146 HIDROLOŠKI CIKLUS I PODZEMNE VODE ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ Raspored voda na Zemlji 1,4 mrd. km 3 u oceanima i morima "ledenjaci i polarni led 43,4 mil. km 3 "podzemne vode 15,4 mil. km3 "jezera i rijeke 127.000 km3 "atmosfera 15.000 km3 "biosfera 2.000 km3 ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ Hidrološki ciklus "kružni tok vode u prirodi slijed prolaženja vode iz atmosfere na Zemlju kroz oborine, te njeno ponovno vraćanje u atmosferu isparavanjem ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________
14
Embed
HIDROLO KI CIKLUS I PODZEMNE VODE - Naslovnicargn.hr/~dpavelic/OG-Web-PDF/OG14 - Hidroloski ciklus i podzemne vode.pdf · 146 HIDROLO‘ KI CIKLUS I PODZEMNE VODE
This document is posted to help you gain knowledge. Please leave a comment to let me know what you think about it! Share it to your friends and learn new things together.
Transcript
146
HIDROLOŠKI CIKLUS I PODZEMNE VODE
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
Raspored voda na Zemlji
1,4 mrd. km3 u oceanima i morima
• ledenjaci i polarni led 43,4 mil. km3
• podzemne vode 15,4 mil. km3• jezera i rijeke 127.000 km3• atmosfera 15.000 km3• biosfera 2.000 km3
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
Hidrološki ciklus
• kružni tok vode u prirodi–slijed prolaženja vode iz atmosfere na Zemlju kroz oborine, te njeno ponovno vraćanje u atmosferu isparavanjem
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
147
Hidrološki ciklus
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
vjetrovi nose vlagu prema obali
Postanak pustinja u sjeni kiše
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
Moisture laden winds come
onshore.
količine vlage rastu i hlade se, uzrokujući precipitaciju ...
Postanak pustinja u sjeni kiše
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
148
Moisture laden winds come
onshore
Moist airmass rise and cool,
causing precipitation…
... formirajući kišnu padinu okrenutu prema vjetru
Postanak pustinja u sjeni kiše
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
Moisture laden winds come
onshore
Moist airmass rise and cool,
causing precipitation…
…resulting in a rainy windward
slope
zračne mase s izgubljenom vodom tonu i zagrijavaju se, reducirajući relativnu vlažnost ...
Postanak pustinja u sjeni kiše
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
Postanak pustinja u sjeni kiše
Moisture laden winds come
onshore
Moist airmass rise and cool,
causing precipitation…
…resulting in a rainy windward
slope
Moisture-depleted airmass sink and warm,
reducing relative humidity…
... formirajući sjenu kiše na stražnjoj strani planine.
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
149
Prosječni protok većih rijeka u svijetu
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
Poroznost
•omjer volumena pora i ukupnog volumena stijene
– postotak stijene ili sedimenta koji se sastoji od šupljina
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
Propusnost
• kapacitet stijene da propusti fluid, kao što je voda ili nafta, kroz pore i frakture
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
150
Vodonosnik
• tijelo saturirane stijene ili sedimenta kroz kojeg se voda polako kreće
– vrlo propusni i saturirani vodom
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
Poroznost• varira s:
– % cementa
– sortiranjem
– frakturiranjem
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
Poroznost i propusnost različitih
tipova vodonosnika
Vrsta vodonosnika Poroznost Propusnost
Šljunak Vrlo visoka Vrlo visokaKrupno do sitnozrnasti pijesak VisokaVisokaSitnoszrnasti pijesak i silt Umjerena Umj. - niskaPješčenjak, umj. cementiran Umj. - niska NiskaFrakturirani šejl Niska NiskaMetamorfne stijene Niska Vrlo niskaNefrakturirani šejl Vrlo niska Vrlo niska
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
151
Vrste vodonosnika
• otvoreni:
• zatvoreni:
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
nesaturirana zona:
Otvoreni vodonosnik
saturirana zona:
vodno lice
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
Vodno lice
• vrh saturirane zone podzemne vode
• razina do koje će voda narasti u zdencu i u otvorenom vodonosniku
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
152
Dinamika otvorenog vodonosnika u uvjetima umjerene klime
Voda ulazi u podzemlje infiltracijom zbog kišenja ili otapanja snijega, i otječe putem izvora i rijeka. Nesaturirana zona varira u debljini kako pada vodno lice tijekom suhe sezone i raste u vlažnoj sezoni.
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
U vrijeme vlažne sezone ...
Dubina vodnog lica oscilira između vode dodane precipitacijom (obnavljanjem) i ...
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
U vrijeme suhe sezone …
... vode izgubljene evaporacijom uz otjecanje zbog bunara, izvora i tokova.
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
153
Zatvoreni vodonosnik
područje obnavljanja
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
Zatvoreni vodonosnik
piezometarska razinapodručje obnavljanja
nepropusnisloj
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
• područje obnavljanja
• piezometarska razina
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
154
Važne razlike:
• vodno lice: razina do koje će narasti voda u otvorenom vodonosniku
• piezometarska razina: razina do koje će narasti voda u zatvorenomvodonosniku