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Su Jong Yu, M.D., Ph.D. Department of Internal Medicine, Liver Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine Heterogeneity in HCC : Role of liquid vs. tissue biopsy in the omics era
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Heterogeneity in HCCkasl.org/pdf/2014_liverweek/day3/B/2-Emerging lssues in... · 2014. 12. 2. · Su Jong Yu, M.D., Ph.D. Department of Internal Medicine, Liver Research Institute,

Aug 19, 2020

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Page 1: Heterogeneity in HCCkasl.org/pdf/2014_liverweek/day3/B/2-Emerging lssues in... · 2014. 12. 2. · Su Jong Yu, M.D., Ph.D. Department of Internal Medicine, Liver Research Institute,

Su Jong Yu, M.D., Ph.D.

Department of Internal Medicine, Liver Research Institute,

Seoul National University College of Medicine

Heterogeneity in HCC

: Role of liquid vs. tissue biopsy in the omics era

Page 2: Heterogeneity in HCCkasl.org/pdf/2014_liverweek/day3/B/2-Emerging lssues in... · 2014. 12. 2. · Su Jong Yu, M.D., Ph.D. Department of Internal Medicine, Liver Research Institute,

Heterogeneity in HCC

The impact of Omics sciences in

HCC

Tissue acquisition

Systems Biology

Page 3: Heterogeneity in HCCkasl.org/pdf/2014_liverweek/day3/B/2-Emerging lssues in... · 2014. 12. 2. · Su Jong Yu, M.D., Ph.D. Department of Internal Medicine, Liver Research Institute,

I. Heterogeneity in HCC

Page 4: Heterogeneity in HCCkasl.org/pdf/2014_liverweek/day3/B/2-Emerging lssues in... · 2014. 12. 2. · Su Jong Yu, M.D., Ph.D. Department of Internal Medicine, Liver Research Institute,

Heterogeneity in HCC

1. Etiologies: HBV, HCV, Alcohol, NAFLD, aflatoxin...

2. Tumor type: Nodular vs. Infiltrative

Nodular Infiltrative

VS

Page 5: Heterogeneity in HCCkasl.org/pdf/2014_liverweek/day3/B/2-Emerging lssues in... · 2014. 12. 2. · Su Jong Yu, M.D., Ph.D. Department of Internal Medicine, Liver Research Institute,

The safety and efficacy TACE in the treatment of patients

with HCC and main portal vein obstruction. A prospective

controlled study

Lee HS et al. Cancer. 1997;79:2087-94

Page 6: Heterogeneity in HCCkasl.org/pdf/2014_liverweek/day3/B/2-Emerging lssues in... · 2014. 12. 2. · Su Jong Yu, M.D., Ph.D. Department of Internal Medicine, Liver Research Institute,

BCLC System

J Hepatol 2012;56:908-943

Page 7: Heterogeneity in HCCkasl.org/pdf/2014_liverweek/day3/B/2-Emerging lssues in... · 2014. 12. 2. · Su Jong Yu, M.D., Ph.D. Department of Internal Medicine, Liver Research Institute,

J Clin Gastroenterol 2011;45:69-75

Long term prognosis of combined HCC &

Cholangiocarcinoma after curative resection

Page 8: Heterogeneity in HCCkasl.org/pdf/2014_liverweek/day3/B/2-Emerging lssues in... · 2014. 12. 2. · Su Jong Yu, M.D., Ph.D. Department of Internal Medicine, Liver Research Institute,
Page 9: Heterogeneity in HCCkasl.org/pdf/2014_liverweek/day3/B/2-Emerging lssues in... · 2014. 12. 2. · Su Jong Yu, M.D., Ph.D. Department of Internal Medicine, Liver Research Institute,

Heterogeneity in HCC

- Sequential gene alterations in hepatocarcinogenesis

Page 10: Heterogeneity in HCCkasl.org/pdf/2014_liverweek/day3/B/2-Emerging lssues in... · 2014. 12. 2. · Su Jong Yu, M.D., Ph.D. Department of Internal Medicine, Liver Research Institute,

Heterogeneity in HCC

- Gene alterations occuring in HCC

Page 11: Heterogeneity in HCCkasl.org/pdf/2014_liverweek/day3/B/2-Emerging lssues in... · 2014. 12. 2. · Su Jong Yu, M.D., Ph.D. Department of Internal Medicine, Liver Research Institute,

