lek/kku djuk gekjk ije dÙkZO; gSA

çdfr ds lkSUn;Z us lcdks vfHkHkwr fd;k] ijUrq Kku dh xfjek] ekuork dh vfHkO;fDrvkSj laLdfr ds bfrgkl ds lanHkZ esa çd`fr ds lkSUn;Z dk fp=.k djus okys leFkZ lkfgR;dkjdsoy MkW- f}osnh gh gSaA çdfr ds lkSUn;Z esa ys[kd dks foLer dj nsus dh ‘kfDr ugha gS] çdfrys[kd dks lkjxfHkZr rF; ladyu esa lgk;rk nsdj gh vfHkHkwr dj ldrh gSA çdfr dk fof’k”V:i] vke fQj ckSjk x;s] f’kjh”k ds Qwy] v’kksd ds Qwy] olUr vk x;k gS] dqVt] lkfgR; esafgeky; dh ijEijk] nsonk:] vkfn fucU/kks a esa cM+s lgt :i esa fpf=r fd;k x;k gS&

**vke fQj ckSjk x;s** ‘kh”kZd fucU/k esa MkW- f}osnh th us ,d lk/kkj.k **yksdksfDÙk** dh ppkZdh gS & **cpiu esa lquk Fkk fd clUr iapeh ds igys vxj vkezeatjh fn[k tk, rks mls gFksyhesa jxM+ ysuk pkfg,A D;ksafd ,slh gFksyh lky Hkj rd fcPNw ds tgj dks vklkuh ls mrkj nsrhgSA** bl NksVh lh yksdksfDr ds lanHkZ es a MkW- f}osnh us çkphu dky esa fofo/k tkfr;ksa ds la?k”kZ]Hkkjrh; iqjk.k ds çfr viuh ftKklk çofÙk] ekuo dh Js”Brk] vk/kqfud leL;k,¡ vkSj muds lek/kkudh vk’kk] çkd`frd oLrqvksa dh O;kogkfjd mi;ksfxrk vkfn vusdkusd xaHkhj leL;kvksa dks mBk;kgS vkSj lek/kku djrs gq, **vk’kkoknh** nf”V dk ifjp; fn;k gSA çdfr dk :i fo/kkrk dh nsu


61

gS ijUrq mldh O;k[;k ekuo cqf) dk {ks= gS* **euq”; çdfr dks vuqdwy cuk ysus okyk vn~Hkqrçk.kh gSA ;g fo’kky fo’o vk’p;Ztud gS] ij bldks djryxr djus ds fy, tw>us okyk ;geuq”; vkSj Hkh vk’p;Ztud gSA vkezeatjh mlh vpjt dk lans’k ysdj vk;h gSA** bruk gh ughavkezeatjh dks Hkkoksn~nhiu dk dsUnz u ekudj MkW- f}osnh us mls **vUuiw.kkZ** dk çlkn ekuk gSA;g dfo&dYiuk dks thou dh rqyk ij rkSyus dk ç;Ru gSA

vkezeatjh ds leku **f’kjh”k dk Qwy** Hkh MkW- f}osnh ds vUrj dks de vkUnksfyr ugha djrk gSA **f’kjh”k**dh çkdfrd fo’ks”krk dk MkW- f}osnh ekuohdj.k djrs gSa **tc mel ls çk.k mcyrk jgrk gS vkSj yw ls ân;lw[krk jgrk gS] ,dek= f’kjh”k dkyt;h vo/kwr dh Hkk¡fr thou dh vts;rk dk ea= çpkj djrk gSA**

vo/kwr og gS tks jkx&}s”k] yksHk&eksg] vkd”kZ.k&fod”kZ.k ls ijs gksA f’kjh”k **vo/kwr** blfy, gS fd mel]o”kkZ] BaMd lcesa og fufoZdkj [kMk gSA f}osnh th eku ysrs gSa fd **Qwy gks ;k isM+**] og vius vki esa lekIrugha gSA og fdlh vU; oLrq dks fn[kkus ds fy, mBh gqbZ vaxqyh gSA og b’kkjk gS blfy, **f’kjh”k** dk QDdM+]eLr] vuklDr :i MkW- f}osnh ds eu esa dchj] xk¡/kh] dkfynkl vkfn dh Lefr txkrk gSA **dkfynkl egku~Fks D;ksafd os vuklDr jg lds FksA gekjs ns’k ds Åij ls tks ;g ekj&dkV] vfXunkg~] ywVikV] [kwu&[kPpj dkcoaMj cg x;k gS] mlds Hkhrj Hkh D;k fLFkj jgk tk ldrk gS\ f’kjh”k jg ldk gSA vius ns’k dk ,d cw<+kjg ldk FkkA D;ksa \ esjk eu iwNrk gS fd ,slk D;ksa lEHko gqvk \ D;ksafd f’kjh”k Hkh vo/kwr gS vkSj vius ns’kdk og cw<+k Hkh vo/kwr FkkA** çdfr u dsoy lkSUn;Z&lf”V djrh gS cfYd ekuo&lekt dk thoUr bfrgkl HkhmifLFkr djrh gSA **v’kksd ds Qwy** ekuo ds blh thoUr bfrgkl ls ikBd dk ifjp; djkrs çrhr gksrs gSaAfo’o dh çR;sd oLrq dk viuk bfrgkl gS tks mlds mRFkku&iru dks lwfpr djrk gSA **bfrgkl** dk egÙovkSj Hkh c<+ tkrk gS tc oLrq ds lkFk&lkFk laLdfr ds mRFkku&iru dk bfrgkl tqM+ tkrk gSA **v’kksd** dkbfrgkl Hkkjr dh /kkfeZd laLdfr ds mRFkku&iru ds lkFk la;qDr gksdj viuk egÙo çnf’kZr djrk gSA v’kksdds iq”iksa dk vkxe] dkfynkl }kjk nh xbZ çfr”Bk] bLykeh lH;rk ds dkj.k egÙo dh lekfIr rFkk dkykUrjesa ,d **fuQwys** isM+ dks v’kksd dgk tkuk MkW- f}osnh dks [kVdrk gSA MkW- f}osnh mnkl gks tkrs gSaA ml **fuQwys**isM+ dh eLrh ns[kdj vkSj ;g mnklh vkSj Hkh c<+ tkrh gS nqfu;k dh LokFkZijrk ds dkj.kA ijUrq iqu% ekuodh nqnZE; ftthfo”kk mUgsa vk’kkfUor djrh gS vkSj os lksprs gSa&**iafMrkbZ Hkh ,d cks> gS ftruh gh Hkkjh gksrhgS mruh gh rsth ls Mqckrh gSA tc og thou dk vax cu tkrh gS rks lgt gks tkrh gSA rc og cks> ughajgrhA og ml voLFkk esa mnkl Hkh ugha djrhA dgk¡ v’kksd dk dqN Hkh rks ugha fcxM+k gSA fdruh eLrh ls>we jgk gSA dkfynkl bldk jl ys lds Fks & vius <ax lsA eSa Hkh ys ldrk gw¡ ij vius <ax lsA**

çR;sd _rq dk viuk vyx vyx egÙo gksrk gS ijUrq vk’kkoknh nf”V j[kus okys MkW- f}osnh dks clUrfo’ks”k fç; gS clUr dk vkxeu vkSj egÙo nksuksa gh foosP; gSaA o”kZ ds dqN fo’ks”k eghuksa dks clUr dgk tkrkgS ijUrq MkW- f}osnh clUrkxe ds fy, fdlh fuf’pr vof/k dks vLohdkj djrs gSaA bldk dkj.k gS& **clUrHkkxrk&Hkkxrk pyrk gS] ns’k esa ugha] dky esaA** vFkkZr~ ân; dk mYykl gh clUr dk lwpd gS ekuo tc Hkh


62

çlUu jgrk gS rHkh mlds fy, çdfr Hkh vuqdwy gksrh gSA blfy, MkW- f}osnh dh nf”V esa clUr _rq ugha] çrhdgS] ekuoksfpr Hkkoksa dkA**olUr vkrk ugha ys vk;k tkrk gSA tks pkgs vkSj tc pkgs vius ij ys vk ldrk gSA**

**f’kjh”k** ds iq”i dh rjg **dqVt** dk Hkh viuk fo’ks”k egÙo gSA **dqVt** esa MkW- f}osnh dqN ,slh fo’ks”kHkafxek dh çfrLFkkiuk djrs gSa tks la?k”kZjr euq”; dk b”V gSA f’kokfyd Ja[kyk ij mRiUu iq”i gh dqVt gS ftlsf}osnh th **dqVt** dg dj lacksf/kr djrs gSaA ,sls mtkM+ LFky ij iqf”ir Qwyksa dks ns[kdj MkW- f}osnh pfdrjg tkrs gSaA D;ksafd pV~Vkuksa ls jl [khapdj gh ;s thfor jgrs gSaA

**dqVTk** dk egÙo dkfynkl ds **es?knwr** esa çfrf”Br gSA ;{k us larIr ân; ls es?k dh vH;FkZuk**dqVt** ds iq”iksa ls dh FkhA blfy, dqVt **xk<+h dk lkFkh** gSA vFkkZr~ **ekaxfyd fØ;k** ls lEc) çdfr ghMkWñ f}osnh dks b”V gSA **dqVt** dh ftthfo”kk Hkh de egÙo ugha j[krh gSA lq[k&nq%[k dks vuklDr Hkko lsLohdkj djrs gq,] dBksjrk vkSj la=kl ds e/; ls thou dks lgtxfr ls fodflr djrs gq, c<+kuk gh MkW- f}osnhdk b”V gSA bl dk;Z dk mnkgj.k **dqVt** ls c<+dj vkSj dqN Hkh ugha **dBksj ik”kk.k dks Hksndj] ikrky dhNkrh phjdj viuk HkksX; laxzg djks] ok;q e.My dks pwldj >a>k &rwQku dks jxM+dj viuk çkI; olwy yks]vkdk’k dks pwl dj] vodk’k dh ygjh esa >wedj] mYykl [khap yksA** ijUrq bl ftthfo”kk dk Hkh egÙo gSAdgha ;g **ftthfo”kk** nEHk u cu tk, blfy, Þnq%[k dks eu dk fodYi** ekudj **o’kh** vkSj oSjkxh** cu tkukgh Js;Ldj gSA

O;fDr dks fuekZ.k ds rÙoksa dk ladsr rks çdfr nsrh gh gS] pfj= fuekZ.k dk rÙo Hkh çdfr ls çkIr gksrkgSA **lkfgR; esa fgeky; dh ijEijk** ‘kh”kZd fucU/k esa MkW- f}osnh us fgeky; n’kZu dks **vkUrfjd xq.kksa** dk nkrkekuk gSA f’ko dk **rkaMo**] ikoZrh dk *ykL;* vkSj mlls mRiUu ufUnds’oj dk *jl* fgeky; dh nsu gSA mÙkelkfgR; ds fy, vkSj cp gh D;k tkrk gSA

**nsonk: ** dk vyx gh egÙo vkSj O;fDrRo gSA vk/kqfud ifjos’k esa thou&;kiu djrs gq, O;fDrRofdruk fooknkLin cu tkrk gS] vkSj fofo/k fooknksa dks >syrs gq, Hkh fdruk eLr jg ldrk gS] bldk ladsr**nsonk:** nsus esa leFkZ gSA bldk dkj.k gS fd nsonk: **vFkkZrhr NUn gS&çk.kksa dk mYykl urZu tM+’kfDr dsnqokZj vkd”kZ.k dks ijkHkwr djds foiqy O;kse eaMy esa fogkj djus dk vFkkZrhr vkuUnA**

**nsonk:** ¼nsorkvksa dk dkB½ ds LFkku ij nsonk: ¼nsoRo xq.k dh cká mi;ksfxrkoknh O;k[;k½ dgdjbl o{k dks lEeku nsrs gSa Mkñ f}osnhA nsoRo ds Hkko dh igpku ds fy, mudh O;k[;k dk lkekftd :i gksukpkfg,A **nsonk:** dk o{k ekuks cká :i esa vkUrfjd xq.kksa dh O;k[;k gSA **vFkZ ek= tkfr gS] NUn ek= O;fDrRogSA vFkZ vklkuh ls igpkuk tk ldrk gS] D;ksafd og /kjrh ij pyrk gS] NUn vklkuh ls idM+ esa ugha vkrk]og vkleku esa mM+k djrk gSA**

**nsonk:** dk O;fDrRo j[kus okys bl NUn ds vFkZ dh O;k[;k ls ijs eLr thou ;kiu djrs gSaA og>werk gS fLer gkL; ds lkFk ekuks og le> jgk gksA **çdfr dk fLer gkL; vuqHkoh ds fy, fof’k”V ladsrgSA tks lc dqN nwljksa dks ns nsus esa leFkZ gks ml ij la?k”kZ vkSj la=kl dk çHkko ugha iM+rkA**


63

gt+kjh çlkn f}osnh dh nf”V esa ‘kkL= xkS.k gS vkSj euq”; ç/kkuA blfy, os vius miyC/k Kku dkslqyHk cukus ds fy, fdlh ladh.kZ nf”Vdks.k ls fopkj ugha djrsA os dkO;] n’kZu] bfrgkl vkSj iqjk.kksa ds lkFkyksd çoknksa dks feykdj O;kid nf”V ls fdlh fo”k; dks ns[krs gSaA Bkdqj th dh CkVksj* fucU/k esa ,d eafnjds Hkksx iwtu ds çcU/k ds fy, gksus okyh lHkk esa lfEefyr gksus ds fy, os x, gSa vkSj ogk¡ cSsBs&CkSBs lexz ns’kds bfrgkl dk flagkoyksdu gj nf”V ls dj x, gSaA ;g ,d LFkku ij ugha loZ= gksrk gS bldk cgqr dqNJs; fo’o dfo jfoUnzukFk ds lEidZ dks Hkh gSA jfoUnzukFk dh nf”V dh O;kidrk us gh mUgas ukuk la?k”kksZa esa jrekuo dh fot; ;k=k ds çfr vkLFkkoku cuk;k gSA ekuo vkSj ekuork muds lkfgR; dk es:n.M gS vkSj bllsmuds fucU/kksa esa vk’kkokn dk rÙo cgqr xgjk gSA dksbZ Hkh fucU/k if<+, os gesa ladh.kZrk] i’kq lqyHk oklukvksads Åij mBkrs gSaA yxrk gS] tSls ge Åij mB jgs gSa vkSj ;g dksbZ lk/kkj.k ckr ugha gS & fo’ks”k :i ls vkttcfd ge viuh lhfer bPNkvksa dh rfIr ds fy, egr~ mís’;ksa dks Hkwyus esa rfud Hkh yTtk vuqHko ugha djrsA

jfoUnzukFk ds vfrfjDr dkfynkl] dchj] rqylh vkSj e/;dkyhu oS”.ko dfo;ksa dh vkRek dk HkhLkk{kkRdkj mUgksaus fd;k gSA dkfynkl vkSj dchj dh egkurk muds vuklDr Hkko ds dkj.k FkhA bl ckr dkmYys[k mUgksaus dbZ ckj fd;k gSA *f’kjh”k ds Qwy* fucU/k esa ,d okD; gS & **eSa dgrk gw¡ fd dfo cuuk gS esjsnksLrks QDdM+ cuksA** ;g QDdM+iu vkpk;Z th esa Hkh gS vkSj ;g vk;k gS lUrksa vkSj oS”.ko HkDrksa ds thou&n’kZuls tks ?kj tksM+us dh ek;k ls vfyIr jgsA

f}osnh th viuh lelkef;d leL;kvksa ds çfr tkx:d gSa] tSls fd buds lkfgR;] Hkk”kk o jktuhfrds fo”k; esa fy[ks x;s fucU/kksa ls irk pyrk gSA buds le) O;fDrRo dks fucU/k ds ek/;e ls ,d çHkko’kkyhok.kh çkIr gqbZ gS] fdUrq muds O;fDrRo dk tks va’k blesa lcls vf/kd fu[kjk gS og mudk fopkj’khy ikf.MR;gSA ;s fucU/k fopkj ç/kku gksrs gq, Hkh buds O;fDrRo ls lus gq, gSa] D;ksafd ,d lhek rd fopkj&çdk’ku HkhvkRekfHkO;atu dk gh ,d :i gSA fdUrq dsoy ,d lhek rd ghA vR;f/kd ikafMR;iw.kZ fpUru fucU/k dk :ins nsrk gS vkSj og ltukRed lkfgR; dh dksfV ls fudy dj fofHkUu fo”k;ksa ds Kkuo)Zd vFkok vkykspukRedlkfgR; ds {ks= esa inkiZ.k djrk gSA f}osnh th ds vusd fucU/kksa esa ,slk gh gqvk gSA lalkj esa cgqr FkksM+h ,slhoLrq,¡ gksaxh tks muds ikafMR; vkSj fpUru dks çnhIr u dj ldsaA fo”k; ds lkFk FkksM+h&lh f[kyokM+ djrs ghos iqjk.k] T;ksfr”k vkfn dk dksbZ xzUFk [kksy ysrs gSa blesa lUnsg ugha fd blls ikBd dk cgqr Kkuo)Zu gksrkgS] fdUrq ltukRed fucU/k ds dykRed :i dks blls Bsl igq¡prh gS mUgha ds ‘kCnksa esa ?kh dks yM~Mw Vs<+k gkstkrk gSA* fdUrq vusd LFkyksa ij ikf.MR; dks fo”k; dk Hkkoiw.kZ çfriknu ipk ysrk gSA ,sls LFky fucU/k esa pkjpk¡n yxk nsrs gaS mnkgj.kLo:i fuEufyf[kr iafDr;ksa esa Hkk”kk&’kkL= fo”k;d [khaprku fucU/k dh lqUnjrk dks c<+knsrh gSa& **if.Mr yksx dgrs gSa fd *vkez* ‘kCn *vez* o vEy ‘kCn dk :ikUrj gSA *vez* vFkkZr~ [kV~VkA vke‘kq:&’kq: esa viuh [kVkbZ ds fy, gh çfl) FkkA oSfnd vk;Z yksxksa esa bl Qy dh dksbZ fo’ks”k dnz ugha FkhAogk¡ rks *Loknq mnqEcje~* ;k tk;dsnkj xwyj gh cM+k Qy Fkk ysfdu *ver* ‘kCn dqN blh* vez*dk :ikUrj jgkgksxkA igys ‘kk;n lksejl ds [kVkl ds [kVk;s gq, :i dks gh *vfezr* ¼[kV~Vk cuk gqvk½ dgrs gksaxsA ckn esa^vkez* lalkj dk lcls EkhBk Qy cu x;k vkSj *vkezr*] *ver* cu x;kA viuk&viuk HkkX; gSA ‘kCnksa ds Hkh HkkX;


64

gksrs gSaA ijUrq ;g lc vuqeku&gh&vuqeku gSA lp Hkh gks ldrk gS] ugha Hkh gks ldrk gSA if.Mrksa ls dkSu yM+rkfQjs!** ¼vke fQj ckSjk x;s!½

*clUr vk x;k gS!* vkSj ,d dqÙkk vkSj ,d eSuk* esa fpUru vkSj ikafMR; ls eqDr gksdj ys[kd çdfrvkSj euq”;srj çkf.k;ksa ij nf”Vikr djrk gS] vkSj mudks ekuo ds le{k j[kdj muds dk;Z&O;kikj ijlgkuqHkwfriw.kZ nf”V Mkyrk gqvk ,d xgjs Hkkoe; vkuUn dk vuqHko djrk gSA blesa ys[kd dk iFk çn’kZu mldkân; djrk gS] mldh cqf) ughaA mnkgj.k ds fy,&**i<+rk&fy[krk gw¡A ;gh is’kk gSA lks nqfu;k ds ckjs esa iksfFk;ksads lgkjs gh FkksM+k cgqr tkurk gw¡A i<+k gS fgUnqLRkku ds tokuksa esa dksbZ meax ugha gS bR;kfn&bR;kfnA b/kj ns[krkgw¡ isM+&ikS/ks vkSj Hkh cqjs gSaA lkjh nqfu;k esa gYyk gks x;k fd clUr vk x;kA ij bu dec[rksa dks dksbZ [kcjgh ughaA dHkh&dHkh lksprk g¡w fd buds ikl rd lans’k igq¡pkus dk dksbZ lk/ku ugha gks ldrk \ egqvk cnukegS fd mls lcds ckn clUr dk vuqHko gksrk gS] ij tkequ dkSu lk vPNk gS! og rks vkSj Hkh ckn esa Qwyrk gS!vkSj dkfynkl dk ykMyk ;g df.kZdkj \ vki tsB ekSt esa vkrs gSaA eq>s ,sls yxrk gS fd clUr Hkkxrk&Hkkxrkpyrk gSA ns’k esa ugha] dky esaA fdlh dk clUr iUnzg fnu dk gS rks fdlh dk ukS eghus dkA ekSth gS ve:nAckjg eghus bl dk olUr gh olUr gSA**

blh çdkj *,d dqÙkk vkSj ,d eSuk* esa Hkh ys[kd bu çkf.k;ksa dks oØksfDrEk; lân;rk ls ns[krk gSAfo’ks”kdj eSuk&nEifr ds ijLij okrkZyki okyk va’k rks cgqr gh lqUnj gSA budh fo”k;&oLrq ys[kd dks iqjk.kksavkSj T;ksfr”k ds xzUFkksa dh vksj ugha] vius thou dh vksj vius vkl&ikl dh oLrqvksa dh vksj ys xbZ gSA

yksdrÙo muds lHkh fucU/kksa dh vk/kkjf’kyk gSA fo”k; pkgs *v’kksd ds Qwy* gks] pkgs lUrksa dk lw{eosn* os vius bl ewy ls iyHkj dks Hkh vyx ugha gks ikrsA ‘kkL= ds lw{ekfrlw{e yksdksa esa fogkj djrs gq, Hkhmuds eu dh Mksj fujUrj blh ewy ekuq”k&lR; ls ca/kh jgrh gSA *Bkdqj th dh cVksj* ‘kh”kZd fucU/k esa mUgksaus,d LFky ij fy[kk gS fd **lk/kkj.k euq”; ds fy, le> ikuk cM+k dfBu gS fd dc if.Mr dk ‘kkL= mldhcqf) dks nck nsrk gS vkSj dc mldh cqf) ‘kkL= dks A f}osnh th Lo;a vusd ‘kkL=ksa ds eeZK gSaA ij os dksjs‘kkL=Kku dh foMEcukvksa ls Hkyh&Hkk¡fr ifjfpr gSaA os yksdnf”V ls gh ‘kkL=xr lR; dk ewY;kadu djrs gSaAmudk fo’okl gS fd if.Mr dh ckr dh laxfr yksd&ijEijk ls gh yx ldrh gSA mudk ikf.MR; mudh ‘kks/k&ofÙkdks mdlkrk gS vkSj oLrq ds çLrqr lkSUn;Z esa yhu muds eu dks gBkr~ [khapdj mldh ijEijk dk vuqla/kkudjus vkSj mlds ewy rd igq¡p tkus dh vksj çsfjr dj nsrk gS rFkkfi mudh ;g çofÙk fucU/k dks rfud Hkhcksf>y ugha cuus nsrh A cfYd mldh je.kh;rk esa pkj pk¡n yxk nsrh gSA *v’kksd ds Qwy*] *f’kjh”k ds Qwy* vkSj*vke fQj ckSjk x;s* mudh fo)Ùkk ds laLi’kks± ls lçk.k&lokd~ gks mBrs gSa & euq”; dh t;;k=k ds thou vkys[kls! ;g og Kku ugha tks tkudkjh ds cks> ls Fkd pqdk gksrk gSA ;g çKk dk og rst gS tks ys[kd dh fo/kk;ddYiuk ds fy, u;s f{kfrt] u;s vkdk’k mUeqDr dj nsrk gSA mls ,d foy{k.k vUrnZf”V ls lEiUu dj nsrkgSA ,d mnkj] fujkxzg ekuo&çse muds fpUru dk fu;ked gSA mudh fo}Ùkk rVLFk ladsrksa esa ugha] cfYd vrhrvkSj orZeku ds jkxkRed lEcU/kksa dks çdkf’kr djus esa çdV gksrh gSA fo}Ùkk laosnuk ls fLuX/k gksrh gS vkSj laosnuk


65

fo}Ùkk ls ç[kjA nwljs ‘kCnksa esa ;g dgk tk ldrk gS fd vkpk;Z f}osnh ds fucU/kksa esa fo}rk gh ugha] fo}rkdk jlkos’k Hkh gSA

;g fo}Ùkk dk jlkos’k muds ‘kq) yfyr fucU/kksa ij Hkh Nk;k gqvk gSA fgUnh fucU/k dk pje mRd”kZbu fucU/kksa esa ns[kk tk ldrk gSA buesa fucU/kdkj ds nz”Vk vkSj HkksDrk nksuksa Lo:iksa dh >k¡fd;k¡ feyrh gSaA ys[kdds *vkRe* dh] mlds O;fDrRo dh euksje NVk,¡ rks buesa fo|eku gSa ghA mlds lkFk&lkFk Hkkjrh; lkfgR; vkSjlaLdfr dh vuqie lqjfHk Hkh buesa vk|Ur ifjO;kIr gSA ,d ik’pkR; fo}ku us fucU/k dh ifjHkk”kk djrs gq, fy[kkgS fd **fdlh pht ls çHkkfor vkSj çfrdr O;fDr dh euksn’kk dk gw&c&gw fp= gh fucU/k gSA** dguk u gksxkfd *v’kksd ds Qwy*] *vke fQj ckSjk x,* vkSj olUr vk x;k gS* ds jpf;rk esa bl o.kZu dh uScfU/kd çfrHkkçpqj ek=k esa gSA fdUrq i;kZIr vkReO;atd ek/kq;Z fy, jgus ij Hkh f}osnh th ds ;s fucU/k ml vFkZ esa ilZuyugha gSaA muesa vga dk mnzsd ugha] foy; gSA mudk vga fdlh cgqr cM+h lÙkk] cgqr cM+h ‘kfDr ds çfr lefiZrgSA egkurk dk vuojr lEidZ vkSj fpUru&euu mUgsa Lo;a dks & viuh ekul&rjaxksa dks&vfr’k; xEHkhjrkiwoZdysus ls jksdrk gSA ;gh dkj.k gS fd muds fucU/kksa esa O;fDrxr jkx&fojkxksa dh ix&ix ij ?kks”k.kk djus dkvkxzg ugha feyrk] ftlls fd fgUnh ds dbZ lkaLdfrd psruk lEiUu fucU/kdkj rd cqjh rjg vkØkUr gSaAoS;fDrd fucU/kdkj dh loZçFke fo’ks”krk mldh vkReh;rk gksrh gSA ;gh pkYlZ ySEc dh egkurk dk jgL; gSA*eSa* dh vkR;fUrd ifjO;kfIr ds ckotwn og ikBd dh eerk ik ysrk gS & blds ewy esa ;gh e/kqj vkReh;rkgSA f}osnh th ds fucU/kksa dk Loj Hkh cgqr *vkReh;* gS ;g vkReh;rk ySEc tSlh vkReh;rk ugha gSA nksuksa esa Lrj&HksngS] ij çHkko ,d lk gSA f}osnh th ikBd dh vis{kk vius fo”k; ds lkFk vkReh; gSaA ikBd dks >d>ksjus ;kpeRdr dj nsus dh ykylk muesa ugha D;ksafd mudh psruk rks fo”k; ds lkFk tqM+h gqbZ gSA mudk vga mldhekfeZd Hkkouk esa yhu gSA vr% ikBd muds lkFk lgt Hkko ls] fcuk fdlh vkrad vkSj ladksp ds fo”k; ds vUnjçfo”V gks ldrk gSA vkpk;Z f}osnh ds fucU/kksa dk lCkls cM+k vkd”kZ.k ;gh gS fd KkukRed psruk dk mPpLrjh;fuokZg djrs gq, Loj ‘kq: ls vkf[kj rd lkSE; vkSj fLuX/k cuk jgrk gS dksbZ vfrfjDr vkos’k ;k vkosx muij gkoh ugha gks ldrkA muds bl oSf’k”V~; dk vglkl rc gksrk gS tc mudk dksbZ fucU/k i<+us ds ckn gefdlh leku/keZ ledkyhu jpuk dh vksj vfHkeq[k gksrs gSaA ,d lgt çlUu O;fDrRo dk vkyksd muds fucU/kksa lsQwVrk jgrk gSA tgk¡ ,d vksj vf/kdka’k fucU/kdkjksa esa ,d vkMEcjfç;rk vkSj LFkku&LFkku ij vius okXoSnX/; dk çn’kZu djrs pyus dk vkxzg fn[kkbZ nsrk gS] mldk vH;kl rd vkpk;Z f}osnh esa ugha feyrkA mudkokfXoykl cgqr ekftZr vkSj la;r gksrk gS D;ksafd ml ij fo}Ùkk dk vadq’k jgrk gS vkSj dykdkj dk lkSUn;Z&cks/kA

fouksn vkSj O;aX; Hkh f}osnh th ds fucU/kksa dh ,d fo’ks”krk gS] ftlds dkj.k muds ikf.MR;iw.kZ fucU/k Hkhcksf>y ugha gksus ik, vkSj ikBd fcuk mdrk, mudks vkfn ls vUr rd i<+us dk lkgl latks, jg ldrk gStks lEHkor% bl xq.k ds vHkko esa lEHko u gksrkA chp&chp esa os ikBdksa ds eu dks O;aX; ds ck.kksa ls xqnxqnkrsmudk euksjatu djus ds lkFk viuh ckr Hkh dg nsrs gSaA *vke fQj ckSjk x,*] *lekykspd dh Mkd*] *f’kjh”kds Qwy*] lkfgR; dk u;k dne* esa O;aX; ds ljl NhaVs feyrs gSaA *D;k vkius esjh jpuk i<+h gS\* mudh LorU=


66

gkL; ç/kku jpuk gSA gkL; vkSj O;aX;iw.kZ jpuk esa iw.kZ cy rHkh vkrk gS tc ys[kd rVLFk ofÙk dks viuk djfdlh dks lh/kk vius O;aX; dk fu’kkuk u cuk, vkSj mls fo”k; vFkok fLFkfr dk iw.kZ Kku gksA mudh bl jpukesa ,d lQy gkL; jpuk ds leLr xq.k fo|eku gSaA tSls&**lp iwfN, rks ‘kq:&‘kq: esa euq”; dqN lkE;oknhgh FkkA ga¡luk&g¡lkuk rc ‘kq: gqvk gksxk tc mlus dqN iw¡th bdV~Bh dj yh gksxh vkSj lap; ds lk/ku tqVkfy, gksaxsA esjk fuf’pr er gS fd g¡luk&g¡lkuk iw¡thoknh euksofr dh mit gSA bl ;qx ds fgUnh lkfgfR;dtks g¡luk ukilUn djrs gSA mudk dkj.k ‘kk;n ;g gS fd iw¡thoknh cqtqZvk euksofÙk dks eu&gh&eu ?k.kk djusyxs gSaA budh ;qfDr ‘kk;n bl çdkj gS & Þpw¡fd lalkj ds lHkh yksx g¡l ugha ldrs] blfy, galuk ,d xqukggS vkSj pw¡fd lalkj ds lHkh yksx FkksM+k cgqr jks ldrs gSa] blfy, jksuk gh okLrfod /keZ gSA fQj Hkh vf/kdka’klkfgfR;d jksrs ugha dsoy jksuh lwjr cuk, jgrs gSaA ftls FkksM+k&lk Hkh xf.kr fl[kk;k x;k gks og cgqr vklkuhls bl vkpj.k dh ;qfDr le> ldrk gSA eSa le> jgk gw¡A** fdruk djkjk O;aX; gS vktdy ds mu fn[kkoVhys[kdksa ij tks jksuh lwjr ls viuk ys[kd gksuk fl) djrs gSa vkSj fo’ks”k :i ls mu çxfroknh ys[kdksa ij tksvius psgjs ij df=erk dk fo”kkn Hkko cuk, j[krs gSa vkSj lkFk gh viuh os’kHkw”kk Hkh eqgje dh cuk, jgrs gSaAmlh ys[k esa lekykspdksa dk dlk gqvk O;aX; bl çdkj gS & **vkleku esa eqDdk ekjus ls de ifjJe ugha gSvkSj eSa fuf’pr tkurk g¡w fd jgL;oknh vkykspuk fy[kuk dqN g¡lh [ksy ugha gSA iqLrd dks Nqvk rd ugaha vkSjlekykspuk ,slh fy[kh fd =SyksD; fodfEirA ;g D;k de lk/kuk gS\**

f}osnh th ds fucU/kksa dk O;fDr i{k bruk çcy gS fd muds fucU/kksa ds dyk i{k ,oa v/;;u i{k ijHkh gkoh gks tkrk gS vkSj mudh vf/kdrj jpukvksa dks oS;fDrd ;k vkReijd fucU/kksa dh dksfV esa yk j[krk gSAlk/kkj.kr;k fucU/kdkj ds O;fDrRo dks mHkkjus esa ç/kkur;k foospu i)fr] Kku i{k] fPkUru ,oa fopkj i{k] vkLFkk]/kkj.kk] vkn’kZ] HkkoeqX/krk esa ls fdlh ,d i{k dh ç/kkurk gksrh gS fdUrq f}osnh th ds fucU/kksa esa dksbZ Hkh i{knqcZy ugha gSA muds fucU/kksa esa Kku xfjek ds lkFk lgt ljyrk gS] fpUru ds lkFk fopkjksa dh Li”Vrk gS] xEHkhjfoospu ds lkFk] xos”k.kkRed fu.kZ;ksa ds lkFk çlknkRedrk gS ij bu lcls c<+dj gS muds fucU/kksa esa muds futRodk lekos’kA vR;ar xgu fo”k; dk çfriknu djrs&djrs os chp esa futh fopkj nsus yxrs gSa vkSj vius fo”k;esa dgus yxrs gSaA clUr vk x;k* esa isM+ksa ds o.kZuksa ls det+ksjksa dh Hkkoqdrk dk o.kZu djrs&djrs] viuh dgusyxrs gSaA î<+rk&fy[krk gw¡A ;gh is’kk gSA lks nqfu;k ds ckjs esa iksfFk;ksa ds lgkjs gh FkksM+k cgqr tkurk gw¡A clUrvkrk ugha] ys vk;k tkrk gSA tks pkgs vkSj tc pkgs vius ij ys vk ldrk gSA og efj;y dpukj ys vk;kgSA vius eksVsjke rS;kjh dj jgs gSa vkSj eSa \ eq>s cq[kkj vk jgk gS ;g Hkh fu;fZr dk etkd gh gSA lkjh nqfu;kesa gYyk gks x;k fd clUr vk jgk gS] vkSj esjs ikl vk;k cq[kkjA**

^vke fQj ckSjk x,* esa mudh Hkkodqrk& êsjk eu v/kHkwys bfrgkl ds vkdk’k esa phy dh rjg eaMjkjgk gS] dgka dqN pedrh pht utj vkbZ ugha fd >iV~Vk ekjkA** v’kksd ds Qwy* esa Hkh Hkkoqdrk mlh rjg meM+hvkrh gS& ^êsjk eu meM+&?kqeM+ dj Hkkjrh; jl lk/kuk ds fiNys gtkj o”kZ ij cjl tkuk pkgrk gSA**

mudk O;fDr i{k ;=&r= ç/kku gks mBk gSA v’kksd ds Qwy*] clUr vk x;k gS*] vke fQj ckSjk x,*]


