1 A Summer Training Report On CONSTRUCTION OF CEMENT CONCRETE PAVEMENT At UTTAR PRADESH PUBLIC WORKS DEPARTMENT CONSTRUCTION DIVISION-1, CHITRAKOOT Submitted for Partial fulfilment of Bachelor of Technology CIVIL ENGINEERING SUBMITTED TO- SUBMITTED BY- DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING RAVI GUPTA GLA UNIVERSITY, MATHURA B. TECH ,4TH YEAR ROLLNO.-111000125
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1
A
Summer Training Report
On
CONSTRUCTION OF CEMENT CONCRETE PAVEMENT
At
UTTAR PRADESH PUBLIC WORKS DEPARTMENT
CONSTRUCTION DIVISION-1, CHITRAKOOT
Submitted for Partial fulfilment of
Bachelor of Technology
CIVIL ENGINEERING
SUBMITTED TO- SUBMITTED BY-
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING RAVI GUPTA
GLA UNIVERSITY, MATHURA B. TECH ,4TH YEAR
ROLLNO.-111000125
2
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I express my satisfaction on the completion of this summer training
program and project report submission as a part of the curriculum for the degree
of Bachelor of Technology, Civil Engineering. I express my deepest gratitude to
my supervisor and mentor Mr. SHIV KUMAR SINGH SIR and MR. ARWIND
KR. NAMDEV SIR for his kind guidance during the entire period of training.
His consistent support and advices has helped me to complete this research
project successfully. Also I thank all the members of PUBLIC WORKS
DEPARTMENT, CONSTRUCTION DIVISION-1, CHITRAKOOT, U.P. for
their kind support. They have always been a source of inspiration to me.
DATE: - 30/08/2014 RAVI GUPTA
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
S. NO. CONTENT PAGE NO.
1 PUBLIC WORKS DEPARTMENT: AN OVERVIEW 4
2 INTRODUCTION 4
3 WHAT IS ROAD OR PAVEMENT? 6
4 TYPES OF PAVEMENTS 6
5 TYPES OF CONCRETE PAVEMENT 7
6 MINERALS USED 8
7 CEMENT 9
8 SAND 10
9 AGGREGATE 10
10 PROPORTIONING 12
11 PROCEDURE TO CONSTRUCT PAVEMENT 12
12 PREPARATION OF THE SUB- GRADE OR BASE
COARSE
13
13 MIXING AND TRANSPORTATION OF
CONCRETE
13
14 PLACING OF CONCRETE 14
15 SLIPFORM CONCRETE PAVING 15
16 EXECUTION OF JOINTS 17
17 CURING 19
18 PROTECTION OF THE CONCRETE PAVEMENT 19
19 SPECIAL MEASURES 20
20 OPENING TO TRAFFIC 21
21 COST ANALYSIS OF RIGID PAVEMENT 21
22 CONCLUSION 26
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PUBLIC WORKS DEPARTMENT: AN OVERVIEW
Public Works Department (PWD), under the Ministry of Public Works department, is the
pioneer in construction arena of Uttar Pradesh. Over about four centuries, PWD could
successfully set the trend and standard in the state`s infrastructure development. It plays a
pivotal role in the implementation of government construction projects. It also undertakes
projects for autonomous bodies as deposit works. Public works Department has highly
qualified and experienced professionals forming a multi-disciplinary team of civil, electrical
and mechanical engineers who work alongside architects from the Department of
Architecture. With its strong base of standards and professionalism developed over the years,
PWD is the repository of expertise and hence the first choices among discerning clients for
any type of construction project in Uttar Pradesh. Besides being the construction agency of
the Government, it performs regulatory function in setting the pace and managing projects for
the country's construction industry under the close supervision of the Ministry of Housing
and Public Works.
The Public works Department has highly qualified and experienced professionals forming a
multi-disciplinary team of civil, electrical and mechanical engineers who work alongside
architects from the Department of Architecture. As a sister organization falling under the
administrative control of the Ministry of Public Works department, the latter works well with
the PWD in providing service to the nation. With its strong base of standards and
professionalism developed over the years, the PWD is the repository of expertise and hence
the first choices among discerning clients for any type of construction project in Bangladesh.
It is recognized as a leader and pacesetter in the construction industry because of its
consistently superior performance.
INTRODUCTION
Development of a country depends on the connectivity of various places with adequate road
network. Roads are the major channel of transportation for carrying goods and passengers.
They play a significant role in improving the socio-economic standards of a region. Roads
constitute the most important mode of communication in areas where railways have not
developed much and form the basic infra-structure for the development and economic growth
of the country. The benefits from the investment in road sector are indirect, long-term and not
immediately visible. Roads are important assets for any nation. However, merely creating
these assets is not enough, it has to be planned carefully and a pavement which is not
designed properly deteriorates fast. India is a large country having huge resource of materials.
