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CA 94612-3593 1-510-832-5606 Fax: 1-510-832-2436
www.liftech.net
HIGH PERFORMANCE PILE CONNECTION MCNEAR’S BEACH PARK PIER
REPAIR
Prepared by Liftech Consultants Inc. April 22, 2010
Project No. S1788
The ideas and designs presented in this paper were developed
using recognized engineering principles. The purpose of this paper
is to share information on a new design with the engineering
community. Anyone making use of this information assumes all
liability arising from such use.
Quality Assurance Review for Liftech Consultants Inc.
Author: Erik Soderberg Structural Engineer
Editor: Derrick Lind Structural Engineer
Stephanie Krol Technical Editor
Principal: Erik Soderberg Structural Engineer
This document has been prepared in accordance with recognized
engineering principles and is intended for use only by competent
persons who, by education, experience, and expert knowledge, are
qualified to understand the limitations of the data. This document
is not intended as a representation or warranty by Liftech
Consultants Inc. The information included in this document shall be
used only for this project and may not be altered or used for any
other project without the express written consent of Liftech
Consultants Inc
© 2010 Liftech Consultants Inc.
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S1788—High Performance Pile Connection McNear’s Beach Park Pier
Repair
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BACKGROUND
During a storm in the early morning of January 4, 2008, a 100 ft
by 400 ft barge broke its mooring and collided with the pier at
McNear’s Beach Park in Marin, California, damaging about half of
the pier structure. The damaged portions of the pier were replaced
with new structure.
REPAIR DESIGN ISSUES
To meet current design standards, the repair design criteria
required more strength, more ductility, and better seismic
detailing than the original design. Additionally, environmental
concerns required that the new piling be no larger in section than
the original piles.
PIER STRUCTURE
The pier structure consists of a precast concrete superstructure
supported by slightly battered 18 inch octagonal precast,
prestressed piles (see Figures 1 and 2).
Figure 1: Pier Elevation
Figure 2: Typical Pier Section
300’
© 2010 Liftech Consultants Inc.
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HIGH PERFORMANCE PILE-TO-PILE CAP CONNECTION
It was impractical to design the lateral system of the new pier
structure using a conventional pile connection design. A high
performance ductile pile connection was developed to meet the
design requirements.
Basis
The basis for the high performance pile-to-pile cap connection
used on this project was the testing of its components in a variety
of prototype connections studied as part of a research study for
the National Earthquake Engineering Simulation Research Seismic
Risk Management of Port Systems (NEESR SRMPS).
Liftech Consultants Inc. (Liftech), as a member of the advisory
committee for the NEESR SRMPS study, was involved with the
development of flexible pile connections specifically designed to
mitigate seismic damage between piles and wharf structures. As part
of this study, researchers, under the direction of Professor
Charles Roeder at the University of Washington, designed,
fabricated, and tested a variety of pile connection designs.
This study determined that providing a layer of strong but
relatively flexible material in the pile connection, and a
perimeter cushion, significantly reduced the damage from pile
rotation while achieving connection strengths similar to a
traditional pile connection.
Details and test results for traditional and flexible pile
connections are provided in Figures 3 and 4. The test results are
for 24 inch octagonal piles with 450 kip compressive axial
loads.
Figure 3: Traditional Pile Connection Test Results (Photo by
Charles Roeder, Univ. of Washington)
-125-100
-75-50-25
0255075
100125
-10 -5 0 5 10Drift (%)
Forc
e (k
ips)
0.30%/-0.32% 1.38%/-1.45% 2.5% 5.5% 8.5%
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Figure 4: Flexible Pile Connection Test Results (Photo by
Charles Roeder, Univ. of Washington)
Notice:
1. The flexible pile connection is nearly as strong as the
traditional connection at small rotations. The flexible pile
connection is stronger than the traditional connection at large
rotations.
2. The rate of lateral capacity decrease is greater for the
traditional pile connection due to structural deterioration.
3. The flexible pile connection prevents spalling damage to the
“deck” structure. 4. For both pile connections, the lateral load
decreases with rotation due to P-Delta effects. 5. Under cyclic
loading, both traditional and flexible connections degrade due to
spalling. Both
connections ultimately fail when the dowels buckle in
compression. The dowels fail after spalling occurs.
Pier Lateral System Design
Initial analysis indicated that a traditional pile connection
would result in severe damage at a small lateral displacement, much
less than required by the seismic design requirements.
To meet the design requirements, a high performance connection
was designed that is flexible and ductile. Significant P-Delta
moments limit the pile connection flexibility that could be
provided. An acceptable pile connection stiffness was obtained
using a 2 inch thick reinforced elastomeric pad between the pile
and pile cap, a 24 inch unbonded dowel length, and a perimeter
cushion (see Figure 5). Notice that the pad required in this design
is significantly thicker than that tested in the NEESR SRMPS study
and the unbonded pile length is longer.