• Multiple synchronous tumor (multicentric occurrence)

2 pair의 종양을 비교해 보았을 때 단클론성을 시사하는 공통된

somatic mutation 및 structural alteration이 없음

• 완전히 다른 유전자 변이의 축적을 통해 발생한다는 것을 시사

그러나 somatic mutation pattern에 대한 PCA분석에서 비슷

• 패턴은 종양이 발생하는 background에 의해 결정

Nature Genetics 2012:44; 760

Heterogeneity in HCC

Page 12: Heterogeneity in HCCkasl.org/pdf/2014_liverweek/day3/B/2-Emerging lssues in... · 2014. 12. 2. · Su Jong Yu, M.D., Ph.D. Department of Internal Medicine, Liver Research Institute,

II. The impact of Omics sciences in HCC

Page 13: Heterogeneity in HCCkasl.org/pdf/2014_liverweek/day3/B/2-Emerging lssues in... · 2014. 12. 2. · Su Jong Yu, M.D., Ph.D. Department of Internal Medicine, Liver Research Institute,

Geno-proteomics

Page 14: Heterogeneity in HCCkasl.org/pdf/2014_liverweek/day3/B/2-Emerging lssues in... · 2014. 12. 2. · Su Jong Yu, M.D., Ph.D. Department of Internal Medicine, Liver Research Institute,

Genomic alterations affecting actionable signaling

pathways

J Clin Oncol

2013:31;1806-1814

Page 15: Heterogeneity in HCCkasl.org/pdf/2014_liverweek/day3/B/2-Emerging lssues in... · 2014. 12. 2. · Su Jong Yu, M.D., Ph.D. Department of Internal Medicine, Liver Research Institute,

The changes of Post-genomic era

Human Genome Project era TCGA era

(Large scale cancer genome analysis)

OMICS

OMICS Clinical cancer genomics era

Page 16: Heterogeneity in HCCkasl.org/pdf/2014_liverweek/day3/B/2-Emerging lssues in... · 2014. 12. 2. · Su Jong Yu, M.D., Ph.D. Department of Internal Medicine, Liver Research Institute,

Targeted anticancer agents in clinical development

J Clin Oncol

2013:31;1806-1814

Page 17: Heterogeneity in HCCkasl.org/pdf/2014_liverweek/day3/B/2-Emerging lssues in... · 2014. 12. 2. · Su Jong Yu, M.D., Ph.D. Department of Internal Medicine, Liver Research Institute,

How about HCC?

http://www.cbioportal.org/public-portal/

Page 18: Heterogeneity in HCCkasl.org/pdf/2014_liverweek/day3/B/2-Emerging lssues in... · 2014. 12. 2. · Su Jong Yu, M.D., Ph.D. Department of Internal Medicine, Liver Research Institute,

How about HCC? (I)

• 다른 고형암들과 유전자변이 경향이 다름

현재 가능한 druggable gene들이 거의 없음

Chromatic regulation에 관여하는 유전자 변이가 50% 이상을 차지: ARID1A, ARID1B, ARID2, MLL, MLL3

Nature Genetics 2012:44; 760

Page 19: Heterogeneity in HCCkasl.org/pdf/2014_liverweek/day3/B/2-Emerging lssues in... · 2014. 12. 2. · Su Jong Yu, M.D., Ph.D. Department of Internal Medicine, Liver Research Institute,

How about HCC? (II)

• 231 HCC

• whole exome sequencing

• copy number analysis

Hepatology 2014 May 3. doi:

10.1002/hep.27198. [Epub ahead of

print]

다음 슬라이드에 이어짐

Major frequently

mutated pathways

Page 20: Heterogeneity in HCCkasl.org/pdf/2014_liverweek/day3/B/2-Emerging lssues in... · 2014. 12. 2. · Su Jong Yu, M.D., Ph.D. Department of Internal Medicine, Liver Research Institute,

• 현재 가능성 있는 druggable pathways?

Wnt pathway inhibitor?

