HFchapter6_003

7/21/2019 HFchapter6_003

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CognitionCognition

Human FactorsHuman FactorsPsychologyPsychology

Dr. SteveDr. Steve

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Human Information Processing ModelHuman Information Processing Model

Sensory

Register

Perception

Long-Term Memory

Working

Memory

-Thought

-Decision Making

TT!"TI#"

R!S#$R%!S

Response

Selection

Response

!&ecution

'eed(ack

P!R%!PT$L !"%#DI")

%!"TRL

PR#%!SSI") R!SP#"DI")

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Sensory Register Sensory Register

Information must first (e picked up (y the senses (efore it

can (e processed *e+g+, isual, auditory, touch, taste, smell./ Sensory store holds large capacity of info/ Information is maintained in sensory register for no

more than 0 1 2 seconds *echoic.

FF WW BB QQRR Y Y UU CC

ZZ KK PP MM

High

Medium

Low

Sperling experiment

demonstrates that

info processed in

sensory register is

large, but short-lived

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Su(liminal PerceptionSu(liminal Perception

Subliminal perceptionSubliminal perception 1 perception

(elo3 the threshold of a3areness

/ Is it possi(le4/ if so, ho3 3ould it affect (ehaior4

/ Priming Effect 1 People can identify

a stimulus faster the second time theysee it, een if they 3eren5t consciously

a3are they sa3 it the first time+

What images do you see in this glass?

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#(6ect 7 Pattern Perception#(6ect 7 Pattern Perception

Perceptual Recognition 1 comparing incoming stimulus

information 3ith stored kno3ledge in order categori8e

the information+

9+ Perception (y feature analyi

0+ Simultaneous top!"o#n$ bottom!up

proceing

!&perts recall larger chunks of information *more chess

pieces. 3hen they recogni8e a meaningful pattern+ When

the pattern is random, performance same as noices+

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'eature nalysis'eature nalysis

Feature %nalyi 1 recogni8ing and ealuating pattern features

9+ :reak stimulus pattern into component features

0+ Match features to stored patterns in LTM

2+ Decide 3hich stored pattern is (est match+

Uniti&ation 1 transformation from feature analysis to glo(al or

holistic processing *)estalt. as familiarity 3ith pattern

increases+- allo3s us to read familiar 3ords rapidly and oerlook

typographical errors+

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H' Implications for Te&t PerceptionH' Implications for Te&t Perception'( Feature Compatibility 1 'eatures of display can (e read faster and

more accurately if they are consistent 3ith features in memory

)( Upper an" *o#ercae 1 Printed %PS are recogni8ed more easily

than lo3ercase in isolated 3ords, (ut mi&ture of lo3er and upper

cases is (est for sentences/ !&ample; WR"I")< =eep a safe distance

+( Ue print for te,t "iplay 1 Print is easier to read than cursie

-( Minimi&e abbre.iation 1 oid a((reiations, (ut 3hen needed use

a consistent rule such as 2 1 > letter truncation+

/ !&ample; "?IRWR%!"TRS@SDI?/( Space bet#een #or" or tring 1 separating strings into chunks

makes it easier to read and remem(er / !&ample; *ABC. BBB-902>

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#(6ect Perception#(6ect Perception0eon *:iederman. 1 fundamental geometric shapes that

are com(ined to produce all other comple& o(6ects

We recogni8e an o(6ect (y;9+ :reaking o(6ect into geons

0+ %ategori8ing each geon on (asis of feature match

2+ Identifying the o(6ect on (asis of geon configuration

'rom a human factors perspectie, 3hat

are the implications for simulator fidelity4

- computer graphics s+ photo-realism

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Top-do3n 7 :ottom-up ProcessingTop-do3n 7 :ottom-up Processing

Bottom!up proceing *data-drien. 1 o(6ect

recognition guided (y sensory features

1op!"o#n proceing *conceptually-drien. 1

o(6ect recognition affected (y surroundingconte&t

/Typically (oth processes 3ork simultaneously, (ut

3hen stimulus uality is lo3, top-do3n processing is

predominant+

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Top-do3n 7 :ottom-up ProcessingTop-do3n 7 :ottom-up Processing )uidelines for te&t and icon design)uidelines for te&t and icon design'( 2ptimi&e bottom!up proceing

/ !ase of ie3ing and discrimination - si8e, contrast+

)( 2ptimi&e top!"o#n proceing/ $se actual 3ords, not random te&t strings/ Minimi8e num(er of 3ords that need to (e recogni8ed/ Proide conte&t information

