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Higher tier approaches for linking environmental exposure to
bioaccumulation in regulatory context: MERLIN-Expo Tool estimations versus
Monitoring data
Isacco Luca1, Ferrari Federico2, Merli Annalisa3, Capri Ettore1, Suciu Nicoleta1
• The bioaccumulation of active substances of PPPs in non-target organisms represents an area of high concern.
• Within the Environmental Risk Assessment (ERA) the potential of a substance for bioaccumulation and biomagnification through the trophic web is investigated.
• Current harmonized approach involves only highly conservative and generic assumptions.
• Few higher-tier options are available to refine the scenario description or to implement mitigation measures within the exposure modelling.
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Objectives
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• To investigate the possibilities given by MERLIN-Expo as higher-tier refinement tool to assess Quinoxyfen fate in the environment and its bioaccumulation in aquatic species;
– link Quinoxyfen environmental exposure estimation, after its
application on grapes, to its accumulation in the aquatic food web of a surface water body located next to the vineyards;
– to asses the performance of the tool by comparing the estimated results with monitoring available data;
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The Fungicide Quinoxifen
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– Status under Reg.(EC) No 1107/2009: candidate for substitution (exp:
To provide all documentation, validation and demonstration elements for a standard tool
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Introduction - MERLIN-Expo
Environment
Terrestrial food
Aquatic food Human exposure
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Environment
Terrestrial food
Aquatic food Human exposure
(http://merlin-expo.eu/)
+ Mammals (Cow) Available soon
Modelling Exposure to chemicals (organic and inorganic) for Risk assessment: a comprehensive Library of multimedia and PBPK models for Integration, Prediction, uNcertainty and Sensitivity analysis.
Robust and regulatory-relevant tool for environmental fate and exposure assessments
• Invertebrates: concentration in sediments (scavengers); concentration in scavengers (predators)
• Fish: concentrations in sediment and invertebrates
- Crop interception: 60% (EFSA, 2014) - Spray drift – estimated with the drift
calculator included in the SWASH tool (FOCUS, 2001; BBA, 2000)
Matrices: soil, water, invertebrates, fish
Monitoring data from: Capri E and Merli A (2008) - Pesticide risk assessment in vineyard ecosystems, La Goliardica Pavese, ISBN 8878304948, Italy
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Selected MERLIN-Expo models
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Input data required by MERLIN-Expo models
“parameters” - constant over each simulation: chemical related parameters (e.g., physico-chemical properties of Quinoxyfen), site specific parameters (field dimensions and water body characteristics) and biota related parameters (e.g., diet preferences, physiological parameters of selected species); “time series” - time-dependent environmental data (e.g. application scheme and rate of Quinoxyfen, water temperature, precipitation, wind speed and solar radiation - data from FOCUS, 2001 scenario Bologna - MARS Project (Vossen e Meyer-Roux, 1995))
* estimated with the drift calculator included in the SWASH tool
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Quinoxyfen in soil -Modelling Vs Monitoring
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• Deterministic simulation, 2 years period
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Quinoxyfen in the water system-Modelling Vs Monitoring
• Deterministic simulation, 2 years period
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Quinoxyfen in the aquatic organisms – Modelling Vs Monitoring
Invertebrate starting its life at the beginning of the simulation.
LOD of 0.54 μg/kg Monitoring data – values below the LOD
Fish starting its life at the beginning of the simulation.
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Conclusions
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• Based on preliminary results, MERLIN-Expo may be adapted to be used for the exposure assessment of aquatic organisms to PPPs, by linking soil, water and aquatic organism models in the tool.
• Merlin-Expo was able to simulate the concentration of Quinoxifen in soil and sediment, near to the monitoring data values, using indications from the regulatory framework of pesticides (FOCUS R3 Scenario and SWASH model).
• The model overestimates the concentrations of Quinoxyfen in fish and invertebrates if compered with monitoring data; several variables influenced the comparison;
• Additionally probabilistic simulations and sensitivity analysis are required to refine the results and to effectively test the tool applicability for the regulatory framework of PPPs, including the implementation of mitigation measures.
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References:
• Model documentation and training materials available on: