Hidrology Training

8/7/2019 Hidrology Training

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Hydrology Training Course:Geographic Information System(1) Topographic Analysis(2) Hydrologic (Stream Order) Analysis(3) Precipitation Analysis

What are we going to learn?

We will work with geographic data to create topographic maps, tostudy stream system and precipitation distributioin in KasumugauraWatershed with a software called 'ArcGIS'. This is a standard GIS

software by ESRI probably most widely used in the world.To get an general idea on what the GIS is, what you can do with it, etc.,please refer to this site (among otherts).

Overview• Topographic Analysis

o Contour Map

http://maps.google.co.jp/?ll=36.032442,140.386734&spn=0.505857,0.793076



http://www.esri.com/

http://www.gis.com/whatisgis/



http://www.esri.com/

http://www.gis.com/whatisgis/



o Surface Analysis: height range classification



o



o 3D View





o Stream Order Analysis



Stream Net and Stream Order

B: Horton's method, C: Strahler's method, A: Gravelius's method

According to the Horton's first law, the ratio of the number of stream N(i) of

the i-th order and that (N(i+1) of the (i+1)th order, Rb==N(i)/N(i+1) tends to

take a constant value of 4-5.

• Vegetation Map



• Map created from National Survey on the NaturalEnvironment (Green Census)

• Precipitation Distributionο Annual precipitation map created from wather stations

observation

http://www.biodic.go.jp/english/kiso/fnd_f.html







o Thiessen method to determine watershed meanprecipitation

o

o Annual precipitation map created from wather stationsobservation and radar data



o Difference between the two



「地理情報科学の教授法の確立」ホームページへ．

Let's Work!

Preparation• Installation of ArcGIS

The University of Tsukuba has a site licence of ArcGIS;thus you can download the software, install it to your own

PC and use it on campus free of cahrge. For installation,

the instruction manual is available here. Then for actual

downloading, please go visit the site at 「地理情報科学の教授法の確立」ホームページ． First, you need to

supply your affiliation (Graduate School of Life and

Environmental Sciences), name and e-mail address. Then

choose ArcGIS9.1 (the latest version). (If you have

ArcGIS9.0 already installed on your PC, first you have to

uninstall 9.0 and then start installation of ArcGIS 9.1).• Data Download

Create a working directory on your PC. Then download all the filesonto this directoryfrom http://www.envr.tsukuba.ac.jp/~sugita/gis/files. Keep everything(file names and directroy structure) of the file server. This server isaccessible only from within the campus.

• Preparation of ArcGIS

The details of the ArcGIS use can be found in Users

Guide you downloaded from the above site.

o ExtensionStar|ArcGIS|ArcMap, Select "A new empty map".

http://gis.sk.tsukuba.ac.jp/




http://gis.sk.tsukuba.ac.jp/operation_doc/ArcGIS9.1campusmanual.pdf

http://gis.sk.tsukuba.ac.jp/arcgis.html





http://www.envr.tsukuba.ac.jp/~sugita/gis/files


http://gis.sk.tsukuba.ac.jp/operation_doc/ArcGIS9.1campusmanual.pdf



http://www.envr.tsukuba.ac.jp/~sugita/gis/files



Tools|Extension|Check "3D analyst" and "Spatial Analyst", CloseTools|Customize|Check "3D analyst"と"Spatial Analyst", "Tools",

"Standard", "Layout", "Draw", "Editor", Close

Project #1．Topographic Analysis• Topograpgy of Kasumigaura

o Add "Kasumigaura_Project_Clip.shp" onto ArcGIS

Click on "＋" symbol on the menu bar. First time you

do this, you need to sepcify your wroking folder by

clicking "connect to Folder" button and select your

folder. Then within "Add Data" menu,

select"Kasumigaura_Project_Clip.shp".

This is called a shape file, a standard file type used in

ArcGIS. This shape file contains the elevation data as a 50

m grid within Kasumigaura watershed. This was created

by extracting needed parts with ArcTool Box (one of the

ArcGIS utilitiess) from the Digital Map 2000 of the

Geographical Survey of Japan. o Coordinate system and Projection o the Map

In general, a map has to be drawn wtih a certain type of

projection and coordinate system. Maps with different

system cannot be overlaid one over the other. However, in

ArcGIS, the newer map of different system will

automatically converted to the system of the existing map,

and thus they can be overlaid. So let's first check theprojection and coordinate system of the current map. In

arcGIS, unless you specify first, the projection and

coordinate system of the first data (in our case, those

of "Kasumigaura_Project_Clip.shp") you added will be selected.