-125
-100
-75
-50
-25
0
25
50
75
100
125
-10 -5 0 5 10Drift (%)
Forc
e (k
ips)
0.51%/-0.53% 1.52%/-1.57% 2.5% 5.5% 6.94%/-6.88% 8.5%
3/4 in.
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24"
NO
BO
ND
FOA
M
WR
AP
NO
GR
OU
T IN
DO
WE
L TU
BE
GR
OU
T IN
D
OW
EL
TUB
E
2"2 "
Figure 5: High Performance Pile Connection
The elastomeric pad is flexible enough that it will compress
about ½ inch in the design earthquake. The unbonded length of dowel
provides flexibility by permitting axial dowel deformation over a
much longer distance than if no unbonded length were provided.
Unbonding the reinforcing at the pile and pile cap faces prevents
tension spalling.
The pile shear forces are small and are carried mainly by the
expansion joint material when the pile is in compression, and
jointly by the dowels and expansion joint material when the pile is
in tension.
Fiber Reinforced Elastomeric Pad and Perimeter Cushion
The key components of the high performance pile-to-pile cap
connection are the fiber reinforced elastomeric pad and perimeter
cushion.
Fiber reinforced pads are commonly used to limit impact forces
and to control vibrations in structural and mechanical systems.
They are useful for structural bearing applications such as bridge
bearings. They are also useful at the pile connection for this
project because they have a breakdown stress of about 10 ksi and
they are flexible, having a secant modulus of elasticity of about
25 ksi.
The perimeter cushion is made of expansion joint material that
is sealed with silicone caulk. The material allows for movement
while sealing the interior of the connection.
© 2010 Liftech Consultants Inc.
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Expected Performance
The calculated moment-rotation relationship for the high
performance and traditional pile connections are shown in Figure 6.
The high performance connection is rotationally more flexible than
the traditional connection and, more importantly, the pile outer
shell fails at a much larger rotation. Accommodating large
rotations without spalling greatly reduces the risk of earthquake
damage.
0
250
500
750
1,000
1,250
1,500
1,750
2,000
0.00 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.10
M (k
‐in)
Connection Rotation (rads)
Calculated Moment vs. Connection Rotation ‐With 100 kip Compression
High Performance Pile Connection
Traditional Pile Connection
Figure 6: Pile Connection Moment vs. Rotation
The calculated pier pushover curve based on a non-linear
analysis considering P-Delta effects is provided in Figure 7 for
both the high performance pile connection used and a traditional
pile connection.
0.00
0.10
0.20
0.30
0.40
0.50
0.60
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
Acceleration (g)
Displacement (in)
Pushover Analysis
Demand ‐ CBC at 20% Damping
Capacity with High Performance Pile Connections
Capacity with Traditional Pile Connections
Hinging at Pile Stinger at Bedrock
Hinging at Pile Stinger at Bedrock
Spalling of Pile Outer Shell at Connection
Spalling of Pile Outer Shell at Connection
Failure of Pile Connection Tension Reinforcing
Figure 7: Pushover Analysis Including P-Delta Effects
© 2010 Liftech Consultants Inc.
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The NEESR SRMPS pile test results shown in Figures 3 and 4
indicate that under cyclic loading, a major risk for a pile
connection as it degrades is the dowel reinforcing failing in
compression due to local buckling after the pile’s concrete cover
spalls.
As shown in Figure 7, the high performance pile connection
permits enough rotation that the outer shell of the pile is not
expected to spall in the design earthquake. The pile connection and
pile cap will have little damage in the design earthquake.
SUMMARY
A damaged pier was repaired by replacing portions with new
structure. The new structure was designed to meet current seismic
design criteria. This required a high performance pile-to-pile cap
connection. The high performance connection was designed using a
fiber reinforced bearing pad, isolating the sides of the embedded
pile, and unbonding the dowels for 24 inches of length. The high
performance pile-to-pile cap connection used for this project added
little additional cost to the project and significantly improved
the seismic performance of the pile connection and the entire
structure. We expect little damage at the pile connection during
the design earthquake load.
We expect that similar connection details will provide similar
benefits for other structural systems.
REFERENCES
Robert E. Harn (2004), “Displacement Design of Marine Structures
on Batter Piles,” 13th World Conference on Earthquake Engineering,
Vancouver, B.C., Canada, August 1–6, 2004.
Robert E. Harn, “An Overview of Four Pier Facilities Designed
Using MOTEMS Seismic Criteria,” cited with permission from Robert
Harn, 2010.
Robert E. Harn, Thomas E. Castor, and Michael G. Wray (2001),
“Emergency Replacement of Ferry Berthing Structures at the Orcas
Island Ferry Terminal,” cited with permission from Robert Harn,
2010.
Michael Wray, Robert Harn, and John Jacob, “Port of Everett
Rail/Barge Transfer Facility Seismic Design Everett, Washington,”
cited with permission from Robert Harn, 2010.
© 2010 Liftech Consultants Inc.
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