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Electrical, Electronic Industries and Power Projects

 Electric equipment industry contributes over 2% of GDP which is projected to increase to about 12% in 201 accordin! to a

study by "rost # $ullivan Durin! the period& consumption of electrical equipment is estimated to increase from over '$D 2(

billion now to '$D )*) billion& !rowin! at a +,G- of about )0% .t is also e/pected that durin! 2010201& the .ndian

equipment manufacturin! will !row at times the !rowth rate of !lobal electronic equipment production

he electrical equipment and accessories industry& with its hi!hly diversified content& may be broadly se!mented into i3

 !eneration equipment& ii3 transmission equipment& and iii3 distribution equipment he equipments and accessories under

these se!ments include motors& turbines& !enerators& switch!ears& transformers& circuit brea4ers& induction motors& power

capacitors& meters& transmission towers 5esides these& the spectrum covers a whole ran!e of power cables includin! 67PE

and ,,+ and ,+$- conductors and electrical consumer products li4e fans& electric lamps& e/hausts and domestic appliances

and accessories .nverters& !ensets& 'P also fall under its domain

he electrical industry has been showin! si!ns of recovery after poor performance in the recent years he domestic electrical 

industry& which includes equipment for !eneration& transmission& distribution and use of power in industrial units& constitutes

a major part of the electrical products

he !rowth of the industry is directly related to the development of power !eneration and distribution .ndia8s !enerationcapacity of 2&)00 9: in 1;0 e/panded to over 11*&00 9: includin! nonutilities at the end 200001 he total installed

capacity of electric power !eneration further increased to 1anuary 200(3 compared to a

capacity of 12(&000 9: durin! the same period in 200*0= he Eleventh Plan has tar!eted a capacity addition of =(&=0

 9:

he five years 200=20123 may be the best of times for power equipment ma4ers with the power sector on an e/pansion spree

:ith orderboo4 !rowth e/pandin! over the last three years& there is a !ood chance that this will continue +lose to (2% of

the planned !eneration capacity for the enth Plan was either implemented or was in the process of bein! implemented Even

assumin! a =0% implementation ratio for the Eleventh Plan& close to &000 9: will be added "ive ultra me!a power

 projects& totalin! 20&000 9: are comin! up in 200( .n the transmission sector& for e/ample& Power Grid +orporation is

 plannin! a cape/ of -s =10 billion by 2010

 Earlier& the shortfalls in achievin! the Plan tar!ets of addition to power !eneration and up!radation of transmission and

distribution had adversely affected the electrical equipment industry he pea4 shorta!e which was over 11% of therequirement in 200)0< increased to 11=% in 200

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forecasting financial aspects by estimating the cost of raw material, formulating the cash flow

statement, projecting the balance sheet etc.

We also offer selfcontained Pre!nvestment and Pre"easibility #tudies, $arket #urveys and#tudies, Preparation of Techno%conomic "easibility eports, !dentification and #election of

Plant and $achinery, $anufacturing Process and or %quipment required, 'eneral 'uidance,Technical and (ommercial (ounseling for setting up new industrial projects on the following

topics.

$any of the engineers, project consultant & industrial consultancy firms in !ndia and worldwide

use our project reports as one of the input in doing their analysis.

Power Project, Power Generation Plants, Hydro electric Power,

Gas-Fired Power Station, Coal, Thermal, Water, Hydro, Wind,

Solar, Agro, Biogas Based Power Plants, Electrical Power nd!stry,

Alternati"e, #enewa$le Power Generation, Electricity Generation

 India possesses one of the largest power generation capacities in the world (its current

ranking is fifth) with an installed capacity of 156,000 MW which is about percent of global 

 power generation! "he top four countries, #i$!, %&, 'apan, hina and ussia together

consu*e about + percent of the total power generated globally! "he a#erage per capita

consu*ption of electricity in India is esti*ated to be 0kWh during -00./0+! "he power

 sector has e*erged as *aor focus area for the go#ern*ent both central and state!

owe#er, it suffers fro* power shortages esti*ated at 1/15 per cent, with the figure

higher in the northern and western regions!

 India2s generation capacity of -,300 MW in 1+50 e4panded to o#er 116,500 MW including

non/utilities at the end -000/01! "he total installed capacity of electric power generation

further increased to 11,0.0 MW in -00/0. (upto 'anuary -00.) co*pared to a capacity of 

1-.,000 MW during the sa*e period in -006/0! "he le#enth lan has targeted a capacity

addition of .,50 MW! "he fi#e years (-00/-01-) *ay be the best of ti*es for power

e7uip*ent *akers with the power sector on an e4pansion spree! With order/book growth

e4panding o#er the last three years, there is a good chance that this will continue! lose to

.-8 of the planned generation capacity for the "enth lan was either i*ple*ented or was

in the process of being i*ple*ented! #en assu*ing a 08 i*ple*entation ratio for the

le#enth lan, close to 55,000 MW will be added! 9i#e ultra *ega power proects, totaling

-0,000 MW are co*ing up in -00.! In the trans*ission sector, for e4a*ple, ower :rid

orporation is planning a cape4 of s 10 billion by -010!

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arlier, the shortfalls in achie#ing the lan targets of addition to power generation and up/

 gradation of trans*ission and distribution had ad#ersely affected the electrical e7uip*ent

industry! "he peak shortage which was o#er 118 of the re7uire*ent in -003/0 increased

to 11!8 in -00/05 and to o#er 1-8 in -005/06! "he shortage further rose to about 18

in -006/0! In the ten *onths of -00/0. the peak shortage had risen to o#er 158 of the

 peak de*and of 10,010 MW!