• 37% altered

Major frequently

mutated pathways

Page 21: Heterogeneity in HCCkasl.org/pdf/2014_liverweek/day3/B/2-Emerging lssues in... · 2014. 12. 2. · Su Jong Yu, M.D., Ph.D. Department of Internal Medicine, Liver Research Institute,

OncLive 2013

Sources: ClinicalTrials.gov website, company websites

Page 22: Heterogeneity in HCCkasl.org/pdf/2014_liverweek/day3/B/2-Emerging lssues in... · 2014. 12. 2. · Su Jong Yu, M.D., Ph.D. Department of Internal Medicine, Liver Research Institute,

• RNA-Seq 또는 microarray platform을 이용하여 genome의 transcript abundance를 파악

Transcriptome

Page 23: Heterogeneity in HCCkasl.org/pdf/2014_liverweek/day3/B/2-Emerging lssues in... · 2014. 12. 2. · Su Jong Yu, M.D., Ph.D. Department of Internal Medicine, Liver Research Institute,

Transcriptome of HCC

• HCC에서의 transcriptome study

Gene expression pattern을 중심으로 한 subclassification, prognosis에 관한 연구를 중점으로 수행

Nature Med 2006:12; 410-6

Page 24: Heterogeneity in HCCkasl.org/pdf/2014_liverweek/day3/B/2-Emerging lssues in... · 2014. 12. 2. · Su Jong Yu, M.D., Ph.D. Department of Internal Medicine, Liver Research Institute,
Page 25: Heterogeneity in HCCkasl.org/pdf/2014_liverweek/day3/B/2-Emerging lssues in... · 2014. 12. 2. · Su Jong Yu, M.D., Ph.D. Department of Internal Medicine, Liver Research Institute,
Page 26: Heterogeneity in HCCkasl.org/pdf/2014_liverweek/day3/B/2-Emerging lssues in... · 2014. 12. 2. · Su Jong Yu, M.D., Ph.D. Department of Internal Medicine, Liver Research Institute,

Sorafenib 치료 반응 예측 marker

Page 27: Heterogeneity in HCCkasl.org/pdf/2014_liverweek/day3/B/2-Emerging lssues in... · 2014. 12. 2. · Su Jong Yu, M.D., Ph.D. Department of Internal Medicine, Liver Research Institute,

III. Tissue biopsy vs Liquid biopsy

Page 28: Heterogeneity in HCCkasl.org/pdf/2014_liverweek/day3/B/2-Emerging lssues in... · 2014. 12. 2. · Su Jong Yu, M.D., Ph.D. Department of Internal Medicine, Liver Research Institute,

Clinical cancer genomics

1) Large scale cancer genome study에 의한 주요 암유전자들 발견 및

데이터 축적

2) 데이터 분석 기술의 발달

Personalized cancer medicine의 시대가 임박함

J Clin Oncol

2013:31;1806-1814

Page 29: Heterogeneity in HCCkasl.org/pdf/2014_liverweek/day3/B/2-Emerging lssues in... · 2014. 12. 2. · Su Jong Yu, M.D., Ph.D. Department of Internal Medicine, Liver Research Institute,

Michigan Oncology Sequencing Project (MI-Oncoseq)

- Biopsy에서부터 결과를 받기까지 4주정도 소요

- Clinical oncology, pathology, bioethics, bioinformatics, clinical genetics 전문가들로 구성된 Sequencing tumor board 구성

Sci Transl Med 2011:3;111ra121

Page 30: Heterogeneity in HCCkasl.org/pdf/2014_liverweek/day3/B/2-Emerging lssues in... · 2014. 12. 2. · Su Jong Yu, M.D., Ph.D. Department of Internal Medicine, Liver Research Institute,

• 임상현장에서 중요한 이슈

환자의 치료방향을 결정하고

치료반응을 모니터링하는데

환자의 조직을 얻는 것이 최대 관건이 됨

(그것도 여러번!)

조직을 얻기 어려운 암의

경우 대체 수단은 없는가?

N Engl J Med 2011;364:340-50

Page 31: Heterogeneity in HCCkasl.org/pdf/2014_liverweek/day3/B/2-Emerging lssues in... · 2014. 12. 2. · Su Jong Yu, M.D., Ph.D. Department of Internal Medicine, Liver Research Institute,

Tissue biopsy

• 임상의사를 불편하게 하는 사실들...