http://www.gsi.go.jp/ENGLISH/index.html






Within the "Table of Contenst" (left panel of ArcMap), right click "layers"

choose "Propoerties|Coordinate System, and verify that it is

"JGD_2000_Japan_Zone_9" You can change this to different system by e.g.,

selcting "Predefined" system. • Get a rough image of topography with TIN

TIN is the Triangulated Irregular Network, one of the features of ArcGIS,to allow topography very easily by interporating data within thetriangles made from the data.

o Initial settingsSpatial Analyst|Option|

General|Analysis Coorinate System|".... same coordinate system asthe input...."

Extent|Same as Layer "Kasumigaura Project Clip"Cell Size=Minimum of Inputs

o Create TIN3D analyst|Create/Modify TIN|Create TIN from features|

Check Kasumigaura_Project_clipHeight source =ELEVOthers:keep default settings

o Edit/ModifyWithin the "Table of Contenst" (left panel of ArcMap), right click "tin"

|Properties|Symbology|Here you can change many things. For changing the number of

classes, Choose number in "Classes" of "Classification" in the right toppanel. To change the interval within each class, you can select

"Classify button , and cahnge the "Break Values" as youlike. To hide the triangles outside the watershed, you can do thefollowings: In Table of content, first add basin_kasumi.shp. Then rightclick "Layer" and select Property|Data Frame. Then you can check"Enable" on "Clip to Shape" and then Clic on Specify shape button, andchoose basin_kasumi as outline features. This will hide everything(i.e., not only tin but also other layers if there are some) outside the"basin_lasumi".

• Contour Mapo Initial Settings

Spatial Analyst|Option|General|Analysis Coorinate System|".... same coordinate system as

the input...."Extent|Same as Layer "Kasumigaura Project Clip"

o Create Contours



3D Analysis|Surface Analysis|Contour|Output features=contor.shp in your working folderOthers can remain as default values

o Edit/ModifyWithin the "Table of Contenst" (left panel of ArcMap), right

click "contour"Properties|Symbology|Categories|Unique values (ValueField=Contour)| Here you can modify the color, contour intervals etc.

• Extraction of Watershed Area

o Add map of Watershed

Click on "＋" symbol on the menu bar. Select"basin_kasumi.shp" , Click "OK" to the question from ArcGIS. Let'sremove TIN layer from the map. This can be done by remove

"Check"from "tin" of the main menu. Let's also remove"Kasumugaura_Project_Clip" Now we have contour layer and basin_kasumi layer. In order to seeboth together, make the top layer transparent. (Top layer is the layerthat appears at the top within the "Table of Content." You can changethe order by moving the layer names in "Table of Content.".

Within the "Table of Contenst" (left panel of ArcMap), right click "tin"|Properties|Display|Transparent

Change the default value of 0% to something like 40-50%.

• Extraction of Watershed Are

Start ArcTool Box by clicking button in the menu bar.

ArcTool Box|Analysis Tool|Extract|ClipInput features= Contour.shpClip featersー= basin_kasumi.shpOutput feature =Contour_clip.shp

Remove Contour.shp from the map. Now you only see contours withinKasumigaura basin.

Now, you can create/custermize your own maps by

changing colors, classification scheme, etc. Once you are

done, you can add legend, scale, etc. Please try those.



This should be done, first choose View|Layout View fro

mthe main menu bar. This is the view you can make a print

out. The selec Insert|Legend, North arrow, Scale bar, etc.

Lat/Lon lines can be added from "Table of Contenst" , rightclick "Layers" |Properties|Grids|New Grid.

• Other Maps.

When you finish the above works, please try the

following with the same data set.

o Topographic Analysis

3D Analyst|Surface Analysis|

Slope (the rate of maximum change in z-value from each

cell, a value between 0 and 90)

Aspect (the downslope direction of the maximum rate of

change in value from each cell to its neighbors; slope

direction, positive degrees from 0 to 359.9)

Hillshade (The Hillshade tool creates a shaded relief raster from a raster. The illumination source is considered at

infinity)

Area and Volume (calculate area and volume of certain

category. For example, you can calcurate area with altitude

<2 m, where there is a danger of flood. You can determine

the area of Mt Tsukuba withaltitude <100 m where you

could obtan material easily for construction etc,) Create

your own problem and apply this option to calculate area

and/or volume.

o 3D visualization

3D Analyst ArcScene (Click this button within 3D analyst

menu bar)



Within the new ArcScene Window, Click on "＋"

symbol on the menu bar. Select "contour_Clip.shp"

Within the "Table of Contenst" (left panel of ArcMap),

right click "contour_clip"

|Properties|Base Heights|Click open file button and

select "idw"

Change value in "Z Unit Conversion" from 1 to 10. When

this value is increase, the 3D topograpgy is magnified in z

direction. You can try different values later on.