+( E.aluate tra"eoff

/ )ien limited space 3eigh importance of optimalie3ing conditions s+ aaila(ility of conte&t

-( Uability teting/ When testing for usa(ility D# include conte&t in 3hich

stimulus 3ill actually (e seen

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Working MemoryWorking Memory

%entral

e&ecutie

?isuospatial

sketchpad

Phonological

loop

Wor3ing MemoryWor3ing Memory *short-term memory. 1 temporary *appro&

2C 1 EC sec. and limited capacity *F G- 0 chunks. of er(al and

spatial information that is currently (eing used+

/ Info 3ill (e replaced (y ne3 info if not rehearsed+

/ Central E,ecuti.eCentral E,ecuti.e 1 attentional control system that

coordinates info from other t3o su(systems+/ 4iuopatial S3etc5pa"4iuopatial S3etc5pa" 1 holds info in an analogspatial form 3hile it is (eing used+

/ Mental imagery

/ P5onological *oopP5onological *oop 1 represents er(al information in an

acoustical form 3hile it is (eing rehearsed+

/ Su(-ocal articulation

!addeley"s model of wor#ing memory

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Spatial (ilitySpatial (ility

a$ b$ c$ d$

Which two of the four shapes below are the same as this one?

%&andenberg ' (use

s you try to ans3er this uestion, ho3 is the central e&ecutie

allocating your attentional resources4

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Human 'actors Implications ofHuman 'actors Implications of

Working Memory LimitsWorking Memory Limits'( Minimi&e #or3ing memory loa"/ =eep the memory reuirement short and small enough for WM

)( Pro.i"e .iual ec5oe/ Hard copy is not su(6ect to decay

+( E,ploit c5un3ing/ Physical chunk si8e 1 keep to 2 to > characters/ Meaningful seuences 1 9FF02C9>E0FBB/ Superiority of letters oer num(ers 1 9-ACC-ask-help/ =eeping num(ers separate from letters 1 HJ@ FC9

-( Minimi&e confuability/ %reate isual, audio, or spatial distinctions

/( E,ploit "ifferent #or3ing!memory co"e/ ?er(al info interferes more 3ith other er(al info than 3ith spatial info

6( 2r"ering of te,t an" intruction/ #rder instructions congruently 3ith order in 3hich task accomplished

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Long-Term MemoryLong-Term Memory

*ong!1erm Memory*ong!1erm Memory 1 "early permanent storage of information

3ith unlimited capacity

Enco"ingEnco"ing 1 placing info into memory

StorageStorage 1 keeping info in memory

Retrie.alRetrie.al 1 accessing information from LTM (ack into WM

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'orgetting'orgetting

ForgettingForgetting 1 caused (y decay, interference, or ina(ility to

access *retriee. information+

Memory retrieal fails due to;9+ Weak item strength due to lo3 freuency or recency of

reactiation/ !&; Pass3ord that is accessed once a semester

0+ Weak or fe3 associations of item 3ith other info/ !&; *apple 1 red 1 fire 1 3ater.

2+ Interfering associations/ !&; giing your current spouse an anniersary card on

the anniersary of your preious marriage+

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#rgani8ation of info in LTM#rgani8ation of info in LTM

/ Semantic 7et#or3Semantic 7et#or3 1 information is

stored in a net3ork of associations/ Think a(out ho3 you try to recall a name

from your past+ Does it start (y thinking ofsomething associated 3ith that person4

/ Sc5emaSc5ema 1 #ne5s entire kno3ledge structure a(out a gien topic/ !&perts kno3ledge may (e structured ery differently from noices

/ Mental Mo"elMental Mo"el 1 They 3ay in 3hich one e&pects a system to

3ork+/ Population StereotypePopulation Stereotype 1 similar mental models held (y many people+

/ e&; light s3itch is on in up position, hot 3ater kno( is on the left

Which uestion is ans3ered more readily;

; re canaries yello34

:; Do canaries hae skin4

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LTM implications for designLTM implications for design

Problem/ %onsumers typically do not possess complete mental

model of system/ #3ner5s manuals typically not clear and concise/ %onsumers do not 3ant to refer (ack to manual at each

use

)ttention all poll wor#ers$ *lease remind all voters coming in that they are to

vote only for one + presidential candidate and that they are to punch the hole

next to the arrow next to the number next to the candidate they wish to vote

for$ .han# you/0

/ !&ample; fter recogni8ing the difficulty South 'lorida oters 3ere

haing 3ith their (allots, the follo3ing instructions 3ere issued;