"he national grid en#isage -00,000 MW trans*ission capacity and 3,00 MW of inter/

regional power transfer capacity (current inter/regional power transfer capacity is -0,50

MW) to ensure s*ooth transfer of power fro* power ;surplus to power/deficit regions!

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manufacturing techniques and forecasting financial aspects by estimating the cost of raw

material, formulating the cash flow statement, projecting the balance sheet etc.

We also offer selfcontained Pre!nvestment and Pre"easibility #tudies, $arket #urveys and

#tudies, Preparation of Techno%conomic "easibility eports, !dentification and #election of

Plant and $achinery, $anufacturing Process and or %quipment required, 'eneral 'uidance,

Technical and (ommercial (ounseling for setting up new industrial projects on the following

topics.

$any of the engineers, project consultant & industrial consultancy firms in !ndia and

worldwide use our project reports as one of the input in doing their analysis.

%etailed Project #e&orts

The detailed project reports cover all the aspects of business, from analysing the market, confirming availability of

various necessities such as plant & machinery, raw materials to forecasting the financial requirements. The scope of 

the report includes assessing market potential, negotiating with collaborators, investment decision making,

corporate diversification planning etc. in a very planned manner by formulating detailed manufacturing techniques

and forecasting financial aspects by estimating the cost of raw material, formulating the cash flow statement,

projecting the balance sheet etc. The )P is prepared by highly qualified and e*perienced consultants and the

market research and analysis are supported by a panel of e*perts and computerised data bank.

Each Detailed Project Report Contains

Beginning+Project !ntroduction, rief -istory of the Product,

Properties, !# ureau of !ndian #tandard/#pecifications & equirements, 0ses & 1pplications.

Manufacturing Techniques+"ormulae )etailed Process of $anufacture, "low #heet

)iagram.

Market Survey+Present $arket Position, %*pected "uture )emand,#tatistics of !mports & %*ports, %*port Prospect, 2ames

and 1ddresses of %*isting 0nits Present$anufactures/.

Personnel Requireents+equirement of #taff & 3abour, Personnel $anagement,#killed & 0nskilled 3abour.

Plant ! Machinery"3ist of Plant & $achineries, $iscellaneous !tems and1ccessories, !nstruments, 3aboratory %quipment4s and

1ccessories, Plant 3ocation, %lectrification, %lectric 3oadand Water, $aintenance, #uppliers 5 $anufacturers ofPlant and $achineries.

#and ! Building+equirement of 3and 1rea, ates of the 3and, uilt up1rea, (onstruction #chedule, Plant 3ayout.

Ra$ Material+3ist of aw $aterials, Properties of aw $aterials,1vailability of aw $aterials, equired 6uality of aw$aterials, (ost 5 ates of aw $aterials.

%inancial &spects+(ost of aw $aterials, (ost of 3and & uilding, (ost ofPlant & $achineries, "i*ed (apital !nvestment, Working(apital, Project (ost, (apital "ormation, (ost ofProduction, Profitability 1nalysis, reak %ven Point,(ash "low #tatement for 7 to 89 :ears, )epreciation(hart,(onclusion, Projected alance #heet, 3and $an

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atio.

What is Power Plant?

 A power plant or a power generating station, is basically an industrial location that is utilized for

the generation and distribution of electric power  in mass scale, usually in the order of several 1000

Watts. hese are generally located at the sub!urban regions or several "ilometers away from the

cities or the load centers, because of its re#uisites li"e huge land and water demand, along with

several operating constraints li"e the waste disposal etc. $or this reason, a power generating station

has to not only ta"e care of efficient generation but also the fact that the power is transmitted

efficiently over the entire distance. And that%s why, the transformer  switch yard to regulate

transmission voltage also becomes an integral part of the power plant.

 At the center of it, however, nearly all power generating stations has an A.&. generator or analternator , which is basically a rotating machine that is e#uipped to convert energy from the

mechanical domain 'rotating turbine( into electrical domain by creating relative motion between a

magnetic field and the conductors. he energy source harnessed to turn the generator shaft varies

widely, and is chiefly dependent on the type of fuel used.

ypes of Power )tation

 A power plant can be of several types depending mainly on the type of fuel used. )ince for the

purpose of bul" power generation, only thermal, nuclear and hydro power comes handy, therefore a

power generating station can be broadly classified in the * above mentioned types. +et us have a

loo" in these types of power stations in details.

Thermal Power Station

 A thermal power station or a coal fired thermal power plant is by far, the most conventional method

of generating electric power  with reasonably high efficiency. t uses coal as the primary fuel to boil

the water available to superheated steam for driving the steam turbine. he steam turbine is then

mechanically coupled to an alternator  rotor, the rotation of which results in the generation of electric

power. -enerally in ndia, bituminous coal or brown coal are used as fuel of boiler which has volatile

content ranging from to ** / and ash content to 1 /. o enhance the thermal efficiency of the

plant, the coal is used in the boiler in its pulverized form.

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n coal fired thermal power plant, steam is obtained in very high pressure inside the steam boiler  by

burning the pulverized coal. his steam is then super heated in the super heater to e2treme hightemperature. his super heated steam is then allowed to enter into the turbine, as the turbine blades

are rotated by the pressure of the steam. he turbine is mechanically coupled with alternator  in a

way that its rotor will rotate with the rotation of turbine blades. After entering into the turbine, the

steam pressure suddenly falls leading to corresponding increase in the steam volume. After having

imparted energy into the turbine rotors, the steam is made to pass out of the turbine blades into the

steam condenser of turbine. n the condenser, cold water at ambient temperature is circulated with

the help of pump which leads to the condensation of the low pressure wet steam. hen this

condensed water is further supplied to low pressure water heater where the low pressure steam

increases the temperature of this feed water, it is again heated in high pressure. his outlines the

basic wor"ing methodology of a thermal power plant. 