If these local materials are used properly, the cost of construction can be reduced. There are
various type of pavements which differ in their suitability in different environments. Each
type of pavement has its own merits and demerits. Despite a large number of seminars and
conference, still in India, 98% roads are having flexible pavements. A lot of research has
been made on use of Waste materials but the role of these materials is still limited. So there is
need to take a holistic approach and mark the areas where these are most suitable.
India has one of the largest road networks in the world (over 3 million km at present).For the
purpose of management and administration, roads in India are divided into the following five
categories:
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National Highways (NH)
State Highways (SH)
Major District Roads (MDR)
Other District Roads (ODR)
Village Roads (VR)
The National Highways are intended to facilitate medium and long distance inter-city
passenger and freight traffic across the country. The State Highways are supposed to carry
the traffic along major centres within the State. Other District Roads and Village Roads
provide villages accessibility to meet their social needs as also the means to transport
agriculture produce from village to nearby markets. Major District Roads provide the
secondary function of linkage between main roads and rural roads.
Point of view geographic and population of the state is the nation's largest state. State
Industrial, economic and social development of the state and the population of each village is
absolutely necessary to re-connect to the main roads. In addition to state important national
roads, state roads and district roads and their proper broad be made to improve the quality of
traffic point of view is of particular importance. Public Works Department to build roads and
improve connectivity in rural zones, Other District Road and State broad and improvement of
rural roads and main routes narrow construction of zones and depleted bridges and brides
reconstruction of the bases are transacted on a priority basis. Also under Pradhanmantri Gram
Sadak Yojana and pre-fabricated construction of rural roads linking the work of other district
roads broad Kilometres the scale bases are edited.
Successful operation of various schemes for the Public Works Department engineers and
supervisory boards in different districts of the engineer‟s office has been settled. Activities by
planning, execution, and quality control etc. remove impediments find joy in relation to the
supervision over the activities are focused. Various schemes operated by the Department of
the Office of the Regional Chief Engineers and Chief Engineers office.
\
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WHAT IS ROAD OR PAVEMENT?
Pavement or Road is an open, generally public way for the passage of vehicles, people, and
animals.
Pavement is finished with a hard smooth surface. It helped make them durable and able to
withstand traffic and the environment. They have a life span of between 20 – 30 years.
Road pavements deteriorate over time due to-
The impact of traffic, particularly heavy vehicles.
Environmental factors such as weather, pollution.
PURPOSE
Many people rely on paved roads to move themselves and their products rapidly and reliably.
FUNCTIONS
One of the primary functions is load distribution. It can be characterized by the tire loads,
tire configurations, repetition of loads, and distribution of traffic across the pavement, and
vehicle speed.
Pavement material and geometric design can affect quick and efficient drainage. These
eliminating moisture problems such as mud and pounding (puddles). Drainage system
consists of:
Surface drainage: Removing all water present on the pavement surface, sloping, chambers,
and kerbs.
Subsurface drainage: Removing water that seep into or is contained in the underlying sub-
grade.
TYPES OF PAVEMENTS
There are various types of pavements depending upon the materials used; a briefs description
of all types is given here-
FLEXIBLE PAVEMENTS
Bitumen has been widely used in the construction of flexible pavements for a long time. This
is the most convenient and simple type of construction. The cost of construction of single
lane bituminous pavement varies from 20 to 30 lakhs per km in plain areas. In some
applications, however, the performance of conventional bitumen may not be considered
satisfactory because of the following reasons
In summer season, due to high temperature, bitumen becomes soft resulting in
bleeding, rutting and segregation finally leading to failure of pavement.
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In winter season, due to low temperature, the bitumen becomes brittle resulting in
cracking, ravelling and unevenness which makes the pavement unsuitable for use.
In rainy season, water enters the pavement resulting into pot holes and sometimes total
removal of bituminous layer.
In hilly areas, due to sub-zero temperature, the freeze thaw and heave cycle takes
place. Due to freezing and melting of ice in bituminous voids, volume expansion and
contraction occur. This leads to pavements failure.
The cost of bitumen has been rising continuously. In near future, there will be scarcity
of bitumen and it will be impossible to procure bitumen at very high costs.
RIGID PAVEMENTS
Rigid pavements, though costly in initial investment, are cheap in long run because of low
maintenance costs. There are various merits in the use of Rigid pavements (Concrete
pavements) are summarized below:
Bitumen is derived from petroleum crude, which is in short supply globally and the
price of which has been rising steeply. India imports nearly 70% of the petroleum
crude. The demand for bitumen in the coming years is likely to grow steeply, far
outstripping the availability. Hence it will be in India's interest to explore alternative
binders. Cement is available in sufficient quantity in India, and its availability in the
future is also assured. Thus cement concrete roads should be the obvious choice in
future road programmes.
Besides the easy available of cement, concrete roads have a long life and are
practically maintenance-free.
