a) High rate of mutation b) Founder effect c) Bottleneck effect d) Cats with extra toes are better at catching mice e) Extra toes are sexually appealing to female cats f) ? Q: A high proportion of the cats on Key West have extra toes (polydactyly). The most likely explanation is: How will this population evolve in the f
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High rate of mutation Founder effect Bottleneck effect
High rate of mutation Founder effect Bottleneck effect Cats with extra toes are better at catching mice Extra toes are sexually appealing to female cats ?. Q: A high proportion of the cats on Key West have extra toes (polydactyly). The most likely explanation is:. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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a) High rate of mutationb) Founder effectc) Bottleneck effectd) Cats with extra toes are
better at catching micee) Extra toes are sexually
appealing to female catsf) ?
Q: A high proportion of the cats on Key West have extra toes (polydactyly). The most likely explanation is:
How will this population evolve in the future?
Evolutionary Mechanisms
Biological evolution: change in genetic composition of a population over time
• How can the gene pool of a population be characterized quantitatively?
• What happens to the gene pool of a sexually reproducing population over generations?
• What mechanisms cause evolutionary change?– Model systems to study evolutionary
mechanisms
Quantifying genetic variation in sexually reproducing populations
Fig. 21.03
The gene pool is the sum of all alleles
Only locus X is shown,with three alleles (X1, X2 , and X3 )
Genetic structure is the frequency of the different genotypes in the population.
Allele frequencies
Cystic fibrosis is a recessive genetic disease. Among Northern Europeans, the incidence of CF is 1 per 2500 live births.
Q1: What is the frequency of the CF allele in the Northern European population?
Q2: What proportion of the population are carriers of the CF allele?
Random MatingIn Generation II, the allele frequencies are:
p =
q =
For a population in equilibrium:
F(AA) = F(Aa) = F(aa) =
Q3 - equilibriumIn both populations shown below, p = 0.6 and q =
0.4; which population(s) are in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium?Population A
36 red (CRCR), 48 roan (CRCr), and 16 white (CrCr).
Population B32 red (CRCR), 56 roan (CRCr), 12 white (CrCr).
a. Population Ab. Population B
c. Both A and Bd. Neither A nor B
Hardy-Weinberg (H-W) Equilibrium
• Assumptions.
• If the H-W assumptions are met, then allele frequencies will not change from one generation to the next.
HIV infection
• Is there genetic variation among HIV virus particles in an infected individual?
• Is there significant mortality in the virus population of an infected individual?
• Does genetic variation make a difference in survival and reproduction of HIV virus?