Nuclear Power Station

he nuclear power generating stations are similar to the thermal stations in more ways than one.

3ow ever, the e2ception here is that, radioactive elements li"e 4ranium and thorium are used as the

primary fuel in place of coal. Also in a 5uclear station the furnace and the boiler are replaced by the

nuclear reactor and the heat e2changer tubes.

$or the process of nuclear power generation, the radioactive fuels are made to undergo fission

reaction within the nuclear reactors. he fission reaction, propagates li"e a controlled chain reaction

and is accompanied by unprecedented amount of energy produced, which is manifested in the form

of heat. his heat is then transferred to the water present in the heat e2changer tubes. As a result,

super heated steam at very high temperature is produced.

6nce the process of steam formation is accomplished, the remaining process is e2actly similar to a

thermal power plant, as this steam will further drive the turbine blades to generate electricity.

Hydro-Electric Power Station

n 3ydro!electric plants the energy of the falling water is utilized to drive the turbine which in turn

runs the generator to produce electricity. 7ain falling upon the earth%s surface has potential energy

relative to the oceans towards which it flows. his energy is converted to shaft wor" where the water

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falls through an appreciable vertical distance. he hydraulic power is therefore a naturally available

renewable energy given by the e#n8

Where g 9 acceleration due to gravity 9 :.1 m;sec <

= 9 density of water 9 1000 "g;m *

3 9 height of fall of water.

his power is utilized for rotating the alternator  shaft, to convert it to e#uivalent electrical energy.

 An important point to be noted is that, the hydro!electric plants are of much lower capacity compared

to their thermal or nuclear counterpart. $or this reason hydro plants are generally used in scheduling

with thermal stations, to serve the load during pea" hours. hey in a way assist the thermal or the

nuclear plant to deliver power efficiently during periods of pea" hours.

ypes of Power -eneration

 As mentioned above, depending on the type of fuel used, the power generating stations as well as

the types of power generation are classified. herefore the * ma>or classifications for power

production in reasonably large scale are 8!

1( hermal power generation.

or types of power generations, we can resort to small scale generation

techni#ues as well, to serve the discrete demands. hese are often referred to as the alternative

methods of power generation and can be classified as 8!

1( )olar power generation. 'ma"ing use of the available solar energy(

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hese alternative sources of generation has been given due importance in the last few decades

owing to the depleting amount of the natural fuels available to us. n the centuries to come, a stage

might be reached when several countries across the globe would run out of their entire reserve for

fossil fuels. he only way forward would then lie in the mercy of these alternative sources of energy

which might play an instrumental role in shaping the energy supplies of the future. $or this reason

these might rightfully be referred as the energy of the future.

lectric Power -eneration

he A& power is generated in * phase system as *!phase A& electric power generation is most

economical. * phase A& generator is commonly "nown as the alternator. An alternator  has balanced

three phase winding on its stator and an electromagnetic field is rotated inside the stator. @ue to this

system, rotating magnetic field cuts the stator winding%s conductor and as a result, electricity isinduced in the stator windings. $rom terminals of the stator three phase power is obtained. n an

alternator, rotating electromagnet is energized by the @& source. he rotor is driven by some

e2ternal means with the help of thermal, hydal, wind or other forms of energy. $or e2ample, in

thermal power plant, the rotor of the alternator  is rotated by means of a turbine shaft and the turbine

is driven by means of high temperature and pressure steam. he steam is produced in a boiler by

burning coal in the furnace.

 As the stator winding is perfectly balanced, the three phase power produced in an alternator  is also

balanced that means phase difference between two con>ugative phases is 1

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connected and run in parallel, the fre#uency and voltage of the system becomes much stable

irrespective of degree of loading present in the system. he main drawbac" of the grid system is,

when an alternator  is connected to the grid, its fre#uency, voltage and phase se#uence must match

with that of the grid, and the process of matching the said parameters of alternator  with the grid is

not a simple tas" and the process is called synchronizing.

&onventional )ource of lectric Power

-eneration

here are mainly three conventional source of  electric power  generation, and they are thermal hydal,

and nuclear energy.

Thermal Power !enerationn thermal power plant coal or diesel is burnt to produce sufficient heat. his heat energy is utilized to

produce high temperature and high pressure steam in the boiler.

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Basic &omponent of hermal Power -enerating 4nit

his steam is then passed through the turbine blades and the turbine shaft rotates due to this steam

pressure. he rotor of an alternator  is mechanically coupled with the turbine shaft and hence it also

rotates. his rotation produces electric power.

Hydal Power !eneration

3ere the water head is used to rotate the rotor shaft of an alternator. Water head can be naturally

available or it can be created. n hilly region water head can be naturally available in the hill top

natural la"es. n plain land, it can be created by constructing dams across suitable rivers. n

comparing to a thermal power plant, hydel plants are more echo!friendly as they are free from fuel

combustion. Also the running cost of hydal plant is much cheaper than that of thermal plants as there

is no need of fuel to be burnt.