67

f’kjh”k ds Qwy*] egkRek ds egkç;k.k ds ckn* vkfn fucU/kksa esa bldk fo’ks”k ifjp; feyrk gSA buls muds O;fDrRodh fu’Nyrk ds lkFk gh ikBd ds çfr vkReh;rk dk Hkko Hkh çdV gksrk gSA ftlds dkj.k gh os ikBdksa ls lh/kk] ljyvkSj eerkiw.kZ lEcU/k LFkkfir dj ik;s gSa] vkSj dsoy ;gh dkj.k gS fd mudh jpuk,¡ Kku dk xk¡Hkh;Z ysdjHkh nq:g ugha cu ik;h gSaA

vkpk;Z th ds fucU/k fgUnh x| lkfgR; ds pje fodkl ds |ksrd gSaA mudh Hkk”kk ljy gS rFkk okD;;kstuk laf{kIr gSA xEHkhj ls xEHkhj fo”k; dk çfriknu djus esa Hkh mUgksaus NksVs&NksVs okD;ksa dk ç;ksx fd;k gSA;Fkk&^î<+rk&fy[krk gw¡A ;gh is’kk gSA lks nqfu;k ds ckjs esa iksfFk;ksa ds lgkjs FkksM+k cgqr tkurk g¡wA i<+rk g¡wfgUnqLrku ds tokuksa esa dksbZ meax ugha** bR;kfn&bR;kfnA ^Hkkjro”kZ esa T;ksfr”k ds v/;;u dkj.k ;kx ;K gSAoSfnd vk;Z ;kx&;K ds çseh FksA fo’ks”k&fo’ks”k ;Kksa ds fy, le; dk fu.kZ; djuk furkar ç;kstuh; FkkA dkydk fu.kZ; djus ds fy, T;ksfr”k&fo|k ds flok nwljk jkLrk ugha FkkA**

f}osnh th ds fucU/kksa dh Hkk”kk pqLr gSA mfDr esa peRdkj ,oa vuwBkiu ykus ds fy, mUgksaus eqgkojksa,oa dgkorksa vFkok yksdksfDr;ksa dk Hkh dgha&dgha ç;ksx fd;k gSA ftlls mudh ‘kSyh esa izHkkoksRikndrk ,oaHkkoksnzsdrk Hkh vk xbZ & **;g tkfr ml tqykgs ds gqDds dh Hkk¡fr gS ftldk ukfj;y Hkh lkr ckj cnyk x;kvkSj MaMk Hkh lkr ckj] ijUrq gqDdk fQj Hkh ogh FkkA** ^nks rhu ve:n gSa tks lw[ks lkou Hkjs Hkknksa dHkh jax ughacnyrs vFkok ckyw esa ls rsy fudkyuk* vkfnA blh ds lkFk&lkFk vkpk;Z th ds fucU/kksa dh Hkk”kk esa dkseyrk,oa O;atdrk Hkh gS tks fd ikBd ds ân; esa xqnxqnh&lh mRiUu dj nsrh gS ;Fkk&^^D;k ;g euksgj iq”i Hkqykusdh pht Fkh \ lân;rk D;k rIr gks xbZ Fkh \ dfork lks xbZ Fkh \ uk] esjk eu ;g lc ekuus dks rS;kj ughagS** **iafMrkbZ Hkh ,d cks> gSA ftruh gh Hkkjh gksrh gS mruh gh rsth ls Mqckrh gSA tc thou dk vax cu tkrhgS rks lgt gks tkrh gSA** ^v’kksd dks tks lEeku dkfynkl ls feyk og viwoZ FkkA lqUnfj;ksa ls vkflatudkjhuwiqjokys pj.kksa ds enq vk?kkr ls og Qwyrk Fkk] dksey diksyksa ij d.kZoral ds :i es >wyrk Fkk vkSj papyuhy vydksa dh vpapy ‘kksHkk dks lkS xquk c<+k nsrk FkkA**

,d vksj tgk¡ MkWå f}osnh ds fucU/kksa dh Hkk”kk ljy dksey pqLr ,oa eqgkojsnkj gS ogk¡ nwljh vksj]xw<+&xqfEQr okD; ‘kSyh ds Hkh dgh&dgha n’kZu gksrs gSaA ,sls LFkkuksa ij okD;ksa ds ç;ksx esa ,d ls vf/kd fØ;k&inksadk ;ksx jgrk gSA xw<+&xqfEQr ‘kSyh esa ogh ys[kd lQy gks ldrk gS ftldh dkO;&jpuk ’kfDr çkS<+rk dks igq¡ppqdh gksA

laf{kIr ‘kSyh dks viukus ds dkj.k gh MkWå f}osnh ds okD; dgha&dgha lw=or gks x, gSa& **LoxZ dksthrus okyk dBksj /kuq”k tks /kjrh ij fxjk rks dksey Qwyksa esa cny x;k**A **LoxhZ; oLrq,¡ /kjrh ls feys fcukeuksgj ugha gksrh**vFkok Þdgrs gSa nqfu;k cM+h HkqydDM+ gSA dsoy mruk gh ;kn j[krh gS ftlls mldk LokFkZlk/krk gSA** ^lkjk lalkj LokFkZ dk v[kkM+k gh rks gS]** euq”; dh Js”B lk/kuk,¡ gh laLdfr gS** vFkok detksjksaeas Hkkoqdrk vf/kd gksrh gksxh* vkfnA oLrqr% Hkk”kk] Hkko&,oa fopkj dk tSlk lkeatL; bl ‘kSyh esa ns[kus dks feyrkgS] og loZFkk ljkguh; gSA


68

5-4 lkjk a’k

Li”V gS fd vkpk;Z gtkjh çlkn f}osnh ds fucU/k fo”k; oLrq dh nf”V ls O;kid] fopkjksa dh nf”V lsxEHkhj ,ao ‘kSyh dh nf”V ls ljy] ,oa lkfgfR;d gSaA MkWå x.kifr pUnz xqIr us dgk gS & ^vki ds fucU/kksa esaân; dh ljyrk&ljlrk] çkphu lkfgR; ,oa laLdfr dk Kku&oSHko] fopkjksa dh ekSfydrk ,oa ‘kSyh dh jkspdrkdk lQy leUo; nf”Vxkspj gksrk gSA xEHkhj ls xEHkhj fo”k; dks Hkh os vR;Ur jkspd <ax ls çLrqr djrs gSaAvkpk;Z ‘kqDy dh Hkk¡fr os ikBd ls mnklhu ugha jgrs vfirq dgha&dgha os vius fny dh ckr lqukus ds fy, mldscgqr fudV vk tkrs gaS** ;gh dkj.k gS fd fgUnh fucU/k lkfgR; ds {ks= esa mudh nsu vçfre ,oa vuqie ekuhtkrh gSA

5-5 dfBu ‘kCn

xw<+&xqfEQ+r] ofr] foMEcuk] vUrZnf”V fo}rk] vkRekfHkO;atu nqnZE;] fueZe] ifjO;kIr] lqjE;:i


iz1- gt+kjh izlkn f}osnh ds fucU/kks a dh fo’ks”krkvksa ij lfoLrkj izdk’k Mkfy, A

------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- ------------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- ------------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------

------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- ------------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- ------------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------

------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- ------------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- ------------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------

------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- ------------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- ------------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------

------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- ------------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- ------------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------

------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- ------------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- ------------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------

iz2- gt+kjh izlkn f}osnh ds fucU/kks a esa Hkkjrh; laLÑfr ds fo’ks”k ;ksxnku ij fopkj djrsgq,] f}osnh ds fucU/kks a dh fo’ks”krkvks a ij izdk’k Mkfy, A

------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- ------------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- ------------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------

------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- ------------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- ------------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------

------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- ------------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- ------------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------

------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- ------------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- ------------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------

------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- ------------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- ------------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------

------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- ------------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- ------------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------


69

iz3- gt+kjh izlkn f}osnh ds fucU/kks a dh ewy fo”k; oLrq ij fopkj djsa A

------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- ------------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- ------------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------

------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- ------------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- ------------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------

------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- ------------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- ------------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------

------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- ------------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- ------------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------

------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- ------------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- ------------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------

------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- ------------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- ------------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------


1- vkpk;Z gtkjh izlkn f}osnh & MkWå pkSFkh jke ;kno dk lkfgR;

2- fgUnh dk yfyr fucU/k vkSj vkpk;Z gt+kjh izlkn f}osnh & MkW fonq”kh vxzoky

3- gt+kjh izlkn f}osnh ds lkfgR; esa lkekftd fparu & MkW jktsUnz izlkn ‘kekZ

4- vkpk;Z gt+kjh izlkn f}osnh vkSj mudk lkfgR; & MkWå jktsUnz nhf{kr

5- fgUnh lkfgR; esa fucU/k vkSj fucU/kdkj & xaxk izlkn xqIr oblS;k

6- fgUnh fucU/k x.kifr pUnzxqIr



-------------------------


70


vkpk;Z gt+kjh izlkn f}osnh ds fuca/kksa esa O;Dr Hkkjrh; laLÑfr

6 - 0 #i j s[ k k

6-1 mí s ’;

6-2 i zLrkouk

6-3 fucU/kks a esa O;Dr Hkkjrh; laLÑfr

6-4 lkjk a’k

6-5 dfBu ‘kCn



6 - 1 m í s ’ ;

laLÑfr dk vFkZ tku ldsaxs A

Hkkjrh; laLÑfr dh fo’ks”krkvksa dks tku ldsaxs A

gt+kjh izlkn f}osnh Hkkjrh; laLÑfr ds }kjk leLr lekt dks ,d djus ds i{k/kjgS] Hkkjrh; laLÑfr dk izHkko gt+kjh izlkn f}osnh ij fdl lhek rd gS ;g tkuldsaxsA

6 - 2 i z Lr kou k

vkpk; Z gt+kjh çlkn f}osnh Hkkjrh; laLd`fr ds vuU; iqtkjh gSaA muds ân; ij


71

Hkkjrh; laLÑfr dh xgu Nki vkjEHk ls gh fn[kkbZ nsrh gSA oSls ‘kkfUrfudsru es a xq#ojjohnzukFk Bkdqj ds lEidZ esa jgus ds dkj.k f}osnh th ds Hkkoks a ,oa fopkjks a ij lkaLÑfrdfopkj/kkjk dk çHkko vkSj Hkh vf/kd xgjkbZ ds lkFk iM+k gSaA bl rjg f}osnh th ds Hkko ,oafopkj iw.kZr;k Hkkjrh; laLÑfr ds okrkoj.k es a iYyfor gq, gS aA mudh f’k{kk&nh{kk] mudklkfgfR;d thou ,oa mudk dk; Z&{ks= Hkkjrh; laLd`fr ds mTToyre vkd”kZ.k dsUnz ks a lsvksrçksr jgk gS vkSj os pkg s ‘kkfUr fudsru es a jgs gks a] pkgs dk’kh fo’ofo|ky; esa] loZ=Hkkjrh;&laLÑfr dh ikou i;fLouh esa vkdaB fueXu jgs gSa ;gh dkj.k gS fd muds fucU/kksa es alokZf/kd lk aLÑfrd rÙoks a dh cgqyrk ds gh n’k Zu gksrs gSaA muds lkfgfR;d] jktuhfrd]O;kogkfjd ,oa jk”Vªh; fucU/kks a es a lkaLd`frd rRoksa dh Hkjekj fn[kkbZ nsrh gS fQj muds^Hkkjrh; laLÑfr dh nsu*] ^Hkkjro”kZ dh lkaLÑfrd leL;k*] ^/kkfeZd laLÑfr;ks a dk laxe* vkfnlkaLÑfrd fucU/kksa dk dguk gh D;kA

6 - 3 fucU/k k s a e s a O;Dr Hk kjrh; l aLÑfr

Hkkjrh; laLdfr vkLFkk] fo’okl ,oa J)k ls ifjiw.kZ gSA ;gk¡ vkjEHk ls gh ,d ‘kk’or lŸkkesa fo’okl djus dh ijEijk pyh vk jgh gS vkSj ,slh /kkj.kk gS fd og fojkV~ lÙkk llhe fn[kkbZ nsusij Hkh vlhe gS] ‘kkUr gksdj Hkh vuUr gS] fHkUu&fHkUu :iksa esa mn~Hkkf”kr gksdj Hkh vfHkUu gS vkSjfofo/k Hksnksa esa fojDr gksdj Hkh vHksn ,oa v[kaM Lo:i gSA og lEiw.kZ czãk.M dk fu;eu] lapkyu ,oafu;U=.k djrh gS vkSj ekuo mlh ds ladsrksa ij lkjs dk;Z vutkus gh fd;k djrk gSA dksbZ mls lkdkj,oa dksbZ fujkdkj dgrk gS vkSj dqN mls lkdkj ,oa fujkdkj nksuksa gh :iksa essas ekurs gSaA ijUrq mldkvfLrRo çk;% lHkh Lohdkj djrs gSaA vkpk;Z f}osnh th us Hkh LFkku&LFkku ij ml vifjes;] vuUr ,oav[kaM lŸkk dh vksj ladsr fd;s gSaA bl n’;eku lkSUn;Z ds ml ikj bl Hkkleku txr~ ds varjkyesa dksbZ ,d ‘kk’or lŸkk gS] tks bls eaxy dh vksj ys tkus ds fy, n<+ fu’p; gSA bruk gh ugha ys[kddk rks n<+ fo’okl gS fd og ‘kk’or lŸkk ge ls Hkh nwj ugha gSA gekjs ân; esa gh fo|eku gSA dsoyge mls ns[k vkSj le> ugha ikrsA ;fn gesa mldk irk py tk, rks ge vikj ‘kfDr ,oa lkgl lsifjiw.kZ viuh vuqie ‘kfDr dk vuqHko dj ldrs gSaA blfy, mUgksaus dgk Hkh gSS **fdruh ckj eq>s ,slkyxk gS fd og vUr/kZe mls vkRek dfg;s ;k tks dqN Hkh dfg;s cgqr ‘kfDr’kkyh thouksiknku gSAmlds lUrq”V gksus ls euq”; cMh vklkuh ls fojks/kksa vkSj migklksa dh mis{kk dj ldrk gSA dbZ ckj tceaS mls Bhd&Bhd idM+ ldk gw¡] esjs vUnj vikj lkgl vk;k gSA eSa {k.k Hkj ds fy, dHkh mldklk{kkRdkj ik tkrk gw¡ vkSj ml ij esjk fo’okl gks x;k gS fd og fo’kky ’kfDr&iqat esjs Hkhrj gS Af}osnh th dh mDr Hkkouk Li”V :i ls dchjnkl dh **eksdks dgk¡ <aw<sa cans eSa rks rsjs ikl esa** dh Hkkoukds gh vuq:i gS vkSj ;g Hkkouk Hkkjrh; tu&thou esa cM+h xgjkbZ ds lkFk fo|eku gSA

Hkkjrh; laLÑfr esa leiZ.k dh Hkkouk vR;Ur çcy :i esa feyrh gS ;gk¡ vkjEHk ls ghvius] ifjokj] vius lekt] vius jk”Vª ,oa fo’o rd ds fy, viuk loZLo U;kSNkoj djus


72

vFkok] vkReleiZ.k djus ij cy fn;k x;k gSA Hkkjrh; nk’kZfudksa us bl n`’;eku txr~ dksczã dh çR;{k ewfrZ crk;k gSA vr,o txr~ ds fy, viuk leiZ.k djus dk rkRi;Z fu%’ks”k Hkkols ml fojkV lÙkk ;k czã ds fy, gh vkReleiZ.k djuk ekuk tkrk gSA blh eas thou dhlkFkZdrk ?kksf”kr dh xbZ gS ,oa ;gh thou dk pje~ y{; Hkh ekuk x;k gS] D;ksafd vkReleiZ.k}kjk gh ekuo okLrfod lR; dks tku ikrk gS vkSj blh iquhr dk;Z }kjk og uj ls ukjk;.kdh inoh dk Hkh vf/kdkjh gks tkrk gSA fofo/k Kku&foKku dh çkfIr ,oa vusd ‘kkL=ksa ds v/;;uls Hkh bl okLrfod fLFkfr dk cks/k ugha gksrkA vkpk;Z f}osnh th us Li”V ladsr fd;k gS fdijeiq#”k ds çfr&ftldh çR;{k ewfrZ ;g n`’;eku pjkpj txr~ gS vius vkidks fu%’ks”k Hkkols leiZ.k dj nsuk gh okLrfod lR; gS** vFkok ^^viuk lR; rc gksrk gS tCk euq”; viuslqânLo:i *ijeiq#”k* dks vkReleiZ.k dj nsrk gS D;ksafd vius dks nsuk gh cMh oLrq gSA Kku&foKkulc dqN rHkh lkFkZd gksrs gSa tc euq”; vius vkidks vius loZJs”B y{; ds gkFkksa fu%’ks”k Hkko ls ns nsaA^ôkLro esa ;g leiZ.k dh Hkkouk gh loZJs”B R;kx gSA ;gh vgadkj dk lewy uk’k djds ekuo dksmUufr ,ao vH;qn; dh vksj vxzlj djrh gS vkSj blh ls ekuo fuJs;l dh Hkh çkfIr dj ldrk gS]D;ksafd lkalkfjd vH;qn; ,oa HkkSfrd mUufr çkIr djds Hkh ;fn ekuo vkReleiZ.k ugha dj ikrk] rksog fuJs;l dk vf/kdkjh ugha gksrkA bldk dkj.k Hkkjrh; laLdfr es *rsu R;Drsu HkqTthFkk* dg djR;kx ds lkFk gh miHkksx djus dh lykg nh gS vkSj ;g R;kx vkRe&leiZ.k dk gh çFke lksiku gSAblh R;kx ds }kjk ekuo lQyrk çkIr djrk gS vkSj blh ds cy ij çse vkSj eS=h LFkkfir djrk gSAekuo&thou dh pfjrkFkZrk gh okLro esa ml R;kx ds vUrxZr gS] ftlesa viuk loZLOk lcds dY;k.kds fy, ns fn;k tk,A** ;gh vkRe cfynku gS] ;gh LokRekiZ.k gS vkSj ;gh Hkkjrh; thou dh pjelkFkZdrk gS] tks Hkkjrh; laLdfr dh vej nsu gSA

Hkkjrh; laLdfr leUo;&ç/kku gSA blh dkj.k ;gk¡ HkkSfrd ,oa vk/;kfRedrk] çofÙk ,oafuofÙk] Hkksx ,oa R;kx] çs; ,oa Js;] xgLFk ,oa oSjkX;] tM+&psru] Hkyk vkSj cqjk] ns’kh vkSj fons’kh lHkhds vUrxZr leUo; LFkkfir djus dk cM+k gh lqUnj ç;Ru fn[kkbZ nsrk gSA Hkkjrh; lekt essa czkã.k]{kf=;] oS’; ,oa ‘kwnz pkj o.kksZa dk fuekZ.k] czãp;Z] xgLFk] okuçLFk ,oa lU;kl uked pkj vkJeksa dhLFkkiuk rFkk /keZ] vFkZ vkSj dke ds lkFk&lkFk eks{k dks Hkh prqoZxZ esa lfEefyr djus dh ;kstuk Li”Vgh leUo; dh vksj ladsr dj jgh gSA fofHkUu fojks/kksa ,oa fofo/k ekU;rkvksa ls lkeatL; LFkkfir djukgh leUo; dh ewy çofÙk dk |ksrd gSA Hkkjrh; tu&thou esa ;g dk;Z oSfnd _f”k;ksa ls ysdj xkSre]dchj] rqylh] egkRek xk¡/kh vkfn rd lHkh djrs pys vk jgs gSa vkSj blh dkj.k os yksd uk;d dgykrsgSa A f}osnh th ds gh ‘kCnksa esa **Hkkjro”kZ dk yksd uk;d ogh gks ldrk gS tks leUo; dj ldsA D;ksafdHkkjrh; lekt es a ukuk çdkj dh ijLij fojksf/kuh laLdfr;k¡] lk/kuk,¡] tkfr;k¡] vkpkjfu”Bk vkSsjfopkj&i)fr;k ¡ çpfyr gS aA cq)nso leUo;dkjh Fk s] ^^xhrk esa leUo; dh p s”Vk g S vkSjrqylhnkl Hkh leUo;dkjh FksA** Hkkjrh; laLdfr;ksa ds bu iqtkfj;ksa us ikjLifjd oSeuL; ,oa


73

lkekftd fojks/kksa dks nwj djds leUo; LFkkfir djus dh tSlh ps”Vk dh Fkh oSlh gh ps”VkegkRek xk¡/kh us Hkh dh FkhA mUgksaus Hkh {kqnzLokFkks± esa yhu fofHkUu nyksa ,oa fofo/k i)fr;ksa esafoHkDr ekuoksa dks ,d lw= esa ck¡/kus ds fy, leUo; dk lsrq rS;kj fd;k FkkA vkpk;Z f}osnhth us fy[kk Hkh gS & **NksVs LokFkZ fu’p; gh euq”; ds fHkUu&fHkUu nyksa esa VqdM+s&VqdM+s djjgs gSa ijUrq ;fn euq”; pkgs rks ,slk egklsrq fuekZ.k dj ldrk gS ftlls leLr fofPNUurkdk vUrjky Hkj tk,A egkRek th us ml egku~ lsrq ds fuekZrk lR; dks ns[kk Fkk vkSj /keZ vkSjO;ogkj dks ,d djus esa lQyrk çkIr dh FkhA** blh leUo; dh Hkkouk ds dkj.k vkpk;Zf}osnh dk rks ;gk¡ rd fopkj gS fd ^êSa laLdfr dks fdlh ns’k&fons’k ;k tkfr fo’ks”k dh viuhekSfydrk ugha ekurkA esjs fopkj ls lkjs lalkj ds euq”;ksa dh ,d gh lkekU; ekuo&laLdfr gks ldrhgSA ;g nwljh ckr gS fd og O;kid laLdfr vc rd lkjs lalkj esa vuqHkwr vkSsj vaxhdr ugha gks ldhgS** blesa dksbZ lansg ugha fd ;fn fo’o&Hkj ds ekuo bl vfHkUurk ,oa vHksnrk dks le> dj ,d ghlaLdfr ds vuq;k;h gks tk,¡ rks lkjs Hksn Hkko] bZ”;kZ&}s”k] ;q)&la?k”kZ vkfn iw.kZr;k lekIr gks ldrs gSaAoSls Hkh lqUnj ,oa vlqUnj rFkk leku ,oa vleku dk lqO;ofLFkr <ax ls lkeatL; djuk vFkok mUgs,d:irk nsus dh ps”Vk djuk gh lkSUn;Z dgykrk gS vkSj lkSUn;Z lnSo lkeatL; esa gksrk gSA blh dkj.kf}osnh th us vf/kdka’k LFkyksa ij blh lkeatL; vFkok leUo; ij cy fn;k gS] tksfd Hkkjrh; laLdfrdh ewy Hkkouk gSA

Hkkjrh; laLdfr dk lcls çcy Loj ekuo&çse dk gSA ;gk¡ lnSo euq”;rk dks loksZPp LFkkuçnku fd;k x;k gS vkSj ekuo&ek= ds dY;k.k dh lnSo dkeuk dh xbZ gSA Hkkjrh; euhf”k;ksa us dHkhns’k] dky ,oa HkkSxksfyd lhekvksa esa vkc) euq”; ds fdlh lekt fo’ks”k ds dY;k.k dh dkeuk ugha dhgS vfirq ekuo&ek= ,oa laiw.kZ euq”;ksa ds dY;k.k dh dkeuk dh gSA blh dkj.k ;gk ^^losZ HkoUrq lqf[ku%losZ lUrq fujke;% A loZs Hknzkf.k i’;Urq ek dk’pn nq%[k Hkkx~ Hkosr** dgdj lEiw.kZ fo’o ds ekuoksa dslq[ke; thou dh fujksxkoLFkk dh vkSj dY;k.k dh dkeuk,¡ dh xbZ gSaA vkpk;Z f}osnh ds fucU/kksa esaHkh ekuo&çse ,oa euq”;rk ds çse dk Loj lcls vf/kd xw¡t jgk gS] ;gk¡ ;=&r= ekuo ek= ds dY;k.kdh vksj vFkok euq”;rk ds mRFkku dh vksj fo}ku~ ys[kd vf/kd vxzlj gqvk gSA blh dkj.k dHkh fo}ku~ys[kd euq”;rk dh vfHkyk”kk djrk gqvk fy[krk gS fd **bfrgkl fo/kkrk dk Li”V bafxr blh vksj gSfd euq”; esa tks euq”;rk gS tks mls i’kq ls vyx dj nsrh gS ogh vkjk/; gS** D;k lkfgR; vkSj D;kjktuhfr lcdk ,d ek= y{; blh euq”;rk dh lokZaxh.k mUufr gSSA dHkh og ekuoksa esa O;kIr fo”kerk]ywV&[klksV] nklrk] tfM+ek] eksg] dqlaLdkj] {kqnzrk vkfn ls fo{kqC/k gksdj iqdkj mBk gS fd ^ôLrqr%fgUnw&eqfLye ,drk Hkh lk/ku gS] lk/; ughA lk/; gS euq”; dks i’kq lkeku LokFkhZ /kjkry ls ÅijmBkdj euq”;rk ds vklu ij cSBkukA fgUnw vkSj eqfLye vxj feydj lalkj esa ywV&[klksV epkus dsfy, lkezkT; LFkkiuk djus fudy iM+ s rks ml fgUnw&eqfLye feyu ls euq”;rk dk¡i mBsxhAijUrq ml fgUnw&eqfLye feyu dk mís’; gS] euq”; dks {kqnz LokFkZ vkSj vgfedk dh nqfu;k ls


74

Åij mBkdj lR;] U;k; vkSj vkSnk;Z dh nqfu;k esa ys tkuk] euq”; }kjk euq”; ds ‘kks”k.k dksgVkdj ijLij lg;ksfxrk ds ifo= cU/ku esa ck¡/kukA euq”; dk lkewfgd dY;k.k gh gekjk y{;gks ldrk gS] ogh euq”; dk loksZÙke çkI; gSA blhfy, vkpk;Z f}osnh dh jk; es a ogh lkfgR;egŸoiw.kZ gS ftlesa ekuo lekt dks dY;k.k dh vksj vxzlj djus okyh Hkkouk,¡ vf/kd ek=keas feyrh gS aA *v’kksd ds Qwy* fucU/k laxzg esa fy[kk Hkh gS fd** tks lkfgR; vius vki ds fy,fy[kk tkrk gS] mldh D;k dher gS] eSa ugha dg ldrk] ijUrq tks lkfgR; euq”;&lekt dksjksx&’kksd] nkfjnz;&vKku rFkk ijeq[kkisf{krk ls cpkdj mlesa vkRecy dk lapkj djrk gS]og fu’p; gh v{k; fuf/k gSA**

Hkkjrh; laLd`fr esa ekuo&çse ds lkFk&lkFk çd`fr&çse dks Hkh cM+k egŸo fn;k x;kgSA çdfr ekuo dh fpj lgpjh gSA vkjEHk ls gh çdfr dh d:.kke;h xksn esa ØhM+k djrs gq,ekuo us vuar ‘kfDr ,oa v[kaM Kku çkIr fd;k gS vkSj çdfr ds nqykj ,oa I;kj ds dkj.k ghbruk cM+k gksdj vkt ekuo çdfr ds jgL;ksa dk mn~?kkVu djus es leFkZ gqvk gSA çdfr usekuo esa vkLFkk ,oa fo’okl iSnk fd;k gSA çd`fr ls mlus lsok ,oa dÙkZO; ijk;.krk dk ikBlh[kk gSA çd`fr us gh mls çxfr ds iFk ij vxzlj gksuk fl[kk;k gS vkSj çd`fr ls gh ekuous mnkjrk] lfg”.kqrk] ljlrk] ijnq%[kdkrjrk vkfn vusd euq”;ksfpr Hkkoks a dks xzg.k fd;k gSAblh dkj.k çdfr ds çfr ekuo dk lgt vkd”kZ.k gksuk LokHkkfod gSA dHkh os vkez eatjh dksyypkbZ nf”V ls ns[krs gq, dg mBrs gSa fd **vgk] dSlk euksgj dksjd gSA cfygkjh gS bl*vkezgfjr&ikaMqj ‘kksHkk dhA vHkh lqxfU/k ugha QSyh gS fdUrq nsj Hkh ughaA* dHkh os v’kksd dksf[kyk gqvk ns[kdj dg mBrs gSa fd *v’kksd esa fQj Qwy vk x, gSaA bu NksVs&NksVs yky&ykyiq”iksa ds euksgj Lrcdks esa dSlk eksgu Hkko gSA dHkh mUgsa olar vkus ij Hkh iM+kslh ds dpukjds u f[kyus dk {kksHk gksrk gS rks dHkh vius dpukj o{k dks Qwyksa ls ynk gqvk ns[k dj os Qwysugha lekrsA ij dHkh mUgsa olar vk tkus ij Hkh egqvk] tkequ vksSj df.kZdkj tc f[kys ughafn[kkbZ nsrs rc bu ij xqLlk vkrk gS vkSj ve:n dks ns[kdj çlUurk gksrh gS D;ksafd og ckjgeghus clar eukrk jgrk gSA f}osnh th isM+&ikS/kks a es a gh brus vuqjDr jgrs gks a ;gh ckr ughagS mudh nf”V esa lEiw.kZ çdfr lpsru gSA

Hkkjrh; laLd`fr esa Lons’k&çse dh Hkkouk dks Hkh vR;kf/kd egŸo fn;k x;k gSA ;gkavklsrq fgekpy Lons’k ds lEiw.kZ ou] ioZr] unh ,oa xzkeks a dks vius vax es lesVs gq, ,dHkkjrekrk dh dYiuk dh xbZ gSA ftldh xksn es a ge lc iys gSa] ftlusa /ku&/kkU; fn;k gS]ftlus ges a vkek sndkjh iou ,oa ek sndkjh lqx af/k;ka çnku dh gS a rFkk ftldh jRuxHkk Z‘kL;’;keyk Hkwfe gesa Hkkstu ,oa oL= çnku djds vius *olqa/kjk* uke dks lkFkZd dj jgh gSaAmlds dhM+s&edksM+s] isM+&ikS/ks] unh&igkM+] taxy&>kM+] e:&ekyo] lHkh vius gSa] os gekjs ghvax gSa vkSj mUgsa gesa çk.kksa ls Hkh vf/kd fç; le>uk pkfg,A viuh bl ekrHkwfe dks ‘kkL=ksa esa


75

^tuuh tUeHkwfe’p LoxkZnfi xjh;lh* dg dj LoxZ ls Hkh c<+dj crk;k x;k gSA ,slh iquhr,oa ikou rFkk vlhe lq[knkf;uh ekr`Hkwfe ds çR;sd vax ls Hkyh çdkj ifjfpr gksuk gekjkiquhr dŸkZO; gS ijUrq nq%[k bl ckr dk gS fd ge Lo;a viuh ekrHkwfe ds vax&çR;axksa ds lkSan;Zdks ns[kus dh ps”Vk ugha djrs] xqykeh dh tathjksa esa cgqr fnuksa rd tdMs+ jgus ds dkj.k vHkhrd ge fons’kh if.Mrksa dh nf”V ls gh viuh jRuxHkkZ /kfj=h ds n’kZu djrs gSa] bl ij {kksHkçdV djrs gq, vkpk;Z f}osnh us fy[kk gS fd **ftu fons’kh iafMrksa us gekjs ns’k ds tM]+ psruds ckjs esa ifjJeiwoZd vkSj bZekunkjh ds lkFk cgqr dqN fy[k j[kk gS muds ge vo’; d`rKgksaxs] ij mrus ls gh gesa lUrq”V ugha gksuk gS] gesa vius ns’k dks viuh vk¡[kks ls ns[kuk gSA tcrd ge bl fo’kky vkSj egku~ ns’k dks mldh lewph [kwfc;ksa ds lkFk ugha igpkurs rc rdblds çfr gekjk çse ekSf[kd vkSj {k.kLFkk;h gksxkA** mDr dFku }kjk f}osnh th us Lons’k&çseds lkFk&lkFk LoHkk”kk] LoHkwfe] Lotho&tUrq vkfn lHkh ds çfr vlhe çse ,oa ln~Hkko j[kusdk vkxzg fd;k gS vkSj ;gh Hkkouk Hkkjrh; laLdfr dh ewyHkwr Hkkouk gSA

mi; q ZDr Hkkjrh; laLd`fr dh ewyHk wr Hkkoukvk s a ,o a ekU;rkvk sa d s vfrfjDr vkSjcgqr&lh /kkj.kk,¡ ,oa ekU;rk,¡ Hkh f}osnh th ds fucU/kksa esa ;=&r= fc[kjh iM+h gSaA mnkgj.kds fy, ;gka ij deZQy dk fLk)kUr vR;kf/kd ekU; gSA ;g fl)kUr Hkkjrh; thou dhjx&jx esa O;kIr gSA mldh vksj ladsr djrs gq, f}osnh th us fy[kk gS& ^^deZ Qy dk fl)kUrHkkjro”kZ dh viuh fo’ks”krk gSA -------- pk.Mky viuh nqxZfr ds fy, deZ dh nqgkbZ nsrk gS] czkã.kvius mPpin ds fy, Hkh deZ dh nqgkbZ nsrk gSA çR;sd O;fDr vius&vius dek sZ a ds fy,tokcnsg gSA dksbZ u rks fdlh nwljs ds cnys mls Hkksx ldrk gS vkSj u m|ksx djds lafprvkSj çkjC/k deksZa dks cny gh ldrk gSA** blds lkFk gh Hkkjrh; laLd`fr esa ri] la;e] lsok]ijksidkj] çse vkfn dk Hkh vR;f/kd egÙo crk;k x;k gSA budh vksj ladsr djrs gq, f}osnhth us ri vkSj la;e dh egÙkk crkrs gq, fy[kk gS & ^vius dks lgt gh ns nsus dh ;ksX;rkdBksj ri vkSj la;e ls çkIr gksrh gSA* dgha ij lsok dk egÙo çnf’kZr djrs gq, fy[kk gS fd^^tks yksx lkfgR;&l`f”V djds] Hkk”kk ds ek/;e ls] turk :ih tuknZu dh lsok djuk pkgrsgS a os egku~ gSa** vkSj dgha çse ds egÙo dk çfriknu djrs gq, fy[kk gS fd çse gh cM+h oLrqgS] ogh Hkxoku dk okLrfod Lo:i gSA

6-4 lkjka’k

lkjka’k ;g gS fd f}osnh th ds fucU/k Hkkjrh; laLdfr dh ewy çofr;ksa ls ifjiw.kZ gSaA blhdkj.k buesa dgha gesa ri] vfgalk] R;kx ,oa vuklfDr ls ifjiw.kZ lPpfj= ekuo ds fuekZ.k dk ç;klfn[kkbZ nsrk gS] dgha ‘kq)kpj.k ,oa ekuork&çse dk Loj xwatrk gqvk lqukbZ iM+rk gS vkSj dghaHkkSfrd okrkoj.k ls fo{kqC/k vk/;kfRed thou dh ‘kkfUr esa lk¡l ysrh gqbZ ekuork ds lQy


76

thou dh dkeuk dk Loj meM+rk gqvk fn[kkbZ nsrk gSA bruk vo’; gS fd vkpk;Z th Hkkjrh;laLd`fr esa O;kIr :f<+okfnrk] HkkX;okfnrk] ijEijk&çse vkfn dk mPNsnu djuk Hkh ugha HkwysgSa ijUrq mu dk ewy Loj ekuoksRFkku gS] ftlesa euq”;rk ds ifj”dkj ,oa laLdkj dk ç;Ru vf/kdfd;k x;k gSA blh dkj.k dgha ij vkius dBksj la;e ,oa ekufld vuq’kklu ls vksrçksr]lPpfj=rk dk O;ogkj djus okyh] lR;thou esa fo’okl j[kus okyh] lTturk ,oa ekuoçse lsifjiw.kZ euq”;rk ds mRFkku dh dkeuk dh gS] rks dgha J)k ,oa fo’okl ds lkFk ml fojkV lÙkkesa vVwV çse j[kus okyh] HksnHkko dks NksM+dj lEiw.kZ ekuoksa esa ,drÙo dk gh n’kZu djus okyh]tuknZuLo:i turk ds vH;qn; dh dkeuk dh gSA fuLlansg vkpk;Z th ds ;s fucU/k Hkkjrh;laLd`fr esa O;kIr vk/;kfRedrk] mnkjrk] ekuorkçse] ekufld la;e] vkReleiZ.k] Lons’kkfHkeku]vlhe J)k] vVwV fo’okl] ijnq%[k dkrjrk vkfn vusd Hkkoks a ls vksr&çksr gSa] blh dkj.k ;sfucU/k Hkkjrh; laLd`fr dh vewY; fuf/k gSa vkSj lkaLdfrd rRoksa ds v{k; HkaMkj gSaA

