Hiasto Lect Respiratory System.ppt Final

7/27/2019 Hiasto Lect Respiratory System.ppt Final

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RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

SLIDES

OLFACTORY MUCOSA -cellsTRACHEA- epithelium, cartilage,

LUNGS- bronchi

bronchiole

alveolar ductalveolar sacs

alveoli

inter alveolar septum

blood air barrier


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OLFACTORYRTEGION


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Olfactory regionArea olfactoria

Pseudostratified olfactory epithelium

lamina propria-

olafactory nerve fasciles and

sub epithelial olfactory Gland (bowman's)

Thickness- 100 Micrometer


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Situation-

roof and adjoining septal wall of thenasal cavity Above the superior conchae

Covers2sq. Cm in each half of the nasal cavity

Colouryellow due to pigment

Olfactory region


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Area covered by mucosa

10 cm square

The posterior part of the lateral nasal wall

Including the back of the superior conchea

The spheno - ethmoidal recesses

Upper part of the perpendicular plate of ethemoid

The roof of the nose arching between the septum

and the lateral wall


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cellsBipolar olfactory cells

Tall columnar cells

Basal cells properAnd globose cells

Supporting cells

Rest on

Basementmembrane


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Bipolar olfactory cellsBipolar, Cell body in mid zone

Apical dendrite-extend to the epithelial surface

Basally directed axon which pass out of the

Epithelium into olfactory nerve

Synapse with the 2nd order neuron in the

olfactory bulb


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Single

Unbranched2 micrometer

Extending into the epithelial surface

From circumference of eachending radiate many Cillia

Apical dendrite


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Cilia1-2 micrometer long,

0.25 micrometer in diameterProximal part -9+2 pattern of cilia

(typical motile cilia)

Distal part- only central pair are present

Cilia lack dynein arms on peripheral

microtubules


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Cell body

SER and RER

Golgi complex

Lysosomes

Nucleus is elliptical and hetero chromatic


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Dendrite

Mito. Microtubules,

SER. Ribo.

Smooth and coated vesicles

Centriole near the olfactory knob


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Plasma membrane

High conc. Of intra membranous particles

These particles

Is thought to be the site of olfactory reception

And or ion channels related to sensoryTransduction.


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Other pole

Narrow non mylinated axons

Pass towards the base of the epithelium

Form intra epithelial fascicles

Such fascicles join to form the larger

olfactory Fasciculi


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Other pole

Pass through the cribriform plate of the

ethemoid to the olfactory bulbSynapse in glomeruli with the secondary

neurons

(basket, mitral, peri-glomerular cells)Axon

50 in number( group in bundles)

0.2 micrometer


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Supporting cells

Irregular columnar, Large

Vertically elongated

Euchromatic nucleus

Irregular microvilli in to

the mucous layer


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Supporting cells

Contents

Mito, SER,RER,

Base lypofuscin granules

Lysosomes- phagocytic activity

Responsible for pigmentation of

olfactory.areaMultivesicular bodies

Golgi apparatus. Microfilaments

Tight junctions , desmosomes


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Basal cells Proper

Flat

Darkcondensed nuclei

Cytoplasm contains numerous filaments

inserted into the desmosomes

Contact with the supporting cells

Lie in contact with the basal lamina


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globose basal cells

Blastema cells

Round or eliptical

Pale staining

Open face nucleus

Pale cytoplasm

Clusters of centriolesFree ribosomes

Mitosis found within the zone

Similar features of embryonic neuroblasts


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Nasal mucosa

E= Pseudostratified columnarciliated epithelium

M= Mucous glands

V= Venules

S= Serous glands


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Olfactory epithelium

Knob


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Olfactory mucosa

B= terminal bar

(junctional complex)N= nerve fibres

G= Bowmans glands


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TRACHEA


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Trachea

WHAT IT IS- Cartilaginous,Fibromuscular

tubeLENGTH- 10-12 cm.

SHAPE Cylindrical in t.s. oval inshape

EXTENT- C6 TO T4

CONTENTS- Mucosa,Lamina propria,cartilage, glands


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EPITHELIUM

Trachea ( pseudostratified ciliated columnar)

Primary, secondary &

Tertiary bronchus

Bronchiole ( columnar )

Terminal bronchiole

Respiratory bronchiole

Alveolar duct ( squamous )

Alveolar sac

Alveolus


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Structure of therespiratory system


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Trachea

Trachea Newborn


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Trachea - Newborn

C= Hyaline cartilage M= Mucosa

T= Trachealis muscle L= Longitudinal muscle


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Trachea - Adult

E= Respiratory epithelium

LP= Lamina propria

SM= Loose submucosa

F= Dense fibroelastic tissue

between the cartilage rings


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Tracheal epithelium


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Cell types found in the epithelium of trachea

Tall pseudostratified columnar cells with cilia

Goblet cells

Serous cells identical to the cells of the submucosal

serous glands

Kulchitsky cells which are part of the diffuse

neuroendocrine system


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Difference between bronchi and trachea

Respiratory epithelium is less tall &

contains fewer goblet cells

Lamina propria is more dense with

a large quantity of elastin in itsmore superficial layers


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Lamina propria is separated from thesubmucosa by a discontinuous layer of

smooth muscle which becomes

progressively more prominent in smallerairways


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Submucosal layer contains fewer

seromucinous glandsCartilage framework is arranged into

flattened, interconnected plates rather

than discrete C-shaped rings as is inthe trachea.