Basic &omponent of a 3ydal Power -enerating 4nit

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 Although running cost of a hydal power plant is #uite low, but initial constructional cost of this plant is

#uite high as compared to thermal power plant. As because, there is huge involvement of money in

construction of dams and other necessary civil buildings. Water turbine generally runs at a low

speed, hence number of poles in the generator is higher to achieve fi2ed 0 3z power fre#uency.

he number of pole in a hydal alternator  may be up to

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for maintaining, re#uired number of neutrons for the process. oderates are made of heavy water or 

pure carbon and control rods are made of cadmium or boron steel. he speed of the nuclear

reaction can be controlled by inserting control rods up to a desire deep into the reaction chamber. By

pushing down and pulling up the control rods, the output of the nuclear generating plant is controlled.

 Although this process is not manual, it is controlled by the automatic feedbac" control system. he

heat generated during fission is ta"en out from the reactor by means of coolant consisting of li#uid

sodium or some gaseous fluids. he coolant is circulated between heat e2changer and the reactor. t

ta"es heat from the reactor and gives the heat to the water in the heat e2changer. hus the water in

the heat e2changer is converted to high pressure and high temperature steam. his steam then

drives a turbine and e2hausts into a condenser where it is condensed into water and cooled down

for re! feeding to the heater changes again via a feed water pump. he main advantage of nuclear

power plant is its minimum fuel consumption. t has been observed that for running a 1000 W

thermal power plant, nearly D10 "g of coal to be burnt every day, whereas in a nuclear powerplant only or

disadvantage of this plant is its disposals, as because its disposals are not free from radioactivity.

5on &onventional )ource of lectrical

Power -eneration

 Although the main sources of electric power  generation are thermal, hydal, and nuclear power

plants, but still there are many other non conventional sources of power available. hese non

conventional sources, li"e wind power, solar power, 3@ generation, fuel cell, etc. are becoming the

promising alternative sources for electric power  generation.

Thermal power generation plant or thermal power station is the most conventional source of

electric power. Thermal power plant is also referred as coal thermal power plant and steam

turbine power plant. Before going into detail of this topic, we will try to understand the line diagram

of electric power generation plant.

heory of hermal Power )tation

he theory of thermal power station or wor"ing of thermal power station is very simple. A power 

generation plant mainly consists of alternator  runs with help of steam turbine. he steam is

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obtained from high pressure boilers. -enerally in ndia, bituminous coal, brown coal and peat are

used as fuel of boiler. he bituminous coal is used as boiler fuel has volatile matter from to ** /

and ash content to 1 /. o increase the thermal efficiency, the coal is used in the boiler in powder 

form.

n coal thermal power plant, the steam is produced in high pressure in the steam boiler  due to

burning of fuel 'pulverized coal( in boiler furnaces. his steam is further supper heated in a super

heater. his supper heated steam then enters into the turbine and rotates the turbine blades. he

turbine is mechanically so coupled with alternator  that its rotor will rotate with the rotation of turbine

blades. After entering in turbine the steam pressure suddenly falls and corresponding volume of the

steam increases. After imparting energy to the turbine rotor the steam passes out of the turbine

blades into the condenser. n the condenser the cold water is circulated with the help of pump which

condenses the low pressure wet steam. his condensed water is further supplied to low pressure

water heater where the low pressure steam increases the temperature of this feed water, it is again

heated in high pressure.

$or better understanding we furnish every step of function of a thermal power station as follows,

1( $irst the pulverized coal is burnt into the furnace of steam boiler .

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#ine $iagram of Power Plant

( After rotating the turbine blades, the steam has lost its high pressure, passes out of turbine blades

and enters into a condenser.

E( n the condenser the cold water is circulated with help of pump which condenses the low pressure

wet steam.

( his condensed water is then further supplied to low pressure water heater where the low

pressure steam increases the temperature of this feed water, it is then again heated in a high

pressure heater where the high pressure of steam is used for heating.

:( he turbine in thermal power station acts as a prime mover of the alternator .

%&er&iew of Thermal Power Plant

 A typical hermal Power )tation 6perates on a &ycle which is shown below.

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 A typical hermal Power )tation 6perates on a &ycle

he wor"ing fluid is water and steam. his is called feed water and steam cycle. he ideal

hermodynamic &ycle to which the operation of a hermal Power )tation closely resembles is the

7A5F5 &G&+.

n steam boiler  the water is heated up by burning the fuel in air in the furnace H the function of the

boiler is to give dry super heated steam at re#uired temperature.

he steam so produced is used in driving the steam urbines. his turbine is coupled to

synchronous generator  'usually three phase synchronous alternator(, which generates electrical

energy.

he e2haust steam from the turbine is allowed to condense into water in steam condenser of turbine,

which creates suction at very low pressure and allows the e2pansion of the steam in the turbine to a

very low pressure. he principle advantages of condensing operation are the increased amount of

energy e2tracted per "g of steam and thereby increasing efficiency and the condensate which is fed

into the boiler again reduces the amount of fresh feed water.

he condensate along with some fresh ma"e up feed water is again fed into the boiler by pump'called the boiler feed pump(.

n condenser the steam is condensed by cooling water. &ooling water recycles through cooling

tower. his constitutes cooling water circuit.