6 - 5 dfBu ‘ k Cn

vuklfDr] ‘kq)kpj.k] fo{kqC/k] mPNsnu] fofPNUurk] vfHkUurk] vHksnrk] vH;qn;] mn~Hkkf”kr]vifjis; A


iz1- laLÑfr dk vFkZ le>krs gq, f}osnh ds fucU/kks a esa O;Dr Hkkjrh; laLÑfr ij fopkjdhft, A

------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- ------------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- ------------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------

------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- ------------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- ------------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------

------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- ------------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- ------------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------

------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- ------------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- ------------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------

------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- ------------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- ------------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------

------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- ------------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- ------------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------

iz2- gt+kjh izlkn f}osnh Hkkjrh; laLÑfr ds vuU; iqtkjh gS] fl) dhft, A

------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- ------------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- ------------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------

------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- ------------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- ------------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------

------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- ------------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- ------------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------


77

------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- ------------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- ------------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------

------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- ------------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- ------------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------

------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- ------------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- ------------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------

iz3- gt+kjh izlkn f}osnh ds fuca/kksa es a O;Dr Hkkjrh; laLÑfr dks Li”V djrs gq,] viusfopkj LFkkfir dhft, A

------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- ------------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- ------------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------

------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- ------------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- ------------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------

------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- ------------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- ------------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------

------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- ------------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- ------------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------

------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- ------------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- ------------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------

------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- ------------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- ------------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------


1- vkpk;Z gt+kjh izlkn f}osnh & MkWå pkSFkh jke ;kno dk lkfgR;




5- fgUnh lkfgR; esa fucU/k vkSj fucU/kdkj & xaxk izlkn xqIr oblS;k




----------------------------


78


vkpk;Z gt+kjh izlkn f}osnh ds fuca/kksa dh Hkk”kk ‘kSyh

7 - 0 #i j s[ k k

7-1 mí s ’;

7-2 i zLrkouk

7-3 vkpk;Z gtkjh izlkn f}osnh ds fucU/kk s a dh Hkk”kk ‘kSyh

7-3-1 Hkk”kk ‘kSyh

7-3-2 ‘kSyh

7-3-2-1 fopkjkRed ‘kSyh

7-3-2-2 HkkokRed ‘kSyh

7-3-2-3 o.kZukRed ‘kSyh

7-3-2-4 O;aX;kRed ‘kSyh

7-4 lkjka’k

7-5 dfBu ‘kCn




79

7 - 1 m í s ’ ;

Hkk”kk vkSj ‘kSyh dk vFkZ tku ldsaxs A

Hkk”kk vkSj Hkko dk lEcU/k tku ldsaxs A

‘kSyh ds fofo/k izdkj tku ldsaxs A

f}osnh us fucU/kksa esa vf/kdrj fdl Hkk”kk ,oa ‘kSyh ds vk/kkj cuk;k gS] tku ldsaxs A

7 - 2 i z Lr kou k

Hkk”kk fopkj&fofue; dk og fof’k”V ek/;e gS] tks u dsoy ekuo eu dh xgu vuqHkwfr;ksa dksvfHkO;Dr djus esa leFkZ gSA Hkk”kk ds vHkko esa lkfgR; jpuk dh dYiuk vlEHko gSA jpukdkj dhvuqHkwfr;ksa dks mruh gh rhozrk ds lkFk ikBd vFkok Jksrk dks vuqHkwr djkus dk Hkk”kk dk gksrk gS vkSj‘kSyh vfHkO;fDr mls ,d lkFkh o leFkZ O;fDrRo iznku djrh gS A ‘kSyh dk lPpk mRd”kZ fucU/k jpukesa feyrk gS A fuca/k esa fo”k; ds vuq:i ‘kSyh dk ifjorZu Hkh gksrk gSA fo”k; ds vuqlkj gh ouFkZ ‘kSyhdh vis{kk fuca/k esa gksrh gSA ‘kSyh vfHkO;fDr dk fof’k”V xq.k gS vkSj vfHkO;fDr vkSj Hkk”kk vU;ksU;kfJrgSA nwljs ‘kCnksa esa dgs rks fopkj vkSj ok.kh ijLij vfoHkko gSA ‘kSyh Hkk”kk:i fparu gSA

7 - 3 vkpk; Z gtkjh i zlkn f}o snh ds fucU/k k s a dh Hk k ”k k ‘k Syh

vkpk;Z gt+kjh çlkn f}osnh fgUnh ds ‘kh”kZLFk fuca/kdkj gSaA vkpk;Z ‘kqDy ds i’pkr~ f}osnh th dksgh fgUnh dk loZJs”B fucU/kdkj ekuk tkrk gSA f}osnh th ds oS;fDrd fucU/k lkfgR; dh vuqie fuf/k gaSAfopkjkRed]vkykspukRed] o.kZukRed] fooj.kkRed çk;% lHkh dksfV ds fucU/kksa dh jpuk mUgksaus dh gSAmUgksaus 200 ls Hkh vf/kd fucU/k fy[ks tks ^v’kksd ds Qwy*] ^fopkj vkSj fordZ*] ^fopkj&çokg*] ^gekjhlkfgfR;d leL;k,a*] ^dYiyrk*] ^lkfgR; dk vFkZ*] ^xfr’khy fparu*] ê/;dkyhu /keZ lk/kuk*] ^dqVt*vkfn fucU/k laxzgksa ds :i esa çdk’k esa vk;s gSaA ^v’kksd ds Qwy* esa bDdhl lkfgfR;d fucU/k gSa] ftuesavkRekfHkO;atd fucU/kksa dk loksZÙke :i fn[kkbZ iM+rk gSA blesa dkO;kRedrk RkFkk dYiuk’khyrk dslkFk&lkFk lkekftd ,oa lkaLdfrd bfrgkl lEcU/kh /kkj.kk,¡ O;Dr gqbZ gSaA ^fopkj vkSj fordZ* ^laxzg dsuohu fucU/kksa esa lkfgR;] n’kZu] laLdfr vkfn ds laca/k esa xgu fopkj ,oa uohu O;k[;k&nf”V çkIr gksrhgSA ^fopkj çokg* laxzg esa Hkh dqN u;s fucU/k tksM+ fn;s x;s gSaA blesa dqy bDdhl fucU/kksa vkSj Hkk”k.kksa dklaxzg fd;k x;k gSA ^gekjh lkfgfR;d ekU;rk,a* eass bDdhl lkfgfR;d ,oe leh{kkRed fucU/k laxzghrgSaA bl laxzg ds ^laLdr vkSj fgUnh*] ^fgUnh dh ‘kfDr*] fgUnh dk çpkj dSlk gks] ^jl D;k gS*] ^jl dkO;kogkfjd vFkZ*] lkfgR; dk u;k jkLrk* vkfn fucU/kksa esa f}osnh th dh ekSfyd fparu i)fr ds n’kZugksrs gSaA ^dYiyrk* esa bDdhl fofHkUu çdkj ds fucU/k gSaA bu fuca/kksa ls f}osnh th dh cgqKrk]ys[ku&’kSfy;ksa rFkk O;kid nf”Vdks.k dk ifjp; çkIr gksrk gSA bu esa lkfgR; ds vFkZ] Lo:i]


80

mís’;] ç;kstu] mi;ksfxrk rFkk lkfgR; esa uohu ç;ksxks a dh lehphurk vkfn ç’uksa ij lqfpafrr,oa ekSfyd fopkj çLrqr fd;s x;s gSaA

vkpk;Z f}osnh us vusd fucU/kks a es a viuh Hkk”kk&lEcU/kh ekU;rk,¡ O;Dr dh gS a vkSjviuh Hkk”kk ds Lo:i dk foospu fd;k gSA ûbZ leL;k,a] fucU/k es a os fy[krs gSa& ^^Hkk”kk dsekeys esa ges a lko/kkuh ls dke ysuk gSA ge Hkk”kk dh yLVe&iLVe jsy&isy u [kM+h dj ns atks Hkfo”; esa gekjh lHkh ;kstukvksa ds fy, ?kkrd lkfcr gksA Hkk”kk Hkh gekjs Hkkoh y{; dh iwfrZdk lk/ku gSAgesa ,slh Hkk”kk cukuh gS ftlds }kjk ge vf/kd&ls&vf/kd O;fDr;ksa dks ‘kkjhfjd]ekufld vkSj vk/;kfRed {kq/kk&fuofÙk dk lans’k ns ldsaA** vkpk;Z f}osnh us vius fucU/k ^lgtHkk”kk dk ç’u* esa Hkk”kk lEcU/kh mPp vkn’kZ mifLFkr fd;k gS&Þ fuLlansg eSa lgt Hkk”kk dki{kikrh gw¡A ijUrq lgt Hkk”kk eaS mls le>rk gw¡ tks lgt gh euq”; dks vkgkj] funzk vkfnlkekU; /kjkry ls Åij mBk ldsA lgt Hkk”kk dk vFkZ gS lgt gh egku cuk nsus okyh Hkk”kkAog Hkk”kk tks euq”; dks mldh lkekftd nqxZfr] va/klaLdkj vkSj ijeq[kkisf{krk ls u cpk lds]fdlh dke dh ugha gSA Hkys gh blesa ç;qDr ‘kCn ckt+kj esa fopjus okys vR;ar fuEuLrj dsyksxksa ds eq[k ls laxzg fd;s x;s gksaA vuk;kl yC/k Hkk”kk dks eSa Hkk”kk ugha dgrkA riL;k] R;kxvkSj vkRecfynku ds }kjk lh[kh gqbZ Hkk”kk lgt Hkk”kk gSA ckt+kj dh Hkk”kk dks] eksVs ç;kstuka sdh Hkk”kk dks] eS NksVh ugha dgrk] ijUrq euq”; dks mUur cukus ds fy, tks Hkk”kk ç;ksx dhtk;sxh] og mlls fHkUu gksxhA**

7 - 3 - 1 H k k ” k k ‘k Syh

f}osnh th dh Hkk”kk ljy vkSj lgt gSA tc tSlh vko’;drk vuqHko gqbZ] Hkk”kk Hkh oSlhgh gks x;hA f}osnh th dh Hkk”kk dk >qdko rRlerk dh vksj vf/kd gS] ij laLdr ds çdkaMikf.MR; ds Hkkj ls Hkk”kk cksf>y vkSj nq:g ugha gks x;h gSA mudh rRle& ç/kku Hkk”kk fo”k;ds vuq:i ifjorZu Hkh xzg.k djrh gSA lekt] jktuhfr rFkk vk/kqfud leL;kvksa dk foospudjrs le; mudh Hkk”kk dk rsoj loZFkk ifjofrZr gks tkrk gSA

f}osnh th dks ‘kCnks a dh vPNh igpku gSA os fy[krs gS a & ^^’kfDr’kkyh lkfgR;dkj‘kCnks a dh ukM+h igpkurs gSaA os tkurs gSa fd dkSu&lk ‘kCn dgka lkSUn;Z ys vkrk gS vkSj dgkaHkksaMkiuA vn~Hkqr ç;ksxksa vkSj xyr&lgh vFkksZa okys ukuk tkfr ds ‘kCnks a dh iyVu [kM+h djds‘kCnksa ds lkFk f[kyokM+ djrs gS a&^^f}osnh th dh Hkk”kk esa laLd`r rRle inkoyh rFkk lkekfld‘kCnksa dk ckgqY; gSA fo|qn~ofrZdk] ‘kkafr&LoLR;;u] fuf[kykuanlanksg] vkorZ&n/kZjrjM~xjkft]onrk s O; k? k kr ] vklUn z&vu q H k w frtud] Lo sroL=/ k k fj. k h ] fpUe q[ k hdj. k ] i jLi f)Zp k:rk ]çHkkoLojrqY;Hkwrk] onupanz ds yks?k zjs.k q vkfn ‘kCn muds fucU/kks a esa gSaA

f}osnh th Li”V fy[krs gSa& ^êSa vU; Hkk”kkvksa ds ‘kCn ysus dk fcydqy fojks/kh ugha gw¡**


81

muds fucU/kksa esa vusd Hkk”kkvksa ds ‘kCn vk;s gSaA vjch&Qkjlh ds rks lSadM+ksa ‘kCnçkIr gksrs gS a &egt] rktxh] xyrQgeh] naxkQjks’k] nfd;kuwlh] iqts Z] ‘kfeZaank] rjhdk] ut+j]yTtr] [kcjnkj] tjsZ&tjsZ] et+nwj] dnznku] gqtwj] t:j] dcz] gSjr] eqYd vkfnA

dWkyst] fjekdZ] fjdkMZ] vksfcy Vkd] vksjsVj] iSdsV] bUtsD’ku] xkjUVh] pSysat] fØfVd]fVfidy] lsds.M gS.M] MsV] fefLVd] bfUtu] tuZfyLV QS’ku vkfn vaxzsth ‘kCn Hkh fucU/kksa esa vk;s gSaAmUgksaus vaxzsth ‘kCnksa dk fgUnh i;kZ;okph Hkh fufeZr fd;k gS tSls fu.kZ;kRed vkykspuk ¼twMhf’k;yfØfVflTe½] onrksO;k?kkr¼lsYQ daVªkfMD’ku½] eaMu f’kYi ¼Msdksjs’ku½ vkRe&ifo=hdj.k ¼lsYQ I;ksjhfQds’ku½vkfnA

f}osnh th us ;FkkLFkku ns’kt ‘kCnksa dks Hkh fucU/kksa esa xzg.k fd;k gSA ,sls dqN ‘kCn bl çdkjgSa&jsyisy] vVdyiPpw] BawB] yaMwjs] VaVk] BawlBkal] yq<+drh&iq<+drh] HksfM+;k/klku] yLVe&iLVe vkfnA

f}osnh th dk okD;&foU;kl ljy vkSj Li”V gS ij vko’;drkuqlkj dgha&dgha tfVy vkSjfeJ Hkh gks x;k gSA mUgksaus vf/kdrj NksVs&NksVs larqfyr okD;ksa dk gh ç;ksx fd;k gSA lw=kRed i)frHkh mUgksaus dgha&dgha viuk;h gS] mnkgj.kkFkZ & ^LoxZ dks thrus okyk dBksj /kuq”k tks /kjrh ij fxjkrks dksey Qwyksa ls cny x;k*] ^LoxhZ; oLrq,a /kjrh ls feys fcuk euksgj ugha gksrha*] ^nqfu;k cM+hHkqYkDdM+ gS] dsoy mlh dks ;kn j[krh gS ftlls mldk LokFkZ l/krk gS*] ^lkjk lalkj LokFkZ dk v[kkM+kgh rks gS*] ^det+ksjksa esa Hkkoqdrk vf/kd gksrh gS*] ^tgk¡ ‘kCn vkSj vFkZ gkj tkrs gSa ogk¡ xku ‘kq: gksrkgS*] ^’kadk’khy ân; esa çse dh ok.kh Hkh ‘kadk mRiUu djrh gS*] ^çse la;e vkSj ri ls mRiUu gksrk gSHkfDr lk/kuk lsA*

eqgkojksa&dgkorksa dk cgqr de ç;ksx f}osnh th us fd;k gSA dqN vfr çpfyr eqgkojs ghfucU/kksa esa fey tkrs gSaA nwj dh dkSM+h ykuk] HkkM+ >ksaduk] irs dh ckr dguk] isV dh ekj] u Å/kks dkysuk u ek/kks dk nsuk] yksgk ysuk] cky dh [kky fudkyuk] vkfn eqgkojs muds fucU/k esa vk;s gSaAm)j.kksa ds ç;ksx ls f}osnh th us Hkk”kk dh vfHkO;atuk ‘kfDr c<+kbZ gSA fucU/kksa esa laLdr ds m)j.kksadk cgqr vf/kd ç;ksx f}osnh th us fd;k gS vkSj ;s ç;ksx dgha&dgha ^misf{kr vfrfFk dh rjg cSBs gSaA*yxrk gS fo}rk&çn’kZu ds fy, os yk fn;s x;s gSaA

Mkñ in~eflag ‘kekZ deys’k us vkpk;Z f}osnh dh Hkk”kk dk lE;d~ ewY;kadu fd;k gS] os fy[krsgSa& ^êq>s mudh fo”k;kuqdwy] Hkkokuqdwy Hkk”kk dks ns[kdj ,slk yxrk gS fd ok.kh vkpk;Z th ds le{knklh dh Hkk¡fr [kM+h jgrh gSA bl Hkk”kkf/kdkj dk jgL; D;k gS \ ;g lksprk gw¡ rks mUgha dh ;g ckrlR; çrhr gksrh gS fd lgt Hkk”kk ikus ds fy, dBksj ri vko’;d gSA tc rd vkneh lgt ugha gksrkrc rd Hkk”kk dk lgt gksuk vlaHko gSA Lons’kh vkSj fons’kh ds] orZeku&vrhr ds leLr ok³~e; dkjl fupksM+us ij og lgt Hkko çkIr gksrk gSA ;fn dgk tk;s fd mUgksaus bl lR; dks vius thou esamrkjk gS rks vR;qfDr u gksxhA ;gh dkj.k gS fd dqT>VhdkPNUu] otzdIkkV fofgr] bfUnz; ykSY; tSls


82

‘kCn Hkh vFkZcks/k esa ck/kk ugha mifLFkr djrsA**

7 - 3 - 2 ‘ k Sy h

Hkk”kk ds leku gh f}osnh th dh ‘kSyh Hkh ljy vkSj vko’;drkuqlkj fofo/k :i /kkj.kdjus okyh gSA mles a fp aru dh xEHkhj xfjek] O; aX;&fouksn dh oØrk rFkk HkkokRedrk;Fkkolj fo|eku gSA O;kl vk Sj lekl nksuks a gh ‘kSfy;ksa dks mUgksaus viuk;k gSA vf/kdrjlarqfyr O;kl ‘kSyh dk gh lgkjk mUgksaus fy;k gS] ij bl ‘kSyh esa vuko’;d foLrkj ;k‘kCnkMEcj ugha gSA xEHkhj ls xEHkhj fo”k; dk foospu Hkh os vfr ljy <ax ls dj ldus es al{ke gSaA lkfgR; dh ifjHkk”kk nsrs le; f}osnh th dk ‘kSyh fo”k;d n`f”Vdks.k çdV gqvkgS&^^dfo çfrHkk ds cy ij tc ,d okD; vU; okD; ds lkFk ,d fofp= foU;kl esa foU;Lrdjrk gS rc ,d ‘kCn nwljs ‘kCn ls feydj je.kh; ek/kq;Z dh l`f”V djrk gSA mlh çdkjrn~xfHkZr vFkZ Hkh mlds lkFk gksM+ djds ijLij ,d vn~Hkqr peRdkj&ls&peRd`r djrs gS aAoLrqr% /ofu ds lkFk /ofu ds feyu vkSj vFkZ ds lkFk vFkZ ds feyu ls tks ijLij Lof)Zpk:rkmRiUu gksrh gS] ogh lkfgR; gS] ogh dfork gSA**

‘kSyh ds lHkh ç/kku :i fopkjkRed] HkkokRed] O;aX;kRed vkSj o.kZukRed vkfn vkpk;Zf}osnh ds fucU/kks a es a fn[kkbZ iM+rs gSaA

7 - 3 - 2 - 1 f op k j k Red ‘ k Sy h

vkpk;Z gt+kjh çlkn f}osnh ds vf/kdka’k fucU/k fopkj&ç/kku ‘kSyh ls ; qDr gS aAfopkj dh lk/kkj.kr% rhu dksfV;k¡ ekuh tkrh g Sa& lw{e fopkjd ¼,OlVsªDV fFkadj½] çR;;fopkjd ¼vkbfM;k fFkadj½ vkSj LFkwy fopkjd ¼fFkax fFkadj½A vkpk;Z f}osnh esa fopkjd ds çFkenks :iksa dks ns[kk tk ldrk gSA v/;;u dk {ks= mudk vR;Ur foLrr gSA laLdr] caxyk] fgUnhvkSj vaxzsth ds lkfgR; dk xgjk euu djus okys f}osnh ij çHkko laLd`r vkSj caxyk dk ghvf/kd gS] vaxzsth dk vis{kkdr deA

fgUnh ds çkphu lkfgR; esa mudk eu vf/kdrj jerk gS &ukFkksa] fl)ksa] tSfu;ksa] ckS)ksa,oa fuxqZf.k;ksa dh ckuh esaA vk/kqfud lkfgR; esa mUgsa vkdf”kZr djrh gS johUnzukFk vkSj çsepandh ekuorkoknh nf”VA êuq”; lekt dks jksx&’kksd] nkfjnz;&vKku rFkk ijeq[kkisf{krk ls cpkdj mlesa vkRecy dk lapkj djuk gh lkfgR; dk eq[; y{; ekuus okys vkpk;Z f}osnh dk/;ku Hkkjrh; bfrgkl ds eq[;r% nks gh i{kksa ij vf/kd x;k gS &lkekftd vkSj lkaLd`frdAijUrq jktuhfrd&,sfrgkfld xfrfof/k;ks a ls mudk ifjp; u gk s] ,slh Hkh dk sb Z ckr ughaAn’kZu’kkL= ij Hkh mudk vf/kdkj jgk gSA dqy feykdj oSpkfjd ‘kSyh ls ;qDr fucU/kksa esa çdVgksus okyk mudk O;fDrRo cM+k nqfuZokj] funqfe;k ds çse dh rjg xaHkhj] ij lnSo L=;eku]i;ZqRlqd] egkdky dh jgL; yhyk ls mUefFkr] ‘kkL= dks yksd ls tksM+us ds fy, O;xz] laLdr


83

dks fgUnh ij U;kSNkoj djus ds fy;s mRdafBr vkSj jk”Vª dks euq”; ls lkeatL; djus ds fy,fpafrr gSA og euq”; ds gj vuqHko dks NsM+rk gS] mldh gj lkaLd`frd miyfC/k ds eeZ dksxqnxqnkrk gS vkSj çd`fr ds gj foorZu dks dqjsnrk gS vkSj euq”; mldh ijEijk vkSj ns’kdkydks tksM+us dk tqxkM+ djrk jgrk gSA f}osnh ds fuca/kksa dk la;kstu ra= blh O;fDrRo dk ghlgt ifj.kke gS blhfy;s og lk;kl <yk ugha yxrk] blh ds lgkjs lk/kkj.k lk fcEc tkusfdruh oLrqvks a dks fdruh fopkj/kkjkvks a dks tksM+us dk ek/;e cu tkrk gSA

7 - 3 - 2 - 2 H k k o k Red ‘ k Sy h

f}osnh th ds fucU/kksa esa la;r Hkkoqdrk fn[kkbZ iM+rh gSA HkkokRedrk vkSj dkO;kRedrkus mUkds fucU/kk s a dks ltho vkSj rjy cuk fn;k gSA ekfeZd LFkyksa ij vkdj vFkok fdlhd`frdkj ;k d`fr ls çHkkfor gksus ij mudh Hkko/kkjk meM+ iM+h gSA v’kksd ds Qwy] clar vkx;k] vke fQj ckSjk gks x;s] fucU/kksa esa Hkkoks a dh osxorh eankfduh çokfgr gksrh fn[kkbZ iM+rhgSA *v’kksd ds Qwy* dk ,d mnkgj.k nz”VO; gS& ^^dUniZ nsork ds vU; ok.kksa dh dnj rks vktHkh dfo;ksa dh nqfu;ka esa T;ksa dh R;ksa gSA vjfoUn dks fdlus Hkqyk;k\ vke dgk¡ NksM+k x;k vkSjuhyksRiy dh ek;k dks dkSu dkV ldk \ uoefYydk dh vo’; gh vc fo’ks”k iwN ugha gS] fdUrqbldh blls vf/kd dnj Fkh Hkh ughaA Hkqyk;k x;k gS v’kksd] esjk eu meM+&?kqeM+ dj Hkkjrh;bfrgkl ds fiNys gtkj o”kks ± ij cjl tkuk pkgrk gSA D;k ;g euksgj iq”i Hkqykus dh phtFkh\ lân;rk D;k yqIr gks x;h Fkh \ dfork D;k lks x;h Fkh \ uk] esjk eu ;g lc ekuusdks rS;kj ugha gSA** laosnukRed vkst ,oa vfHkO;fDr dh rhozrk ls ;qDr mudh HkkokRed ‘kSyhviuk ,d fof’k”V LFkku j[krh gSA

*v’kksd ds Qwy*] ^D;k vkius esjh jpuk i<+h*] ^vke fQj ckSjk x;s*] ûk[kwu D;ksa c<+rsgSa \* ^dqVt*] ^tc fnekx [kkyh gS*] clUr vk x;k*] êsjh tUeHkwfe*] ^Bkdqj th dh cVksj*]^xfr’khy fparu*] ^lR; dk eglwy*] îf.Mrksa dh iapk;r* vkfn vkpk;Z gt+kjh çlkn f}osnh thds HkkokRed ‘kSyh ls ;qDr fucU/k gSaA ys[kd dsêu dh eqDr HkVdu* bu fucU/kks a esa ;g Hkkojl maMs+y nsrk gS tks gekjs ân; vkSj efLr”d dks dsoy yqHkk gh ugha ysrk] vusd LFkkuksa ijlksp esa Mqcksdj NksM+ Hkh nsrk gSA HkkokRedrk ds nks Lrj Li”V :i esa bu fucU/kks a esa fn[kkbZnsrs gSaA ,d og] ftlesa çyki ,oa ukVdh;rk gSa rFkk nwljh og] tks vkosxe;h gS ijUrq vR;arvkd”kZd] l;ar] mPp Lrjh; ,oa lanHkZe;h gSA mn~xe ;qxhu fucU/kks a dh HkkokRed ‘kSyh gk!^vgk! ^gk;&gk;*] ^/kU;&/kU;*] ds lEcks/kukRed mn~xkjksa ls vkØkUr FkhA vU;= muds mUeqDrfparu’khy] vkn’kZ fç;] ijEijk&ç seh] ^mnkj O;fDrRo dh gh >k ¡dh feyrh jgrh g SA ;gO;fDrRo ^v’kksd ds Qwy* dh rjg jkxkdqy] f’kjh”k dh rjg vo/kwr] ^dqVt* dh rjg chgM+euekSth vkSj ^nsonk:* dh rjg O;kseds’k gSA og olar dh vkxokuh ds fy, lcls vkxs tkusdks vkrqj gS] og f=iqj lqUnjh ds in&lapkj dh vkdka{kk esa iqyfdr gksus okyk gSA og funk?k


84

ds rki ij galrk gS] ij gYdh lh nqHkkZouk ds Li’kZ ls dqEgyk tkrk gS] og ^dBksj ik”kk.k dksHksndj] ikrky dh Nkrh phj dj viuk HkksX; laxzg djrk gS] ijUrq blds lkFk gh og pk:fLergS] og es?k ds fy, çFke v/;Z gS] og êqaMdV~Vksa dks ijkHkwr djus okyk* fgeky; dh xfjek dklk{kh gS] ij vius O;fDRkRo dks çs”k.kh; cukus ds yksHk es a le>kSrk djus dks rfud Hkh çLrqrughaA vius fucU/kksa esa lkekU; fo”k;ks a dks Hkh vR;Ur vkd”kZd <ax ls f}osnh th us çLrqr fd;kAHkkoqdrk dh irksZ esa fopkjksa ds cM+s cgqewY; [ktkus mudh yfyr ‘kSyh us nck j[ks gSaA ^vke fQjckSjk x;s* esa vkeksa ij fopkj çdV djrs djrs os ekuoh; bfrgkl esa gksus okyh yksdçoknksa dhegÙkk rd igq¡p tkrs gSaA ûk[kwu D;ksa c<+rs gSa* esa euq”; dh tUetkr i’kqofÙk ds mn~Hko fodklvkSj laLdkj dh dgkuh fijks;h x;h A

^dqVt* f}osnh th ds fy;s dsoy ,d o{k ugha jgrk] og vijkts; thou ‘kfDr vkSj la?k”kZjrekuo dk çrhd cu tkrk gSA ^dqVt D;k dsoy th jgk gS \ og nwljs ds }kj ij Hkh[k Ekk¡xus ughatkrk] dksbZ fudV vk x;k rks Hk; ds ekjs v/kejk ugha gks tkrk] uhfr vkSj /keZ ds mins’k ugh nsrkfQjrk] viuh mUufr ds fy;s vQ+ljksa dk twrk ugha pkVrk fQjrk] vkReksUufr ds gsrq uhye ugha /kkj.kdjrk -----------------’kku ls thrk gS*A ^ f’kjh”k ds Qwy** esa f’kjh”k mUgsa ;kn fnykrk gS] dkfynkl vkSj dchjdhA f’kjh”k dh eLrh vkSj QDdM+iu buesa Hkh FkhA f’kjh”k vuklDr gS] blfy, eLr vkSj QDdM+ gS]dfo Hkh vuklDr Fks blfy;s muesa Hkh og vankt mrj vk;kA ^v’kksd ds Qwy* vkSj ^clar vk x;k*esa Øe’k% v’kksd dk lexz Hkkjrh; lkfgR; esa gksus okys LFkku dk HkkokRed o.kZu gS rks vU; fucU/k esadpukj ds o{k dks vuQwyk ns[kdj eu esa mBus okyh Hkko&rjaxks dk o.kZu gSA f}osnh th dh HkkokRed‘kSyh Hkko vkSj Hkk”kk dh nf”V ls ftruh le) gS] lanHkksZ ls mruh gh lEiUu gSA os lkfgR;] ‘kkL=]yksdlkfgR;] yksddFkkvksa ls fofHkUu dFkkvksa ,oa lanHkZ lw=ksa dks mBkdj vius foospu esa] o.kZu esa fijksrstkrs gSaA mudh cgqKrk mudh ‘kSyh dk Ükaxkj djrh gS vkSj mudk cgqeq[kh O;fDrRo mlesa vkReh;rkdk jl ?kksyrk tkrk gSA x| dkO; dh y; ls ;qDr _tq] çlUu] ljy ,oa vkosxe;h Hkk”kk dk mudh‘kSyh dks ifj.kkedkjd cukus esa cgqr cM+k ;ksxnku gSA Hkk”kk ds bl çokg esa ys[kd ds eu ds g”kZ&foe’kZ] [ksnkfn Hkkoksa dh çfrPNk;kvksa dks ikuh esa iM+us okys çfrfcEcksa dh rjg Li”V ns[kk tk ldrkgSA os dHkh vkezeatjh dks ns[kdj mYykflr gks mBsaxs&vkgk] dSlk euksgj dksjd gSA cfygkjh gS bl^vkezgfjr&ikaMqj* ‘kksHkk dhA vHkh lqxfU/k ugha QSyh gS] fdaUrq nsj Hkh ugha gSA dpukj dks Qwyk gqvkns[kdj vkuafnr gks mBsaxs] rks fo”.kqdkark dk f[kyuk mUgsa mRlkg vkSj mRlqdrk ls Hkj nsxk&^^dSlkeuksgj uke gS! Qy vkSj Hkh euksgj gSaA tjk lk rks vkdkj gksrk gS] ij cfygkjh gS ml uhyesnqj :Ik dhA ckny dh ckr NksfM+;s tjk Hkh iqjoS;k cg x;h rks mldk mYykl nsf[k;sAcjlkr ds le; rks bruh f[kyrh gS fd er iwfN;sA** dHkh ijLij nks fo:) ckrksa dks vkeuslkeus j[kdj cM+s lgt Hkko ls dgsaxs& ^^tjk rqd feykb;sA vkezeatjh enu nsork dk veks?kck.k gS vkSj fcPNq enu fo/oalh egknso dk vpwd ck.k gSA ;ksxh us Hkksxh dks HkLe dj fn;k]


85

ij ;ksxh dk vL= Hkksxh ds vL= dks O;FkZ cuk jgk gSA dqN fBdkuk gS bl csrqdsiu dkA ijUrqlkjh nqfu;k ;kuh cPpksa dh nqfu;k! bl ckr dks lp ekurh vk jgh gS**A

C akxyk dk ykfyR; vkSj Hkkstiqjh eqgkojs dk [kM+kiu] laLd`r dh lekl fonX/krk vkSjlanHk Z&çpqjrk rFkk ôkÅy* vkSj ukFki aFkh larks dk QDdM+iu ,d lkFk ?k qyfeydj ,dvn~Hk qr jlk;u fuekZ.k djus okyh bl Hkk”kk es a gkL;&O;aX; dk viwoZ ;ksx gSA f}osnh thus loZ= gh mldk cM+k l/kk gqvk ç;ksx fd;k] ijUrq HkkokRed ‘kSyh ds vUrxZr lfEeyu cM+kO;kid çHkko Mkyrk gSA dHkh rRle ç/kku laLd`rfu”B] dHkh LFkkuh; ,oa ns’kt ‘kCnksa lsvyadr ;g Hkk”kk dqN&dqN ogh ;k;kojh dYiuk,¡] ogh vizklafxd çklafxdrk,¡] ogha ‘kCnks a vkSjokD;ksa dh dkO;e; vuqxwat vkSj yksdksfDr;ksa ds ekfeZd ç;ksx dks feykdj vfr vkd”kZd ‘kSyhçLrqr djrh gSA ogk¡ ân; vkSj efLr”d lkFk&lkFk ?kqyfeydj pyrs gq;s fn[kkbZ nsrs gSaA bl{ks= esa mudh ‘kSyh viuk dksbZ lkuh ugha j[krhA

7 - 3 - 2 - 3 o . k Zuk Red ‘ k Sy h

vkpk;Z gtkjh çlkn f}osnh ds ^f’kjh”k ds Qwy*] ^vke fQj ck Sjk x;s* ] ^czãk.M dkfoLrkj*] ^clUr vk x;k*] ^nsonk:*] ^v’kksd ds Qwy* os fucU/k gSa ftues a o.kZukRed ‘kSyh dkHkh lQy ç;ksx fd;k x;k gSA bu fuca/kks esa o.kZukRedrk] HkkokRedrk] dYiuk ,oa fopkj?kqyfeydj pyrs gSaA ys[kd ds eu ij iM+s gq, çdfr ds çHkko dk vusdkeq[kh :Ik&fp=.k bufuca/kksa esa gqvkA oLrq dh o.kZu dh ckjhdh vkSj lw{erk ds lkFk] mlds vrhr ds euksje bfrgkl,oa orZeku dh fLFkfr dk tks fp=.k f}osnh th us fd;k] og cstksM+ gSA ;Fkk&^f’kjh”k ds o{k*cMs+ Nk;knkj gksrs gSaA iqjkus Hkkjr dk jbZl ftu eaxytud o{kksa dks viuh o{k okfVdk dh pkjnhokjh ds ikl yxk;k djrk Fkk] muesa ,d f’kjh”k Hkh gS ¼o`gRlafgrk] 55@3½A v’kksd] vfj”V]iqUukx vkSj f’kjh”k ds Nk;knkj vkSj ?kus el.k gjhfrek ls ifjosf”Vr o`{k&okfVdk t+:j cM+heuksgj fn[krh gksxhA okRlk;u us ¼dkelw=½ crk;k gS fd okfVdk ds l?ku Nk;knkj o`{kksa dhNk;k esa >wyk yxk;k tkuk pkfg,A ;|fi iqjkus dfo cdqy ds isM+ esa ,slh nksykvksa dks yxkns[kuk pkgrs Fks ij f’kjh”k Hkh D;k cqjk gSA Mky bldh vis{kkd`r det+ksj t+:j gksrh gS] ijmlesa >wyus okfy;ksa dk otu Hkh rks cgqr T+;knk ugha gksrkA ,sls o.kZu esa f}osnh dgha&dgha ijcM+h ehBh pqVdh dkV ysrs gSa] ;Fkk &**eSa rqfUny ujifr;ksa dh ckr ugha dg jgk gw¡ os pkgsa rksyksgs dk isM+ cuok ysaA** f}osnh dh o.kZukRed ‘kSyh dsoy C;kSjk ugha nsrh] og mlds lkFk çphuijEijk ds fdlh lw= dks ;k fdlh mnkÙk fopkj dks Hkh çdkf’kr dj nsrh gS] mnkgj.k ^êsjkvuqeku gS fd vke igys bruk [kV~Vk gksrk Fkk vkSj bldk Qy bruk NksVk gksrk Fkk fd bldsQy dks dksbZ O;ogkj esa ugh ykrk FkkA laHkor% og Hkh fgeky; ds ikoZR; ns’k dk taxyh o{kFkkA blds euksgj dksjd vkSj vkeksn fnxUr dks ewfPNZr dj nsus okyk gksrk FkkA /khjs&/khjs ;gQy eSnku esa vk;kA euq”; ds gkFk :ih ikjl ls Nwdj ;g yksgk Hkh lksuk cu x;k gSA xaxk