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LTM implications for designLTM implications for design8eign Solution8eign Solution'( Encourage regular ue of information

/ this 3ill improe freuency and recency for ease of recall

)( Stan"ar"i&e

/ Lessens amount of learning reuired 3hen using ne3 system/ !&; 3here is the 3iper function control located in your car4

+( Ue memory ai"/ Soft3are menus proide info isi(le in sensory store, 3hereas

command code must (e retrieed from LTM

-( Carefully "eign information to be remembere"/ Info should (e meaningful, concrete, distinctie, organi8ed, free of

6argon, presented in multiple modes, not reuire o(scure conte&t info

/( Encourage acti.e .erbali&ation

6( 8eign info to be conitent #it5 uer tereotype

9( 8eign to upport "e.elopment of mental mo"el

/ Input options and system state should (e clearly isi(le

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8eclarati.e Kno#le"ge8eclarati.e Kno#le"ge 1 *What. concepts, facts,

principles, rules, mental models

- gained uickly, decays rapidly

- e&; rules of the road

Proce"ural Kno#le"geProce"ural Kno#le"ge 1 *Ho3. implicit kno3ledge

of ho3 to perform a skill- takes longer to acuire, fades slo3ly

- e&; driing

Declaratie 7 ProceduralDeclaratie 7 Procedural

=no3ledge=no3ledge NOVICE

EXPERT

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Epio"ic MemoryEpio"ic Memory 1 personal kno3ledge or memory of a specific

eent *flash(ul(./ :iased (y plausi(le scenarios

/ %onfidence in memory accuracy unrelated to actual accuracy/ Implications for eye3itness testimony

/ e&; If you sa3 the eents of E99 on T?, 3hat did you see lie and

3hat did you see replayed4

Propecti.e MemoryPropecti.e Memory 1 memory of 3hat one is supposed to do/ Ina(ility to retriee info is referred to as cognitie failures or

a(sent-mindedness/ 'ailures preented 3ith reminders or checklists

/ e&; Sticky-note Kto do lists

!ent Memory;!ent Memory;

!pisodic 7 Prospectie!pisodic 7 Prospectie

.o 1o2.o 1o2

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ttention ttention

Selecti.e %ttentionSelecti.e %ttention 1 allo3s us to process important information

- e&; Kcocktail party effectFocue" %ttentionFocue" %ttention 1 allo3s us to filter out un3anted information

- e&; studying 3ith the radio on

8i.i"e" %ttention8i.i"e" %ttention 1 allo3s us to perform multiple tasks at once

- e&; driing 3hile tuning the stereo1ime!S5aring1ime!S5aring 1 s3itching (et3een cognitie tasks

- results in Ktime-sharing decrement 1 the drop in

performance of one or (oth tasks

:F implication; 5o# i "ri.ing affecte" by cell p5one ue<

Due to limited attentional resources, humans must

allocate attention appropriately

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utomatic s+ %ontrolled utomatic s+ %ontrolled

ProcessingProcessing

:lue:lue RedRed )reen)reen @ello3@ello3

)reen)reen RedRed @ello3@ello3 :lue:lue

RedRed @ello3@ello3 )reen)reen :lue:lue

@ello3@ello3 )reen)reen :lue:lue RedRed

)reen)reen :lue:lue RedRed @ello3@ello3

Stroop

Effect

Controlle" ProceingControlle" Proceing 1 effortful cognitie processes reuiring

attention to initiate and sustain *processing unfamiliar info.

%utomatic Proceing%utomatic Proceing 1 processing performed 3ith little

demand on attention *3ell practiced tasks.

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ttentional Resources ttentional Resources

llocation llocation!asiest to time-share limited resources 3hen the t3o tasks;

9+ Differ in terms of 3hether the info is processed early *e+g+, perception.

and late *e+g+, response selection. stages

0+ Reuire different input modalities *isual s auditory.

2+ Differ in terms of input to response coding *er(alocal sisualmanual.

PerceiingPerceiing %entral Processing%entral Processing ResponseResponse

PrintPrint

SpeechSpeech

Logical pro(lem solingLogical pro(lem soling

Rehearsal; digits3ordsRehearsal; digits3ords Mental arithmeticMental arithmetic

?oice?oice

nalog uantities nalog uantities

'lo3 field'lo3 field

Spatial patternsSpatial patterns

Mental rotationMental rotation

ImagingImaging

ManuallyManuallyguided responseguided response

? ! R

: L

? ! R

: L

S P

T I L

S P

T I L

HFchapter6_003

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