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he ambient air is allowed to enter in the boiler after dust filtration. Also the flue gas comes out of the

boiler and e2hausted into atmosphere through stac"s. hese constitute air and flue gas circuit. he

flow of air and also the static pressure inside the steam boiler  'called draught( is maintained by two

fans called Forced $raught 'F$( fan and nduced $raught'$( fan.

he total scheme of a typical thermal power station along with different circuits is illustrated below.

nside the boiler there are various heat e2changers, viz.% Economiser %, IE&aporator % 'not shown in

the fig above, it is basically the water tubes, i.e. downcomer riser circuit(, ISuper Heater % 'sometimes

I)eheater %, Iair preheater % are also present(.

n conomiser the feed water is heated to considerable amount by the remaining heat of flue gas.

he Boiler @rum actually maintains a head for natural circulation of two phase mi2ture 'steam J

water( through the water tubes.

here is also )uper 3eater which also ta"es heat from flue gas and raises the temperature of steam

as per re#uirement.

Efficiency of Thermal Power Station or Plant

he overall efficiency of a thermal power station or plant varies from *+ to * and it depends

upon plant capacity.

http://www.electrical4u.com/steam-boiler-working-principle-and-types-of-boiler/http://www.electrical4u.com/steam-boiler-working-principle-and-types-of-boiler/http://www.electrical4u.com/steam-boiler-working-principle-and-types-of-boiler/

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nstalled plant capacity .&erage o&erall thermal efficiency

upto 1W C/

1W to 10W 1

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 A thermal power station or thermal power plant has ultimate target to ma"e business profit. 3ence

for optimizing the profit, the location of the station is much important factor. Power generation plant

location plays an optimizing part in the economy of the station.

he most economical , location of power plant can be determined by graphical method as described

below,

he most economical and ideal power plant location is the center of gravity of the load because for

such a power generation plant the length of the power transmission networ" will be minimum, thus

the capital cost to the system is reduced.

+et%s e2plain the graphical method, say, D and G be two reference a2es.

+et%s K1'21, y1(, K

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or criterion for choosing

plant location.

( he plant should be established on plane land.

(he soil should be such that it should provide good and firm foundation of plant and buildings.

E( he thermal power plant location should not be very nearer to dense locality as there are

smo"e, noise steam, water vapors etc.

( here must be ample scope of development of future demand.

:( Place for ash handling plant for thermal power station should also be available very near by.

10( Mery tall chimney of power station should not obstruct the traffics of air ships.

.d&antages / $isad&antages of Thermal Power

Station

.d&antages0

1( conomical for low initial cost other than any generating plant.

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$isad&antages0

1( he running cost for a thermal power station is comparatively high due to fuel,maintenance etc.

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 Actually there are some losses occur li"e incomplete combustion, radiating loss occurs from steam

boiler surrounding wall, defective combustion gas etc. 3ence, efficiency of steam boiler gives this

result.

ypes of Boiler here are mainly two types of 1oiler  N water tube boiler  and fire tube boiler .

n fire tube boiler, there are numbers of tubes through which hot gases are passed and water

surrounds these tubes.

Water tube boiler is reverse of the fire tube boiler . n water tube boiler  the water is heated inside

tubes and hot gasses surround these tubes.

hese are the main two types of 1oiler  but each of the types can be sub divided into many which

we will discuss later.

Fire Tu1e 2oiler 

 As it indicated from the name, the fire tube boiler  consists of numbers of tubes through which hot

gasses are passed. hese hot gas tubes are immersed into water, in a closed vessel. Actually in fire

tube boiler one closed vessel or shell contains water, through which hot tubes are passed. hese fire

tubes or hot gas tubes heated up the water and convert the water into steam and the steam remains

in same vessel. As the water and steam both are in same vessel a fire tube boiler cannot produce

steam at very high pressure. -enerally it can produce ma2imum 1E. "g;cm

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*( &ompact Boiler.

 Again, internal furnace fire tube boiler has also two main categories such as horizontal tubular and

vertical tubular fire tube boiler.

5ormally horizontal return fire tube boiler is used in thermal power plant of low capacity. t consists of 

a horizontal drum into which there are numbers of horizontal tubes. hese tubes are submerged in

water. he fuel 'normally coal( burnt below these horizontal drum and the combustible gasses move

to the rear from where they enter into fire tubes and travel towards the front into the smo"e bo2.

@uring this travel of gasses in tubes, they transfer their heat into the water and steam bubbles come

up. As steam is produced, the pressure of the boiler developed, in that closed vessel.

 Advantages of Fire Tube Boiler 

1( t is #uite compact in construction.

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his is the basic definition of water tube boiler. Actually this boiler is >ust opposite of fire tube boiler

where hot gasses are passed through tubes which are surrounded by water.

Types of Water Tube Boiler 

here are many types of water tube boilers, such as

1( 3orizontal )traight ube Boiler.

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ii( hree @rum Bent ube Boiler.

iii( +ow 3ead hree @rum Bent ube Boiler.

iv( $our @rum Bent ube Boiler.

 Advantages of Water Tube Boiler 

here are many advantages of water tube boiler  due to which these types of boiler are essentially

used in large thermal power plant.

1( +arger heating surface can be achieved by using more numbers of water tubes.

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here are mainly two types of solid fuel firing system

1( 3and firing

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he ignition occurs downwards against the primary air flow. he volatile matter filters through the

bed and is completely burnt. he combustion rate is high. he light ash contents and combustion

gases fly away to the atmosphere along with primary air. 3eavier ash content comes down over the

grate and ultimately falls into ash pit.

Tra&el !rate Sto"er Solid 6oal Firing

3ere, the coal is burnt on a chain grate which continuously travel forwards slowly combustion ta"es

place during the >ourney of coal from first end to last end of the furnace. At the end of the combustion

heavier ash content falls into ash pit by gravitational force as the grate chain moves li"e conveyor

belt. he lighter ash particles and combustion gases fly away with primary air.