86

dh lqo.kZçlw efÙkdk us bldk dk;kdYi dj fn;k gSA eSa vk’p;Z ls euq”; dh vn~Hkqr ‘kfDrdh ckr lksprk gw ¡A ---------------euq”; bl fo’o dk nqtZ; çk.kh gSA*

vkReh;rk ,oa Hkkoqdrk ls ;qDr ;g ‘kSyh dYiuk ds lgkjs of.kZr vpy oLrq dks Hkhltho] Lianu’khy cuk nsrh gSA ge ekuks muds vfLrRo dk vuqHko djrs gSa] mUgsa çR;{k ns[krsgSA ;Fkk] ^^v’kksd fdlh dq’ky vfHkusrk ds leku >e ls jaxeap ij vkrk gS vkSj n’kZdksa dksvfHkHkwr djds [ki&ls fudy tkrk gSA*

Hkk”kk f}osnh th dh o.kZukRed ’kSyh esa ljy] çokgh ,oa la;r fopkjks a ls ;qDr gSAHkkokRedrk ds dkj.k mlesa f{kçrk ,oa xfr gS] rks dYiuk ds dkj.k og vkd”kZd ,oa je.kh;Hkh cu x;h gSA ewfrZ fo/kkf;uh ’kfDr ls ;qDr ;g ’kSyh o.kZu dh ;Fkk&rF;rk] dYiuk dhnwjxkeh mM+ku] ,oa lgt fopkj rjaxks a ds dkj.k mPpdksfV dk dkO;kRed vkuUn çnku djrhgSA

7 - 3 - 2 - 4 O ; aX; k Red ’ k Sy h

O;aX; vkpk;Z gt+kjh çlkn f}osnh ds fucU/kks a es a ;=&r= loZ= fc[kjk gSA og rh[kkugha gS] ij ekfeZd vo’; gSA lkfgR; vkSj lekt ds mRFkku esa jksM+k vVdkus okys lkjs ladh.kZrÙo vkpk;Z f}osnh ds O;aX; ds f’kdkj gq;sA os lekykspd tks fcuk iqLrd Ik<s+ lekykspuk fy[kldrs gSa] mudk y{; cus gSaA vusd LFkkuksa ij mUgksaus lekykspdksa dh [kcj yhA ^^cgqy ifjJedjus ds ckn eSaus ;g fu”d”kZ fudkyk gS fd fgUnh esa oLrqr% jgL;oknh dfo gSa gh ughaA ;fndksbZ jgL;oknh dgk tk ldrk gS rks og fu’p; gh ,d Js.kh dk vkykspd gSA ,sls jgL;oknhvkykspdksa dh vkykspukvksa dk inkZQk’k Hkh f}osnh us cM+h rhozrk ds lkFk fd;k gS& **vklekues a fujUrj eqDdk ekjus esa de ifjJe ugha vkSj eSa fuf’pr tkurk ga aw ¡ fd jgL;oknh vkykspukfy[kuk dqN galh [ksy ugha gS iqLrd dks Nqvk rd ugha vkSj vkykspuk ,slh fy[kh fd =SyksD;fodafir! ;g D;k de lk/kuk gS \ ^^dqN lekykspd rks yfTtr gksuk tkurs gh ughaA os gjxyh] dwps esa viuh fo’ks”k jk; vkSj vius lkS çfr}fU};ks a dh ckr xoZ ds lkFk lqukrs gSaA ijdqN tks ’khyoku gSa] bl ckr ls ’kfeZank Hkh gksrs gSa vkSj blh yTtk ls cpus ds fy, osnkUrls ysdj dke’kkL= rd dk gokyk fn;k djrs gS aA** bu iafDr;ksa es a lekykspdks a dh ofÙk;ksa ijxgjk dVk{k gSA

gkL; muds fucU/kksa esa vR;ar la;r :Ik esa çkIr gksrk gSA os ehBh pqVfd;k¡ dkVrs gSa]tks xqnxqnk nsrh gSaA dqN mnkgj.k nz”VO; gS ^^ftu if.Mr th dh ckr fy[k jgk gw¡ mudhfo}rk vkSj cgqJqrrk dk eSa dk;y gw¡ vkSj blhfy;s eq>s FkksM+k&FkksM+k xoZ gksrk gS fd esjk Kkubrus cMs+ iaaf.Mr ds Kku esa FkksM+k lk va’k vkSj tksM+ ldrk FkkA** eq>s dpukj ds Qwy dh yykbZcgqr Hkkrh gSA lcls cM+h ckr gS fd bu Qwyksa dh idkSfM+;k¡ Hkh cu ldrh gSaA ^^vki nqnkZUr


87

Mkdw ds fny es a fouk sn&fç;rk Hkj nhft,] og yksdrU= dk Mhyj gks tk,xk] vki lektlq/kkj ds mRlkgh dk;ZdÙkkZ ds ân; esa fdlh çdkj dk batsD’ku ns nhft;s] og v[kckjuohlgks tk,xkA ;|fi dfBu gS] fQj Hkh fdlh ;qfDr ls mnh;eku Nk;koknh dfo dh ukM+h easa FkksMkfouksn Hkj nhft,] og fdlh fQYe dEiuh dk ukeh vfHkusrk gks tk,xk**A oLrqr% f}osnh dhgkL;&O;aX;kRed ’kSyh LoHkkor% la;r ,oa ’kkyhu fn[kk;h iM+rh gSA mís’; mldk thou dslr~ Ik{k dk j{k.k djuk ,oa vlr~ Ik{k dk turk dks ifjp; djk nsuk gh gSA ij mlesa rhozrk;k frDrrk ls lk/kkj.k rkSj ij dke ugha fy;k x;kA

7 - 4 l kjk a ’ k

fu”d”kZr% dgk tk ldrk gS fd f}osnh th dh Hkk”kk ’kSyh lQy gh ugha vkn’kZiw.kZ Hkh gSA mlesadgha Hkh df=erk ;k cukoVhiu ugha gSA mlesa xkEHkh;Z] f’k”Vrk] ljyrk ds lkFk&lkFk la;r O;aX; dklqUnj lekos’k feyrk gSAvr% ;g dguk vlaxr u gksxk fd mUgksaus vius fucU/kksa esa leLr çpfyr’kSfy;ksa dk leUo; djrs gq, ,d vfHkuo rFkk vkn’kZ ‘kSyh çLrqr dh gS tks ijorhZ fucU/kdkjksa }kjkxghr gqbZ gSA

7-5 dfBu ‘kCn

nqnkZUr] mnh;eku] vkosxe;h] foorZu] nqfuokZj] mUekfFkr] ijeq[kkisf{krk] oS;fDrd


iz1- gtkjh izlkn f}osnh ds fucU/kks a dh Hkk”kk ‘kSyh ij izdk’k Mkfy, A

------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- ------------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- ------------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------

------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- ------------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- ------------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------

------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- ------------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- ------------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------

------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- ------------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- ------------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------

------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- ------------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- ------------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------

------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- ------------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- ------------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------

iz2- Hkk”kk ,oa ‘kSyh dk vFkZ le>krs gq, gt+kjh izlkn f}osnh ds fucU/kks a ij vius fopkjj[ks a A

------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- ------------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- ------------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------

------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- ------------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- ------------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------


88

------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- ------------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- ------------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------

------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- ------------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- ------------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------

------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- ------------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- ------------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------

------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- ------------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- ------------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------

iz3- ‘kSyh fdrus izdkj dh gksrh gS] ‘kSyh ds lUnHkZ esa gt+kjh izlkn f}osnh ds fopkj Li”Vdjsa A

------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- ------------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- ------------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------

------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- ------------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- ------------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------

------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- ------------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- ------------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------

------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- ------------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- ------------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------

------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- ------------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- ------------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------

------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- ------------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- ------------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------


1- vkpk;Z gtkjh izlkn f}osnh & MkWå pkSFkh jke ;kno dk lkfgR;




5- fgUnh lkfgR; es a fucU/k vkSj fucU/kdkj & xaxk izlkn xqIr oblS;k




-- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -


89


ikB~;Øe esa fu/kkZfjr fucU/kksa ij iz’u

8 - 0 #i j s[ k k

8-1 mí s ’;

8-2 i zLrkouk

8-3 fuca/kks a ij fu/kkZfjr iz’u

8-3-1 v’kksd ds Qwy

8-3-2 clUr vk x;k gS

8-3-3 Hkkjrh; laLÑfr dh nsu

8-4-3 vkius esjh jpuk i<+h

8-4 lkjka’k

8-5 dfBu ‘kCn



8-1 mís’;

gt+kjh izlkn f}osnh ds fucU/kks a esa mHkjrs ToyUr iz’uksa ls ifjp; izkIr dj ldsaxs A

f}osnh ds fucU/k esa yksd&dY;k.k dh Hkkouk ls tqM+s iz’uksa ls ifjfpr gks ldsaxs A


90

8 - 2 i z Lr kou k

v/;k; lkr esa vkius tkuk fd Hkk”kk fopkj&fofue; dk og fof’k”V ek/;e gS tks udsoy ekuo eu dh xgu vuqHkwfr;ksa dks vfHkO;Dr djus esa leFkZ gS vfirq Hkk”kk ds vHkko es alkfgR; jpuk dh dYiuk vlEHko gSA vkpk;Z gt+kjh izlkn f}osnh fgUnh ds ‘kh”kZLFk fucU/kdkjgS aA muds fucU/k ftl rjg fgUnh lkfgR; dh vuqie fuf/k g S mlh izdkj mUgk saus Hkk”kklEcU/kh ekU;rk,a vius fucU/kksa esa O;Dr dh gSA v/;k; lkr esa vkius fucU/kksa ds lUnHkZ esa f}osnhth dh Hkk”kk ‘kSyh dk v/;;u fn;kA izLrqr vkys[k ¼vkB½ esa vki ikB~;Øe esa fu/kkZfjr fucU/kksadk xgu v/;;u djsaxs A

8 - 3 fucU/k k s a ij fu/k k Zfjr i z’u

8 - 3 - 1 v’k k sd d s Q wy

gt+kjh çlkn f}osnh th dh vkRek Hkkjr dh çkphu laLdfr esa jerh gS] lkFk gh mudhçfrHkk ds lkFk uohurk dk lkeatL; dj nsus dh {kerk j[krh gSA NksVh&ls&NksVh oLrq esa HkhcM+h ckrksa ds n’kZu djus vkSj djkus dh f}osnh th dh fo}rk foy{k.k gSA ^v’kksd ds Qwy* esagt+kjh çlkn th us v’kksd ds yky /koy Qwyksa dks dbZ çdkj ls vk¡dk gSA mlds lkfgfR;d]lkekftd] jktuhfrd ;k /kkfeZd fdlh Hkh nf”Vdks.k dks mUgka sus vNwrk ugha NksM+k gSA Qwy dksvk/kkjf’kyk eku dj ys[kd vius ikBdksa dks dHkh rks dkfynkl ds dky esa ys tkrs gSa] dHkhcq)dkyhu ;qx esa] dHkh eqx+yksa ds tekus esa] rks dHkh vk/kqfud dky esa vuk;kl yk [kM+k djnsrs gSaA ys[kd dk eu ;g ns[kdj nq%[kh gks mBrk gS fd v’kksd ds Qwy dk vkt og lEekuugha gks jgk gS tks fdlh le; mls çkIr FkkA dkfynkl ds dkO; esa ckS)] ‘kSo ,oa ‘kkDr /keZesa ;{k] fdUuj] xU/kokasZ esa] enuksRlo esa vkSj bl çdkj Hkkjrh; /keZ ,oa laLdfr esa loksZP; LFkkuikus okys v’kksd iq”Ik dh vkt dh n;uh; voLFkk dks ns[k f}osnh th nq%[kh gksrs gSa vkSjHkkjrh;ksa dh ân;ghurk ij rjl [kkrs gSaA vkxs ekuo tkfr dh nqnkZUr fueZe /kkjk] tks vukfndky ls u tkus fdrus /kekZpkjksa rFkk laLdkjksa dks /kksrh&cgkrh fujUrj c<+rh pyh tk jgh gS]ij nf”Vikr djrs gq, f}osnh th dks yxrk gS fd lalkj LokFkhZ gS] mls viuh ftthfo”kk vFkkZr~thus dh çofÙk ls eryc gSA ;g Hkh lR; gS fd v’kksd ml lkeUr’kkgh dk çrhd gS tks Jfedkasads Je&d.k ls iq”V gksdj brjkrh Fkh vkSj lkeUr’kkgh ds <g tkus ij v’kksd dks Hkh viuk’kh”kZ&LFkku xaokuk iMs+ rks ;g LokHkkfod gS ghA vkf[kj v’kksd rks vkt Hkh cM+h eLrh ls >wejgk gS] mldk dqN ugha fcxM+k gSA cnyrh gS euq”; dh euksofÙk;k¡ vr% mnkl gksuk csdkj gSA

v’kksd dk Qwy lpeqp egku~ gS] rHkh rks dkenso us mls vius ik¡p ck.kks a esa ls ,dekudj vius rw.khj esa LFkku fn;k FkkA ,slk egRoiw.kZ iq”Ik vkt ,dne Hkqyk;k x;k gS & ;glkspdj ys[kd mnkl gksrk gSA


91

v’kksd ds Qwy us Hkkjr ds lkfgR; ,oa thou esa dkfynkl ds dky esa inkiZ.k fd;kAdkfynkl us v’kksd dks lqUnfj;ksa ds uwiqj okys pj.kksa ds enq vk?kkr ls Qwyus] muds xkyksa ijd.kkZo arl ds :Ik esa >wyus vkSj mudh uhy vydksa ls ’kksHkk esa Mksyus dh ckr dghA fdUrqeqlyekuh lH;rk ,oa laLdfr us bl lqUnj Qwy dks lkfgR; ds flagklu ls pqipki mrkj fn;kAlkfgR; ds jaxeap ij lQy vfHkusrk dh Hkk¡fr >e ls çdV gksdj n’kZdks a dks vfHkHk wr djusokyk Qwy [ki ls fudy x;k vkSj vkt fcydqy foLe`r gks x;kA bldk ;gh vFkZ fudyrkgS fd lân;rk yqIr gks pyh gSA foMEcuk rks ;g gS fd vkt dy ,d fuQwyk rjaxf;r iÙkksaokyk o{k v’kksd dgykrk gSA v’kksd dk blls c<+dj vieku vkSj D;k gks ldrk gS \

Hkkjrh; /keZ esa] lkfgR; ,oa f’kYi esa vn~Hkqr çHkko Mkyus okys v’kksd us bZLoh lu~ dsvkl&ikl vorkj fy;k FkkA ml le; rd xU/koksZa us Hkkjrh; /keZ dks ,d u;k eksM+ fn;k FkkA xU/koZvk;sZrj tkfr okys jgsA dUniZ vkSj xU/koZ ,d gh ’kCn ds fHkUu&fHkUu mPpkj.k gSa rFkk dUniZ vkSjdkenso ,d nwljs ds Ik;kZ;okph ’kCn gSaA f’ko ls fiVus ij Hkh] cq)nso ls gkjus ij Hkh] dUniZ us u;svL=ksa dk ç;ksx djrs djrs vUr esa v’kksd dks vL= cuk fy;k vkSj ckS) /keZ dks ?kk;y dj otz;kudks] ’kSo dks vfHkHkwr dj dkSy lk/kuk dh vkSj ’kkDr dks ur dj dkikfyd /keZ dh çfr”Bk dj nhA

Hkkjr Hkwfe dh ;g fo’ks”krk gS fd blesa fofo/krk esa ,drk gSA vkt dk Hkkjr] vkt dh fgUnwjhfr&uhfr] muds vk;Z ,oa vk;sZrj miknkuksa dk vn~Hkqr feJ.k gSA çR;sd Ik’kq vkSj Ik{kh dk viuk vyxbfrgkl gSA v’kksd dh Hkh viuh Lefr&ijEijk gSA okeu iqjk.k ds vuqlkj T;ksa gh dkenso us f’ko ijck.k Qsadk R;ksagh os Lo;a jk[k cu x;s vkSj mudk /kuq”k VqdMs+&VqdMs+ gksdj tehu ij fxjk mldh ewBpEik esa] ukgLFkku ekSyfljh esa] dksfV ns’k ikVy&iq”Ik esa] e/; ns’k pesyh esa rFkk fuEurj dksfV csykds iq”iksa esa ifj.kr gks x,A ;g ?kVuk lEHkor% iqjk.kdkj dh dYiuk gS fdUrq ,d fuf’pr dky ds iwoZbu Qwyksa dh ppkZ gekjs lkfgR; esa feyrh ugha gSA Li”V gS fd ;s Qwy gesa lksejl dh Hkk¡fr xU/koksZadh gh nsu gSA

çkphu lkfgR; esa ;{k] fdUuj] xU/koZ vkfn vinsork ekus x;s gSaA ckS) lkfgR; rFkk egkHkkjrbldk çek.k gSA o{kksa ds vinsork ;{kksa ds ikl fL=;k¡ lUrkudkfeuh gksdj tk;k djrh FkhaA lk¡ph]Hkjgqr rFkk cks/kx;k ds Lrwiksa ij mRdh.kZ bu fL=;ksa dh uaxh ewfrZ;k¡ bldh xokgh nsrh gSaA v’kksd bulc o{kksa esa jgL;e; jgkA ijorhZ /keZxzUFkksa ds vuqlkj pS= ‘kqDy v”Veh ds fnu ozr djus vkSj v’kksddh vkB ifÙk;ksa dk Hk{k.k djus ls fL=;ksa dh lUrku dkeuk Qyorh gksrh gSA

vk;ksZa dk la?k”kZ] vlqjksa nkuoksa] nSR;ksa rFkk jk{klksa ls gqvkA os vk;ksZa ds çHkqRo dks vLohdkj djnsus okyh xohZyh tkfr;k¡ Fkh] fdUrq ;{k] fdUuj] xU/koksZa dk vk;ks± ds lkFk la?k”kZ dHkh ugha gqvkA vk;ksZds lkFk fe=rk dks cuk;s j[kus ds dkj.k ijorhZ lkfgR; esa budk mYys[k cMs+ lEeku ds lkFkfd;k x;kA fgeky; ls lEcfU/kr jgus okyh ;s tkfr;k¡ ‘kkfUr&fç; gksus ds lkFk /kuh Hkh FkhaA


92

vr% foykflrk esa Mwch jgrh FkhaA tks gks] v’kksd o`{k dh iwtk bUgha xU/koksZ a vkSj ;{kksa dh nsugSA iwtk o`{k ds vf/k”Bkrk dUniZ nsork dh gksrh FkhA êkyfodkfXufe=*] ^jRukoyh*] vkfnukVdksa esa enuksRlo dk cMk ljl ,oa eknd o.kZu feyrk gSA v’kksd ds yky Lrcd vkt Hkhmlh iqjkus lqugys okrkoj.k dk ewd o.kZu djrs gSaA

v’kksd dk Qwy ml lkeUr lH;rk dh ifj”dr :fp dk çrhd gS tks lk/kkj.k tuksads Je&d.kksa ls vius dks iq”V djrh FkhA vr% ml lkeUr’kkgh ds lkFk v’kksd dk Hkh v/k% irugqvk rks og LokHkkfod gSA ekuo tkfr dh /kkjk vukfndky ls vusdkusd /kekZpkjks a] laLFkkvks avkfn dks vkRelkr~ djrs gq, vck/k&xfr ls cg jgh gSA xaxk dh /kkjk dh Hkk¡fr mls Hkh ifo=ekuk tkrk gSA egkdky ds çR;sd ink?kkr ls iFoh cnysxh] fod`r gksxh vkSj uohu cusxhA

f}osnh th vuqHko djrs gSa fd vkf[kj v’kksd ds fy, mnkl gksuk csdkj gSA v’kksd rksvkt Hkh mlh eLrh ls gal jgk gS vkSj >we jgk gS mldk dqN Hkh rks ugha fcxM+kA fcxM+h gSdsoy ekuo dh euksofÙkA if.MrkbZ cks> ysdj v’kksd dks ns[kus okyk mnkl gksrk gSA if.MrkbZrks ljy thou n’kZu esa ck/kd curh gSA dkfynkl us vius <ax ls v’kksd dk et+k fy;k rksys[kd vius <ax ls ys ldrs gSaA

8 - 3 - 2 cl Ur vk x; k g S

ÞclUr vk x;k gSAß esa clUrkxe ds izkdfrd oSHko dk mYys[k djrs gq, ‘kkfUrfudsruesa LFkku&LFkku ij yxs fofHkUu o`{kksa o iq”iksa ds ikS/kksa dks ,d&,d dj ns[krs gq, ys[kd mudkijh{k.k dj jgk gSA ys[kd ekurk gS fd u rks olUr dk vkuk dksb Z ubZ ckr gS u gh dksb ZØkfUrdkjh ?kVuk A izdfr dk fu;e gS & ifjoZruA mlh ifjorZu ds vUrxZr ;fn ir>M+ vkrkgS rks olUr Hkh vk;sxk ghsA ir>M+ vkSj olUr euq”; dks crkrs gSa fd thou es a le; dHkh,d&lk ugha jgrk A dHkh ir>M+ dh Hkk¡fr lc dqN dj tkrk gS] rks dHkh [kqf’k;ksa dk vkxeueu esa clUr dh rjg me¡x mRiUu djrk gSA ys[kd dk ftKklq eu ns[krk gS fd cgqr ls o{k,sls gaS ftUgsa clUr ds vkxeu dh ;k rks lwpuk gh ugha feyh ;k muds Hkhrj dk vkyL; mUgsaclUr dk Lokxr djus ds fy, rS;kj gh ugha dj jgkA f’kjh”k ,slk gh ,d o`{k gSA fdlhokekpkjh rkfU=d dh Hkk¡fr og Hkh yxrk gS tSls lqUnj lekt ds cnys ‘ke’kku okl gh ilUndjrk gSA blh izdkj iq”ikssa ds ikS/kksa esa dsnkj vkSj efYydk dh fLFkfr Hkh dksbZ vk’kkizn ugha gSAckr ;g gS fd vklikl ds {ks= esa ftrusa Hkh ikS/ks gSa] mu lHkh dh fLFkfr fHkUu&fHkUu gS] ekSletcfd lHkh ds fy, ,d&lk cnyk gS] ;gh ys[kd ds vk’p;Z dk dkj.k gSA

mDr ik S/kk s a d s vfrfjDr dqN vkSj ik S/ks Hkh bl i zdkj ds gSa tks ;k rk s foijhrifjfLFkfr;ksa esa Hkh vius Hkhrj dh thouh ‘kfDr ds dkj.k jl&;qDr cus jgrs gSa ;k ckjg eghusclUr ds jax esa gh jaxs jgrs gaSA ve:n blh izdkj dk ikS/kk gSA yxrk gS tSls fdlh ;ksxh dh


93

rjg bl egk’k; us ;ksx /kkj.k dj fy;k gks] tks ckjg eghuksa ,d ls gh cus jgrs gaSA u foijhrls nq%[kh] u vuqdwy ls [kq’kA ÞmUefuß dh voLFkk esa igq¡psa gq, lkgc lnk eLr cus jgrs gSAuhe dh fLFkfr Hkh yxHkx ,slh gh gSA ;|fi mlesa clUr ls ysdj vHkh rd dksbZ mYykl ughafn[kykbZ ns jgk] ijUrq mldh jl&;qDr ‘kk[kk,¡ mlds Hkhrj dh thouh ‘kfDr rFkk lq[knHkfo”; dh vk’kk dk Li”V ladsr ns jgh gSaA tsB ekl esa dksey ls ikS/ks dk eqLdqjkuk crykrkgS fd thou es a ri dh vfXu esa xydj gh dqUnu cuk tk ldrk gSA NksVs ls r.k dk ik”kk.kdh Nkrh phjdj v¡dqfjr gksuk mRdy ftthfo”kk dk lUns’k nsrk gSA bl izdkj izd`fr euq”;dks ijks{kr% thou ds vFkZ le>kus dk nkf;Roiw.kZ dk;Z djrh gSA vkyksP; fucU/k esa Hkh egqvkvkSj df.kZdkj rks tSls ijks{kr% blh ckr dk izrhd gSa fd dfBu ijh{kkvksa esa ls fudyus ds ckngh O;fDr Lo.kZ ls dqUnu curk gS A nwljs ‘kCnksa esa] lkSUn;Z dh dlkSVh ri gksrk gS Hkys ghdf.kZdkj ij olUr ds y{k.k tsB ds gksus rd fn[kykbZ nsus yxrs gS] ijUrq fQj Hkh dkfynkldks og blfy, fiz; jgk gS fd thou ds dfBu la?kZ”kkas esa ls fudydj gh f[kyrk gSA tsB dseghusa esa tc lkjh /kjrh o lkjh izdfr vkx esa >qylrh gS] rc df.kZdkj ij olUr dk lkSUn;Zvkrk gS vkSj og mu foijhr ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa eqLdqjkrs gq, euq”; dks Hkh vius Hkhrj mlh izdkjdh ftthfo”kk o bPNk’kfDr ds fodflr djus dh iz sj.kk nsrk gSA dnkfpr blhfy, ogdkfynkl tSls mPp dfo ds lEeku ;ksX; cuk gSA izkdfrd ifjorZu ds ek/;e ls euq”; es afoLe`r psruk vkSj vkRexkSjo] foyqIr vkRefo’okl ijk/khurk ds okrkoj.k esa lqIr ftthfo”kkdks mn~cq) djus dk iz;kl gSA

clUr vkxeu ds i’pkr~ Hkh o{kks a o ikS/kksa ds f[kyus dh fHkUu izdfr dks ns[kdj ,diz’u ys[kd dks O;kdqy cuk jgk gS fd clUr dk lEcU/k fdlls gS \ ;fn clUr dk lEcU/k ek=okrkoj.k ls gksrk] rks lewph izdfr ,d gh okrkoj.k ds vUnj ,d lh f[kyrh vkSj egdrhAijUrq oLrqfLFkfr ,slh ugha gSA ,d f[kyrk gS rks nwljk vHkh Hkh dadky dh rjg Bw¡B gSAclUr dk lEcU/k ikS/ks ds LokLF; ;k vkdkj ls Hkh ugha ekuk tk ldrk D;kasfd ys[kd ds bl/kkj.kk dks mlds vk¡xu esa gh f[kys dpukj ds o`{k fuewZy cuk nsrs gSaA ,d dpukj dk o{kys[kd ds iM+k sl esa gSA det+ksj vkSj efj;y lk] iRrs Hkh ugha gSa] ijUrq Qwyksa ls ynk gqvk gSnwljk o`{k Lo;a ys[kd ds }kj ij gS] LoLFk vkSj lcy] ijUrq dqy rhu Qwy ! laFkkyckykdapukj ds Qwyks dks dcjhcan ckyksa es [kksldj ladsr nsrh gS fd dyk dh lkFkZdrk mldsmi;ksx esa gS thou ls tqM+us esa gS A blh izdkj fgUnh & Hkou ds vk¡xu esa yxh gqbZ Þfo”.kqdkUrkßuked ?kkl dk mnkgj.k Hkh fy;k x;k gS vkdkj dh nf”V ls ns[ks a rks fcYdqy uotkr f’k’kqdh lh voLFkk A ijUrq ;kSou ,slk fd QwV&QwV fudyrk gS blds ckjs es a vkpk;Z f}osnh fy[krsgSaA Þckny dh ckr NksfM+;s] tjk lh iqjoS;k cg xbZ rks bldk mYykl nsf[k, A ------ eSa lksprkgw¡ fd bl ukpht yrk dks lUns’k dSls igq¡prk gS Aß vkSj ogh iyk’k Hkh ‘kk;n vius Hkhrj dh


94

meax ls gh tku ikrk gS fd clUr vk x;k gS] rHkh og ,sl Qwyrk gS fd lkekU; O;fDr Hkhmls ns[kdj bZ”;kyq gks tk,A

bl izdkj izLrqr mnkgj.kksa ls ;g fuf’pr gks tkrk gS fd clUr dk lEcU/k u rks o{kds vkdkj ls gS vkSj u gh mlds LokLF; ls A oLrqr% clUr rks dgha O;fDrxr vuqHkwfr dh phtgSA Hkhrj dh me¡x dh vuqHkwfr gh mls tUe nsrh gSA ftl izdkj O;fDr dk mYyflr eu mldspgdus dk dkj.k gS] mlh izdkj ikS/kks a esa Hkh muds Hkhrj dh me¡x vkSj mudk mYykl Hkko ghmuds f[kyus vFkok eqLdqjkus dk dkj.k curk gSA izLrqr fucU/k }kjk ys[kd blls Hkh vkxsc<+dj ;g LFkkfir djuk pkgrk gS fd okLro esa meax vFkok mYykl ls Hkh vf/kd egRoiw.kZpht+ gksrh gS euq”; dh ftthfo”kk vFkok mldh bPNk ’kfDrA gekjh ftthfo”kk gh gesa vojks/kksa lsVdjkus ds fy, vkSj thou dh dVqrkvksa ls Åij mBdj fujUrj m/oZeq[kh o xfr’khy cus jgusds fy, izsfjr djrh gSA f}osnh th us lgt gh ;g oSpkfjd lw= fu”d”kZ :i esa fn;k gSA ÞclUrvkrk ugha] ys vk;k tkrk gS A tks pkgs vkSj tc pkgs vius ij ys vk ldrk gSAß clUr vFkkZr~i q”iu&iYyou ftthfo”kk dh lkeF;Z ij fuHkZj djrk gSA bl izdfr ls gh euq”; us thus dhdyk vkSj Vdjkus dk vkRefo’okl lh[kk gSA bl nf”V ls izdfr euq”; ds fy, lnk izsj.kknk=hjgh gSA izLrqr fucU/k dk fo”k; ijks{kr% gesa ;gh izjs.kk ns jgk gSA gesa fujUrj xfr’khy jgukgSA ;fn ge mlls mDr ckrksa esa izjs.kk ugha ys ldrs] rks izdfr ls gekjs lalxZ dk dksbZ ykHkughaA fQj rks Hkhrj dk cq[kkj gh ckgj vk,xk] tks gekjh chekj ekufldrk o lksp dk |ksrdgksxkA

8 - 3 - 3 H k k jrh; l aLd `f r dh n su

vkyksP; fucU/k esa vkpk;Z gt+kjh izlkn f}osnh us Hkkjrh; laLd`fr ls vfHkizk;] laLd`frvkSj lH;rk dk Lo:i rFkk Hkkjrh; laLdfr dh nsu ij ppkZ dh gSaA vkpk;Z f}osnh us laLdfrdks Hkk”kkc) djrs gq, Lohdkj fd;k gS fd euq”; dh Js”B lk/kuk,¡ gh laLd`fr gSaA vU;= ,dLFkku ij mUgksaus vfojks/kh lR;ksa ds leqPp; dks laLd`fr Lohdkj fd;k gS tc ge muds fopkjksadk fo’ys”k.k djrs gSa] rks ns[krs gSa fd mudh n`f”V esa vfojks/kh lR; vkSj Js”B lk/kuk esa dksbZvarj ugha gSA oLrqr% tks lR; loZlEer] fufoZokfnr rFkk loZLohd`r gksrk gS] ogh okLrfodlR; gk srk gS vkSj mlh dks ge vfojks/kh lR; dgrs gSaA bruk gh ugha] ;gh vfojks/kh lR;euq”; }kjk vkfo”d`r vFkok izkIr ,slh miyfC/k gS] ftls ge euq”; dh Js”B lk/kuk ds :i esaHkh igpku ldrs gSaA bl izdkj euq”; }kjk izkIr vfojks/kh lR; gh mldh Js”B lk/kukewydmiyfC/k gS vkSj mUgha dk lEeqfpr :i mldh laLd`fr dgykrk gSA laLd`fr ds Lo:i dhO;k[;k djrs gq, fl) fd;k gS fd ÞlaLd`fr fdlh ns’k fo’ks”k ;k tkfr fo’ks”k dh viuhekSfydrk ugha gks ldrh] nwljs ‘kCnks a es a ys[kd ekurk gS fd lkjs lalkj ds euq”;ksa dh ,dlkekU; laLdfr gks ldrh gSA fuLlUnsg vHkh euq”; ml lkekU; ekuo&laLd`fr dks ewy :i


95

ugh a ns ik;k gS] ijUrq fuf’pr :i ls mlus laLd`fr ds mu egku rRoksa dks vius Hkhrjvyx&vyx <ax ls vuqHko fd;k gSA euq”; fpr esa vuqHkwfr ds /kjkry ij mudk fo|eku gksukgh mlds vfLrRo dk izek.k gSA fofHkUu tkfr;ks a }kjk vuqHkwr rFkk izkIr bu egku rRoksa dkfeJ.k gh vius vfojks/kh Lo:i ds dkj.k ,d fnu lkekU; ekuo laLdfr ds fuekZ.k dk vk/kkjcu tk;sxkA gesa fuR; dh ekj&dkV] uks ap [klksV vkSj >xM+ksa vkfn NksVs&NksVs vojks/k dks ihNs/kdsy dj vius y{; dh vksj c<+uk gSA ikjLifjd Hksn Hkko dks Hkwykdj vius & vius va’klR;ksa ds feJ.k ls O;kid lR; dks ikrs tk;saxs] ;gh gekjk rFkk fdlh Hkh laLdfr dk okLrfody{; gSA

laLd`fr dh ppkZ djrs gq, ys[kd *euq”; dh t; ;k=k* dh ckr djrk gSA mudkekuuk gS fd euq”; us vkfne ;qx ds mlh le; viuh t; ;k=k vkjEHk dj nh Fkh] ftl fnumlus tM+rk ds izfr fonzk sg djds vius psru vkSj foosd’khy gksus dk izek.k fn;k FkkA mlhfnu euq”; ,d ,slh ;k=k ds fy, fudy iM+k Fkk] ftldk y{; euq”; dks euq”;rk dh ijkdk”Bkrd igq¡pkuk FkkA blh ;k=k dks ys[kd Þeuq”; dh t; ;k=kß ds uke ls lEcksf/kr djrk gSAdykUrj esa euq”; us izdfr ds fo/kku Þtks tSlk gS mls oSlk ghß eku ysus ds cnys ÞtSlk gksukpkfg,ß dh viuh bPNk ml ij ykn nh A lf”V ds bfrgkl esa ;g fuf’pr gh cM+h ?kVuk FkhAbl ?kVuk ds ckn euq”; us vius fy, mu vkn’kkZRed fLFkfr;ksa] Js”B lk/kukvksa rFkk fojks/kh lR;ksads leqPp; ds :i esa vfUre y{; dh [kkst ‘kq: dh] ftls mldh t; ;k=k us ;k nwljs ‘kCnksaesa dgsa rks ÞlaLdfr dh /kkjkß us [kkstuk viuk ,d ek= y{; cuk fy;kA bl izdkj euq”; dht; ;k=k oLrqr% mldh lkaLd`frd ;k=k dk gh nwljk uke gSA

euq”; dh igyh miyfC/k Fkh tc mlus tM+rk ds izfr fonzk sg djds psruk’khy gksusdk ifjp; fn;kA mldh nwljh miyfC/k Fkh fd mlus izdfr ds fo/kku dks pqukSrh nsdj viuhbPNk dks egÙo fn;kA viuh t; ;k=k ds rhljs pj.k esa euq”; us foosd’khy vkSj Kkuoku gksusdk izek.k nsrs gq, LFkwy ls lw{e dh vksj ;k=k vkjEHk dhA LFkwy ls gekjk vfHkizk; euq”; dsHkkSfrd thou ls gSA viuh leLr vko’;drkvksa vkSj foo’krkvksa dks nks”kghu cukus ds fy,]/keZ&;qDr cukus ds fy;s rFkk fdlh Hkh izdkj dh ikf’odrk ls eqDr j[kus ds fy,] mlus lektesa naM vkSj iqjLdkj dh O;oLFkk dh] ftls euq”; dh lH;rk dgrs gSaA bl izdkj lH;rk euq”;ds cká iz;kstuksa vFkok LFkwy vko’;drkvksa dks lH; rjhds ls vftZr djus dk nwljk uke gSALFkwy ds lkFk lw{e rRoksa dh [kkst djrs gq, vfUre lR; rd igq¡pus dk iz;kl Hkh euq”; usfd;kA blh iz;kstukrhr ;k=k esa euq”;rk fNih Fkh] ;gh mlds foosd’khy gksus dk izek.k FkkvkSj ;gh mldh laLd`fr gSA