Cancer evolution

• 자체의 genetic instability와 항암치료 등의 외부 pressure등으로 시간에

따라 dominant clone이 변화

Intratumoral heterogeneity

• Primary tumor 내 뿐 아니라 multiple metastases 조직을 분석하였을 때

3분의 2의 변이가 공유되지 않음

NEJM 2012;366:883

Page 32: Heterogeneity in HCCkasl.org/pdf/2014_liverweek/day3/B/2-Emerging lssues in... · 2014. 12. 2. · Su Jong Yu, M.D., Ph.D. Department of Internal Medicine, Liver Research Institute,

• 그렇다면 환자의 암에 대해 정확히 파악하기 위해서는 공간적(intratumoral heterogeneity), 시간적(cancer evolution) 변화를 파악하기 위한 multiple biopsy가 필요하다는 결론

• 현재 conventional tissue biopsy는 침습적

환자의 고통 초래

환자의 입원 필요: 비용 증가

합병증 감수

실패에 대한 부담감 증가

Multiple site biopsy가 사실상 불가능

보관상의 문제: 현재 대부분 FFPE → DNA crosslink로 인한 질 저하

• 대안으로 혈액을 이용한 ‘liquid biopsy’가 대두

Circulating tumor cell (CTC)

Circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA)

Page 33: Heterogeneity in HCCkasl.org/pdf/2014_liverweek/day3/B/2-Emerging lssues in... · 2014. 12. 2. · Su Jong Yu, M.D., Ph.D. Department of Internal Medicine, Liver Research Institute,

J Clin Oncol 2014;32:1

Page 34: Heterogeneity in HCCkasl.org/pdf/2014_liverweek/day3/B/2-Emerging lssues in... · 2014. 12. 2. · Su Jong Yu, M.D., Ph.D. Department of Internal Medicine, Liver Research Institute,

Workflow of CTC analyses

Genome Medicine 2013, 5:73

Page 35: Heterogeneity in HCCkasl.org/pdf/2014_liverweek/day3/B/2-Emerging lssues in... · 2014. 12. 2. · Su Jong Yu, M.D., Ph.D. Department of Internal Medicine, Liver Research Institute,

Monitoring of tumor genomes using CTCs and ctDNA

Genome Medicine 2013, 5:73

Page 36: Heterogeneity in HCCkasl.org/pdf/2014_liverweek/day3/B/2-Emerging lssues in... · 2014. 12. 2. · Su Jong Yu, M.D., Ph.D. Department of Internal Medicine, Liver Research Institute,

• Cancer의 역동적인 변화를 파악하고 최적의 치료를 구현하기 위해서 ctDNA와 CTC 분석에 관심을 기울임 필요가 있음

• 기술의 발전으로 entry barrier가 낮아질 것이며 더 쉽게 접근 가능할 것임

Page 37: Heterogeneity in HCCkasl.org/pdf/2014_liverweek/day3/B/2-Emerging lssues in... · 2014. 12. 2. · Su Jong Yu, M.D., Ph.D. Department of Internal Medicine, Liver Research Institute,

• ctDNA와 같은 장점을 구비

• CTC를 이용한 분석의 challenging points

혈액에 낮은 농도로 존재하는 CTC의 capture (1/~107 WBC/ml)

Single-cell genomic profiling 기술

• 위의 두가지를 극복하는 기술이 급속도로 발전

Liquid biopsy:

circulating tumor cells (CTC)

Page 38: Heterogeneity in HCCkasl.org/pdf/2014_liverweek/day3/B/2-Emerging lssues in... · 2014. 12. 2. · Su Jong Yu, M.D., Ph.D. Department of Internal Medicine, Liver Research Institute,

Nat Rev Clin Oncol 2014;11:1 29-144

Page 39: Heterogeneity in HCCkasl.org/pdf/2014_liverweek/day3/B/2-Emerging lssues in... · 2014. 12. 2. · Su Jong Yu, M.D., Ph.D. Department of Internal Medicine, Liver Research Institute,

Liquid biopsy: ctDNA

• ctDNA를 이용한 분석의 challenging points

정상 DNA와 ctDNA와의 구별

ctDNA가 매우 낮은 농도로 존재할 때의 탐지

변이 DNA의 정량적 측정

• 최근 들어 분석 기술의 발전으로 ctDNA 분석의 정확성이 높아짐

J Clin Oncol

2014;32:1

Page 40: Heterogeneity in HCCkasl.org/pdf/2014_liverweek/day3/B/2-Emerging lssues in... · 2014. 12. 2. · Su Jong Yu, M.D., Ph.D. Department of Internal Medicine, Liver Research Institute,