Pul&ari7ed Fuel Firing$or getting most calorific value of coal, the coal is pulvarized in fine powder and then mi2ed with

sufficient air. he mi2ture of coal powder and air is fired in the steam boiler furnace to achieve most

efficient combustion process.his is most modern and efficient method of boiler firing.

@ue to pulverization, the surface area of coal becomes much larger, and in this method air re#uired

for combustion is much less. As the #uantity of re#uired air and fuel both are less, loss of heat in thismethod of boiler firing is much less, hence temperature can easily be reached to the designated

level. As the combustion is most efficient pulverized coal firing increases the overall efficiency of

steam boiler. As handling of lighter coal dust is much easier than handling of heavier coal chips, it is

#uite easy to control the output of the boiler by controlling supply of fuel to the furnace. 3ence

fluctuation of system load can smoothly be met.

n addition these advantages, pulverized coal firing system has may disadvantages. )uch as

1( he initial cost of installing this plant is very high.

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C( his type of method of boiler firing has always a ris" of e2plosion.

( his is also difficult and e2pensive to filter fine ash particles from fine gas. oreover, the #uantity

of ash particles in the flue gas is more in pulverized system.

Pulvarization Process

Process of pulvarization is discussed here in brief.

1( $irst the coal is crushed by preliminary crasher. he coal is crushed to

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3ence, these parameters are given due consideration, while manipulating with air flow velocity for

desired rate of combustion.

n fluidi7ed 1ed com1ustion, rapid mi2ing ensures uniformity of temperature. he main ad&antage

of fluidi7ed 1ed com1ustion system is that municipal waste, sewage plant sludge, biomass,

agricultural waste and other high moisture fuels can be used for heat generation .

 A fluidized furnace has an enclosed space with a base having openings to admit air. &rushed coal,

ash and crushed dolomite or limestone is mi2ed in the bed furnace and high velocity combustion air

is then passed through the bed, entering from the furnace bottom. With the steady increase in the

velocity of air, a stage will be reached when the pressure drop across the bed becomes e#ual to the

weight per unit cross!section of the bed, and this particular critical velocity is called the minimum

fluidi7ing &elocity. With further increase in velocity of air, the bed will begin to e2pand and allow

passage of additional air, in the form of bubbles. When the air velocity becomes * to times the

critical velocity, the bed resembles to that of a violently boiling li#uid. A pictorial representation of

fluidized bed combustion is given in the figure below 8!

he evaporator tubes of boiler are directly immersed in the fluidized bed and the tubes, being in

direct contact with the burning coal particles, produce very high heat transfer rates. Because of this,

the unit size is reduced to a great e2tent, and also produces combustion with very high efficiency.

ypes of $luidized Bed &ombustion '$B&(

$luidized Bed combustion can be in < variants, namely 8!

1( Mertical type $B& 8hese are generally used in smaller plant, and has the capacity to produce

steam of up to tonnes per hour only. heir vertical shape reduces the overall dimension of the

steam boiler , and is e2tremely efficient in plants, where space provision is limited.

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placed horizontally with respect to the boiler tubes. he high capacity of the horizontal type $luidized

boilers coupled with their high efficiency, ma"es them an e2tremely desirable choice for the coal fired

thermal power generating station .

 Advantages and @is!advantages of $luidized

Bed &ombustion

$B& is being used e2haustively these days in all ma>or power stations all over the globe, owing to

numerous advantages that it offers over the other pre!dominant methods of combustion. $ew of

those are 8!

1( 3igh thermal efficiency.

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is that the fan power has to be maintained at a considerably highvalue, since the air has to be

supplied continuously at a very high pressure for supporting the bed. his in turn increases the

operating cost of the au2iliary units of the plant. But it is more than compensated by the high values

of efficiency that $B& provides.

Power system mainly contains three parts namely generation, transmission and distribution.

-eneration means how to generate electricity from the available source and there are various

methods to generate electricity but in this article we only focused on generation of electricity by the

means of hydro or water 'hydro power plant(. As we "now that the power plant is defined as the

place where power is generated from a given source, so here the source is hydro that%s why we

called it hydro power plant.

3ydro Power Plant

n hydro power plant we use gravitational force of fluid water to run the turbine which is coupled

with electric generator to produce electricity. his power plant plays an important role to protect our

fossil fuel which is limited, because the generated electricity in hydro power station is the use of

water which is renewable source of energy and available in lots of amount without any cost. he big

advantage of hydro power is the water which the main stuff to produce electricity in hydro power

plant is free, it not contain any type of pollution and after generated electricity the price of electricityis average not too much high.

&onstruction and Wor"ing of 3ydro Power

Plant

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$undamental parts of hydro power plant are

a( Area

b( @am

c( 7eservoir 

d( Penstoc"

e( )torage tan"

f( urbines and generators

g( )witchgear and protection

$or construction of hydro power plant first we choose the area where the water is sufficient to

reserve and no any crisis of water and suitable to build a dam, then we construct the dam. he main

function of dam is to stop the flow of water and reserve the water in reservoir. ainly dam is situated

at a good height to increase the force of water. 7eservoir stoc"s up lots of water which is employed

to generate power by means of turbines. After that Penstoc", the pipe which is connected between

dam and turbine blades and most important purpose of the penstoc" is to enlarge the "inetic energy

of water that%s why this pipe is made up of e2tremely well!built material which carry on the pressure

of water. o control the pressure of water means increase or decrease water pressure whenever