Hkkjrh; laLd`fr dh fuekZ.k&izfØ;k esa vusd tkfr;ksa ds lkaLd`frd ewY;ksa dks vkRelkr~djds ftu lefUor fdUrq vfojks/kh Js”B lk/kukvksa dks tUe fn;k] og vius esa bruh vn~Hkqr


96

vuqie vkSj Kku ds lw{e rRoksa ls ;qDr Fkha mUgksaus vius izpkj & izlkj }kjk leLr fo’o dksvfHkHkwr dj fn;k A ;gk¡ dk n’kZu] /keZ] v/;kRe] uSfrdrk vkSj lkSUn;Zijd ewY; leLr fo’odks izsj.kk nsus dh {kerk j[krs FksA Hkkjrh; laLd`fr dh nsu esa Hkkjrh; n’kZu dk Lo:i fo’odh nk’kZfud lksp ls furkUr fHkUu jgk gSA oLrqr% ik’pkR; n’kZu euq”; ds fopkjks a dk og‘kkL= gS tks Þvk’p;Zß ls izkjEHk gksrk gS vkSj rdZ }kjk mldh O;k[;k djus dk iz;kl djrkgSA tcfd Hkkjrh; n’kZu nq%[k dh O;kogkfjd lRrk dh O;k[;k ls izkjEHk gksrk gSA vkSj mldsfujkdj.k ds fy, /keZ ds vUrxZr lk/kukekxZ dh foospuk ls lEiUu gksrk gSA bl izdkj ;gk¡dh laLdfr us n’kZu vkSj /keZ dh ,slh fefJr Þnf”Vß fo’o dks nh gS ftlls leLr fo’o dkbl {ks= esa iFk&izn’kZu gqvk gSA

fofHkUu Hkkjrh; lk/kuk ekxksZa esa vUrj ns[kus okys yksx ;gk¡ ds fofHkUu lEiznk;ksa esa ,dmn~xe~ lzksr dks ugha igpku ikrs A tcfd gekjs ;gk¡ dh fofHkUu lk/kuk i)fr;k¡ vius vius<ax ls ‘kjhj] izk.k vkSj eu dks la;r djus dk funsZ’k nsrh gSaA *;ksx* dh vo/kkj.kk Hkh Hkkjrh;laLdfr dh nsu gSA blh ;ksx dh izfØ;k dks vH;kl rFkk oSjkX; }kjk lEiUu djds vUr% dj.k‘kq) rFkk la;fer fd;k tkrk gSA vr% gekjh laLdfr esa ;ksx &lk/kuk ds lkFk & lkFk vH;klvkSj oSjkX; ds egRo dks Hkh cjkcj le>k x;k gSA fuLlUnsg bfUnz; la;e dh fof/k vH;kl ijgh fuHkZj djrh gS] ijUrq gekjsa ;gk¡ ds fpUrd ;g eku dj pyrs gSa fd vH;kl ds lkFk oSjkX;dk gksuk Hkh vko’;d gS D;ksafd vdsyk vH;kl rks ,d ckj lk/kd dks vkUrfjd ‘kqfprk rdys tk;sxk] ijUrq lalkj ds izfr ckSf)d oSjkX; u gksus dh fLFkfr esa mlds iqu% ek;k xzLr gksusdh lEHkkouk cuh jgsxhA oLrqr% oSjkX; lk/kd dks ek= lalkj ls gh foeq[k ugha djrk vfirqmldh fo”k;&oklukvksa ds izfr mRlqdrk dks Hkh ‘kkUr djrk gS vkSj vUrkZRek dh ‘kqfprk dksrFkk ijekRek ds fpUru dks lk/kd ds Hkhrj LFkk;h LFkku fnyokrk gSA

Hkkjrh; laLdfr dh lcls foy{k.k miyfC/k gS euq”; thou dks fofHkUu _.kks a esa ck¡/kukA ;s rhu _.k gSa&nso_.k] _f”k _.k vkSj fir`_.kA euhf”k;ksa ds vuqlkj] euq”; ds iSnk gksrsgh izdfr }kjk ok;q] ty] lw;Z vkfn lHkh inkFkZ miyC/k gks tkrs gSa tks thou ds fy, vko’;dgSaA vr% ge nsorkvksa ds _.kh gSaA bl _.k ls eqfDr dk mik; gS fd ge nsorkvksa }kjk iznRrleLr inkFkks± o rRoksa dks ck¡Vdj xzg.k djsa o mudks ;Fkk lEHko ‘kq) rFkk lqUnj cuk, j[kusdk iz;kl djsaa A bl lalkj esa tUe ysus ds lkFk _f”k;ksa ds Hkh _.kh cu tkrs gaS D;ksafd vusdfo}kuksa vkSj oSKkfudksa dh vkfo”d`r Kkujkf’k dks lgt gh ik tkrs gSaA muds bl _.k lsm_.k gk su s ds fy, gekjk drZO; gS ge Kku dh bl /kkjk dh j{kk djsa vkSj bls vkxsizlkfjr&izpkfjr djus esa lg;ksx nsaA rhljk _.k euq”; ij firk dk gksrk gSA euhf”k;ks a dkekuuk gS fd iSnk gksrs gh euq”; vius lEiw.kZ ‘kjhj vkSj bfUnz;ks a dks ik ldrk gS blfy,fir`_.k ls eqfDr ikus dk mik; lUrku mRiUu djuk vkSj mUgsa f’kf{kr cukdj lekt ds gkFkksa


97

lkSai tkus dks crk;k x;k gSA mYys[kuh; gS fd Hkkjrh; laLdfr esa mDr rhu _.kks a dk brukegÙoiw.kZ izko/kku gS fd buls eqDr gq, fcuk lk/kuk Hkh lEHko ugha gSA ogha vfgalk vkSj eS=hnks vU; ewY; ,sls gSa ftudk fo’o esa izpkj vkSj izlkj dk Js; Hkkjrh; laLdfr dks izkIr gS AckS) lEiznk; us blh ns’k dh lhekvksa ls fudydj vfgalk vkSj eS=h dk lUns’k fo’oHkj es afn;kA ftls vk/kqfud ;qx esa egkRek xk¡/kh us iqu% uo izk.k iznku fd;k A blh izdkj gekjk /keZ&foKku]gekjk ewfrZ vkSj efUnj&f’kYi] gekjk lkfgR;] gekjh fpfdRlk i)fr vkSj T;ksfr”k ‘kkL= fo’oHkj esa u dsoy izpkfjr gq, gSa vfirq lEekfur Hkh gq, gSaA fuLlUnsg gekjh laLdfr us lalkjls mu Js”B fopkjksa vkSj ijEijkvksa dks Hkh fuLladksp xzg.k fd;k gS] ftUgksaus euq”;rk dks cpkusvkSj vkxs c<+kus esa viuk FkksM+k lk Hkh lg;ksx fn;k gSA bl izdkj izLrqr fucU/k vius lhfervkdkj esa Hkkjrh; laLdfr dh nsu ds uke ij dfri; loZJs”B ewY;ksa dks gekjs le{k Li”V djrkgSA

8 - 3 - 4 viu s e sj h jpuk i<+ h

gt+kjh izlkn f}osnh dk ^vkius esjh jpuk i<+h* ,d lkfgfR;d fucU/k gSA bl fuca/k esaO;aX; dh iz/kkurk gSA bUgksaus lqUnj gkL; dk fuekZ.k djrs gq, lkfgfR;d {ks= esa izfrf”Br[;kr&v[;kr ys[kdks a ds [kks[kysiu dk mn~?kkVu fd;k gSA

lkekU;r% f}osnh th dk lkfgR; ltu xq# xkEHkh;Z ‘kSyh esa gksrk gS] ijUrq izLrqr fuca/k esamUgksaus la;eiw.kZ ‘kSyh esa lqUnj fouksn dk fuekZ.k fd;k gS] vkSj Lo;a dks Js”B lkfgR;dkj dgus okyksadh xoksZfDr;ksa dh vkykspuk dh gS A

vkpk;Z f}osnh th dk fopkj gS fd fgUnh ds lkfgR;dkj Lo;a dks vR;ar xEHkhj vkSj rRosoknds eeZK le>rs gSa] viuh [kks[kyh cqf) vkSj fuew Zy fon~ork ds cy ij os cM+ s&cM+s fo”k;ks a ijokn&fookn esa my>rs gSa] viuh jpukvks a dks Kku lkxj rFkk xfjek ef.Mr dgrs gSa A

gt+kjh izlkn f}osnh us bu [;kr&v[;kr lkfgR;dkjksa dh [kcj bl izdkj yh gS tksbu iafDr;ksa esa Li”V fn[krh gS A ^tc vk, fnu ,sls [;kr&v[;kr lkfgR;dkj fey tkrs gSa]tks NwVrs gh iwN ysrs gSa] vkius esjh veqd jpuk rks i<+h gksxh \ rks mudh uhjl izofr ;k fouksnfiz;rk dk vHkko cqjh rjg izdV gks tkrk gSA xEHkhjrk dk fo’ys”k.k izLrqr djrs gq, f}osnhth us ,d LokuqHkwr mnkgj.k izLrqr fd;k gS A mUgksaus lcls vf/kd xEHkhj vkSj fpUrk xzLrdydÙks ds ,d ouekuq”k dks ik;k Fkk] mls ns[kdj ,slk yxrk Fkk fd lkjs fo’o dh fpUrkmlds eq[k ij dsfUnzr gks xbZ gS A og lnk n’kZdksa ds d:.k Hkfo”; dks viuh ikjn’khZ nf”Vls voyksfdr djrk izrhr gksrk FkkA loZKkr gS fd ouekuq”k ekuo cksyh cksyus esa l{ke gSfdUrq og ;g cksyh blfy, ugha cksyrk fd dgha LokFkh Z ekuo mls ijk/khurk dh tathjksa esatdM+dj xqyke u cuk ysA bl izdkj lHkh ouekuq”k xEHkhj ,oa rRon’khZ fn[kkbZ nsrs gSaA bl


98

mnkgj.k ds }kjk f}osnh us MkfoZu ds fodklokn dks iq”V fd;k gS] MkfoZu vkfn ekuo dksouekuq”k dk fodflr :i ekurs FksA bl izdkj f}osnh th ;g dguk pkgrs gSa fd ekuo dhxEHkhjrk ,oa rRon’kZu oa’k ijaijkxr gS] bleas dgh Hkh lUnsg dh ckr ugha gSA

f}osnh th dk ekuuk gS fd lekt esa gkL; fiz;rk ,oe~ fouksn Hkkouk us rks ckn esa ghtUe fy;k gksxkA oLrqr% ;s nksuksa euksofÙk;k¡ lEifr lap; dk ifj.kke gSA vUrr% galuk&galkuk]euksfouksn vkfn iwathokn dh nsu gSA blh dkj.k gh fgUnh lkfgR; xEHkhjrk dk R;kx djukugha pkgrk D;ksafd ;g mldh ijEijkxr /kjksgj gSA bl xEHkhjrk ls fgUnh lkfgR;dkj lEHkor%;g Hkh Li”V djuk pkgrs gSa fd os eu ls iwathokn fopkj/kkjk ls nwj gSa vkSj lkE;okn dks izJ;nsrs gSaA

f}osnh th us lkfgR;dkjksa dh jksuh lwjr ij Hkh O;aX; fd;k gS A os jksrs ugha cfYd jksuh lwjrgh cuk;s jgrs gSaA os vkxs Li”V djrs gSa fd lalkj esa lq[k dh vis{kk nq%[k vf/kd gS vkSj gkL; dh vis{kkjksnu A ;fn gkL; vkSj jksnu dks cjkcj ck¡V fn;k tk, rks jksnu vf/kd feysxkA mUgksaus jgL;oknhvkykspuk ij gh O;aX; fd;k gSA os dgrs gSa fd izfrfnu lkfgR;dkjks a ds fo”k; esa fopkj gksrkgSA okn&fookn gksrk gSA lkfgR; ls lacaf/kr ikap izdkj ds tho gSa & ys[kd] ikBd] laiknd]izdk’kd vkSj vkykspd] bu lHkh O;fDr;ksa ds {ks= vyx&vyx gSa A i<+usokyk vkykspuk ughadjrk] vkykspuk djus okyk fy[krk ugha A f}osnh th ds vuqlkj tc dksbZ ys[kd ;g iz’udjrk gS fd ÞD;k vius esjh jpuk i<+h gS \ rks eu esa vusd fodkj mRiUu gksrs gSa vkSj ,slkyxrk gS fd iz’udrkZ ds efLr”d es a dqN nks”k gS vkSj mls fpfdRld ds ikl ys tkus dhvko’;drk g SA

bl yfyr fuca/k esa f}osnh th dk euksjatu fiz; fouksnh :i eq[kfjr gqvk gSA ftlesa xEHkhjrRo ds Lo;a fl) ‘kkfL=;ksa dks laØked egkekjh dh f[kYyh lh mM+k;h xbZ gS] bl fuca/k esa f}osnh thus lkfgR;dkjksa ij O;aX; ck.k cjlk;s gSaA os dgrs gSa fd fouksn ekuo esa ljlrk dk lapkj djrk gSAnk’kZfud er ds vuqlkj fouksn dk izHkko jklk;fud gksrk gSA nqnkZUr Mkdw esa fouksnfiz;rk dk feJ.kdj nsus ls og iztkra= dk yhMj cu ldrk gS vkSj lekt lq/kkj ds dk;Z esa viuk ;ksxnku ns ldrkgSA ijUrq ,slk u gksus ds dkj.k og Mkdw gh cuk jgsxk A vUr esa os dgrs gS fd nk’kZfud dkdFku gS fd ;fn xEHkhj O;fDr ij fouksnfiz;rk dh Nk;k iM+ tk, rks lkfgR;&lalkj esa ,duohu ØkfUr dk vkxeu lEHko gks ldrk gS ijUrq vfHker ;g lEHko ugha blfy, ikBdks a ,oays[kdksa dks lgu djuk gh iM+ sxk A

bl fuca/k esa ys[kd lkfgR;dkjksa dh fo’ks”krk ij fopkj djrs gq, dgrs gSa fd lkfgR;dkjviuh jpuk dks ysdj xEHkhj cuk jgrk gS vkSj tks dqN Hkh Hkh og fy[krk gS] mlds fo”k; esa fuf’pr/kkj.kk cuk ysrk gS fd mldk fy[kk ys[k ,d Økafrdkjh ys[k gSA tc Hkh og fdlh ls feyrs gSa rks


99

muds ikl ,d gh iz’u gksrk gS] vkius esjh veqd jpuk rks i<+h gksxh \Þ muds bl dFku lsmudh uhjlrk izo`fÙk ;k fouksn fiz;rk dk vHkko cqjh rjg izdV gks tkrk gS A ys[kd dsvuqlkj ,d ^fQyklQj* dk dguk gS fd fouksn dk izHkko dqN jklk;fud&lk gksrk gS A vxjnqnkZUr Mkdw ds fnu esa gh fouksn&fiz;rk Hkj nh tk, rks og yksdra= dk yhMj cu ldrk gSA fdlh mnh;eku Nk;koknh dfo dh ukM+h esa FkksM+k fouksn Hkj ns rks og fdlh fQYe dEiuhdk ukeh vfHkusrk cu tk,xk A

yksdra= ds usrkvksa vkSj fMDVsVjksa esa varj Li”V djrs gq, ys[kd xka/kh vkSj ftUuk dk mnkgj.knsrs gSa A xka/kh dh ckr Hkh dkaxzsl ds fy, dkuwu gS vkSj ftUuk dh ckr Hkh eqfLye yhx ds fy,osn&okD; gSA fQj Hkh ,d MseksØsV gS vkSj nwljk fMDVsVjA ,d MseksØsV galuk vkSj eqLdqjkuk tkurkgS ijUrq fMDVsVj galus dh ckr lksp Hkh ugha ldrk gSA vxj bu ‘kfDr’kkyh fMDVsVjksa esa galus dhFkksM+h&lh Hkh fuiq.krk gksrh rks vkt nqfu;k dh fLFkfr esa dqN cnyko gksrk A

ys[kd dks dydÙks ds fpfM+;k?kj es a j[ks gq, ouekuq”k dk psgjk lalkj ds thoksa esa lclsvf/kd xEHkhj vkSj fpUrkeXu yxrk gSA ml ouekuq”k dks ns[krs gh tku iM+rk gS fd lalkj dhleLr oanuk dks og gLrkeyd dh Hkkafr ns[k jgk gSA ys[kd dgrs gS a fd vÝhdk ds gfC’k;ksa esa ;gfo’okl gSa fd ouekuq”k dh cksyh cksy Hkh ldrs gS vkSj lalkj ds jgL; dks Hkyh&Hkkafr le> Hkhldrs gSA

ys[kd dk dguk gS fd vkfne ;qx dk euq”; tc og okujh ;ksfu ls ekuoh ;ksfu esa u;k&u;kvk;k gksxk rc og Hkh dydÙkk ds fpfM+;k ?kj esa jgusokys ouekuq”k dh rjg xEHkhj gh jgrk gksxk Atsczk vkSj xSaMk Hkh xEHkhj yxrs gS ijUrq budh rqyuk esa x/ks vkSj ouekuq”k dh xaHkhjrk esa ekSfyd HksngSA x/kk mnkl gksrk gS blfy, udkjkRed gS ijUrq ouekuq”k lksprk&lk jgrk gS blhfy, mldhxEHkhjrk esa dqN rRo gS] dqN lkj gSA

ys[kd galuk&galkuk iwathoknh euksofr dh mit ekurs gS D;ksafd tc euq”; us dqN iwathbdV~Bh dj yh gksxh vkSj lap; ds lk/ku tqVk fy;s gksaxs rks og Lo;a dks [kq’kgky vuqHko djrk gksxkAbl ;qx ds fganh lkfgfR;d yksx tks galuk ukilan djrs gSa] ‘kk;n esa iwathoknh cqtqZvk euksofr dkseu&gh&eu ?k.kk djrs gS A ys[kd ds vuqlkj jksuk gh okLrfod /keZ gS D;ksafd lalkj ds lHkhyksx gal ugha ldrs blfy, galh ,d xqukg gS tcfd lalkj ds lHkh yksx FkksM+k&cgqr jks ldrsgSA nqfu;k esa nq%[k lq[k dh vis{kk vf/kd gS A vxj lkjh nqfu;k ds jksnu vkSj galh dkscjkcj&cjkcj ck¡V fn;k tk, rks Li”V gS jksnu gkL; ls T;knk feysxk A

8 - 4 l kjk a ’ k

fu”d”kZ :i esa vkpk;Z f}osnh th ds lkfgfR;d fuca/kks a esa fpauru’khy izo`fr vkSj eLrh


100

nksuks a ds n’kZu gksrs gSa A lkfgfR;d fuca/kksa ds lUnHkZ esa mUgksaus fy[kk gS ^nz”Vk ds Hksn ls n`’;dk vfHkuo :i gesa nwljs ds ân; eas izos’k djus dh {kerk nsrk gS vkSj ge dsoy vius O;fDrxr:fp&v:fp ds ladh.kZ nk;js ls fudydj nwljksa dh vuqHkwfr;ksa ds izfr laosnu’khy gksrs gS aoLrqr% tks fuca/k bl mn~ns’; dh vksj mUeq[k djs ogh lkfgR;d fuca/k dgs tkus dk vf/kdkjhgS tks ys[k gekjs ân; dh vuqHkwfr;ksa dks O;kid vkSj laosnukvksa dks rh{.k ugha cukrk] og viusmn~ns’; ls P;qr gksrk gSA* blls ;g Li”V gksrk gS fd mudk lkfgfR;d fparu bl dlkSVh ij[kjk mrjk gSA tks muds lkfgfR;d fuca/kksa es a izdV gqvk gSA

8-5 dfBu ‘kCn

ftthfo”kk] izofr] foLer] dkikfyd] ink?kkr] fo”.kqdkUrk] m/koZeq[kh] iYyou] foyqIr] mn~cq)]n’kZu] m_.k


iz1- ikB~;Øe esa fu/kkZfjr iz’uksa ij lfoLrkj fopkj djsa A

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

i z2- ^v’kksd ds Qwy* fucU/k ij vius fopkj j[ksa A

------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- ------------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- ------------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------

------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- ------------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- ------------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------

------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- ------------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- ------------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------

------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- ------------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- ------------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------

------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- ------------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- ------------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------

------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- ------------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- ------------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------


101

iz3- ^clar vk x;k gS* fucU/k ij izdk’k Mkysa* A

------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- ------------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- ------------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------

------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- ------------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- ------------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------

------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- ------------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- ------------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------

------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- ------------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- ------------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------

------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- ------------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- ------------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------

------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- ------------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- ------------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------


1- vkpk;Z gt+kjh izlkn f}osnh & MkWå pkSFkh jke ;kno dk lkfgR;




5- fgUnh lkfgR; es a fucU/k vkSj fucU/kdkj & xaxk izlkn xqIr oblS;k




------------------------------


102


fuca/k lkfgR; ds fodkl esa dqcsjukFk jk; dk LFkku

9 - 0 #i j s[ k k

9-1 mí s ’;

9-2 i zLrkouk

9-3 fucU/k lkfgR; ds fodkl esa dqcsjukFk jk; dk LFkku

9-4 lkjk a’k

9-5 dfBu ‘kCn



9 - 1 m í s ’ ;

fgUnh dh fucU/k ijEijk dks tku ldsaxs A

fucU/k ds fodkl esa dqcsjukFk jk; dh Hkwfedk dks tku ldsaxs A

fucU/k es a fNis yksd dY;k.k ds vFkZ dks tku ldsaxs A

9 - 2 i z Lr kou k

^fucU/k* x| lkfgR; dh ,d fo’ks”k fo/kk gS ftlesa ys[kd fdlh fo”k; ;k oLrq dslEcU/k esa futh fopkjksa dk izfriknu lkfgfR;d ‘kSyh esa izLrqr djrk gS A fucU/k dk lEcU/


103

k u dsoy lkfgR; ls vfirq] foKku] n’kZu] bfrgkl vkfn ls Hkh gSA fgUnh esa lkfgfR;d fucU/kks a dk vH;nq; vk/kqfud dky ls gh gqvk gS A iwoZorhZ lkfgR;dkjks a dk y{; lkekU;rk viuhHkkouqHkwfr;ksa ds gh izdk’ku dk FkkA fopkjksa dk lkekftd ,oa jktuhfrd vkUnksyuksa dk izoZrurFkk i= if=dkvksa dk izdk’ku gqvk A ftUgksaus fgUnh fuca/k ds mn~Hko vkSj fodkl ds fy,mi;qDr i`”BHkwfe dk fuekZ.k fd;kA

9 - 3 fucU/k lk fgR; d s fodkl e a s d qc sjukFk jk; dk LF k ku

x| ds izknqHkkZo ds lkFk&lkFk gh fuca/k dk Hkh tUe gks x;k Fkk A HkkjrsUnq th ds le;ls fuca/k&ys[ku&ijaijk vR;ar ifjiDo :i esa lkeus vkus yxrh gS A HkkjrsUnq dky esa fofHkUui=&if=dk,a fudy jgh Fkha] mUgha ds ek/;e ls HkkjrsUnq] ckyÑ”.k HkV~V rFkk iaå izrki ukjk;.kfeJ izHk `fr vusd ys[kd vR;ar Js”B dksfV dh fuca/k&jpuk dj jgs Fks A HkkjrsUnq ^gfj’pnzeSxt+hu*] ckyÑ”.k HkV~V ^fgUnh iznhi* rFkk ia- izrki ukjk;.k feJ ^czkã.k* if=dkvksa dklaiknu dj jgs Fks vkSj buesa buds cM+ s egRoiw.kZ fuca/k izdkf’kr gks jgs Fks A buds vfrfjfDrHkkjrsUnq&; qx es a cnjh ukjk;.k pkS/kjh i z se?ku*] ykyk Jhfuoklnkl] jk/kkpj.k xk sLokeh]dk’khukFk [k=h tSls fuca/kdkj Hkh fuca/k&jpuk esa layXu Fks A oLrqr% bl ;qx ds fuca/kks a es afo”k;ksa dk cM+k oSfo/; gS tks bl dky ds fuca/k&lkfgR; dks lef) iznku djrk gSA HkkjrsUnqth us bfrgkl] i qjkrRo] /keZ] dyk] lekt&lq/kkj] thouh] ;k=k&o`rkar] Hkk”kk&lkfgR; tSlsfo”k;ksa ij vusd fuca/k fy[ks A izrki ukjk;.k feJ us buls Hkh vkxs c<+dj lkekU; ls lkekU;fo”k;ksa dks jkspdrk ls fuca/kksa esa izLrqr fd;k A /kks[kk] [kq’kken] vki] ckr] nk¡r] ek¡] esjh] ewPN]ijh{kk] le>nkj dh ekSr tSls fuca/k ;g izekf.kr djrs gSa fd feJ th ds fy, fo”k;ks a dh dksbZlhek ugha FkhA thou&txr dk dksb Z Hkh fo”k; muds fuca/k dk dF; cu ldrk Fkk A bl ;qxds fuca/kdkjksa esa tks iz[kj lkekftd psruk vkSj ‘kSyh dh ftankfnyh fn[kkbZ nsrh gS] og vkxsds fuca/k esa uk;kc gksrh pyh x;h gS A

f}osnh ;qx rd vkrs&vkrs fuca/k iwjh rjg izfrf”Br gks fodkl ds iFk ij rhoz xfrls c<+rk gSA bl ;qx esa fuca/k dk fo”k;&foLrkj Hkh gqvk vkSj Hkk”kk ds fodkl ds lkFk&lkFk‘kSyh esa Hkh izk S<+rk vk;h A ia- egkohj izlkn f}osnh] ckyeqdaqn xqIrk] ek/ko izlkn feJ] xksfo anukjk;.k feJ] feJ ca/kq& fo’ks”kr% ‘;ke fcgkjh feJ o ‘kqdnso fcgkjh feJ] ljnkj iw.kZ flag]panz/kj ‘kekZ xqysjh] txUukFk izlkn prqos Znh] ‘;kelqanj nkl] in~e flag ‘kekZ] vkpk;Z jkepanz‘kqDy vkfn us bl ;qx esa fuca/k lkfgR; dks le) fd;k A bl ;qx esa fo”k;ksa dh nf”V ls HkkjrsUnq;qx ds leku ftankfnyh rks ugha feyrh fdarq ,d vkykspukRed xaHkhjrk fuca/kks a esa vk tkrhgS A lkfgR; vkSj Hkk”kk dh fofHkUu leL;kvksa ij /;ku dsfUnzr djus okys fuca/k bl ;qx esa ia-egkohj izlkn f}osnh] ‘;kelqUnj nkl] vkpk;Z jkepanz ‘kqDy] vkfn }kjk fy;s x;s A O;aX; dh


104

n`f”V ls ckyeqdq an xqIr ds ^f’ko ‘kEHkw dk fpV~Bk fuca/k fo’ks”k egRo ds gS a] vkt Hkh mudhizklafxdrk gSA ia- ek/ko izlkn feJ ds ioksZa ] R;ksgkjksa rFkk Hkze.k lEcU/kh fuca/k fo’ks”k jkspd cuiM+s gSa A bl ;qx esa ljnkj iw.kZ flag ds fuca/kks a dk fo’ks”k egRo gS A bUgksaus vius N% fuca/kk sals gh fganh fuca/k ds bfrgkl esa viuh fof’k”V igpku vkSj LFkku cuk fy;k Fkk A ia- panz/kj‘kek Z xqysjh izdk.M fo}ku Fks] iqjkrRo] bfrgkl] vkfn ls lEcaf/kr muds fuca/k fo}rk dkifjp; nsrs gSa A ^dNqvk /keZ*] êkjsfl eksfga dqBko* tSls fuca/kks a us xqysjh th dks cgqr [;kfriznku dh A vkpk;Z jkepanz ‘kqDy vius lkfgfR;d fo”k;ksa ds fuca/kksa ds fy, rks tkus tkrs ghgS fdarq mUgksaus euksfoKku dk ftruk lw{e v/;;u vius dqN fuca/kksa esa fd;k gS] og lkfgR;dh vewY; /kjksgj gS A J)k] HkfDr] yksx vkSj izhfr bZ”;kZ tSls euksHkkoksa dk lw{e fo’ys”k.k mUgsavius gh izdkj ds euksoSKkfud fuca/kdkj dk vf}rh; xkSjo fnykrk gS A lexzr% bl ;qx dsfuca/k esa ,d izdkj dh xaHkhjrk vkSj ‘kks/kijd izo`fÙk rks gS ^^fdarq og rkt+xh] og mYykl] ogfu}ZU} Hkko] O;fDrRo dk mYykflr mPNokl rFkk [kM+h cksyh ds Hkhrj ls >k¡drh gqbZ vo/kh;k czt dh pqycqykgV vkSj e/kqjrk bl ;qx ds fuca/kks a esa miyC/k ugha gksrh tks HkkjrsUnq;qxhulkfgR; dh lgt fuf/k Fkh A**

Nk;kokn ;qx ds le; fuca/k lkfgR; vkSj Hkh izkS<+rk rFkk le`f) izkIr djrk gS Avkpk;Z jkepanz ‘kqDy] ckcw xqykcjk;] in~eyky iqUukyky c[‘kh] cspu ‘kekZ mez] j?kqohj flag]ek[kuyky prqos Znh] vkfn fdrus gh izfl) fuca/kdkjks a us vius ÑfrRo ls fg anh fuca/k dksfodflr fd;k A u;h&u;h ‘kSfy;ksa vkSj Kku rFkk iafMR; dh ÅtkZ ls fganh fuca/k us cgqr izxfrdh A vkpk;Z ‘kqDy ds fuca/k muds ^^fo’kn ikafMR;] izkS<+ fparu] lw{e fo’ys”k.k] O;kid vuqHko**ds fy, /;ku vkÑ”V djrs gSaA bl dky esa Hkh muds euksoSKkfud fuca/k izdkf’kr gq, vkSj mUgsavPNh igpku feyh A bl ;qx dh ,d egRoiw.kZ miyfC/k ;g gS fd Byqvk Dyc*] fQj fujk’kkD;ksa] esjh vlQyrk,sa* esa ladfyr dbZ fuca/kksa esa yfyr fuca/k dk izkjfEHkd :i ns[kk tk ldrkgSA esjk edku] esjs ukfirkpk;Z] esjh nSfudh dk ,d i`”B] izhfr Hkkst* vkfn fuca/kk s a esa yfyrfuca/kksa ds xq.k ns[ks tk ldrs gSa A in~e yky iqUukyky c[‘kh th us Hkh fuca/k lkfgR; dhlef) esa vPNk ;ksx fn;k muds fuca/k iapik= ‘kh”kZd ls izdkf’kr gq, A ^vrhr Lefr*] ^mRlo*]^jkeyky iafMr]* ^J)ktafy ds nks Qwy* & buds pfpZr fuca/k gSa A cspu ‘kekZ ^mez*] j?kqohj flag]ek[ku yky prqosZnh vkfn us HkkokRed fuca/kksa dh jpuk dh A buds vfrfjDr Hkh vU; dqN fuca/kdkj];Fkk jkeo`{k ‘kekZ ^csuhiqjh*] dUgS;kyky feJ izHkkdj A ia- Hkxor’kj.k mik/;k;] vkfn viusfuca/kksa ls fuca/k&lkfgR; dk fodkl dj jgs Fks fdUrq budk vf/kdka’k ÑfrRo ckn ds le; esagh izdk’k esa vk;k A vr% budh ppkZ vkxs dh tk;sxh A

Nk;koknksÙkj dky esa fganh fuca/k dk fodkl xzkQ cgqr rst+h ls Åij x;k gS vkSj blesa‘kSyh rFkk fo”k; nksuksa nf”V;ksa ls fgUnh fucU/k us fuR; u;s f{kfrt Nq, gSa A bl ;qx ds izkjEHk