Another major advantage of concrete roads is the savings in fuel by commercial
vehicles to an extent of 14-20%. The fuel savings themselves can support a large
programme of concreting.
Cement concrete roads save a substantial quantity of stone aggregates and this factor
must be considered when a choice pavements is made,
Concrete roads can withstand extreme weather conditions – wide ranging
temperatures, heavy rainfall and water logging.
Though cement concrete roads may cost slightly more than a flexible pavement
initially, they are economical when whole-life-costing is considered.
Reduction in the cost of concrete pavements can be brought about by developing semi-
self-compacting concrete techniques and the use of closely spaced thin joints. R&D
efforts should be initiated in this area.
TYPES OF CONCRETE PAVEMENTS
1. PLAIN CONCRETE OR SHORT PAVEMENT SLABS
This type of pavement consists of successive slabs whose length is limited to about 25 times
the slab thickness. At present it is recommended that the paving slabs not be made longer
than 5,even if the joints have dowels to transfer the loads. The movements as a result of
fluctuations in temperature and humidity are concentrated in the joints. Normally, these joints
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are sealed to prevent water from penetrating the road structure. The width of the pavement
slabs is limited to a maximum of 4.5 m.
2. REINFORCED CONCRETE
Continuously reinforced concrete
Continuously reinforced concrete pavements are characterised by the absence of transverse
joints and are equipped with longitudinal steel reinforcement. The diameter of the reinforcing
bars is calculated in such a way that cracking can be controlled and that the cracks are
uniformly distributed (spacing at 1 to 3 m). The crack width has to remain very small, i.e. less
than 0.3 mm.
Reinforced pavement slabs
Reinforced concrete pavement slabs are almost never used, except for inside or outside
industrial floors that are subjected to large loads or if the number of contraction joints has to
be limited.
Steel fibre concrete
The use of steel fibre concrete pavements is mainly limited to industrial floors. However, in
that sector they are used intensively. For road pavements steel fibre concrete can be used for
thin or very thin paving slabs or for very specific application.
MINERALS USED
Concrete is widely used in domestic, commercial, recreational, rural and educational
construction.
Communities around the world rely on concrete as a safe, strong and simple building
material. It is used in all types of construction; from domestic work to multi-storey office
blocks and shopping complexes.
Despite the common usage of concrete, few people are aware of the considerations involved
in designing strong, durable, high quality concrete.
There are mainly three materials used primarily-
Cement
Sand
Aggregate
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CEMENT
Cement is a binder, a substance that sets and hardens independently, and can bind other
materials together. The word "cement" traces to the Romans, who used the
term caementicium to describe masonry resembling modern concrete that was made from
crushed rock with burnt lime as binder. The volcanic ash and pulverized brick additives that
were added to the burnt lime to obtain a hydraulic binder were later referred to as cementum,
cimentum, cement, and cement.
Cements used in construction can be characterized as being either hydraulic or non-
hydraulic. Hydraulic cements (e.g., Portland cement) harden because of hydration, a
chemical reaction between the anhydrous cement powder and water. Thus, they can harden
underwater or when constantly exposed to wet weather. The chemical reaction results in
hydrates that are not very water-soluble and so are quite durable in water. Non-hydraulic
cements do not harden underwater; for example, slaked limes harden by reaction with
atmospheric carbon dioxide.
The most important uses of cement are as an ingredient in the production of mortar in
masonry, and of concrete, a combination of cement and an aggregate to form a strong
building material.
TYPES OF CEMENT:-
Portland cement
Portland cement is by far the most common type of cement in general use around the world.
This cement is made by heating limestone (calcium carbonate) with small quantities of other
materials (such as clay) to 1450 °C in a kiln, in a process known as calcinations, whereby a
molecule of carbon dioxide is liberated from the calcium carbonate to form calcium oxide, or
quicklime, which is then blended with the other materials that have been included in the mix.
The resulting hard substance, called 'clinker', is then ground with a small amount
of gypsum into a powder to make 'Ordinary Portland Cement', the most commonly used type
of cement (often referred to as OPC). Portland cement is a basic ingredient
of concrete, mortar and most non-specialty grout. The most common use for Portland cement
is in the production of concrete. Concrete is a composite material consisting
of aggregate (gravel and sand), cement, and water. As a construction material, concrete can
be cast in almost any shape desired, and once hardened, can become a structural (load
bearing) element. Portland cement may be grey or white.
Portland fly ash cement
It contains up to 35% flyash. The fly ash is pozzolanic, so that ultimate strength is
maintained. Because fly ash addition allows lower concrete water content, early strength can
also be maintained. Where good quality cheap fly ash is available, this can be an economic
alternative to ordinary Portland cement.
Portland pozzolana cement
Its includes fly ash cement, since fly ash is a pozzolana , but also includes cements made
from other natural or artificial pozzolans. In countries where volcanic ashes are available.