Liquid biopsy의 장점

• 덜 침습적

합병증이 거의 없으며 언제든 뽑을 수 있어 변이 양상을 dynamic하게 모니터링 할 수 있음

• 고정의 문제가 없음

Fresh DNA를 얻을 수 있음

• Tumoral heterogeneity 반영

이론적으로는 환자 몸의 모든 장소에 있는 종양으로부터 나옴

그러나 다발성 전이 병소가 ctDNA를 비례적으로 균질하게 내는지는 더 연구가 필요

Page 41: Heterogeneity in HCCkasl.org/pdf/2014_liverweek/day3/B/2-Emerging lssues in... · 2014. 12. 2. · Su Jong Yu, M.D., Ph.D. Department of Internal Medicine, Liver Research Institute,

Genome Medicine 2013, 5:73

Differences between CTC and ctDNA analyses

Page 42: Heterogeneity in HCCkasl.org/pdf/2014_liverweek/day3/B/2-Emerging lssues in... · 2014. 12. 2. · Su Jong Yu, M.D., Ph.D. Department of Internal Medicine, Liver Research Institute,

IV. Systems biology approach

Page 43: Heterogeneity in HCCkasl.org/pdf/2014_liverweek/day3/B/2-Emerging lssues in... · 2014. 12. 2. · Su Jong Yu, M.D., Ph.D. Department of Internal Medicine, Liver Research Institute,

Nat Rev Drug Discov 2009:8;709

Cancer ~ extremely complex system!

Page 44: Heterogeneity in HCCkasl.org/pdf/2014_liverweek/day3/B/2-Emerging lssues in... · 2014. 12. 2. · Su Jong Yu, M.D., Ph.D. Department of Internal Medicine, Liver Research Institute,

“p53 is a highly connected

‘node’ in this network. It is

therefore unsurprising that

the loss of p53 function is

so damaging, and that

such loss occurs in nearly

all human cancers.”

“The cell, like the Internet,

appears to be a ‘scale-free

network’.”

Vogelstein B et al. Nature 2000;408:307

Page 45: Heterogeneity in HCCkasl.org/pdf/2014_liverweek/day3/B/2-Emerging lssues in... · 2014. 12. 2. · Su Jong Yu, M.D., Ph.D. Department of Internal Medicine, Liver Research Institute,

From KEGG DB

Page 46: Heterogeneity in HCCkasl.org/pdf/2014_liverweek/day3/B/2-Emerging lssues in... · 2014. 12. 2. · Su Jong Yu, M.D., Ph.D. Department of Internal Medicine, Liver Research Institute,

Scale-free network

Networks that are characterized by a power-law degree distribution

대부분의 node는 몇 개의 link만을 갖고 있음

매우 많은 link를 갖고 있는 몇 개의 node (hub)가 이들 node들을 붙잡고 있음

Cellular networks are scale-free

Protein-protein interactions map

(S. cerevisiae)

Genetic regulatory network

Metabolic network

Jeong H et al. Nature 2001;411:41-42

Page 47: Heterogeneity in HCCkasl.org/pdf/2014_liverweek/day3/B/2-Emerging lssues in... · 2014. 12. 2. · Su Jong Yu, M.D., Ph.D. Department of Internal Medicine, Liver Research Institute,

Why Systems Biology (Systems Medicine)

toward cancer?

• The era of personal genomics

Production of high-throughput data for individual’s genome and

tumor

• Demands new tools and platforms that can interpret multi-input,

multi-output system

To understand and characterize individual variations of each

tumor, the construction of model with omics data is needed

• The paradigm shift to targeted therapy

The effect of perturbation to signaling network and the

resistance mechanism

• Understanding about system’s emergent property such as

‘robustness’ is essential

Optimal target point identification personalized drug therapy

Page 48: Heterogeneity in HCCkasl.org/pdf/2014_liverweek/day3/B/2-Emerging lssues in... · 2014. 12. 2. · Su Jong Yu, M.D., Ph.D. Department of Internal Medicine, Liver Research Institute,

Gonzalez-Angulo AM et al., J Clin Oncol. 28:2777, 2010.

Page 49: Heterogeneity in HCCkasl.org/pdf/2014_liverweek/day3/B/2-Emerging lssues in... · 2014. 12. 2. · Su Jong Yu, M.D., Ph.D. Department of Internal Medicine, Liver Research Institute,

Constanzo M et al. Science 327:425, 2010.