You can also add "basin_kasumi.shp" to show the area

of watershed in this 3D map.

Similarly, you may want to add

"kitaura.shp", "Nishiura.shp", "sotona_sakura.shp", 3 major lakes of Kasumigaura.

You can change the way 3D looks like by click ing

navigation button in the menu bar and use mouse to

change the looks. This is fun!

Project #2．Hydrologic Analysis

Let's create a map of drainage net.. This is a map in which all riversystem (both main and tributary) is expressed as lines. In practice,this is determined by analysing the curveture of a contour map. Whenthere are a concave contour lines that would allows stream flow, thecurved portion of the contour can be connected with a line as part of drainage net. Note that not all nets have river flow at all times; somehave water flow only during a peak runoff period.

• Drainage net

Start ArcMap, with "A new empty map"option. First, definemap projection. Within the "Table of Contenst", right click"layers" choose "Propoerties|Coordinate System, andselect Predefined|日本周辺座標系|平面直角座標系|19 system|Jgd2000|JGD 2000 第 9系. Verify that wihtin the "Currentcoorinate syetm" window, JGD_Japan_Zone_9 is selected."Note that if you cannot find these, it is because your ArcGIS



program is original English versioin. These files are usuallyadded to the disk when you install Japanese version; Pleasecome to see an instructor to obtain needed files.

o Conversion from a mesh altitude data to a raster

altitude file

Click on "＋" symbol on the menu bar.

First time you do this, you need to sepcify

your wroking folder by clicking "connect to

Folder" button and select your folder.

Then within "Add Data" menu,

select"Kasumigaura_Project_Clip.shp". Initial settings

Spatial Analyst|Option|

General|Analysis Coorinate System|".... same

coordinate system as the input...."

Extent|Same as Layer "Kasumigaura Project Clip"

Cell Size=Minimum of Inputs On 3D analyst, Select Interporate to Raster|Inverse

Distance Weighted.Select "Kasumigaura_Project_Clip.shp" as Inputpoints. Output raster name should be changed to"idw" in your working directory. Other options canremain as default values. Select "OK". This willcreated raster file containing altitude by interpolatingmesh data. Note that this will take some 10-15minutes.

Extraction of the Kasumigaura watershed

parts. Open ArcTool Box Window by clicking .Select Spatial Analyst Tools|Extraction|Extract byMask. Input: idw, feature mask data:basin_kasumi.shp, Output: Extract_idw1.

Let's remove "idw" and "kasumigaura_Project_clip"from "Table of content"

o Drainage net from IDW

Remove "hollows"within the watershed. This is necessary

so that all water goes out of watershed.



Within ArcTool Box Menu

Spatial Analyst Tools|Hydrology|Fill

input=extract_idw1, output=Fill_extract1

• Calculate direction of flow

Spatial Analyst Tools|Hydrology|Direction

input=fill_extract1, output=FlowDir_fill1

• Evaluate whether or not there is an incoming flow flom neighbor cell.

Spatial Analyst Tools|Hydrology|Flow Accumulation

input=flowdir_fill1, output=FlowAcc_flow1

• Let's define river when the flow amount is more than 5. Flow amount is

a number of cells from which there is an incoming flow to a particukar

cell . The resulting file has１ when there is a flow, and 0 otherwise

Spatial Analyst Tools|Conditional |Con

input=flowacc_flow1, Input true raster or constant value=1, Expressiobn Value

>= 5（Note that there is a space on both side of >=）, Output=con_flowacc_1

• Drainage net

Spatial Analyst Tools|Hydrology||Stream to Feature

Input stream raster=con_flowacc_1 input flow direction=FlowDir_fill1,

output=StreamT_con_flo1.shp

• Stream order

Spatial Analyst Tools|Hydrology||Stream Order

Input stream raster=con_flowacc_1, input flow direction=FlowDir_fill1,

output=streamo_con_1

Now you ca edit the map to make it look nice. This can be done by changing

colors, adding other files such as Lasumigaura lakes, etc. Save a map.