re#uired, we use a valve. )torage tan" comes in picture when the some reason the pressure of

water in reservoir is decreases then we use storage tan" it is directly connected to penstoc" and use

only in emergency condition. After that we employ turbine and generator. urbine is the main stuff,

when water comes through the penstoc" with high "inetic energy and falls on turbine blades, turbinerotates at high speed. As we "now that the turbine is an engine that transfers energy of fluid into

mechanical energy which is coupled with generator and generator converts mechanical energy into

electrical energy which we utilize at the end. n hydro power plant we also add switchgears and

protections which control and protect the whole process inside the plant. he control e#uipments

consists control circuits, control devices, warning, instrumentation etc and connect to main control

board. After generating electricity at low voltage, we use step up transformer to enlarge the level of

voltage 'generally 1*

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his is the whole process of generating electricity by the means of hydro 'hydro power plant( and

then transmitting and distributing electricity.

3istory of 3ydro Power Plant

$irst hydro power is used by the -ree"ins to spin water wheels for crushing wheat into flour before

more than

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one of the popular methods of generating power. When prime mover of the alternators is diesel

engine, the power station is called diesel power station.

he mechanical power re#uired for driving alternator  comes from combustion of diesel. As the diesel

costs high, this type of power station is not suitable for producing power in large scale in our country.

But for small scale production of electric power, and where, there is no other easily available

alternatives of producing electric power, diesel power station are used.

)team power stations and hydro power plants are mainly used to produce ma2imum portion of the

electrical load demands. But for steam power station, sufficient supply of coal and water are

re#uired.

$or hydro power station, plenty source of water and big dams are re#uired. But where all thesefacilities are not available, such as no easy way of coal transportation and no scope of constructing

dam, there it is established.

@iesel power plants are also popularly used as standby supply of different industries, commercial

comple2es, hospitals, etc. @uring power cut, these diesel power generators are run to fulfil re#uired

demand.

.d&antages of $iesel Power Station

1. his is simple in design point of view.

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. nitial cost is less than other types of power station.

:. hermal efficiency of diesel is #uite higher than of coal.

10. )mall involvement is less than steam power station.

$isad&antages of $iesel Power Station

1. As we have already mentioned, the cost of diesel is very high compared to coal. his is

the main reason for which a diesel power plant is not getting popularity over other means of

generating power. n other words the running cost of this plant is higher compared to steam and

hydro power plants.

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$rom dry tan" the oil is in>ected in the diesel engine by means of fuel in>ection pump.

.ir nta"e System

his system supplies necessary air to the engine for fuel combustion. t consists of a pipe for

supplying of fresh air to the engine. $ilters are provided to remove dust particles from air.

E8haust System

he e2haust gas is removed from engine, to the atmosphere by means of an e2haust system. A

silencer is normally used in this system to reduce noise level of the engine.

6ooling System

he heat produced due to internal combustion, drives the engine. But some parts of this heat raise

the temperature of different parts of the engine. 3igh temperature may cause permanent damage to

the machine. 3ence, it is essential to maintain the overall temperature of the engine to a tolerable

level. &ooling system of diesel power station does e2actly so. he cooling system re#uires a water

source, water source, water pump and cooling towers. he pump circulates water through cylinder

and head >ac"et. he water ta"es away heat from the engine and it becomes hot. he hot water is

cooled by cooling towers and is re!circulated for cooling.

#u1ricating System

his system minimises the water of rubbing surface of the engine. 3ere lubricating oil is stored in

main lubricating oil tan". his lubricating oil is drawn from the tan" by means of oil pump. hen the

oil is passed through the oil filter for removing impurities. $rom the filtering point, this clean

lubricating oil is delivered to the different points of the machine where lubrication is re#uired the oil

cooler is provided in the system to "eep the temperature of the lubricating oil as low as possible.

Starting System

$or starting a diesel engine, initial rotation of the engine shaft is re#uired. 4ntil the firing start and the

unit runs with its own power. $or small @- set, the initial rotation of the shaft is provided by handlesbut for large diesel power station. &ompressed air is made for starting.

lectrical power can be generated by means of nuclear power. n nuclear power station, electrical

power is generated by nuclear reaction.

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3ere, heavy radioactive elements such as 4ranium '4

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$isad&antages of Nuclear Power Plant

1. he fuel is not easily available and it is very costly.

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@ifferent &omponents of 5uclear Power

)tation

 A nuclear power station has mainly four components.

1. 5uclear reactor,

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slow down the neutrons before collision with uranium nuclei. he controls rods are made of cadmium

because cadmium is a strong absorber of neutrons.

he control rods are inserted in the fission chamber. hese cadmium controls rods can be pushed

down and pull up as per re#uirement. When these rods are pushed down enough, most of the fission

neutrons are absorbed by these rods, hence the chain reaction stops. Again, while the controls rods

are pulled up, the availability of fission neutrons becomes more which increases the rates of chain

reaction. 3ence, it is clear that by ad>usting the position of the control rods, the rate of nuclear

reaction can be controlled and conse#uently the generation of electrical power can be controlled as

per load demand. n actual practice, the pushing and pulling of control rods are controlled by

automatic feedbac" system as per re#uirement of the load. t is not controlled manually. he heat

released during nuclear reaction, are carried to the heat e2changer by means of coolant consist of

sodium metal.

Heat E8changer 

n heat e2changer, the heat carried by sodium metal, is dissipated in water and water is converted to

high pressure steam here. After releasing heat in water the sodium metal coolant comes bac" to the

reactor by means of coolant circulating pump.