The Genetic Landscape of a Cell

Page 50: Heterogeneity in HCCkasl.org/pdf/2014_liverweek/day3/B/2-Emerging lssues in... · 2014. 12. 2. · Su Jong Yu, M.D., Ph.D. Department of Internal Medicine, Liver Research Institute,

• Cancer Systems Biology

①integrates engineering, physics, and mathematical approaches

with biologic and medical insights ②in an iterative process ③to

visualize the interconnected events within a cell that determine

how inputs from the environment and the network rewiring by

patient tumors determines cellular behavior and patient outcomes

(Gonzalez-Angulo AM et al. 2010)

대 모 생체데이터 수 대 모 터 시 이

혈액

인유전체정보

단 질 데이터

mRNA 데이터

생체시 모 링을 위한 수

모형 발

인 형 시 의료 인 형 단 및 치료전

Biological data collection

Mathematical modeling Large scale computer simulation

Personalized systems medicine Personalized therapy

Page 51: Heterogeneity in HCCkasl.org/pdf/2014_liverweek/day3/B/2-Emerging lssues in... · 2014. 12. 2. · Su Jong Yu, M.D., Ph.D. Department of Internal Medicine, Liver Research Institute,

Sorafenib response prediction marker

: Systemic approach

• Analysis on sorafenib-responsive genomic changes

mRNA changes of HCC cell line (SNU761) before and after

sorafenib treatment

Category Term Count p-value

Fold-

Enrich Benjamini

GOTERM

_BP

GO:0042981~regulation of

apoptosis

30 4.90E-05

2.27 0.07

GOTERM

_BP

GO:0043067~regulation of

programmed cell death

30 5.85E-05

2.25 0.04

GOTERM

_BP

GO:0010941~regulation of cell

death

30 6.24E-05

2.24 0.03

GOTERM

_BP

GO:0051789~response to protein

stimulus

10 6.31E-05

5.70 0.02

GOTERM

_BP

GO:0006986~response to

unfolded protein

8 1.55E-04

6.87 0.04

GOTERM

_BP

GO:0033554~cellular response to

stress

22 3.94E-04

2.37 0.09

GOTERM

_BP

GO:0044092~negative regulation

of molecular function

16 3.95E-04

2.92 0.08

GOTERM

_BP

GO:0010033~response to organic

substance

25 7.28E-04

2.11 0.13

GOTERM

_BP

GO:0051726~regulation of cell

cycle

15 0.001107

2.76 0.17

GOTERM

_BP

GO:0006974~response to DNA

damage stimulus

16 0.001222

2.61 0.17

Proteotoxic stress↑

Unfolded protein

response↑

Page 52: Heterogeneity in HCCkasl.org/pdf/2014_liverweek/day3/B/2-Emerging lssues in... · 2014. 12. 2. · Su Jong Yu, M.D., Ph.D. Department of Internal Medicine, Liver Research Institute,

도출된 관련 pathway에 대한 network modeling 및 분석 → Candidate molecule 도출

*Fold changes of each molecules are noted with red (upregulated), green (equivocal) and blue (downregulated) colors.

Proteotoxic stress compensation pathway

ER stress pathway

Page 53: Heterogeneity in HCCkasl.org/pdf/2014_liverweek/day3/B/2-Emerging lssues in... · 2014. 12. 2. · Su Jong Yu, M.D., Ph.D. Department of Internal Medicine, Liver Research Institute,

Candidate molecule에 대한 validation

Candidate molecule expression is increased in HCC

compared to non-tumor tissue

PDI expression level

Number 0 1 2 3

Clinical

response

CR+PR+SD 2 2 3 0 7

No response 3 9 27 31 70

Response rate 40% 18.2% 10% 0% 77

p-value 0.002

Candidate molecule expression

Table 2. Response of HCC patients to sorafenib according to candidate molecule expression level

Page 54: Heterogeneity in HCCkasl.org/pdf/2014_liverweek/day3/B/2-Emerging lssues in... · 2014. 12. 2. · Su Jong Yu, M.D., Ph.D. Department of Internal Medicine, Liver Research Institute,

Summary

• 생체 네트워크는 기 적으로 scale-free network로 이

루어져 있고 생체 현상을 이해하기 위해서는 네트워크의

특성을 파악해야 함

• 암은 복잡계 질환의 대 적인 예로서 복잡하게 얽힌 다차

원 네트워크로 구성되어 있어, 암의 특성을 이해하기 위

해서는 high-throuput data의 획득과 network

reconstruction을 통한 시 생물 적 접근이

필요함

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