105

esa ,d vksj rks ,sls lkfgfR;d fuca/k fy[ks tk jgs Fks tks fuca/k dh lhek ls ijs tkrs gq,^leh{kk*&^vkykspuk* dh Js.kh es a tk jgs Fks A vkpk;Z jkepUnz ‘kqDy] rFkk uan nqykjs oktis;hds fuca/k blh dksfV ds FksA buls vyx gV dj vkpk;Z gt+kjh izlkn f}osnh ds fuca/k ,d vyxgh <ax ys dj fganh lkfgR; dh Jh of) djrs gSaA ;s fuca/k vius yksd] izÑfr vkSj laLÑfr lsvR;Ur xgjs :i esa tqM+s gq, gSa A bu fuca/kksa esa Hkh f}osnh th ds ikf.MR; vkSj xaHkhj Kku dsn’kZu gksrs gSa fdarq os bruh lgtrk ls fuca/k esa vuqL;wr gSa fd ikBd ij Hkkjh ugha iM+rs A^v’kksd ds Qwy*] ^fopkj vkSj fordZ*] ^dYiyrk*] ^fopkj vkSj izokg*] ^dqVt* vkfn muds fuca/klaxzg gekjs lkfgR; dh vewY; /kjksgj gS a

tSusUnz dqekj us Hkh fparuijd vkSj nk’k Zfud fuca/kks a ds }kjk viuh vyx igpkucuk;hA /keZ] jktuhfr] lkfgR;&laLÑfr] izse&dke] fookg vkfn fo”k;ks a ij mUgksaus viuh csokdlksp vdq.B Hkko ls O;Dr dh gS A ^tM+ dh ckr*] ^lkfgR; dk izs; vkSj izse*] ^lksp&fopkj*]êUFku*] ^;s vkSj os* brLrr% vkfn ladyuks a ds :i esa muds fuca/k izdkf’kr gq, A ‘kkafrfiz;f}osnh vkSj jke/kkjh flag ^fnudj* ds fuca/k gh viuh Hkk”kk&’kSyh ds dkj.k nsj rd viuk izHkkocuk, j[krs gS a A ‘kka frfiz; f}osnh ds lpkafj.kh*] ^;qx vkSj lkfgR;*] ^lkef;dh*] ^/kjkry*]îzfr”Bku*] ^lkdY;*] ^vk/kku*] ô`+Ùk vkSj fodkl* vkfn muds fpp Zr fuc a/k&ladyu gS a A^fnudj* th ds ^v/kZukjh’oj] ^feV~Vh dh vksj*] ^jsrh ds Qwy* vkfn fuca/k laxzg muds le) x|dk ifjp; nsrs gSa A buds vfrfjDr jkeo{k ‘kekZ csuhiqjh ds êkVh dh ewjrsa*] tathj vkSj nhokjsa]^xsgw¡ vkSj xqykc*] oUns ok.kh fouk;dkS*] nsosUnz lR;kFkhZ ds ^/kjrh xkrh gS*] ^,d ;qx % ,d izrhd*]^js[kk,¡ cksy mBh* vkfn MkW- t;ukFk ufyu ds îzLrko izHkk*] fparu vkSj dyk*] ê>nkj ds ikj*vkfn ia- Hkxor’kj.k mik/;k; ds ^bfrgkl ds i`”Bks a ij*] ^[kwu ds /kCcs*] ^lkaLÑfrd fuca/k*vkfn bl dky&[kaM ds izfl) fuca/k&laxzg gSa A

yfyr fuca/k fuca/k dh ijaijk dk tks okLrfod Jh x.ks’k vkpk;Z gt+kjh izlkn f}osnhds }kjk gqvk Fkk] mlesa fo|kfuokl feJ] dUgS;kyky feJ îzHkkdj ekpos] foosdh jk;] gfj’pUnzoekZ ,oa dqcsjukFk jk; ds ÑfrRo dk vR;ar egRowi.kZ ;ksxnku gS A fo|kfuokl feJ ds fuca/kksa es avius yksd&lekt ls xgjk tqM+ko lkaLÑfrd psruk vkSj ykfyR;e;h ‘kSyh ns[krs gh curh gSA^fNrou dh Nk¡o*] ^rqe panu ge ikuh*] êsjs jke dk eqdqV Hkhx jgk gS*] vk¡xu dk iaNh* vkSj^cutkjk eu*] ^Hkksj dk vkg~oku*] eSaus fly igq¡pkbZ* vkfn buds fuca/kksa ds izfl) laxzg gS aAizHkkdj ekpos ds fuca/k vius gkL;&O;aX; vkSj pqVhysiu ds fy, tkus tkrs gSa A ^[kjxks’k dslhax*] ^csjax*] ^rsy dh idkSfM;k¡* vkfn buds fuca/k laxzg ppkZ esa jgs gSaA dUgS;kyky feJizHkkdj* ds yfyr ?kqa?k:*] êgds vk¡xu pgds }kj* êkVh gks xbZ lksuk*] ^nhi tys ‘ka[k cts*]


106

vkfn laxzgksa ds }kjk mUgksaus fganh fuca/k dks le) fd;k A foosd jk; dk ^fQj cSryok Mkyij*] y{ehdkar dk êSaus dgk*] dsnkjukFk vxzoky dk ^le;≤ ij* ] y{ehp anz tSu dk^dkxt+ dh fdf’r;k¡] MkWå gfj’pUnz oekZ dk ^pepk iqjk.k* vkfn fuca/k & laxzgks a us fganhyfyr fuca/k&ijaijk ds lao)Zu es a ;ksx fn;k gS A

dqcsjukFk jk; bu lcls vyx viuh gh ‘kSyh ds vuwBs yfyr fuca/kdkj gSa A ;|fimuds fuca/kksa dh izÑfr vius lkaLÑfrd ifjos’k ds dkj.k MkW- gt+kjh izlkn f}osnh ds yfyrfuca/kksa ds fudV gS fdarq os muls Hkh vkxs c<+ dj laLÑfr ds lukru iz’uksa dks orZeku dh fparkls tksM+rs gSa A muds fuca/k NksVs&ls izlax] xk¡o ;k fdlh Hkh LFkku] fo’ks”kr% viuh tUeHkwfe lsfdlh Hkh #i esa mBkrs gSa vkSj fQj mudh mUeqDr dYiuk vius fo’kky Kku&HkaMkj ls fdlhHkh {ks= es a fopj.k dj ldrh gS & T;ksfr”k] /keZ&’kkL=] osn&iqjk.k] ‘kkDr&er] oS”.ko er]Hkkjrh; dkO; vkSj ik’pkR; dkO;] Hkkjrh; vkSj ik’pkR; dkO; ‘kL= vkfn&vkfn dh ohfFk;ks aes a fopj.k djrs gq, os orZeku le; ds jktuhfrd] lkekftd] lkaLÑfrd ladVksa ls tw> ldrsg S A os vax zsth ds fu”.kkr v/;kid ¼vklke ds uyckjh uked dLcs es a ,d LukrdksÙkjegkfo|ky; esa izk/;kid½ rFkk laLÑr vkSj fganh lkfgR; ds ikjaxr fo}ku Fks A vius fofHkUuKku&vuq’kkluksa dk iz;ksx dj yfyr fuca/k ds :i esa viuh vR;Ur jE; jpuk izLrqr djrsgSa A xzhd vkSj Hkkjrh; feFkd&lalkj dh lekurvksa dk os vn~Hk qr lkE; js[kkafdr dj nksuks alaLÑfr;ksa ds chp lsrq&ca/ku dk ,d egr~ dk;Z bu fuca/kksa esa laiUu djrs gSa A os lPps vFkks Zaesa ^jl vk[ksVd* gSaA mUgksaus vius fuca/kksa ls fuca/k&lkfgR; dks ,d viwoZ xkSjo iznku fd;k gSAgekjk fopkj gS fd fg anh es a os vius i zdkj ds ,d gh fuca/kdkj gS a A yfyr fuc a/k dkikjEifjd :i muds fuca/kks a dh xEHkhj&xgu ppkZ dks viuh ifjHkk”kk es a lesVus esa iwjh rjgleFkZ ugha gSA muds fuca/kk sa ds fofHkUu laxzg izdk’k esa vk;s gSa] os eR;q&i;ZRu Js”B ls Js”Brjfuca/k izLrqr djrs jgs A 61 o”kZ dh vk;q esa 5 twu] 1996 bZ- dks mudk LoxZokl gks x;kAêjky*] ^fiz;k uhydaBh*] ^jl vk[ksVd*] ^x/kaeknu*] ^fu”kkn ckalqjh*] ^fo”kkn ;ksx*] î.kZeqdqV*]êgkdfo dh rtZuh*] ef.kiqrqy ds uke*] fdj.k unh ij panz e/kq*] êu iou dh ukSdk*] ^nf”VvfHklkj*] ^=srk dk o`gRuke* rFkk ^dke/ksuq* vkids izfl) fuca/k ladyu gSa A fganh txr usmuds fuca/kksa dk Hkjiwj Lokxr rFkk lEeku fd;k A bl {ks= ds mPpre iqjLdkj mUgsa iznkufd, x, A ^fiz;k uhy daBh* ij mÙkj izns’k ‘kklu ds fganh laLFkku }kjk ^Lrfjr iqjLdkj*iznku fd;k x;kA blh izdkj êgkdfo dh rtZuh* ij êkul laxe*] dkuiqj }kjk iznÙk rkezi=iz’kfLr ,oa lkfgR; iqjLdkj rFkk lkfgR; vuqla/kku ifj”kn~ }kjk jke lkfgR; iqjLdkj iznkufd;k x;kA êgkdfo dh rtZuh* ij Hkh m- iz- ‘kklu dk vkpk;Z jkepUnz ‘kqDy iqjLdkj iznku


107

fd;k x;k o `gRuke dks Hkkjrh; Hkk”kk ifj”kn dydÙkk }kjk lEekfur fd;k x;k A ; s lciqjLdkj ,o a fuca/k laxzgks a ds dbZ&dbZ laLdj.k budh O;kid LohÑfr ,o a yksdfiz;rk dksi zekf.kr djrs gSa A

oLrqr% muds fuca/k vga ls bne~ rd dh ;k=k djrs gq, vius ikBd ds fy, Kku dsfofHkUu fdokM+ [kksyrs gSa A vius fofHkUu fuca/k&laxzgksa dh Hkwfedkvksa esa] tks izk;% bu laxzgksa dsvar esa gh nh x;h gSa] mUgksaus vius fuca/kdkj dh izfrc)rk ls ifjfpr djk;k gS A ^fiz;kuhydaBh* dh var esa ‘kh”kZd Hkwfedk esa os viuk izLFkku fcanq bl izdkj crkrs gSa] ^êsjh izfrKkHkh fo”k;keh uhydaBh gSA nq%[k ;k mYykl nksuks a ds Hkhrj t+gj gksrk gSa ml t+gj dks ;g [khapdj Lo;a ‘;kedaB gks tkrh gS vkSj /kjrh dks tks dqN nsrh gS] og ‘kq)&izk.k vkSj jl jgrk gSA**Lo;a fo”kiku dj vius ikBdksa dks ver iznku djus dh ;g fu”Bk fdlh Hkh lkfgR;dkj dhcgqr cM+h izfrc)rk gS A

dqN yksxksa us mudh Hkk”kk dks ysdj vkifÙk dh gS fd og lqxzkg~; ugha gS A oLrqr% Hkk”kk,d laLdkj gS] Hkk”kk esa ljy vkSj n:g dqN ugha gksrk] og gesa lalxZ vkSj laidZ ls gh izkIrgksrh gS A gesa viuk Hkk”kk&laLdkj fodflr djuk gksxk A dqcsjukFk jk; dh ekU;rk gS fd ;gfuca/k tSlh fo/kk ds ek/;e ls gh laHko gksxk A mUgks aus dgk gS fd muds iwjs ys[ku es a laLÑrvkSj yksd&Hkk”kkvksa ds nks&rhu ntZu ls vf/kd ‘kCn ,sls ugha gks axs tks vifjp; esa gSa A ,slktgk¡&tgk¡ eSaus fd;k gS] lpsr vkSj ldkj.k <ax ls fd;k gS A mnkgj.k ds fy, îztkxj ioZ esalkfgR;dkj* esa iztkxj ‘kCn dks gh ysaA ;g êgkHkkjr* dk ‘kCn gSA ;q) iwoZ jkf= ;k ozr dhjkf= ;k ,slh eu% fLFkfr ds fy, îztkxj* ‘kCn vk;k gSA eq>s orZeku lanHkZ esa vFkZxr laosnukvksadh nf”V ls ;g ‘kCn ewY;oku yxk vkSj eSus ^tkxj.k ioZ* u fy[kdj îztkx<+ ioZ* u fy[kdjîztkxj ioZ* fy[kk A fnDdr gekjs ys[ku esa ugha gS] fnDdr gS uof’kf{kr dh Hkk”kkxr nfjnzrkds Hkhrj A esjk mn~ns’; jgk gS ikBd ds fpÙk dks ,d ifjekftZr HkO;rk nsuk vkSj lkFk ghmldh fpr&_f) dk foLrkj djuk A ôLrqr% ,sls LFkyksa ij iwjs euks;ksx ls i<+us ij bu ‘kCnksadk vFkZ Lor% Li”V gks tkrk gS] blds fy, ‘kCndks’kk sa dk lgkjk ugha ysuk iM+rk gSA lHkhnf”V;k¡ ls dqcsjukFk jk; ds fuca/kks a dk fgUnh fuca/k lkfgR; dh Jh o`f) esa vHkwriwoZ ;ksxnkugS A

9 - 4 l kjk a ’ k

fgUnh ds yfyr fucU/kdkjksa esa dqcsjukFk jk; dk vf}rh; LFkku gS A buds fucU/k O;fDriz/kku fucU/k gS ftuesa ekSfyd fpUru] ikafMR; dh Nki ds lkFk&lkFk O;aX; fouksn dk iqV Hkh


108

fo|eku gS A buds }kjk fy[ks x, fuca/k jkspd] Kkuo)ZdA vkd”kZd ,oa euksjatu gSA dqcsjukFkjk; fgUnh ds ,sls fuca/kdkj gSa ftudk fgUnh fuca/k lkfgR; esa fof’k”V ;ksxnku gS A ,d yfyrfuca/kdkj ds :i eas bUgks aus fgUnh fuca/k lkfgR; dh i;kZIr Jh of) dh gS A

9 - 5 dfBu ‘ k Cn

1- layXu 2- ifjekftZr

3- f{kfrt 4- izknqHkkZo

5- lukru 6- fu}ZU}

7- ykfyR;e; 8- iqjkrÙo

9- ohfFk;ksa


& fucU/k ijEijk eas dqcsjukFk jk; ds LFkku ij izdk’k Mkysa A

------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- ------------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- ------------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------

------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- ------------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- ------------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------

------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- ------------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- ------------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------

------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- ------------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- ------------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------

------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- ------------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- ------------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------

------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- ------------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- ------------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------

& dqcsjukFk jk; ij fopkj djrs gq, fucU/k ds fodkl ij izdk’k Mkys a A

------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- ------------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- ------------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------

------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- ------------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- ------------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------

------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- ------------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- ------------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------

------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- ------------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- ------------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------

------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- ------------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- ------------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------


109

------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- ------------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- ------------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------


1- yfyr fucU/kdkj dqcsjukFk jk; & MkWå lqjs’k egs’ojh

2- dqcsjukFk jk; ds fucU/kksa esa yfyr rRo & MkWå v’kksd

3- dqcsjukFk jk; vkSj mudk lkfgR; & vferk flag

4- fgUnh lkfgR; es a fucU/k vkSj fucU/kdkj & xaxk izlkn xqIr cblS;k

5- fgUnh fucU/k & x.kifr pUnz xqIr

6- fgUnh fucU/k dk fodkl & MkW- vksadkj ukFk ‘kekZ




-------------------


110


dqcsjukFk jk; ds fucU/kksa dh fo’ks”krk,a

1 0 - 0 #i j s[ k k

10-1 mí s ’;

10-2 i zLrkouk

10-3 dqcsjukFk jk; ds fuca/kks a dh fo’ks”krk,a

10-3 -1 Hkkjrh; laLÑfr ds vk[;krk

10-3 -2 vga ls bna & ^Lo* ls ^txr* dh ;k=k

10-3 -3 ijEijk ls vk/kqfudrk eas lapj.k

10-3 -4 tUeHkwfe iz se vkSj izfÑr&fp=.k

10-3 -5 cg qi{kh; Kku

10-3 -6 Hkkjrh; lkfgR; ls ik’pkR; lkfgR; rd QSyk fnxkar

10-3 -7 ekuorkoknh lUns’k

10-3 -8 fucU/k ds yfyR; es a lkfgR; dh xEHkhj ppkZ

10-3 -9 orZeku ds ToyUr jktuhfrd iz’uksa dh ppkZ

10-4 lkjk a’k

10-5 dfBu ‘kCn




111

1 0 - 1 m í s ’ ;

fucU/k dh lkekU; fo’ks”krkvks a ls ifjfpr gks ldsaxs A

fucU/k dk lkekU; vFkZ Hkh le> ldsaxs A

dqcsjukFk jk; ds fuca/kk sa dh fo’ks”krkvks a dks tku ldsaxs A

1 0 - 2 i z Lr kou k

dqcsjukFk jk; ds fucU/kk s a esa jktuhfrd] lkekftd] vkfFkZd ifjos’k dks mHkkjus dkiz;kl fd;k gSA os vius fucU/kks a es a lelkef;d leL;kvksa dks mBkdj mudk lek/kku [kkstukpkgrs gSa A buds fuca/kk s a esa foiqy ‘kkL= Kku] vxk/k ikf.MR; ,oa Hkk”kk dh viwoZ ‘kfDr ns[khtk ldrh gS A budh jpuk ‘kSyh esa x|&dkO; dh lh jkspdrk fo|eku gS A buds dkO;kRedfcEcksa] izrhdksa] miekuksa us vuqie vFkZcks/k iznku fd;k gS] rks yk{kf.kd Hkk”kk us vFkZ xkEHkh;ZmRiUu djus esa fo’ks”k ;ksxnku fn;k gS A buds fuca/kksa esa lkaLÑfrd cks/k Hkh i;kZIr ek=k es amHkjk gS A

1 0 - 3 dqcsjukF k jk; ds fuca/ k k s a dh fo’k s” krk, ¡

dqcsjukFk jk; fganh ds vf}rh; yfyr fuca/kdkj gS a A Hkk”kk&’kSyh vkSj dF; nksuks anf”V;ksa ls os viuk lkuh ugha j[krs A dqcsjukFk jk; us nks lkS ls Åij yfyr vkSj lk/ks fuca/kksadk s fy[kk g SA ¼fuca/ kdkj dk Lo dFku êjky* laxzg es a tks muds 14&15 fuca/k&laxzgks a es aladfyr gSA½ êjky* dh ^viuh ckr* ‘kh”kZd Hkwfedk esa mudk dFku gS] ^;g esjh vksj ls iUnzgokaladyu gS D;ksafd pkSngoka ^mÙkjdq:* ,d vlsZ rd izdk’kd ds ikl izdk’kukFkZ iM+k gqvk FkkA ^muds izeq[k fuca/k laxzg gSa & fiz;k uhydaBh*] ^jl vk[ksVd*] ^x/keknu*] fu”kkn ck¡lqjh]^fo”kkkn&;ksx*] îw.kZ eqdqV*] êgkdfo dh rtZuh*] êf.keqrqy ds uke*] ^fdjkr unh ea panz e/kq*]êu iou dh ukSdk*] ^nf”V vfHklkj*] ^=srk dk cgRlke*] ^dke/ksuq* rFkk êjky*A mudh yfyr‘kSyh esa xEHkhj ls xEHkhj fo”k;ks a dk eueksgu fo’ys”k.k izkIr gksrk gS ftlls ikBd lgt ghizHkkfor gks muds izokg esa cg tkrk gS A blhfy, bu fuca/kksa dk O;kid Lokxr gqvk] fganh txrus bUgsa [kwc&[kwc ljkgk vkSj Hkjiwj lEeku fn;kA muds vf/kdka’k fuca/kks a ds izdk’kd Hkkjrh;KkuihB ds lapkyd izfl) fo}ku ik.Mq[kka jko us muds lEca/k esa fy[kk gS] îzlUu iq.; lfyykHkxorh HkxhjFkh us dqcsjukFk jk; dks jl iznku fd;k rks vle dh vkReh;rk us mudk ^rÙkcks/k*djk;k A nksuks a dk eatqy lkaetL; Jh dqcsjukFk jk; dh ys[kuh esa fo|eku gSA

oLrqr% vius yfyr fuca/kk s a esa dqcsjukFk jk; ns’k vkSj lekt] fo’ks”krk] laLÑfr ds


112

Toyar iz’uks a ij viuh iz[kj lksp dh vfHkO;fDr djrs gSa A blhfy, os vius fuca/kks a dks ^Ø)yfyr* Hkh dgrs gSaA ^jl vk[ksVd* dh vkSj] vc vUr esa--- ^’kh”kZd Hkwfedk esa os vius fuca/kksa dhizLFkku&Hkwfe dk o.kZu bl :i esa djrs gSa] bu fuca/kksa esa /kjrh esa Øks/k] /kjrh dh =kfg vkSj /kjrhdh d:.kk dk lekos’k gks x;k gS A Qyr% ;s fuca/k ^Ø) yfyr* LoHkko okys cu x, gSa A bUgsadsoy ^yfyr* dguk budk v/kwjk ifjp; gSA esjs tSls reksxq.kh oS”.ko ds fy, ‘kq) ckjgckuhyfyr&yyke cu mBuk&cSBuk&pyuk dfBu gSA lp rks ;g gS fd esjk lEiw.kZ lkfgR; ;krks Øks/k gS] ugha rks varj dk gkgkdkjA** bl vkRe&dF; ls muds fuca/kks a dh rklhj le> esavkrh gSA bl :i esa mudh fuca/k dsoy fparuijd ugha gS] os fparkiwjd gSa] fpark txkrs gS] fparkdjrs gSa] lnSo ;qx] lekt vkSj laLÑfr ds iSus iz’uksa ij fparu&izo`Ùk djrs gSa ikBd ds fy,Hkh ;s fuca/k ,d pqukSrh dh rjg gS] os ,d fo’ks”k izdkj dk lkaLÑfrd laLdkj ikBd ls ek¡xrsgSa A budk izR;sd ikB gj ckj fuca/kksa dh u;h&u;h fo’ks”krk,¡ mn~?kkfVr dj ikBd ds ekufldf{kfrt dk foLrkj djrk gS A bu fuca/kk sa dh fo’ks”krkvksa dk ,d LFkwy lk ewY;kadu ge fuEuizdkj ls dj ldrs gSa &

1 0 - 3 - 1 H k k jr h ; l aLÑf r d s vk[; kr k

vius fuca/kksa ds ek/;e ls dqcsjukFk jk; th us Hkkjrh; laLÑfr ds Js”B dks lkeus ykusdk egr~ iz;Ru fd;k gS A viuh pkj iqLrdks a& ^fu”kkn ck¡lqjh*] êu iou dh ukSdk*] ^fdjkrunh esa pUnze/kq*] rFkk ^mÙkj dq:* dk izfrik| crkrs gq, os dgrs gSa*] bu pkjks iqLrdksa dk fo”k;gS Hkkjrh;rk ds <k¡ps (Structure) vkSj ^vkfRed ewyk/kkj* (Spiritual Base) dh [kkstA**oLrqr% os thou&i;ZUr vius fuca/kks a ds ek/;e ls Hkkjrh; ijEijk&laLÑfr ds Js”B ewY;ksa lsu;h ih<+h dks ifjfpr djkus esa layXu jgsA os lgh vFkksZa esa îf.Mr* Fks A vaxzst+h lkfgR; rFkk‘ks”k if’peh lkfgR;] :lh lkfgR; vkfn ds fo}ku~ rksa Fks gh Hkkjrh; ijEijk ls mudk fo’kkyKku&Hk.Mkj Hkjk Fkk A oSfnd ijEijk] ‘kkDr ijEijk] fuxe&vkxe] lHkh dks mUgksaus xaHkhjnksgu fd;k Fkk A vius yksd vkSj lalkj dk mUgsa iwjk Kku vkSj lw{e fujh{k.k Fkk A ;s lHkhckrsa muds fuca/kksa esa ix&ix ij fn[kk;h nsrh gSA ^^Hkkjrh; laLÑfr ds vk/kkj rhu gS % oSfnd]rkaf=d vkSj yksdk;r** & mUgksaus bu rhuksa dk xEHkhj v/;;u fd;k gS vkSj muds fuca/kksa es aix&ix bl fo’kky Kku&jkf’k ds d.k fc[kjs iM+s gSa tks vius ikBd dks lgt gh] yfyr :iesa] ,d laiUurk ns tkrs gSa A os Hkkjrh; laLÑfr ds lkj&rRo :i esa rhu ‘kCnksa dh vofLFkfrekurs gSa] ^^rhu ,sls ‘kCn gSa ftUgsa le>us dk lkeF;Z gks rks Hkkjrh;rk D;k gS] bldk mÙkj feytkrk gSA izFke ‘kCn gS ^Å¡* A --- nwljk ‘kCn gS ^f’ko*--- rhljk ‘kCn gS ^jke* A os bl Hkkjrh;rkdh xgu O;k[;k dk iz;Ru gh vius fuca/kksa }kjk djrs gSa A Hkkjrh;rk muds fy, naHk dh oLrqugha vfirq vius dks le>us] lgh :i esa tkuus dh fLFkfr gSA ^lgh Hkkjrh;rk {kqnz] ladh.kZ


113

jk”Vªh;rk ds naHk ds fcydqy vyx rF; gSA og loksZÙke euq”;Ro gSA iw.kZ ^Hkkjrh;* cuus dkvFkZ gS ^jke* tSls cuuk A** bl izdkj vusd :iksa esa os Hkkjrh; ijaijk vkSj laLÑfr ds Js”BrRoksa dks lkeus yk mUgsa gekjs orZeku ls tksM+rs gSa A ijaijk vkSj vk/kqfudrk ds feyu dk ,dvn~Hkqr lalkj muds fuca/kksa esa izLrqr gqvk gS A

1 0 - 3 - 2 vg a l s bn a & ^Lo* l s ^txr* dh ;k= k

dqcsjukFk jk; dh ;g fof’k”V ‘kSyh gS fd os fdlh NksVs&ls vius izlax dks vius xk¡o;k {ks= ls mBk dj fuca/k dk vkjEHk djrs gSa] fQj pkgs os dgha Hkh vius ikBd dks ys tk,¡;g mudh dYiuk dh Lora=rk gSA ^Lo* ls vkjEHk dj os lEiw.kZ txr vkSj tkxfrd leL;kvksadks vius fuca/k ds isVs esa lek ysus dh ps”Vk djrs gSa A êSa* ls izkjEHk dj ;g ;k=k ^bna* rdtkrh gS] bls lgt gh ^vga ls bna rd dh ;k=k dgk tk ldrk gSA ^jl vk[ksVd* ds fuca/kksals ;g ckr Li”V dh tk ldrh gS A ^jl vk[ksVd* fuca/k dk izkjEHk bl ?kVuk ls gksrk gS fdys[kd ds firkJh us iwNk Fkk fd rqe D;k cuuk pkgrs gks \ laU;klh vkSj mlds ckn îzksQslj*cuus dh dkeuk Li”V dj og vkxs c<+rk gS fQj i zksQsljks a dh dwi eaMwdrk] vkradoknh‘kSo&fl)kUr es a] fo’ks”kr% ewfrZ vkSj fp= dyk ls blds lk{; mifLFkr djuk] xzh”e jkf= dsfiNys izgj dh Jaxkj jl] vk;qos Zn xzaFkksa vkfn ds ek/;e ls e/kqjrk fl) djuk] egqvk chuuk]^xkFkk&lIr’krh* }kjk bl lcdh iqf”V] vkfn&vkfn ls mudk dF;&forku foLrh.kZ gksrk gSAblh izdkj ^r”kk] r”kk* A ver r”kk* fuca/k dk izkjEHk cpiu esa jVk;s x, igkM+s dh Lefr vkSjvius xk¡o esa vQhe ds [ksr tksrus dh izfØ;k ls izkjaHk gksrk gS vkSj fQj vkxs c<+dj ^vdfork*]Ýkal ds ^lqfjZ;kfyTe*] chVfud ih<+h] if’peh lkfgR; es a ukjh tSls xEHkhj iz’uksa dh vksj vkrsgSa A ^niZ.k fo’oklh* dk izkjEHk lqcg gtker cukus dh NksVh&lh ?kVuk ls gksrk gS A ^gjh&gjhnwc vkSj ykpkj Øks/k* rFkk ^dfo] rsjk Hkksj vk x;k* dh Hkh ;gh ‘kSyh gS A

1 0 - 3 - 3 ij aijk l s vk / k qfudrk e s a l apj. k

dqcsjukFk jk; ds fuca/kksa dh ljlrk vkSj vkd”kZ.k dk eq[; fcUnq ;g gS fd os ijaijkdks vrhr&eksg ds :i esa xzg.k ugha djrs gSa vfirq mlds lk[kku :i dks vius orZeku ls tksM+rsgSa A blesa os vius ikBd dks ,d fo’kky nf”V&cgqr cM+k fot+u&nsuk pkgrs gSa A ^êsjk mn~ns’;jgk gS fganh ikBd ds fganqLrkuh eu dks ^fo’o&fpr* ls tksM+uk vkSj mudks ekufld _f)iznku djuk A esjs fuca/k ^Hkkjrh; eu vkSj fo’oeu* ds chp ,d lkeatL; mifLFkr djus dhps”Vk djrs gSaA** ijaijk ls bl izdkj tqM+ dj Hkkjrh; ekul u dsoy vius dks xkSjokfUorvuqHko djrk gS vfirq og orZeku ds dqgkls esa vius fy, lgh fn’kk Hkh ikrk gSA og ckr izkjaHkdjrk gS bl dFku ls fd firk us tc iwNk fd D;k cuuk pkgrk gS rks laU;klh ds ckn izksQslj


114

ds :i esa thou thuk pkgus dh dkeuk esa og îzksQslj* ds orZeku :i ij fopkj djus yxrkgS ^^ftudh lkjh ckn’kkgr fo|kFkhZ&thou esa fy[ks x;s uksVksa ij vkfJr gS**] tks vlyh izksQsljdeZ djsaxs mUgs a [kwu ds vka¡lw ihus gksaxsA izksQslj fdl izdkj dqyifr dh fpjkSjh djrs gSa] bulc fLFkfr;ksa ij izdk’k Mkyk x;k gSA vQhe dh ckr djrk gqvk] og ml chVuhdih<+h vkSjmlds lkfgR; dh ckr djus yxrk gS tks vQhe dk lsou djrh gS A blh Øe esa fganh dh^vdfork* vkfn ij Hkh fopkj fd;k x;k gSA oLrqr% dqcsjukFk jk; ds fuca/k bl dFku dh iqf”Vdjrs gSa fd tks O;fDr ftruk vf/kd viuh ijaijk esa Mwck gksxk A og mruk gh vf/kd vk/kqfudgksxkA

1 0 - 3 - 4 tUe H k w fe i z se v k Sj i zÑ fr& fp=. k

viuh tUeHkwfe xkthiqj tuin ds xk¡o eRlk vkSj mlds izkÑfrd ifjos’k ls fuca/kdkjdks vikj izse gS] Qyr% og tgk¡ dgha Hkh volj feyrk gS] ogk¡ ds izkÑfrd n’;ksa dk dfoRoiw.kZesa ;nk&dnk ikrs pyrs gSa] ^;g iwohZ mÙkj izns’k dh /kjrh gSA ---bl iwohZ mÙkj izns’k dh /kjrhdk Hkh xzh”e esa viuk ,d Lokn gSA viuk ,d futh jl gS ftls ge oSjkX; jl dg ldrs gSaA ---viuh Hkwfe] viuh /kjrh rks viuh ek¡ gSA** ^r`”kk] r`”kk A ver r`”kk* fuca/k esa gekjs ;gk¡xkt+hiqj ftys esa lQsn Qwyksa okys iksLr gh gksrs gSa** dk o.kZu vk;k gSA xkt+hiqj vkSj vius xkaodh /kjrh dh izÑfr dks mlus Nk;koknh dfo dh vk¡[k ls fugkjk gS] ^ûkS cts ds ckn gh fnolnSR; dh rjl eq¡g dj vkx mxyus yxrk gSA pkjksa vksj Qly dV tkus ds dkj.k dgha&dghachp es a ccwy ds ‘;key isM+ vkSj fn;klykbZ ds fMCcs&tSls NksVs&NksVs fcuk f[kM+dh ds Msjs Anksigj dks ;g eSnku /kw&/kw djds tyus yxrk gS vkSj ;g {kqnz isM+ rFkk fMCcsuqek Msjs mldhfoLrr] likV futZurk dks de ugha djrsA ---cLrh ds pkjksa vkSj vo’; vke] tkewu vkSj egqvkds ckx yxs jgrs gSa A if’peh gok vkB cts fnu ls vkB cts jkr rd lEiw.kZ jks”kfXu ds lkFkgk&gkdkj djds cgrh gSA** dguk u gksxk fd xzh”e dh /kw&/kw djrh gokvksa vkSj iwjs ifjn`’;dk bruk lw{e vkSj jkspd fp=.k vkSj dgha Hkh izkIr gks ldrk gS A egqvk chuus dh ckr vkrhgS rks ys[kd dks vius xk¡o&izkar dk n’; ;kn vk tkrk gS] ^û;h mej dh yM+fd;k¡ v¡/ksjs eq¡gegqvk chuus vkrh gSA dHkh&dHkh cM+k gks jksekafVd dkjksckj gks tkrk gSA** vkSj rHkh O;Fkk es aMwcs ^^jl vk[ksVd dks vius xk¡o ds pekjksa dk xzh”edkyhu Hkkstu ;kn vk tkrk gS vkSj d:.kkls Hkh dg mBrk gS]** leLr iwohZ mÙkj ea ;g gksrk gSA** bl izdkj muds fuca/kksa esa tUe&HkwfevkSj mldh izÑfr ls ys[kd dk yxko lgt gh ns[kk tk ldrk gS A

1 0 - 3 - 5 c g qi { k h ; Kku

dqcsjukFk jk; ds fuca/kksa esa Kku ds vU; vuq’kkluksa dk ifjp; cgqr vPNh rjg feyrk


115

gSA Ñf”k lEcU/kh Kku ls ysdj T;ksfr”k] n’kZu] ‘kSo n’kZu] ‘kkDr&n’kZu ls ysdj yfyr dykvksa]fo’ks”kr%] ewfrZ vkSj fp=dyk] vk;qosZn] u`rRo’kkL=] Hkk”kk&foKku vkfn Kku ds fofHkUu Hkkjrh;lkfgR; dh vusd Hkk”kkvksa&caxyk] vlfe;k] vkfn dh ppkZ Hkh os ;=&r= djrs pyrs gSa Avaxzsth lkfgR; esa rks mudh xgjh iSB gS ghA bl izdkj muds fuca/k vius ikBd dks ,d ckSf)dlaink lkaSirs gS a A ^jl vk[ksVd* fuca/k eas ;fn ,d vksj vk;qosZn xzaFk ^Hkko izdk’k* dk mYys[kgS rks nwljh vksj T;ksfr”k dk ifjp; bu iafDr;ksa esa feyrk gS] **---czã eqgwÙkZ dh jpuk fo/kkrkus ^Lokn* ds fy, ugha xa/k vkSj :i ds fy, dh gS A ij jksfg.kh & exf’kjk dk czãeqgwÙkZ viokngSA** blh fuca/k esa vtark ds izfl) fp= dh ppkZ vkSj ;qxy ewfrZ;ksa esa uj&iq#”k dh lqanjrkdk foospu fd;k x;k gSA ^xkFkk lIr’krh*] Ýkal ds dfo;ksa ds vfr ;FkkFkZokn*] ^niZ.k fo’oklh*es a ^jht+u* vkSj ^buV~;w’ku* dh euksoSKkfud O;k[;k] dfo rsjk Hkksj vk x;k gS es a ^c `gnkj.;dmifu”kn~ dk mYys[k vkfn ls lgt gh vuqeku yxk;k tk ldrk gS fd fuca/kdkj viusikBd dks fdl&fdl izdkj dk Kku lgtrk ls ns Mkyrk gS A

1 0 - 3 - 6 H k k jrh; lk fg R; l s i k ’p k R; l k f gR ; rd Q Sy k fnxk ar

dqcsjukFk ds fuca/kk sa dh igq¡p&jsat&cM+h O;kid gSA muesa ikSokZR; vkSj ik’pkR; fopkj/kkjkdk vn~Hkqr laxe fn[kkbZ nsrk gS A os ftrus vf/kdkj ls laLÑr] ikfy] izkÑr vkfn ds lkfgR;dh ckr djrs gSa] mrus gh vf/kdkj ls ;wukuh] jkseu vkSj vaxzsth lkfgR; dh ckr djrs gSA mudsfuca/kks a esa bu nksuks a lkfgR; & /kkjkvksa ds chp lsrq ca/ku tSlk fd;k gqvk gSA vius fuca/k dschp&chp esa rks os fofHkUu ik’pkR; dfo;ksa] fpardksa] dkO;&’kkfL=;ksa vkfn ds mYys[k nsrs pyrsgh gSa] dqN fuca/kks a dk iwjk dk iwjk dF; gh ml lkfgR; dk gSA ^jl vk[ksVd* es a ^gksej*]&vkRe&dF;*] cftZy ij ^flag&}kj dk dfo iz se* rFkk ‘ksDlfi;j ij dfo iz sr us dgk‘k sDlfi;j* rhu fuc a/ k iwjh rjg lkfgR; dks gh lefi Zr gS aA fi z;k uhy d.Bh ,d xzhdizk sf”krifrd dk vkRek dF;* Hkh blh lkfgR; ls lEcfU/kr gS os ;Fkk&LFkku Hkkjrh; vkSjik’pkR; lkfgR; dh rqyuk rjg&rjg ls djrs pyrs gSa A mUgks aus vius fuca/kksa ds fo”k; esa tks;g dgk Fkk] ^êsjs fuca/k ^Hkkjrh; eu vkSj fo’oeu* ds chp ,d lkeatL; mifLFkr djus dhps”Vk djrs gSa**] mls iwjh rjg lR; fl) dj fn[kk;k gSA rqyuk djrs gq, os Hkkjrh; lkfgR;ds izfr vfrfjDr eksg dk xkSjoHkko ls vfHkHkwr ugha gS tgka tSlh fLFkfr gS mls mlh :i esa dgkgS ^gksej* vkRe dF; esa os bfy;V vkSj okYehfd ds lUnHkZ es a dgrs gSa] ^^,slk laxqfBr dFkkudu rks okYehfd dk gS vkSj o oftZy dkA xzhdksa dh dyk lEcU/kh /kkj.kk esa vkÑfr ¼QkWeZ½ dklcls vf/kd egRo Fkk vkSj QkWeZ dk ^xfBr* rFkk ^le&lqMkSy* ¼flesfVªdy½ gksuk ,d vfuok;Z‘krZ FkhA** bl izdkj os gekjs Kku&p{kqvks a dks [kksyus dk egr~ dk;Z lEiUu djrs gSa A