Steam Tur1ine

n nuclear power plant, the steam turbine plays the same role as coal power plant. he steam drives

the turbine in same way. After doing its >ob, the e2haust steam comes into steam condenser where it

is condensed to provide space to the steam behind it.

.lternator 

 An alternator, coupled with turbine, rotates and generates electrical power, for utilization.

Site Selection of Nuclear Power Station

1. .&aila1ility of water 0 Although very large #uantity of water is not regulated as hydro!

electric power plant, but still sufficient supply of neutral water is obvious for cooling purposes in

nuclear power station. hat is why it is always preferable to locate this plant near a river or sea

side.

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of wastes of nuclear power plant. he wastes must be buried in sufficient deep from earth level

or these must be disposed off in sea #uite away from the sea share. 3ence, during selecting the

location of nuclear plant, these factor must be ta"en into consideration.

*. $istance from Populated .rea 0 As there is always a probability of radioactivity, it is

always preferable to locate a nuclear station sufficiently away from populated area.

C. Transportation Facilities 0 @uring commissioning period, heavy e#uipments to be

erected, which to be transported from manufacturer site. )o good railways and road ways

availabilities are re#uired. $or availability of s"illed manpower good public transport should also

be present at the site.

)olar nergy )ystem

Solar energy is the light and radiant heat from the )un that control arth%s climate and weather and

protract life. t is a renewable source of energy and originates with the thermonuclear process that

transfers about 0,000,000 tons of hydrogen to helium per second. his action produces lots of

heat and electromagnetic radiation. he produced heat remains in the sun and is helpful in

upholding the thermonuclear reaction and electromagnetic radiation together with visible, infrared

and ultra!violet radiation flow out into space in all directions.

Solar energy is in reality nuclear energy. )imilar to all stars, the sun is a large gas sphere made up

mostly of hydrogen and helium gas. n the internal surface of sun

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)olar energy system is the pollution free source of energy and always available because, sun is the

single source of solar energy 'also "nown as renewable energy or non conventional energy( which

sits at the central point of solar system and radiate energy at an tremendously huge and fairly

constant rate, per day per year as the form of electromagnetic radiation. )un contained huge amount

of energy but the whole energy not utilized at earth due to some reason li"e!

'a( arth is revolve at about its polar a2is.

'b( Atmospheric reason of earth.

'c( arth is relocate from the sun.

But the main thing is that after these obstacles sun energy reach to earth is sufficient to produce or

generate electricity which is polluted free. @ue to this consideration somewhat we reduce the use ofhermal Power Plant, -as Power Plant etc and reserve the non renewable energy sources li"e coal,

petroleum etc for future. n recent years solar energy system is rise as a primary source of energy

that converted into electricity and almost all country in the world utilize ma2imum solar energy to

produce electricity and this is very less costly.

he main benefit of solar energy system is that the sun light is present everywhere free of cost. o

produce electricity or convert solar energy to other form of energy first we invest heavy amount for

solar panel that convert solar energy to other form but the main advantage is after that installation no

any type of maintenance is re#uired for C0 to 0 years.

3istory of )olar nergy

$irst solar collector created by )wiss scientist named 3orace!Benedict de )aussure in 1EE he ta"e

an insulated bo2 enclosed with three layers of glass which suc" up heat energy. After that

)aussure%s bo2 became famous and widely "nown as the first solar oven, getting temperatures of

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energy. But now a day%s also in this field various e2periments are doing by a scientist, how to utilize

ma2imum solar energy which is available on the earth.

n 1E*, Willoughby )mith discovered photoconductivity of a material "nown as selenium. n 1E

there was the discovery of the ultraviolet ray capacity to cause a spar" >ump between two electrodes

and this was done by 3einrich 3ertz. n 1:1 the first solar heater was created. n 1:* the first

solar cell was introduced. n 1:0 William . Baileys invented a copper collector which was

constructed using copper coils and bo2es. n 1:, solar energy was used in space. n the 1:E0Vs,

22on &orporation designed an efficient solar panel which was less costly to manufacture. +ess cost

manufacturing process of solar panel became the ma>or milestone in the history of solar energy. n

1:EE the 4) government embraced the use of solar energy by launching the )olar nergy 7esearch

nstitute. n 1:1, Paul acready produced the first solar powered aircraft. in the year 1:< there

was the development of the first solar powered cars in Australia. n 1::: the largest plant was

developed producing more than arat )olar Par", a compilation of solar farms spotted around the -u>arat region, show a mutual

installed capacity of 0 megawatts and -olmud )olar Par" in &hina, with an installed capacity of

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o deduce the power generation economics effectively we should "now the structure of annual

e2penditure of the plant and the factors affecting them. he total annual e8penditure of the plant

can be classified into several subheadings namely,

1( $i2ed &harges

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he cost due to starting and shutting down of plants are also included in this category , when the

power plant operates on one or two shift basis.

7unning &harges of Power -eneration

he running charges or running cost of a power plant, is probably one of the most important

parameters while considering the economics of power generation as it depends upon the number of

hours the plant is operated or upon the number of units of electrical energy generated. t essentially

comprises of the following costs incurred mentioned below.

1( &ost of the fuel delivered coupled with the fuel handling cost in the plant. &oal is the fuel used in a

thermal power plant, and diesel oil in case of a diesel station. n case of a hydro!electric plant there

is no fuel cost as water is the free gift of nature. But a hydro!plant re#uires higher installation cost

and their mega Watt output of power generation is also lower compared to the thermal power plants.

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