Please also try other options in Spatial Analyst Tools|Hydrology. They include

"Basin" to create a raster delineating all drainage basins, and "Watershed" to

determine the watershed area. They are usually used to create a watershed



boundary from flow direction/flow accumulation files created above.

Note however, it is more convenient to use "Hydrological Modeling extension"

provided by ESRI as a samle extension. This can be done as follows.

• In your PC, try to locate a folder C:\Program

Files\ArcGIS\DeveloperKit\samples\SpatialAnalyst. There are severalsamples in it. You should unzip a file called

Hydrologic_ModelingVisual_Basic.zip; the resulting folders

"Hydrologic_ModelingVisual_Basic" can be moved to "C:\Program

Files\ArcGIS\".

• Within ArcGIS, Tools|Extension|Customize| , Click on "Add from file"

button. Select "esrihydrology_v2.dll"

within "Hydrologic_ModelingVisual_Basic\Visual_Basic" folder. Then

check "Hydrology Modeling" , Close. View|Tool bar| check "Hydrology

Modeling"

• To create a watershed boundary above a certain point (Pour point), click

on Hydrolgy Menu. Choose "Interactive Properties". Specify your flow

direction and flow accumulation files. Then click on . Select your

poring point by clicking a mouse.

• To create sub-basins within the specified flow direction and flow

accumulation files, choose "watershed" in Hydrology menu. The

Minimum number of cells for a basin is the flow accumulation value

above which the watershed boundary is to be created.

• The description of this sample extension can be found in C:\Program

Files\ArcGIS\Hydrologic_ModelingVisual_Basic\Visual_Basic\Hydrolo

gyAnalysis.doc.

Project #3．Vegetaion Map

Let's create a map of vegetation in Kasumigaura region from NationalSurvey on the Natural Environment (Green Census) . Data (shape file)in Ibaraki prefecture can be downloadedfrom http://www.envr.tsukuba.ac.jp/~sugita/gis/vegetation/ You canuse these files only for this lecture. You may not distribute these filesto other people (you need to obtain permission). Files by the name of vg3*.* are from 3rd survey in 1983-1986; vg4*.* are from 4th survey in1989-1992; vg5*.* are from 5th survey in 1995-1999. In vg3*.*, all



http://www.envr.tsukuba.ac.jp/~sugita/gis/vegetation/



http://www.envr.tsukuba.ac.jp/~sugita/gis/vegetation/



data are included, while in vg4*.* and vg5*.*, only data that werefound different from previous survey are included. In the filevegetationb_type.csv, you can find a list of "major (属性1）" used inthe shape file and name of vegetaion. Sorry, the information is givenin japanese only. Please use these files to create a vegetation map of

Kasumigaura watershed, based on what you have learned from Project#1 and Project #2.

Hint: This data set gives very detailed vegetation all over Japan. Thisis sometimes very useful. But for hydrological purposes, often we donot need this detailed information. All we need may be the differenceof forest, grassland, houses, water and so on. To create this kind of map from the detailed information, you can assign the same color forthe similar vegetation category. The result will look like this map. Thecategory numbers in this map correspond to the number in the "H"column（植生自然度 vegetation_class 1) of vegetation_class_all sheet in

"vegetaion_class1.xls". The English names can be found invegetation_class1 sheet.

This can be accomplished by useing additional file which list not onlythe detailed classification, but also classification of less detailedinformation. Add this file onto the map. The table can be joined to thevegetation shape file of vg3*.*, vg4*.*, and vg5*.* as follows

o Right click on the vegetation shape file (vg3, 4, or 5).

o Join and Relates| Join |

o Select as follows: "Join attributes from a table", "Major1",

"VG_a.csv" and "Major1". This will create a table that combineboth files.

o Then doble click Vg* shape file and select Symbo | Categories |

植生自然度 | Add all values.

o You can assign appropriate colors to each category.

Project #4．Precipitation analysis

• A map of annual precipitation over Kasumigaura lakebasin

Start ArcMap, with "A new empty map"option. First, define map projection.

Within the "Table of Contenst", right click "layers" choose "Propoerties|

Coordinate System, and select Predefined|日本周辺座標系|平面直角座標系|

19 system|Jgd2000|JGD 2000第 9系. Verify that wihtin the "Current

coorinate syetm" window, JGD_Japan_Zone_9 is selected." Note that if you

cannot find these, it is because your ArcGIS program is original English

http://www.biodic.go.jp/english/kiso/vg/sy04k08.html

http://www.envr.tsukuba.ac.jp/~sugita/gis/vegetaion_class1.xls

http://www.envr.tsukuba.ac.jp/~sugita/gis/VG_a.csv

http://www.biodic.go.jp/english/kiso/vg/sy04k08.html

http://www.envr.tsukuba.ac.jp/~sugita/gis/vegetaion_class1.xls

http://www.envr.tsukuba.ac.jp/~sugita/gis/VG_a.csv



versioin. These files are usually added to the disk when you install Japanese

version; Please come to see an instructor to obtain needed files.