116

1 0 - 3 - 7 e kuor k o kn h l Un s’ k

dqcsjukFk jk; dh ekuorkoknh nf”V dk ifjp; fuca/k lkfgR; esa feyrk gSA os O;kidyksd&dY;k.kdkjh nf”V ls lkfgR;&ltu djrs Fks] blhfy, mUgksaus vius lkjs lkfgR; dks vius ^^varjdk gk&gkdj** dgk gSA ;gh ekuorkoknh nf”V ckj&ckj mUgsa lkekU; xzkeh.k tu dh vksj eksM+rh gSAegqvk dh e/kqfjdk vkSj mlls tqM+s jl&izlaxksa dk fp=.k djrs&djrs mldh nf”V Hkkjr ds djhc ijvk dj fVd tkrh gS] ^^tc fojgh ;{k ds es?k jkefxfj ij >qdrs gSa] tc dkfe;ksa dh fiz; _rq ikol/kjrh ij mrjrh gS] rc fganqLrku ds xjhcksa dh eR;q {kq/kk dk vk/kkj gksrk gSA vjgj dh FkksM+h&lh nkyesa dkQh egqvk ds Qwy vkSj ued Mky dj idk ysrs gSa A** fuca/kdkj dk dfo&ân; vius xzke&izkarjds xjhcksa dh vlgk; xjhch dh ihM+k ls LFkku&LFkku ij m}sfyr gksrk gSA blh Øe esa bl fuca/k esaxkao ds pekjksa }kjk cSyksa ds xkscj ls vuipk;k vUu fudky dj] /kks dj lq[kkus vkSj [kkus dk fp=.kfd;k x;k gSA ,sls LFky tgka dgha Hkh vkrs gSa] fuca/kdkj dh ekuorkoknh nf”V dk ifjp;feyrk gSA

1 0 - 3 - 8 fuc a / k ds y k fyR; e s a lk f gR; dh xEH k hj ppk Z

yfyr fuc a/k dh fo/kk ;ks dksey LoHkko dh fo/kk gS] mles a ykfyR; cgqr vf/kdxaHkhjrk dks vkus ugha nsrk gS fdarq dqcsjukFk jk; us bl lhek dk vfrØe.k cgqr gh [kwclwjrhls fd;k gS A os vius yfyr fuca/k esa ^tgk¡ u igq¡ps jfo] ogk¡ igq¡ps dfo* dh mfDr vuqlkjviuh dYiuk ls xaHkhj lkfgR;&ppkZ] dkO;&’kkL= dh xqfRFk;ks a dks lqy>kus ;k ,slh gh dqNxfj”B lkfgfR;d ckrksa dks pfpZr djus ds volj [kkst fudkyrs gSa] ikBd ij fcuk dksb ZvfrfjDr cks> Mkys A êu niZ.k* ¼niZ.k fo’oklh fuca/k½ ij fopkj djrs&djrs os viuk lkfgR;laEc/kh n`f”Vdks.k iwjh xaHkhjrk ls izLFkkfir djrs gSa fd muds fy, lkfgR; D;k gS] ^^blh ls eSaekurk gw¡ fd lkfgR; HkhM+ dk niZ.k ugha ;kfu HkhM+ dh QksVksxzkQh ughaA ij lkfgR; êSa* dk HkhniZ.k ugha A lkFk gh lkfgR; ^^HkhM+** vkSj ^êSa* ls ijs Lora= futh lrk Hkh ughaA lkfgR; gS blhf=dks.k ds vUrO;kZih fØ;k&lw= dk mn~?kkVu A lkfgR; ;FkkFkZ dks ugha] fdlh ;FkkFkZO;kih ,oalkFk gh ;FkkFkkZrhr eeZ dks] fdlh ^lqij fj;YVh* dks O;Dr djrk gSA bClu] ‘kW] gDlys viuh;FkkFkZ nf”V&Hkaxh ds ckotwn vius lkfgR; esa blh ^lqij fj;YVh* dks O;Dr djrk gSA bClu]‘kkW] gDlys viuh ;FkkFkZ nf”V&Hkaxh ds ckotwn vius lkfgR; esa blh ^lqij fj;YVh* dks] blh^;FkkFkZrhr* ls O;Dr djrs gSaA** vius fuca/kksa ds chp&chp esa os bu xaHkhj ppkZvksa ds fy, voljmifLFkr dj ysrs gSa A

1 0 - 3 - 9 or Ze ku d s Toy ar j ktu h frd i z’uk s a dh ppk Z

dqcsjukFk jk; vius le; ds vusd Toyar jktuhfrd&iz’kklfud iz’uksa ij vius O;aX;


117

ck.k lk/k dj mu ij viuk vfHker izdV djrs gSa A yksdra= vkSj iqfyl&O;oLFkk vkfn ijmUgksaus ^jl vk[ksVd* esa fopkj fd;k gSA ^gjh&gjh nwc vkSj ykpkj Øks/k* fuca/k esa fuca/kdkjyksdrU=h; O;oLFkk vkSj vius ns’k ds yksdrU= ij dbZ rh[kh fVIif.k;k¡ djrk gS] ;Fkk &^^gekjs ns’k esa yksdrU= gS gh ugha ;k fcydqy vlQy gSA yksdrU= ;gk¡ gS] ij dqN ,sls vLi”Vmy>s vkSj jax&fcjaxs eq[kkSVs igus gS fd bldh lPpkbZ gekjs fo’okl dks iz sj.kk ugha ns ik jghgS A ij tgk¡ dgha yksdrU= vkgr gksrk gS ogk¡ gekjk eeZ ihfM+r gks tkrk gS A** dfo rsjk Hkksjvk x;k gS* fuca/k esa iqfyl dk dk;Z&O;oLFkk ij ;g ekjd fVIi.kh nz”VO; gS] ^îwjs ik¡p ?kaVsrd ywV&ikV vkSj vfXudkaM pyrk jgk] ,d cM+k eqgYyk tyk dj lkQ dj fn;k x;k] jk”Vª/otdk txg&txg vieku {ks=h; tkfr;rk ds uke ij fd;k x;k A ij iqfyl ewd n’kZd cu dj[kM+h jghA eq>s tfLVl vkuUn ukjk;.k eqYyk dk ;g dFku fd Hkkjrh; i qfyl lokZf/kdlaxfBr Mkdw izfr”Bku gS] lR; ds i;kZIr fudV yxrk gSA

bl izdkj ge ns[krs gSa fd dqcsjukFk jk; ds fuca/k gekjs lkfgR; dh egRoiw.kZ fuf/k gS A

1 0 - 4 l kjk a ’ k

dqcsjukFk jk; ds fuca/kks a esa xEHkhj fpUru euu ds }kjk dgk tk ldrk gS fd budsfuca/kk sa dh ewy psruk ,oa ewy Loj lkaLÑfrd gSA ikSjkf.kdrk dk vkoj.k Mkydj os Hkkoqdrkds LFkku ij orZeku ;FkkFkZ dh vfHkO;fDr cM+h dq’kyrk ds lkFk djrs gS a A

1 0 - 5 dfBu ‘ k Cn

1- vkReh;rk 2- fujh{k.k

3- lw{e 4- tkxfrd

5- foLrh.kZ 6- dqgkls

7- vU;O;kZih

1 0 - 6 vH;klk F k Z i z’u

iz1- dqcsjukFk jk; ds fuca/kksa dh fo’ks”krkvksa ij izdk’k Mkfy, A

------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- ------------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- ------------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------

------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- ------------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- ------------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------

------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- ------------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- ------------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------

------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- ------------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- ------------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------


118

------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- ------------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- ------------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------

------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- ------------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- ------------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------

iz2- fuca/k dh fo’ks”krkvksa ij izdk’k Mkyrs gq, dqcsjukFk jk; ds fuca/kksa ij izdk’k Mkfy,A

------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- ------------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- ------------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------

------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- ------------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- ------------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------

------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- ------------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- ------------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------

------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- ------------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- ------------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------

------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- ------------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- ------------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------

------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- ------------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- ------------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------

iz3- dqcsjukFk jk; ds fuca/kks a dh lkfgR; Js.kh esa D;k Hkwfedk gS] izdk’k Mkfy, A

------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- ------------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- ------------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------

------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- ------------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- ------------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------

------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- ------------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- ------------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------

------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- ------------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- ------------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------

------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- ------------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- ------------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------

------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- ------------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- ------------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------

1 0 - 7 lUnHk Z x zUF k @ i qLrd s a










-----------------------------


119

M.A. Hindi Semester - IIICourse Code : Hin-303 Lesson No. 11

dqcsjukFk jk; ds fuca/kksa dh Hkk”kk ‘kSyh

1 1 - 0 #i j s[ k k

11-1 mí s ’;

11-2 i zLrkouk

11-3 dqcsjukFk jk; ds fucU/kk s a dh Hkk”kk&’kSyh

11-4 lkjk a’k

11-5 dfBu ‘kCn



1 1 - 1 m í s ’ ;

Hkk”kk ,oa ‘kSyh dk vFkZ tku ldsaxs A

Hkk”kk ,oa ‘kSyh dh fucU/k es a D;k Hkwfedk jgrh gS] ;g tku ldsaxs A

dqcsjukFk jk; ds fuca/kks a dh Hkk”kk ‘kSyh dks le> ldsaxs A


dqcsjukFk jk; ds fuca/kksa dh Hkk”kk ea s ykfyR;] jkspdrk] ikf.MR;] ljlrk vkSj cqf) oSHkofn[kkbZ iM+rk gSA mlesa vFkZ xEHkh;Z] yk{kf.kdrk] vkyadkfjdrk] fp=ksierk] izrhdkRedrk ,oa


120

mfDr oSfp«; Hkh fo|eku gS A Hkko iz/kku LFkyksa ij mlesa dkseydkUr vyaÑr inkoyh fn[kkbZiM+rh gS rks O;aX;&fouksn ds LFkyksa ij mlesa yk{kf.kdrk dk lekos’k gks tkrk gS A buds fuca/kksa dh‘kSyh vR;Ur vkd”kZd ,oa jkspd gSA euh”kh ds fy, fpUru&euu dh lkexzh vkSj lkekU; O;fDrds fy, lelkef;d leL;kvkas dk fp=.k buesa miyC/k gSA

1 1 - 3 dqc sjukF k jk; d s fuc a/ k k s a dh Hk k ”k k&’k Syh

dqcsjukFk jk; ds fuca/kks a dh Hkk”kk&’kSyh mudh p;fur fo/kk ^yfyr fuca/k* ds loZFkkmi;qDr gSA mudh Hkk”kk laLÑr ds rRle ‘kCnksa ls ifjiw.kZ gS rks mlesa lkekU; cksy&pky ds‘kCnksa dk vR;ar lgt iz;ksx Hkh gSA oLrqr% Hkk”kk vius dks Lo;a dF; ds vuq:i <ky ysrh gSAtc dfo eu dh ekSt es a dYiuk ds ?kksM+s yEcs nkSM+krk gS rks og Hkk”kk vR;Ur lgt gS fdarqtc mlesa xaHkhj fo”k; ppkZ] n’kZu] dkO; ‘kkL=] feFkdh; foospu vkrk gS rks ogh xaHkhj gkstkrh gS A ftls ge lkekU; cksypky dh Hkk”kk dgrs gSa] vke&Qge Hkk”kk dgrs gSa] mlesa xaHkhjfo”k; foe’kZ gks gh ugha ldrk A xaHkhj fo”k;ksa ij ckr djrs gq, og laLÑr&fu”B Hkh gksxhvkSj mldh vFkZ&laxfr;k¡ fof’k”V vkSj yk{kf.kd Hkh gks tk;saxh A dqcsjukFk jk; ds fuca/k bldFku dh dlkSVh ij iwjh rjg [kjs mrjrs gSA muesa lgt gh Hkk”kk esa ,d _rq izokg ns[kk tkldrk gSA bl Hkk”kk ds lgt izokg dk ,d mnkgj.k nz”VO; gS] ^^bZ’oj u lgh] ij mldh txgHkjus okyk yksdrU= ;fn bruk {kerkoku~ gksrk fd og vius esa vkLFkk dks tUe ns lds] rksHkkjrh; cqf)thoh vkgr Øks/k dh bl ykpkjh dks u Hkksxrk A Hkkjrh; cqf)thoh us nzks.kkpk;Zdh rjg vHkh rd bZeku ugha cspk gS vkSj gkFkks a dk lkSnk ugha fd;k gSA ij og ykpkjh Hkk sxdj fnu ij fnu viuk vkRe&{k; dj jgk gS] ;g ,d ^VªstsMh* gSA yksdra= esa oj.k Lokra=;gSA og oj.k djrk gSA ij lanHkZ ,slk gS fd oj.k vFkZghu gks tkrk gSA ;gka mudh Hkk”kk esa ,dvknZ’k izokg vkSj ‘kCn p;u esa iw.kZ mUeqDr Hkko ns[kk tk ldrk gSA ;fn ,d vksj mlesa laLÑrds ljy rRle ‘kCn gSa rks nwljh vksj ^ykpkjh*] ^lkSnk*] tSls mnw Z ‘kCn Hkh vkSj ^VªstsMh* tSlkvaxzsth ‘kCn fo|eku gSA mls xzg.k djus esa ikBd dks dgha dksbZ dfBukbZ ugha gksrh A ;fn /;kuiwoZdns[ks a rks xaHkhj ls xaHkhj ppkZ es a Hkh dqc sjukFk jk; tu&lkekU; es a izpfyr ‘kCnkoyh dksfuLladksp&Hkko ls xzg.k djrs gSa] mlesa dgha mnwZ ds ‘kCn gSa] dgha Hkkstiqjh cksyh ds rks dghavaxzsth ds ;Fkk & ^^lf”V esa ;fn xkSj ls ns[kk tk, rks loZ= uj gh lqUnj vkSj xq.koku gS] ukjhesa ltu lkeF;Z ek= gS vkSj dqN ughaa A** ;gk¡ dSls pqids ls ^xkSj ls ns[kk tk,* mnwZ dk ‘kCnvk cSBk gS] ikBd ¼;k ys[kd½ dks Hkh irk ugha pyrk fd og fdlh fons’kh ‘kCn dks bl rRle‘kCnkoyh ds chp ?kqlk cSBk ns[k jgk gSA

tc dqcsjukFk jk; eu dh iwjh rjax esa lkekU; ls] niZ.k tSls] fo”k; ij fy[k jgs gksrsgSa rks muds NksVs&NksVs okD;ksa dk foU;kl] ,d ‘kCn ek= dh iqu#fDr ls dFku dks ,d jokuxh


121

vkSj y; nsus dk iz;Ru ns[krs gh curk gS] ^ôkg js HkkbZ niZ.k**A rqEgkjk yksgk eku x;k A rqeesjs xq# gks] l[kk gks] lkjFkh gks] j.k esa] ou es a] tys LFkys rqEgsa lnSo lkFk esa j[kwaxk A rqe vcesjs ikWfdV esa jgksxs vkSj eSaus gkFk c<+k;k Fkk fd--- niZ.k Bgkdk ekj dj gal iM+k A** bl m)j.kesa ;fn ,d vksj ^yksgk eku x;k* tSlk eqgkojk iz;qDr gqvk gS rks îkWfdV* tSls vaxzsth ‘kCn HkhAblls Åij okD;&foU;kl viuh lgtrk vkSj izokg esa vius ikBd dks ck¡/krk gS A

;fn dqc sjukFk jk; rÙo&ppk Z djrs g Sa rk s mudh Hkk”kk ml le; i w.kZr% rRle‘kCnkoyh ifjiw.kZ rks gksrh gS fdUrq vxzkg~; ugha] ^ôSfnd _f”k us ftKklk ds leqnz esa] /;ku dsxgjs ty esa fujaUrj vius dks fLFkr djds vpkud og ^cks/k* ,d fo|qr izdk’k lk lgtkuqHkwfr¼bUV~;q’ku½ }kjk izkIr dj fy;k gksxk A ;g cks/k dgka ls vk;k \ dkSu ns x;k \ laLdkj&izokg \ bZ’oj \bl ij erSD; dHkh ugha gks ldrk** bl m)j.k esa ,d Hkh ‘kCn fons’kh ;k ns’kt ugha gS fdUrqfQj Hkh ;g Hkk”kk iw.kZr% xzkg~; cuh jgrh gSA iz’uksÙkj ‘kSyh esa tks iz’u ,d&,d ‘kCn ds ek/;els mBk;k x;k gS & ^^laLdkj izokg\ ijaijk \ bZ’oj \** ;g x| esa vkSj fo’ks”kr% fuca/k es aHkk”kk&’kSyh ds Lrj ij ,d fcydqy u;k iz;ksx gSA

dqcsjukFk jk; dh Hkk”kk&’kSyh esa O;aX; vkSj gkL; dk iqV Hkh izlaxkuqlkj feyrk gS vkSj,sls LFkyksa ij mudh Hkk”kk&’kSyh vkSj mRQqYy gks tkrh gSA ^jl vk[ksVd* fuca/k esa os izksQsljksadh dwieaMwdrk mudh v/;;u ls mijke gks tkus dh o`fÙk ij O;aX; djrs os dgrs gS ^^---buesaiapkuos izfr’kr ,sls gh gSa fd budh lkjh ckn’kkgr fo|kFkhZ thou esa fy[ks x, uksVksa ij vkfJrgSA** buds foijhr os izksQslj tks okLrfod vFkks Za esa viuk dÙkZO; dj jguk pkgrs gSa] mUgs a Hkhdqyifr dh pkVqdkfjrk esa ftl izdkj thou thuk iM+rk gS] mldk Hkh O;aX;iw.kZ fp=.k fucU/kdkjus bl izdkj fd;k gS] mu esa ls tks ikap vlyh izksQslj gksaxs os thou Hkj [kwu ds vkalw jks,axsvkSj ‘kklu jko.k ds ml X;kjgosa Å/oZeq[k ds izfr tks mudk dqyifr cudj vfHkf”kDr gksxk]mUgsa izfrfnu ‘yksdka vkSj vuq”Vqi NUnksa esa iz’kkfLr&xku djuk gksxk A

^^gs iz/kku ea=h ds l[kk] eq[;ea=h ds I;kjs xhr] gs izHkq] rqEgkjh n’keq[k ds X;kjgosa eq[ktSlh euksgj vkÑfr ij ljLorh izseklDr gS] y{eh mlls jkr&fnu ut+j yM+krh gS vkSj ikoZrhrqEgsa izse&i= Hkstrh gS ---bR;kfn A dguk u gksxk fd ys[kd us ;gk¡ dqyifr dh fu;qfDr dslkjs nan&Qan vkSj fQj ckn esa mldh dk;Z&iz.kkyh ij fdruh lVhd fVIi.kh bl O;aX;kReddFku esa dh gS A O;aX; ds lkFk&lkFk dqcsjukFk jk; gkL; dk Hkh cM+k f’k”V iz;ksx viuh fuca/k&’kSyhesa djrs gSa A gkL; dk ,slk gh izQqYy o.kZu ^niZ.k fo’oklh* esa ^bl izdkj izkIr gksrk gS] viuhgtker cukus dh fØ;k dks bl izdkj vfHkO;fDr nh tkrh gS ^^rc rd eSa psgjs ij ?kkl lhmxh ûwjs&[kqnk* dks Nhydj lkQ dj pqdk Fkk vkSj CysM ûwjs enZ* ds [ksr ij lfØ; Fkk vkSjdqN gh {k.kksa esa chloha ‘krh ds fdlh dkj[kkus ds NksVs&ls ekewyh f’k’kq] ,d CysM us ^[kqnk* vkSj


122

ênZ* nksuksa dh efgek dks dkVdj Qsad fn;kA** ys[kd us CysM&jst+j ls viuh gt+ker cukusdk bruk gkL;iw.kZ #i ns fn;k gSA

O;aX; vkSj gkL; ls vyx gVdj dqcsjukFk jk; dh ‘kSyh esa ,d vkSj jkspd rRo feyrkgS ftls oØksfDr ;k dFku&Hkafxek dgk tk ldrk gS A ckr pkgs vius tUe gh gks pkgs nwc tSlsNksVh&lh pht+ dk ifjp; nsus dh] fuca/kdkj viuh oØksfDriw.kZ ‘kSyh ls mls ljl cuk nsrkgSA ,sls LFkyksa ij u O;aX; gS] u gkL; vfirq dFku&opu&Hkafxek lglk gh eu eksg ysrh gSAvius tUe vkSj ifjos’k dks ys[kd bl izdkj O;Dr djrk gS dqN o”kZ gq, eSaus bl /kjrh ij ?kklikr dh rjg tUe fy;k Fkk fcuk fdlh rjg dh vlk/kj.krk dk lkSHkkX; eqdqV igus ef.k izokyksads ifjos’k ls vkrs nwj ,ao muds chp tks xsgwa] tkS] Tokj&cktjk dh [ksrh ls dgha vf/kd eu yxkdj ukeanrksa] fo”kanrks dh [ksrh fd;k djrs gSa A ;ks vius fgUnqLrkuh ds fglkc esa ?kkl&ikrdh rjg tUe ysuk dksb Z csbTt+rh dh ckr ugha gSA blh izdkj nwc ?kkl dk ifjp; nsrs gq,ys[kd lkekU; ls ‘kCnksa esa cgqr cM+h ckr dg tkrk gSA ^^;g ,d ls ,d csg;k ?kklksa dh gjhfrekugha tkurh A thou fdruk gBh gS vkSj e`R;q fdruh ijkftr] ykpkj vkSj nhu!** ;g dksb ZfgUnqLrkuh gjhfrek ls lh[ks A bu lc csg;k ?kklksa es a lcls ekewyh] lcls innfyr vkSjmRihfM+r] ij lcls bTt+rnkj gS] gjh&gjh nwc A* * dguk u gk sxk fd nwc&nwok Z dk ,slkekuohdj.k dj dFku dks rks vkd”kZd cuk;k gh x;k gS] ys[kd us viuh Hkk”kk&’kSyh dks ,dfcydqy u;h /kjk iznku dj nh gSA

izÑfr&fp=.k ds lanHkZ esa dqcsjukFk jk; dh Hkk”kk&’kSyh vkSj Hkh izkaty] yfyr vkSjljl gks mBrh gS A izÑfr ds fofHkUu rÙoksa vkSj fØ;k&dykiksa dks tc ekuohÑr fd;k x;kgSA rks mudh Hkk”kk dk lkSan;Z ns[krs gh curk gS] ^^---fnol nSR;&lk eq¡g cuk dj] thHk fudkydj vkx Qsad jgk gSA fnol ds Hkhrj okl djus okys oSjkxh iq#”k us viuh vfXu&tVk dks [kksyfn;k gSA mlds ds’kksa dh yiVsa varfj{k esa mlds eq[keaMy ds pkjks a vksj mM+ jgh gS vkSj ogviuh czãpkfj.kh o/kw if’pek ds lkFk lf”V esa e/;kUgosgyk esa] f=iqj dh osyk esa] varfj{k fogkjdj jgh gSA**

bl izÑfr&fp=.k dh ,d vkSj fo’ks”krk dqcsjukFk jk; dh Hkk”kk&’kSyh esa izkIr gksrh gSAog gS fcEckRedrkA iwjs n`’; dk ,slk fcEckadu fd;k x;k gS fd og n’;ca/k viuh iwjh Nfoesa ikBd eu esa mrjrk pyk tkrk gSA ,sls mnkgj.k izR;sd fuca/k es a ns[ks tk ldrs gSaA ^dfo]rsjk Hkksj vk x;kA* fuca/k esa izkr% dky dk o.kZu fuca/kdkj us ,slh gh dkO;kRed vkSj fcEckRed‘kSyh esa fd;k gS] Hkksj ds /khjs&/khjs vkxs ljdus] lwjt ds iy&izfr&iy Åij p<+us ds lkSan;Zdks dfo brus fcEckRed :i esa izLrqr djrk gS] ^îkap feuV rd yksgs vkSj Hkki dh Loj&lsuklekIr gks tk;sxh A ij nl ;k iUnzg feuV ckn gh lkjk ckx tx tk,xk vkSj lf”V ds Lojksa


123

ds vla[; bUnz/kuq”k bl vxyh jkr ds uhyk:.k ds’kksa esa my> tk,axs A var esa fdj.k dk igykizLQqVu gksxk vkSj eksg jkf= dks dkVrh gqbZ vkleku es a dchj dh dfork tSlh ykfyek ngdusyxsxh vkSj fQj /khjs&/khjs og fdj.k viuk foLrkj djds rqylh ds ;’k tSlh /kwi cu dj /kjrhij QSy tk,xh ij lqdfo ds ml /kwi dkO; fy[ks tkus esa ?k.Vksa dh nsj gSA** bl izdkj dsfcEc&fo/kku esa fuca/kdkj vuqdj.kkRed ‘kCnkoyh dk iz;ksx dj vius fcEcksa dks vkSj Hkh thoar:i ns nsrk gSA rUnzk esa f?kjs vkneh dks jsy ds xqt+jus dk vkHkkl dSls gksrk gS] bldk ifjp;vuqdj.kkRed ‘kCnksa ds ek/;e ls gh fn;k x;k gS] ^^rHkh jsyxkM+h ds pDds dk iUnzg ek=kokykvuq’kkflr Nan** Nd&Ndk&Nd! Nd&Nd! Nd&Nd!** Øe’k% fudV vkus yxrk gS vksj lkFk ghbl Dykfldy vuq’kkflr Nanksc) ykSg&dfork dks dkVrk gqvk ikl ds ‘kh’ke&daqtksa vkSj ok¡l&ouls fofo/k ou if{k;ksa dk Nan eqDr jksekafVd Loj Hkh mBrk gSA** jsyxkM+h dh Loj&ygjh dks ianzg ek=kdk Nan dguk vkSj ^Nd&Nd* dh /ofu dks ewrZ djuk] bruk fp=kRed o.kZu mifLFkr dj nsrk gS fdHkk”kk ds bl :i ij eqX/k gh gqvk tk ldrk gSA

bruk ifjfu”Br x| fy[krs gq, Hkh dqcsjukFk jk; vius xzke&izkarj ds Hkk”kk laLdkjls iwjh rjg tqM+s gq, gSaA ek?k ekl dh BaM dk o.kZu xk¡o&tgku esa fdl izdkj fd;k tkrk Fkk]blds dbZ mnkgj.k ^tUekUrj ds /kwez&lksiku* fuca/k esa mifLFkr gSaA ^^llqjk vkB cts ls ghlhyk iM+us yxrk gSA** ,slh gh jkrksa esa dHkh&dHkh cw<+s jke ujs’k feL=h jtkbZ esa nqcddjdjoV ysrs gq, dgrs gSa % ^^maxfy;ka ckgj fudyus ij QwVus yxrh gSaA ek?k dh jkr D;k gS]vQhe gS vQheA** bl o.kZu esa vkxs feL=h dgrk gS] ^^;gh ek?k jkr gS tc tokuh esa dystsds Hkhrj cksjlh tyrh FkhA** ,sls eqgkojs] ,slh yksdksfDr;k¡ dqcsjukFk jk; ds laLÑr&xfHkZr x|dks ,d u;h ‘kSyh iznku djrs gSaA ;s mnkgj.k mudh yksd&thou esa xgjh iSB dk Hkh ifjp;nsrs gSa fd fdl izdkj ogka dh jgu vkSj lgu dks os mfpr ‘kCn ns lds gSa A ,sls dqN mnkgj.k &

& ^êk?kh csVk vkSj ek?kh bZaVk nksuks a yky&yky fudyrs gSa] rkt+k vkSj ran#Lr ! bUgsa ek?kesa gh ikFkuk&iFkokuk pkfg, A**

& ^^llqj eksj dks vaxwj [kV~Vs vkSj lk¡i ehBs A D;k nqfu;k gS ! viuk&viuk lokn !**

& ^^dbZ eqgkojks a dk lxq.k vkSj lk{kkr~ vFkZ mUgha dh laxhr esa Li”V gqvk] tSls ^[kksvkdwVuk*] ^QM+ ij p<+uk*] êkeys dk [kjlku ij p<+uk* vkfnA --- blh rjg ds vuslqHkkf”kr iwjs ekl&Hkj lqurk jgk A**

ys[kd us bu lqHkkf”krks a dks ;Fkkor~ viuk dj viuh Hkk”kk&’kSyh dks ,d lgt+rk]ljyrk vkSj yksd ls tqM+ko ds xq.k iznku fd, gSa A

viuh Hkk”kk&’kSyh dks LokHkkfodrk dk jax nsus ds fy, fuca/kks a ds chp&chp esa laoknksa


124

dh Hkh fu;kstuk dh x;h gSA ik=kuqdwy jps x, bu laoknksa }kjk fuca/kksa esa ,d ukVdh;rk vkSjjl dk lapkj gksrk gSA êxf’kjk* ‘kh”kZd fuca/k esa ,d ?kM+h jkr x, fdlh Hkh ckx esa pkj&ik¡pLoj cksy jgs gksaxs dk o.kZu fd;k x;k gS vkSj fQj yxHkx <kbZ i”Bksa rd bUgha pkj&ik¡p Lojksadh laokn&lajpuk gS] ,d mnkgj.k &

^^ns[kks gks ! eSaus xzke&lsok th ls cksfjax ds fy, dgk rks mUgksaus ch- Mh- vks- ds ;gk¡:i;k tek djok fn;kA ij lky&Hkj gqvk og lqu gh ugha jgk gS A**

^^;kj] lc dehus gSaA gesa ljdkjh xzkaV feyh rks ;g dgus yxk fd #i;k udn u ysdjveqd dEiuh dk lkeku gh yksA lkyk lM+k&lk eky yw¡ eSa vkSj deh’ku cuk, ;s llqj ! ---eSaus ?kksj fojks/k fd;kA var es a cM+k&cM+k is ap yxk;k rks #i;k cjken gqvk A**

bu laoknksa esa ‘kCn&p;u dh LoHkkfodrk rks ns[krs gh curh gS tSls & ^ydM+ isapyxk;k*] vkfn laoknksa dks iwjh ukVdh;rk dk laLi’kZ fn;k x;k gSa] iwjs jax&ladsr ds lkFk Adks”Bd esa chp&chp esa ,sls jax&ladsr gS ¼,d vlgk; pqIih½ ! ekSu] ekSu] ekSu !**

fuca/kdkj us iw.kZ mUeqDr Hkko ls viuh Hkk”kk&’kSyh es a laLÑr ds ‘yksdks a] fganh dsdkO;k’kks a] mnwZ ds ‘ksj] ckS)ks a ds ppkZ xku] ^?kk?k* dh mfDr;k¡ lHkh dk mi;ksx fd;k gS muds,d gh fuca/k êxkf’kjk esa ?kk?k dh mfDr ls ysdj mifjfufnZ”V lHkh ds m)j.k fey tk,¡xsA

lHkh n`f”V;ks a ls dqcsjukFk jk; dh Hkk”kk&’kSyh vR;ar oSHko’kkyh vkSj fganh ds fy,xkSjoiw.kZ gSA fQj Hkh mu ij dHkh&dHkh ;g nks”k eafMr fd;k tkrk jgk gS fd mudh Hkk”kk dqNnq#g vkSj vxzg~; gSA bl vk{ksi dk mÙkj mUgksaus dbZ txg fn;k gS] fo’ks”kr% êjky* dh Hkwfedk^viuh ckr* vkSj blh esa viuh fVIi.kh ^vius ys[ku ds ckj esa A* mUgsa ;g {kksHk Fkk fd yksxmudh Hkk”kk dks nq#g D;ksa crkrs gSa] esjh Hkk”kk ds ckjs esa yksxksa dh vkifÙk;k¡ gSa fd eSa ,sls ‘kCnksadk ;nk&dnk iz;ksx djrk gw¡ tks vke vkneh ;k vke f’kf{kr tu dh tkudkjh ds ckgj gksrsgSaA esjk fuosnu gS fd ,sls ‘kCn esjs iwjs ys[ku es a] nks lkS ls lef/kd fuca/kksa esa] nks rhuntZu lsT;knk ughaa ,slk tgk¡&tgk¡ eS aus fd;k gS] lpsr vkSj ldkj.k <ax ls fd;k gSA--- fnDdr gekjsys[ku esa ugha gSA fnDdr gS uof’kf{kr dh Hkk”kkxr nfjnzrk ds HkhrjA esjs mn~ns’; jgk gS ikBdds fpr dks ,d ifjekftZr HkO;rk nsuk vkSj lkFk gh mldh fpÙk&o`fÙk dk foLrkj djukA**le; dh ekax gS fd fganh ds ikBd vkSj v/;kid fganh ds egkdks’k* ls tks /khjs&/khjs fodflrgks jgk gS] ifjfpr gksus dh ps”Vk djsaA** dqcsjukFk jk; dk ;g dFku mudh Hkk”kk ij yxs vk{ksidk lgt gh fujkdj.k dj nsrk gSA mudh fpark Fkh fd Hkk”kk ds lanHkZ esa Hkh fganh dk ikBd,d izdkj dh dwi eaMwdrk dk f’kdkj gSA mudk dFku gS] ^^fnDdr ;gk¡ ij gS fganh&lkfgR;dk fo|kFkhZ ckSf)d laLÑfr ls tqM+ s vU; {ks=ksa ;Fkk Hkkjrh; vk;qosZn] T;ksfr”k] deZdk.M] izkphu


125

ukSdk&u;u O;kidkj dh ‘kCnkoyh ls loZFkk vifjfpr jgrk gSA nwljh vksj yksgkj] lksukj]c<+bZ] ek¡>h vkSj gyokgs dh rduhdh ‘kCnkoyh ls vius ‘kgjh ifjos’k ds dkj.k fofPNUu gSAQyr% fganh dk êgkdks’k* tc vrhr esa ;k orZeku ds yksd&Lrj esa gkFk ik¡o QSykrk gS rksog vtuch yx~r esa pyk tkrk gS ¼ejky laxzg dk Hkwfedk ls½ A mudk n<+ er Fkk fd cgqrls iqjkus ‘kCn gSa tks vkt ifjfpr gks ysrs gSa fdUrq mudk ifjp; nsuk furkar vko’;d gS mudkrks mís’; gh ;g Fkk] ^êSaus viuh {kqnz lkeF;Z es a tks dqN fd;k gSa og ikbd dh Hkkf”kd {kerkdks le) djus vkSj mls viuh ns’kh Hkkf”kd laLÑfr ls ewy&lyaXu djus dh nf”V ls gh fd;kgSA

1 1 - 4 l kjk a ’ k

dqcsjukFk jk; ds bl Li”Vhdj.k vkSj gekjs Åij foospu ls ;g fl) gS fd mudhHkk”kk dfBu ugha gS vfirq og ,d fo’ks”k laLdkj;qDr Hkk”kk gSA os Hkk”kk&’kSyh dh nf”V ls fganhx| lokZf/kd leFkZ ys[kdksa esa ls ,d gSA

1 1 - 5 dfBu ‘ k Cn

1- feFkdh; 2- cqf)thoh

3- iqu:fDr 4- lgtkuqH kwfr

5- pkVqdkfjrk 6- vfHkf”kDr

7- laLi’kZ 8- lqHkkf”kr

1 1 - 6 vH;klk F k Z i z’u

& Hkk”kk vkSj ‘kSyh ds vFkZ ij izdk’k Mkysa A

------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- ------------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- ------------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------

------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- ------------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- ------------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------

------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- ------------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- ------------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------

------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- ------------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- ------------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------

------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- ------------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- ------------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------

------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- ------------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- ------------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------

& Hkk”kk ,oa ‘kSyh dk fuca/k ys[ku esa egRo LFkkfir djsa A


126

------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- ------------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- ------------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------

------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- ------------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- ------------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------

------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- ------------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- ------------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------

------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- ------------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- ------------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------

------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- ------------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- ------------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------

------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- ------------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- ------------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------

& dqcsjukFk jk; ds fuca/kk sa dh Hkk”kk&’kSyh ij foLrkj ls fopkj djs a A

------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- ------------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- ------------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------

------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- ------------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- ------------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------

------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- ------------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- ------------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------

------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- ------------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- ------------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------

------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- ------------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- ------------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------

------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- ------------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- ------------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------











--------------------------


127


ikB~;Øe esa fu/kkZfjr fucU/kksa ij iz’u

1 2 - 0 #i j s[ k k

12-1 mí s ’;

12-2 i zLrkouk

12-3 fuca/kks a ij fu/kkZfjr iz’u

12-3 -1 jl vk[ksVd

12-3 -2 r”kk] r”kk ! ver o”kkZ !