Primary bronchus


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Primary bronchus

E= respiratory epithelium

LP= lamina propriaM= smooth muscle

S= submucosa

G= submucosal

seromucinous glands


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Bronchial epithelium

at high power

Cytology specimen

Obtained by bronchial brushing during bronchoscopic examination

for suspected bronchogenic carcinoma


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Bronchial epithelium

C= ciliated cellsG= goblet cells

E= elastin

M= mast cell

Primary bronchus epithelium


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Primary bronchus epithelium

Ci= ciliated epithelial cells G= goblet cells

S ll b h


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Small bronchus

Tertiary (segmental) bronchus


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Tertiary (segmental) bronchus

M= smooth muscle

G= seromucinous glands

C= cartilageSM= submucosa

L= lymphocyte

aggregations(MALT)

Note thin lamina propria,

complete circle of smooth

muscle,broken cartilage

pieces


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Bronchiole

smooth muscle layer

veinno cartilage support

no submucosal gland

no goblet cells

replaced by clara cells


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BRONCHIOLE

Diameter 5 mm or less

Ciliated simple columnar or cuboidal Terminal bronchioles have clara cells

Clara cells are devoid of cilia

Secretory granules at apex

Secretes gycosaminoglycans

P l d b hi l


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Pulmonary artery and bronchiole



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Terminal portion of the respiratory tree

R= respiratory bronchiole AD= alveolar ducts

AS= alveolar sac V= pulmonary vessels

A= alveoli

Schematic representation of


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Schematic representation of

a respiratory unit of the lung


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Clara cells

Non-ciliated respiratory cells

Found in distal part of respiratory bronchiole

Functions

They produce one of the components ofsurfactant

They act as reserve cells, i.e. they are able to divide,

differentiate and replace other damaged cell types They contain enzyme systems which can detoxify

noxious substances.

Alveoli


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Alveoli

P1= Type I pneumocytes (alveolar lining cells)

P2= Type II pneumocytes C= Capillaries

E= Endothelial cells M= Alveolar macrophages


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Cells in alveolar lining

Type I pneumocytes- Large, squamous cells

- Cover most of the alveolar surface area

- Constitute part of thin gaseous diffusion barrier

Type II pneumocytes (60% cells)

- Rounded, occupy only 5% surface area

- Secrete surfactant

- Can divide

Alveolar wall


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Alveolar wall

A= alveoli

C1 & C2= capillaries

E, E1, E2= endothelial cells

P1= pneumocyte type I

P2= pneumocyte type II

L= Lamellar bodies

I t i f l l


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type I alveolar cells conforming to the contours of. Underlying capillaries.

Arrows point boundaries of adjacent cells

Interiorof alveolus

Interior of alveolus


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Interiorof alveolus

Note type II alveolar cell with short microvilli at the periphery


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Type II pneumocyte

Lamellar bodies


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Type II pneumocyte


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Released lamellar bodies form complex

myelin figures in alveolar lumen


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Alveoli

Alveolar septum


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Alveolar septum


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Alveolar septum


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Alveolar septum

P1= pneumocyte type I En= capillary endothelial cells

BM= basement membrane M= marginal fold

J= tight junctions E= elastin

F= fibroblast


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Pulmonary elastic tissue

Ma= macrophage

Alveolar macrophage


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Alveolar macrophage

M= macrophage in alveolar lumen Ly= secondary lysosomes

L= lipid droplets C= septal capillary

P1 & P2= pneumocytes AP= alveolar pore

BM= basement membrane

Alveolar macrophage from a


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Alveolar macrophage from a

nonsmoker

Alveolar macrophage from an


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Alveolar macrophage from an

18 year old smoker

Respiratory unit special preparation


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Respiratory unitspecial preparation

Note terminal bronchiole


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Lung


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Alveolar septum

P1= cytoplasm of type I pneumocyte

BM= basement membrane

E= capillary endothelium

Er= capillary lumen


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Pulmonary capillaries

Blue dye-perfused preparation


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Visceral pleura

P= visceral pleura

M= mesothelium

F= fibrous supporting tissue

S= fibrous septa

L= lymph vessels

Visceral pleura


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Visceral pleura

M= flattened cuboidal mesothelial cells


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BRONCHOPULMONARY

SEGMENTS

Is defined as an anatomical,

physiological, clinical and surgical

independent respiratory unit of lungaerated by a teritary bronchus


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Wedge shaped

The apex directed towards the hilum

Base towards the periphery

Supplied by its own segmental pulmonaryartery but drained by an intersegmentalpulmonary vein.

BRONCHOPULMONARY SEGMENTS


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BRONCHOPULMONARY


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SEGMENT

Bronchiole


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Bronchiole

Alveolar

RESPIRATORY

UNIT

BRONCHOSCOPY


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Hiasto Lect Respiratory System.ppt Final

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