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High-efficiency class E/F3power amplifiers withextended maximumoperating frequency
Chang Liu1, Xiang-Dong Huang2a), and Qian-Fu Cheng11 School of Microelectronics, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China2 School of Electrical and Information Engineering, Tianjin University,
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1 Introduction
With the rapid development of RF transmission systems, it is gradually required
that power amplifiers (PAs) operate with high efficiency, high output power, good
linearity and so on. Among these requirements, high-efficiency is the most critical
one, especially in high power or battery-powered applications [1]. Therefore, it has
been a hot topic to develop high-efficiency PAs.
The class-E PA is one of the well-known high-efficiency PAs due to its
relatively simple realization and elimination of turn-on switching losses because
of a soft-switching operation mode [2, 3]. However, as far as the peak drain voltage
(Vmax) is concerned, the class-E approach is not a good choice for practical
applications because of the relatively large switch stresses to active devices,
especially in the integrated circuit [4]. Fortunately, differing from the class-E PA,
the class-F/F−1 PA has lower Vmax and higher attainable operating frequencies [5].
Whereas, due to the tuning requirements [6, 7] and the lack of a simple circuit
implementation, e.g., [8], the class-F/F−1 PA also has performance limitations.
Based on the advantages and disadvantages in class-E PA [2, 3, 4] and class-F/F−1
PA [5, 6, 7, 8], it is of great significance to combine the two high-efficiency PAs
and present a new PA mode of operation: class-E/F3 PA [9, 10, 12, 13, 14, 15],
which not only realizes a relatively simple structure, but also reduces the peak
voltage Vmax [9, 10]. However, in the class-E/F3 power amplifier, the optimum
shunt capacitance (C) decreases with the increase of the maximum operating
frequency (fmax, is defined as the maximum frequency at which the device output
capacitance Cout can provide the shunt susceptance Bopt required for optimum
operation [11]) for the prescribed output power P0 and DC supply voltage VDS
[12, 13]. In practical applications, C becomes smaller than Cout in the high fmax
[14], which results in excess output capacitance Cx (¼ Cout � C). Owing to this, the
class-E/F3 PA operates at a suboptimal condition and its efficiency consequently
decreases a lot [15]. In a word, the fmax of the conventional class-E/F3 PA is
limited to hundreds of MHz when keeping its optimal mode of operation, thus
representing a crucial issue.
In this paper, in order to further increase the fmax of a class-E/F3 power
amplifier to GHz when operating at an optimal condition, a novel method of a
transmission-line compensation circuit (TLCC) is proposed. This structure com-