Click on "＋" symbol on the menu bar. First time you

do this, you need to sepcify your wroking folder by

clicking "connect to Folder" button and select your

folder. Then within "Add Data" menu,

select "basin_kasumi.shp.

o Data Preparation

Let's add "Amedas_precip_monthly2001.csv" which contain monthly and

annual precipitation (ID, Lat, Lon, Jan...Dec,year) data.Tools||Add xy data|File=Amedas_precip_monthly2001.csv|x Field=Lon,

y Field=Lat

oatial reference|Edit|Select|Japan|Geographic Coordinate System|JGD 2000.prj

• Isohyet (Contour lines of precipitation)

（１）Interporation

Spatial Analyst|option|GeneralAnalysis Coordinate System=Analysi output will be....as the active data frame

Extent=Same as layer "basin_Kasumi"

Cell size=Minimum of inputs

Spatial Analyst|Interpolate to raster|Inverse Distance weighted

Input points=Amedas_precip_monthly2001.csv

z value field=Annual

Output raster=C:\Products\doc\GIS\P_year_inter

• Isohyet (Contour lines of precipitation)（２）Spline method

Spatial Analyst|option| General

Analysis Coordinate System=Analysi output will be....as the active data frame

Extent=Same as layer "basin_Kasumi"



Cell size=Minimum of inputsAnalysis Coordinate System=Analysi output will

be....as the active data frame

Spatial Analyst || Interpolate to raster| Spline

Input points=Amedas_precip_monthly2001.csv

z value field=AnnualOutput raster=C:\Products\doc\GIS\P_year_spline

o Extraction of basin region

Spatial Analyst Tools|Extraction|Extract by Mask

Input=P_year_inter

feature mask data=basin_kasumi.shp

Output raster=Extract_p_yeI

• Thiessen Method to Determine Watershed Mean

Precipitation

In this approach, we will use one of the script

(program, macro) file constructed for this purpose.

o Script installation

download the file by accessing http://arcscripts.esri.com/.

Search for "thiessen"; choose "Create Thiessen Polygons

3.0", download this file, and install this onto your ArcGIS

by following instruction in "Create

ThiessenPoly_readme.txt" file.

o Right crick "Amedas_precip_monthly2001.csv Events" and select

Data| Export data. Export=All features, Use the same coorinate

system as the data frame, and output file "Export_Output_2".

o Right crick "Export_Output_2"; choose properties. In Layer

Properties Menu, select "Annual" as "Value Field", and click on

"Add All Values" in the Symbology menu. Also choose "Annual"in Primary Display Field in "Field" menu.

o Click on the Create Thiessen Polygons 3.0 icon . A Menu

should appear, and insert appropriate values. See below as an

http://arcscripts.esri.com/

http://arcscripts.esri.com/



example.

o Start, and you wil see the polygons.

o Extraction of basin region

Spatial Analysis Tools|Extractt| Clip

Input=Thiessen.shp

Clip feature=basin_kasumi.shp

Output raster=thiessen_clip.shp

Determine the annual average precipitation of the Kasumigaura

watershed based on the above three methods.

• RADAR/AMeDas data



• Add "p_year_spline"

o Tool| add xy data | File=radarP1-3A.csv (Total of Jan-

March),raderP4-12A.csv (total of April-Dec)

x field=Lon, y filed=LatCoorinate sytemJGD 2000.prj

Spatial Analyst|Analysis Coordinate System=Analysi output will be....as the

active data frame

Extent=same as layer p_year_spline

Cell size=Smallest of input data

Spatial Analyst| Interporate to raster | Spline

Input =raderP1-3A.csv event , raderP4-12A.csv

z field=P

Output raster=output:radarP4-12b,radarP1-3b

Raster Calculater to Derive total precipitation for Jan-Dec

Spatial Analyst| Raster calc| In layers, Click on Radar1-3b,+,radar4-12b in this

order.

Make sure that the resulting expressions is "[radar1-3b] + [radar4-12b]"

Click on "Evaluate"

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