12-3 -3 niZ.k fo’oklh

12-3 -4 gjh&gjh nwc vk Sj ykpkj Øks/k

12-3 -5 dfo rsjk Hkksj vk x;k !

12-4 lkjk a’k

12-5 dfBu ‘kCn



1 2 - 1 m í s ’ ;

fucU/kks a esa fu/kkZfjr iz’uksa ls ifjfpr gks ldsaxs A


128

fucU/kdkj dh n`f”V dks tku ldsaxs A

fucU/kdkj dh laosnu’khyrk ls ifjfpr gks ldsaxs A


dqcsjukFk dk lexz yfyr fuca/k lkfgR; rFkkdfFkr cgqeq[kh izfrHkk Kku dh fo}rk dkifjpk;d jgk gSA bUgksaus ewy :i ls fucU/k ds ykfyR; dks gh izLrqr djus dh ps”Vk dh A dqcsjukFkjk; ,d fof’k”V izdkj ds lkaLÑfrd fpUrd gSA buds fpUru esa lkfgR;] bfrgkl] n’kZu] /keZ] feFkd]euksfoKku] yksd&xkFkk rFkk vusd tkrh; Lefr;k¡ ,d lkFk laf’y”V :i ls fo|eku gS A

12-3 fucU/kk sa ij fu/kkZfjr iz’u

12-3-1 jl vk[ksVd

^jl vk[ksVd* ds iz[;kr fucU/kdkj jk; vR;ar jle; :i esa viuh fof’k”V ‘kSyh esa ^vkRe*ls izkjEHk dj îj* ij vkrs gSa A oS;fDrd lanHkksaZ ls ns’k vkSj lekt ds fofHkUu Toyar iz’uksa] yfyrdykvksa&ewfrZ dyk] fp=dyk] Hkkjrh; n’kZu vkfn ds fofo/k iz’uksa ij viuh ,slh izsjd lksp izLrqrdjrs gSa fd ikBd ds eu esa os iz’u nsj rd ,d [kycyh vkSj lkFk gh ,d ekufld rfIr dk Hkkocuk, j[krs gSa A dHkh os gesa viuh ijEijk ls vR;ar xgjs :i esa tksM+rs gSa rks dHkh mUgha lw=ksa dks idM+dj fcYdqy orZeku esa ys vkrs gSa fuca/k dh tks ekjd nwjh] izHkko {kerk gS] og muds fuca/kksa dks vR;arlEiw.kZ ,oa xzkg~; cuk nsrh gSA vius cgkus ls os îzksQslj* in ds xq.k&nks”kksa ij [kwc mUeqDr :i esalVhd fVIi.kh djrs gSaA firk us muls iwNk fd os D;k cuuk pkgrs gSa rks izFker% mUgksaus laU;klh cuukpkgkA firk us mUgsa izseiwoZd le>k;k fd laU;klh gksus esa dksbZ xkSjo ugha vfirq vieku gS D;ksafd ogijthoh vkSj fHk{kkthoh gksrk gS A fQj mUgsa îzksQslj* cuuk vPNk yxkA fdUrq bl thou esa izos’k djmUgsa izksQsljksa dh vlfy;r fn[kkbZ nh vkSj os mudk dPpk fpV~Bk izLrqr djrs gSaA izksÝslj dhdwieaMwdrk ij mudk vkØks’k gS fd buesa iapukosa izfr’kr ,sls gSa tks i<+us] v/;;u djus esa fcYdqyfo’okl ugha j[krs vkSj viuk iwjk thou mu uksV~l ds lgkjs gh dkV nsrs gSa tks mUgksaus vius fo|kFkhZdky esa fy[ks FksA blesa mudh lgk;d ;g ;qfDr curh gS fd ekr Hkk”kk mPp f’k{kk dk ek/;e u gks Aekr Hkk”kk esa f’k{kk gksus ls fo|kfFkZ;ksa dh vius fo”k; ij idM+ gksxh] os d{kk esa iz’u djsaxsA ,sls esa buizksQsljksa dks fnDdr vk;sxh] mUgsa vius uksV~l iqu% fy[kus iM+saxsA tks ik¡p izfr’kr ^^vlyh izksQslj gksxsaos thou&Hkj [kwu ds vkalw jks,axsA** iwjh fo’ofo|ky;h O;oLFkk ftl Hkz”Vrk esa f?kjh gqbZ gS] mldh vksjladsr djrs gq, os mls jko.k ds n’keq[kksa ls Hkh c<+ dj ekurs gSaA jko.k ds X;kjgosa eq[k ds :i esa mudkdqyifr ¼okbl pkalyj½ gS tks fdruk gh ew<+ efr D;ksa u gks] lkjk izksÝslj leqnk; mlds xq.kxku vkSjpkiywlh esa yxk jgrk gSA dqcsjukFk jk; us tc izksQslj cuus dh dkeuk dh Fkh rks mUgsa ^^Hkkjrh;izksQslj ds bl dqfRlr thou ;k bl vfHk’kIr thou dh dYiuk** rd ugha Fkh A


129

fuca/kdkj vius dks ^jl vk[ksVd* jl dk f’kdkj djus okyk vFkkZr jl dk ekurs gSaA bl Vksgesa os vius xzkekapy] iwohZ mÙkj izns’k dh /kjrh dh vksj eqM+rs gSa A xzh”ekodk’k ds le; FkksM+s fnuksa dsfy, gh os ogka tk ikrs gSa & bls os ^{k.kksa dk vk[ksV* djuk dgrs gSa A mUgsa viuh ekr&Hkwfe ls vxk/k izsegS] os bl /kjrh ij ,d futh jl&ftls oSjkX; jl dg ldrs gSa A os ;gk¡ dh tyok;q] izÑfr dkjlkflDr fp=.k izLrqr dj ;g rF; izLFkkfir djrs gSa fd ^lf”V* esa ;fn xkSj ls ns[k tk, rks loZ=uj gh lqUnj vkSj xq.koku gSA ukjh esa ltu lkeF;Z ek= gS vkSj dqN ughaA** ;g rF; ,d u;k vkSjpkSdkus okyk fopkj nsrk gS fdUrq fuca/kdkj bls izÑfr vkSj fp=dyk vkfn ds ek/;e ls lR; fl)djrk gSA dks;y ls mnkgj.k nsdj os crkrs gSa fd dks;y dwdrh gS ,d Hkzkafr gS] uj dks;y ghlqjhysLoj esa xkrk gS vkSj eknk dks;y dsoy iztuu & dk;Z djrh gSA mudk dguk gS fd ^ê;wj] ‘kqd]dqDdqV] ikjkor] o”kHk] ex vkfn lHkh ij gh vkd”kZd] lqUnj vkSj xq.koku gksrs gSA** Hkkjrh;f’kYi&dyk vk’p;Ztud :i ls bl rF; ds ckjs esa lko/kku FkhA fo’ks”kr% fgUnw ewfrZ dykA** osf’ko&ikoZrh] fo”.kq&y{eh vkSj cq)&;’kks/kjk dh ewfrZ;ksa esa cgqr lw{e nf”V ls ;g ns[krs gS fd iq#”k ewfrZukjh ewfrZ ls vf/kd rstiw.kZ vkSj eksgd gS A vtark ds ,d izfl) fp= ds vk/kkj ij Hkh os bl ckrdh lf”V djrs gS fd ogk¡ cq) ;’kks/kjk ls vf/kd lqUnj vkSj nhfIr;qDr gS A

vkxs fuca/kdkj viuh ekr&Hkwfe ds tyok;q ij fopkj djrk gS fd xfeZ;ksa esa T;s”B esa Hkh ^jkrs‘khry vkSj lq[knk;d gksrh gS* fdUrq og bl rF; dh if”V vk;qosZn ds xzaFk ^Hkko&izdk’k* rFkk dfodkfynkl ds _rq&lagkj ds izdj.kksa ls iq”V djrk gqvk fl) djrk gS fd L=h&iq#”k&je.k ds fy, ;ghizgj] T;s”B dh jkf= dk ;gh dky izLrkfor fd;k x;k Fkk A fQj fuca/kdkj dfo gks mBrk gS ekr&Hkwfedh Hkksj dh ekndrk dk jliw.kZ fp=.k djrk gS] bls fuca/kdkj Ýsap dfo ih;js beSu;qy ds lanHkZ lsHkh le>krk gSA ys[kd dk /;ku Hkksj ds ^>ViVs* ;k ^>yQyk* dh vksj tkrk gS ftlesa egqvk ¼Qyfo’ks”k½ ekndrk ls pwrk gS A egqvk chuus ds fy, tks u;h mez dh yM+fd;k¡ tkrh gSaA egqvk chuus dsvusd jliw.kZ izlax ys[kd gky dh ^xkFkk lIr’krh* ds dbZ o.kZuksa ds }kjk crkrk gSA fdUrq fuca/k dkvar gksrs&gksrs og ,d d#.kk esa Hkhx tkrk gS fd muds xzke&izkarj esa pekj viuh xjhch esa fdl izdkjxkscj ls fudkys x, vUu dks [kkrs gSa vkSj mldh xehZ dks nwj djus ds fy, egq, dk iz;ksx djrs gSaA

12-3-2 r”kk&r”kk !~ ver o”kk Z !

dqcsjukFk jk; viuh fpj&ifjfpr ‘kSyh esa vius yksd] xk¡o&izkarj esa gh jgh vQhe ;k vfgQsudh [ksrh ls izkjEHk dj lkSan;Z vkSj izse ds vusd i{kksa ij fopkj dj cfVuhd ih<+h] cfVuhd dk Ýkalesa gq, dkO;kanksyu ls ysdj fgUnh ds ^vdfork* vkanksyu] fujkyk vkSj VSxksj ds dkO;] u;h dfork]ckaXyk dfo thoukuan nkl] xkt+hiqj dh xzkE;&Hkwfe] dkQdk] Vkeleku] dkew] lk=Z izHkfr dfo;ksa dhukjh&nf”V] /kjrh vkSj ukjh ds lkSan;Z tSls vusd fo”k;ksa ij viuh mUeqDr vkSj xgu ‘kks/kd dh nf”VrFkk fuca/kdkj dh dkO;kRed laosnuk dk ifjp; fn;k gS A dqcsjukFk jk; dk ;g fuca/k Hkh mudh dyk


130

ds fo’kky forku dk ifjp; nsrk gS] cM+k O;kid gS dSuosl mudk] vR;Ur foLrh.kZ A ftls^[kl* ;k ^[kl[kkl* dgk tkrk gS] mlh ds ikS/ks ls vQhe ;k vfgQsu curh gS A bls iksLr Hkhdgk tkrk gS] blh iksLr dh [ksrh ys[]kd ds x`g tuin xkt+hiqj esa gksrh gS] êSa ftl tuinls vk;k gw¡ og vQhe vkSj b= xqykc ds fy, e’kgwj gSA** vaxzstks a us vQhe dh [ksrh izkjEHkdjk;h Fkh A bls bTtr dh [ksrh ugha ekuk tkrk Fkk fdUrq fuca/kdkj dk eu vQhe ds Qwyksa]iksLrksa ds Qwyksa ds lkSan;Z ij jh> dj mldk cM+k lEiw.kZ fp=.k djrk gS A bls os ,d ^tgjhyh[kwclwjrh* ekurs gSA blhfy, ml yksd&izkarj esa ^[kwclwjr Nksdjh ds fy, jksekafVd lanHkZ es a^;kj] Hkhrj cM+h e/kqj gS] iksLrs dk Qwy gS** fd vfHkO;fDr izpyu esa gS A fQj fuca/kdkj butaxyh&ls Qwyksa ds miekijd /keZ dh O;k[;k /keZ dh O;k[;k esa iM+ tkrk gS fd fdl izdkjfdlh ykfyek ds dkj.k gksBksa dk izfl) mieku gS] dks ysdj fuca/kdkj viuk vuqHko Jàxkjjl ds lanHkZ esa viuh pqVhyh&lh ‘kSyh esa djrk gSA okYehfd }kjk lhrk vkSj dkfynkl }kjkîDofcEck/kjks”Bh* ;{k dh fiz;k ds lanHkZ esa i<+s Fks fdUrq fcEcQy ds QwVus ij tks nqxZ a/k QwVrhgS] mlls fofLer gks ys[kd viuk vuqHko O;Dr djrk gS] ^[kwclwjr v/kj&jkx ds ihNs nqxZ a/kls Hkjk eq¡gA** ;g iksLr dk Qwy vf/kdka’kr% lQsn gh gksrk gS] dksbZ ,dk/k gh dqlaHkh jax dkgks tkrk gS A

fQj fuca/kdkj ml chVuhd ih<+h ij vk tkrk gS tks vQhe dk lsou dj chVuhddfork ;k dgkuh jprh gS bl lkfgR; ij viuh O;aX;eh iz[kj lksp ls ys[kd okj djrk gS] ^^---;fn vQhe vk/kqfud Hkko & cks/k dk QS’kuscy laokgu LohÑr gks tkrh gS rks lkezkT;dkfj;ksadks pkgs os iwjc ds gksa ;k if’pe ds ckSuh] dq#i] ukVh vkSj Hkn~nh ‘kfDr;ksa dh ik¡pksa ?kh esa jgsaxsAblh Øe esa og Ýkal ds ^lqfjZ;fyTe* ij fopkj djrk gqvk fganh dh u;h dfork vkSj u;hdgkuh ij vkrk gS fd bldk lEcU/k cfVfudksa ls ugha vfirq os ;wjksi dh ûkjkt+ ih<+h* lsgS A ;gk¡ u;h dfork vkSj u;h dgkuh ls ys[kd dk rkRi;Z ^vdfork* vkSj ^vdgkuh* ls gSAbls vkxs py dj iq”V djrk gqvk ys[kd dgrk gS** ---fgUnh dfork ^chV* ugha A blesa dqN HkkxØ) r#.kks a dk gS] D;ksafd mudh iRFkjckth ds ihNs 66&67 dk lkekftd ;FkkFkZ jgk gS chVuhd ,s;k’kh ugha fuca/kdkj , sls vkanksyuksa dh ;g lkFkZdrk rks Lohdkj djrk gS fd buvkUnksyuks a ls gh dHkh&dHkh cM+h lkfgfR;d izfrHkk,¡ izdk’k esa vkrh gS A

dfork ds LoLFk fodkl ds fy, Jaxkj jl dks fQj ls lgt djus dh ckr ys[kddgrk gSA mudk fopkj gS fd vdfork rd vkrs&vkrs ^êksgHkax ds uke ij vizkÑfrd vkSjvlgt Ükaxkj jl dk fo”k loZ= QSy x;k** bl lanHkZ esa og fujkyk th dh ljkguk djrk gSfd mUgksaus Ükàxkj dks lgt /kjkry nsus dk iz;Ru vkthou fd;k Fkk A izÑfr vkSj ukjh nksuksads gh Lo:i ls izHkkfor gks Ükaxkj dks lgt j[kk tk ldrk gSA muds tuin esa xqykc vkSj


131

vQhe nksuksa dh [ksrh gksrh gS] pquuk rks euq”; dks gh mlesa ls fd mldk lkFkZd D;k gS & xqykc;k vQhe !

bl iq”i&ppkZ ls gksrk gqvk dqcsjukFk jk; dk dfo&ân; if’peh lkfgR; esa fpf=rukjh&lkS an;Z ij vk fVdrk g SA dkQdk] Vkeleku] dkew] lk=Z] vkfn ds ukjh ik=k s a dhlw{erkvksa dk fo’ys”k.k fuca/kdkj us bu iq”iksa dh ppkZ ds fy, fd;k gSA os vkxs crkrs gSa fdfdl izdkj Ýkal dh u;h dfork es a ukjh dks xkSjoiw.kZ :i esa izLrqr d;k x;k gSA fuca/k dkvar vkrs&vkrs dqcsjukFk jk; viuh Hkko&izo.k ‘kSyh eas ;g izLrkfor djrs gSa] êsjh le> esa /kjrhvkSj ukjh dks vlqUnj vkSj dq:i dgus okyk euq”; tkfr dk lcls cM+k nzksgh gSA** mudk n`<+fo’okl gS fd lq”kek ds lEeq[k gh euq”;] euq”; jgrk gS] viuh vkfne voLFkk esa ugha vk ikrkAblhfy, mldk er gS] ^^/kjrh dk iq.; mldh lq”kek es a O;Dr gS vkSj lf”V dk iq.; ukjh esaA**bl lR; dk Lohdkj gh lPph ekuoh;rk gSA lkfgR; Hkh blh lR; ij vk/kkfjr gksuk pkfg,A

1 2 - 3 - 3 ^ni Z. k& f o’o kl h * fuc a/ k e s a O;Dr n’ k Zu

thou ds fofHkUu {ks=ksa ls tqM+rs gq, yksxksa us niZ.k dk egRo vyx&vyx rjg ls crk;k gSAnk’kZfud ek;k&niZ.k dh ckr dgrs gSa] HkDr vkSj lar ân;&niZ.k dks ifo= vkSj lkQ j[kus dh ckrdgrs gS aA dfo;ksa dk eu&niZ.k dYiuk dk Hk.Mkj gSA izseh&tu u;uksa ds niZ.k esa ns[krs&ns[krsfnu&jkr xqt+kj nsrs gSa] ckS) fHk{kq vkSj rkaf=d u[k&niZ.k esa Hkr&Hkfo”; ckapus dh ckr djrs gSa rks vU;cgqr ls yksx niZ.k dks fdlh vU; :i esa ns[krs gSaA fuca/kdkj us niZ.k dk tks :i ns[kk] og mls blfuca/k esa vfHkO;fDr ns jgk gSA

ys[kd vius cjkens esa cSBk jkLrs dh vksj ihB djds viuh gtker cuk jgk gS] mls rksfHkUu&fHkUu n’; vkSj muds izfr viuh izfrfØ;k&lksp feyrh gS] og izHkkoh :i esa ;gk¡ vfHkO;fDrikrh gSA jkLrs dh vksj ihB gksus ls niZ.k esa dHkh fdlh dk izfrfcEc vk tkrk gS rks dHkh fdlh vU;dkA mls ns[kdj yxrk gS fd eSa vn~Hkqr fryLe ds }kj ij [kM+k gw¡A ;g ^^lkjk vuqHko** ys[kd dks^^mruk gh mnkl] VSªftd vkSj var esa fuosZne; yxk] ftruk LoxkZjksg.k ¼egkHkkjr esa½ ioZ dk ikBA**niZ.k esa Nkrk yxk, ,d o) mlds ihNs ,d dqÙkk vkSj fQj flj ij Vksdjh j[ks dqlqaHkh jax dh lkM+higus ,d ukjh] blds ckn rhu vkneh] fQj nkSM+rh cdjh] rst+h ls vkrk fjD’kk] ekuksa HkhM+ dk ,d izokgtqywl dh ‘kDy esa niZ.k esa mHkj jgk gksA ;|fi ;g nks #i;s dk NksVk ‘kh’kk gS ij blds lanHkZ cnyrsgh ;g ,d ek;koh nqfu;k vius Hkhrj mrkjs gq, ;k jps gq, gSA ^ôgh ckgj ds lk/kkj.k dks vlk/kkj.krkdk nku nsrk gSA** ns[kh x;h oLrqvksa&O;fDr;ksa ds izfr lksp ls lkjs lanHkZ gh cny tkrs gSaA ys[kdekurk gS fd ^êfgek vdsyh niZ.k dh ugha] efgek ,d f=dks.k esa tUe ysrh gS vkSj og f=dks.k gS ;gKkrk xq.kh niZ.k] eSa ,d rUe; HkDr vkSj ;g HkhM+ dk tqywl xM~Mfjdk izokgAÞ blh fcUnq ij lkfgR;dk tUe gksrk gSA


132

ys[kd dh ekU;rk gS fd ÞlkfgR; HkhM+ dk niZ.k ugha] ;kfu HkhM+ dh QksVksxzkQh ughaAij lkfgR; eSa dk Hkh niZ.k ughaA lkFk gh lkfgR; ^HkhM+* vkSj êSa* ls ijs LorU= futh lÙkk HkhughaA lkfgR; gS blh f=dks.k ds vUrO;k Zih fØ;k&lw= dk mn~?kkVuAÞ ;gha os lkfgR; es a;FkkFkZ&fp=.k ds Lo:i ij fopkj djrs gq, bClu] ‘kkW] gDlys tSls ys[kdksa dh ;FkkFkZ&fu:i.k&nf”Vij fopkj djrs gSa A ;g fLFkfr fdl izdkj osn esa O;Dr fopkjksa ls esy [kkrh gS] bl ij Hkhys[kd fopkj djrk gS A vkxs ys[kd osn&of.kZr ekU;rkvksa ij fopkj djrk gqvk ^rdZ cqf)*¼^jhtu*½ rFkk lgtrkuqHkwfr ¼buV~;w’ku½ eu dh nks izdkj dh izfØ;kvksa ij fopkj djrk gSAoSKkfud ^rdZ cqf)* dk vkJ; ysrs gSa fdUrq lp ckr ;g gS fd vkt rd ftrus Hkh vkfo”dkjgq, gSa os ^lgktuqHkwfr ds vk’khZokn Lo:i gSaA mudh n`<+ ekU;rk gS fd ^pkgs dyk gks ;k foKkuekSfyd Kku dk vkxeu gesa fdlh ckg~; lrk ds vk’khZokn }kjk feyrk gS AÞ

brus lkjs lw=ksa esa ys tkus okys niZ.k dks ys[kd vc rd ek= ,d NSyk izÑfr dh oLrqekurk Fkk fdUrq lksp ds brus }kjk s ij nLrd nsus ds dkj.k vc og mUg sa egk;k sxs’ojJhÑ”.k ds leku fofo/k :iksa esa Lo:i /kkj.k djus okyk ek;koh ekurk gS A blhfy, og dgrkgS] Þokg js HkkbZ niZ.kA rqEgkjk yksgk eku x;kA rqe esjs xq# gks] l[kk gks] lkjFkh gks] d.k esa] ouesa] tys LFkys rqEgs lnSo lkFk esa j[kw¡xkAÞ vkxs os dgrs gSa fd ;g eu :ih niZ.k ds :i esa niZ.kges’kk esjs lkFk jgrk gS] izR;sd O;fDr ds lkFk jgrk gS ;g eu&niZ.k lnSo tkxzr jgrk gSA

1 2 - 3 - 4 ^gjh&gjh n wc vk Sj ykpkj Øk s/ k * fucU/ k e s a n wc

fucU/kdkj dqcsjukFk jk; dk er gS fd eSa Hkh vU; fgUnqLrkfu;ksa dh rjg ?kkl&ikl ds :iesa gh] vFkkZr~ lkekU; vkSj foiUu ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa mRiUu gqvk A fdUrq ;g dksbZ fgdkjr dh ckr ugha]xkSjo dh gh ckr gSA nwc dks ys[kd us lcls vf/kd ^csg;k] ?kklks a esa lcls ekewyh] lclsinnfyr vkSj mRihfM+r] ij lcls bTt+rnkj crk;k gSA bl ns’k esa dksb Z ekaxfyd dk;Z ,slkugha gksrk ftlesa nwc ¼nwohZ½ vkSj gYnh dk iz;ksx u fd;k x;k gks og rqylh i= ds lkFk ghnsoksa ds flj ij fojktrh gSA bl izHkqrk vkSj ,s’o;Z] lef) ds lao)Zu ds ;ksX; le>k tkrk gSAlkSHkk:X; of)] ‘kqHk ykHk vkfn dh iznk;d ;g ?kkl innfyr Hkh gksrh gSA u dksbZ bls lhaprkgS] u dksbZ bls ikyrk gS fdUrq ;g fo”ke ls fo”ke ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa Hkh viuk vfLrRo ugha [kksrhAblhfy, bls vfouk’kh dg ldrs gSa A fdlh pk.kD; dh dksbZ Hkh ;qfDr bls lq[kk ;k ekj ughaldrh A dqcsjukFk jk; ml Hkkjrh; ekul ij vk’p;Z izdV djrs g Sa tk s jke ls ysdj?kkl&ikl rd dks iwT; cuk Mkyrk gSA bl ?kkl esa tks ,d vD[kM+iu gS] fo”ke ifjfLFkfr;ksaes a Hkh vius vfLrRo dks cuk, j[kus dh vdM+ vkSj vkLFkk gS] og vkt ds yksdra=h; lektesa fljs ls xk;c fn[kk;h nsrh gSA vkt gesa bl cks/k dh vko’;drk gS fd eaf=;ksa ;k vU; lÙkk/kkfj;ksadh dqlhZ yksdrU= dk dqN ugha fcxkM+ ldrhA fdUrq vkt ,slk lkgl fn[kkbZ ns jgk gSA


133

ÞHkkjrh; cqf)thoh dqlhZ] lksuk] rkM+&[ktwj dks ml vD[kM+ <ax ls] ml vkRefo’okl ls tksdchj&rqylh esa gS yydkj ugha ldrkA vkt mldh djuh vkSj dFkuh esa cM+k QdZ gS A fQjHkh vkSlr cqf)thoh dh yksdra= ij vkLFkk dk;e gSA blhfy, dfork dh u;h ih<+h es aO;oLFkkxr Hkz”Vrk ds izfr ,d Øks/k&Hkko fo|eku gSA bls ys[kd us ^ykpkj Øks/k* dgk gSmldk vkgr Øks/k ,d vke ykpkjh esa gS ij vPNh ckr ;g gS fd vHkh rd Hkkjrh; cqf)thohus viuk bZeku ugha cspk gSA ij ykpkjh Hkksxrk gqvk fnu&izfr&fnu vkRe&J; dj jgk gSAbl izdkj nwc ¼nwokZ½ ds ek/;e ls fuca/kdkj us Hkkjrh; yksdra= es a cqf)thoh dh fLFkfr ijxEHkhjrk ls fopkj fd;k gS] viuh yfyr ‘kSyh esa A

1 2 - 3 - 5 dfo r sj k H k k sj vk x;k ! e s a O;Dr fopkj

izLrqr fuca/k esa dqcsjukFk jk; ik¡p cts Hkksj&rM+ds dks mBdj viuh euksfLFkfr dk fp=.k djizÑfr vkSj txr ds fdrus gh i{kksa ij nf”V Mkyrs gSa A viuh fpj&ifjfpr yfyr&yyke ‘kSyh esa osHkksj esa nwj&ikl ls vkrh vusd Loj&ygfj;ksa ij fopkj djrs gSa & jsyxkM+h dk ^Nd&Ndk&Nd !ÞiUnzg ek=k okyk Nan lqurs gSa] blds ckn ckx ls mBrh fofHkUu if{k;ksa dh leosr Loj&ygjh vkSj bllcds chp lw;Z fdj.k dk igyk izLQqVu gksrk gS rks fuca/kdkj x| esa ,d dfork jp Mkyrk gS] Þ---eksgjkf= dks dkVrh gqbZ vkleku esa dchj dh dfork tSlh yfyek ngdus yxsxh vkSj fQj /khjs&/khjsog igyh fdj.k viuk foLrkj djds rqylh ds ;’k tSls /kwi cu dj /kjrh ij QSy tk,xhAÞ ys[kddks vk’p;Z gksrk gS fd euq”; }kjk pyk;h tkus okyh jsy rks nsj&losj dj ldrh gS ij izÑfr us if{k;ksadks ;g lgt&Kku fn;k gS fd os fuR; Hkksj esa mlh le; viuk dyjo dj okrkoj.k dks e/kqj vkSj‘kqfprkiw.kZ cuk nsrs gSaA eqxkZ mlh le; ck¡x nsrk gSA fQj vk/ks ?k.Vs ckn nwljs cuik[kh pgpgkrs gSavkSj lcls ckn esa mtkyk QwVus ij dkSok dk¡o&dk¡o djrk gSA ^^dkSvk cksyuk] va/ksjs eq¡g] >yQyk vkSjuhyk#.k&{k.k leh dky&iq#”k dh ?kM+h ds ,d fcUnq ij ?kfVr gksrs gSaA fuca/kdkj dk vR;Ur lw{efujh{k.k gS fd Þtks i{kh xk¡o ds Hkhrj pkjk ij tkrs gSa] os vkf[kj esa txrs gSaA Þbl rF; dh iqf”V ogxkSjs;k] dcwrj rFkk dkS, ls nsrk gSA xkSjs;k vkSj dcwrj dkS, ds ckn gh txrs gSa] igys ugha A

blcs ckn efLtn ls vtku Loj vkSj eafnj ls vkjrh&Lojksa dk ?kks”k lqukbZ nsus yxrk gSA buLojksa esa izkFkZuk vkSj vk’khokZn tSlk ys[kd dks vuqHko gksrk gS vkSj og vk’p;Z djrk gS jktuhfr dhmu Hkz”V pkyksa ij ftUgksaus bu Lojksa dks bl :i esa u ysdj lkEiznkf;d oSeuL; QSyk;k gSA ;s Lojmls ,sls yxrs gSa ekuksa eqvfTtu vkSj iqtkjh us va/kdkj ds fo#) Lojksa dh lsuk [kM+h dj nh gksA vcva/ksjk buds lkeus #d ugha ik;sxk] jkf= ‘ks”k gks tk;sxhA gekjs mifu”knksa esa Hkh va/kdkj ls yM+us dkvk/kkj ôk.kh* dks gh ekuk x;k gSA ,sls le; esa lks, jguk vPNk ugha yxrk A fdUrq bfrgkl esa ,sls‘kkld Hkh gq, gS a ftUgksaus Hkksj gksrs gq, le; dh ;g vkokt+ ugha lquh vkSj mUgsa viuh lÙkkx¡okuh iM+hA jaxhys eqgEen ‘kkg dk ;gh gJ gqvk] tc le; dh Hkksj nLrd ns jgh Fkh] os lqjk


134

vkSj lqUnjh ds eksgik’k esa iM+s gq, FksA blfy, gesa Hkh le; jgrs eqxsZ dh ckax lqu ysuh pkfg,A gekjs dfo;ksa & rqylh] ^fnudj*] ^cPpu* vkfn us Þv#.kf’k[kkÞ ¼eqxsZ½ dh ck¡x lquus dh ckrsaviuh dfork esa ckjEckj dh gSA ys[kd vkSj ihNs ykSV dj ^jkek;.k*] êgkHkkjr* vkSj ^xkFkklIr’krh* esa dqDdqV&Loj ds lanHkZ [kkstrk gSA

blds ckn fuca/kdkj dqDdqV&ek¡l dk o.kZu djrk gS fd nsoh ls dqDdqV dk lEcU/kgksus ij Hkh vle esa bls vifo= [kk| ekuk tkrk gS A bls ekal&ppkZ ls vkxs c<+rk gqvk fuca/kdkj^lqjk*&’kjkc ij vkrk gS fd fdl izdkj vk;qosZn esa blds pkj izdkj crk,s x, gSa & eSjs;] vlcdksgy vkSj lqjkA og ;g fl) djuk pkgrk gS fd Hkkjro”kZ esa ekal vkSj efnjk lsou dh ,dLoLFk ijEijk fo|eku jgh gS A vk/kqfud ;qx esa Hkh Þvusd Js”B fgUnq ekal [kkrs FksAÞ foosdkuUnvkSj lw;ZdkUr f=ikBh ^fujkyk* ds mnkgj.k mlds lkeus gSaA blh Øe esa fuca/kdkj dydÙks dhlqcg vkSj ‘kke dks ;kn djus yxrk gS] ftl rst+h ls caxky esa vaxzsth vk jgh Fkh] mls og^caxjst+* ¼^vaxjst* ds ot+u ij½ dgrk gS] blh rjg enzkl ênjst+* gks jgk gS vkSj iatkcîtjst*A dydÙks dh lqcg Vªke vkSj ew”kdksa dk fo’ks”k vkd”kZ.k ys[kd dks ;kn gSSA blh izdkjle; vkxs c<+rk gS & ik¡p ct dj ik¡p feuVA Fkkus dk ik¡p feuV ysV dk le; mls iwjhiqfyl O;oLFkk dh [kcj ysus dk volj nsrk gS fd fdl izdkj bl ns’k dh iqfyl ges’kkokjnkr ds ekSds ij ysV gh igq¡prh gS A blfy, og tfLVl vkuUn ukjk;.k eqYyk ds bldFku ls viuh lgefr trkrk gS fd ^^Hkkjrh; iqfyl lokZf/kd laxfBr Mkdw izfr”Bku gSAÞiqfyl jkT; vkSj Hkh cnrj gksrk tk jgk gS] ;g Hkh ys[kd dh fpUrk gSA bl izdkj bl fuca/kesa dfo us Hkksj ds vorj.k ds fy, vusd leL;kvksa ij nf”Vikr fd;k gSA

1 2 - 4 l kjk a ’ k

vr% dgk tk ldrk gS fd dqcsjukFk jk; izÑfr izseh gSa A

1 2 - 5 dfBu ‘ k Cn

feFkd] izLFkkfir] ekndrk] laokgu] tuin] rUe;] ;FkkFkZ] cks/k] yksdrU=

1 2 - 6 vH;klk F k Z i z’uiz1- ikB~;Øe esa fu/kkZfjr fucU/kks a esa iz’uks a ij lw{e :i ls fopkj djsa A

------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- ------------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- ------------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- ------------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- ------------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- ------------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- ------------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- ------------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- ------------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- ------------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- ------------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------


135

iz2- jl vk[ksVd] r”kk ! ver o”kkZ fucU/k dh dsUnzh; laosnuk ij izdk’k Mkfy, A------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- ------------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- ------------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- ------------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- ------------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- ------------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- ------------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- ------------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- ------------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- ------------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- ------------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- ------------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- ------------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------

iz3- ^ni.kZ&fo’oklh* fucU/k esa O;Dr n’kZu ij izdk’k Mkfy, A------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- ------------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- ------------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- ------------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- ------------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- ------------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- ------------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- ------------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- ------------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- ------------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- ------------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- ------------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- ------------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------











----------------------------------------


136


Hindi 303 bookdde.pdf - Directorate Of Distance Education

Documents