Hester_Recent Development of Aegean Substrate Studies

7/27/2019 Hester_Recent Development of Aegean Substrate Studies

1/17

R E C E N T D E V E L O P M E N T SI N M E D I T E R R A N E A N S U B S T R A T E S T U D I E SA . I N T R O D U C T I O N

The Minoan c iv i l i sa t i on , a r i s i ng l i ke Aphrod i t e f rom the seato our s t a r t l ed eyes a t t he beg inn ing of t h i s cen tury , con t inuest o p r e s e n t u s w i t h m a n y u n s o l v e d p r o b l e m s . I n p a r t i c u l a r , t o t h o s ewho d i sbe l i eve i n supe rna tura l b i r t hs , t he sea rch fo r a l eg i t ima tep a r e n t a g e i s o f t h e f i r s t i m p o r t a n c e . T h e a r c h a e o l o g i s t h a s n od o u b t m u c h t o c o n t r i b u t e ; i f a n y o f t h e c u r r e n t a t t e m p t s t o d e c ip he r L in ea r A should p r ov e i tse lf sou nd ly based t h i s cou ld he lpe v e n m o r e . T h e p r e s e n t p a p e r h a s a f a r m o r e r e s t r i c t e d o b j e c t ;t o b r i n g t o t h e n o t i c e o f s t u d e n t s o f Mi n o a n t h e v a r i o u s o p i n i o n sw h i c h h a v e b e e n h e l d a b o u t t h e l i n g u i s t i c b a c k g r o u n d o f C r e t e ,a n d o f t h e A e g e a n a n d M e d i t e r r a n e a n w o r l d in g e n e r a l , a n d a ls oto d i scuss how fa r t he se t heor i e s have been modi f i ed i n t he l i gh tof mode rn ex t ens ions o f knowledge . I t wi l l no t t he re fore conce rni t s e l f w i t h t h e a t t e m p t e d i n t e r p r e t a t i o n s o f L i n e a r A b y S . D a v i s ,C . R . G o r d o n , L . R . P a l m e r 1 , a n d W . M. P o p e , b u t r a t h e r w i t ht h e m o r e g e n e r a l q u e s t i o n o f h o w m u c h w e k n o w a b o u t th e l a n g u a g e s in t h e M e d i t e r r a n e a n a r e a d u r i n g t h e s e c o n d m i l l e n n i u mB. c . which have no t su rv ived bu t have l e f t s can ty t r aces i n o the rl a n g u a g e s .

Re ade rs m ay , howeve r , be in t e re s t ed i n t he a t t em pt s o f J . Za f i ropo ul o , Histoirede la Grce l'ge du b ronze, Par i s 1964 , pp . 3 4 - 4 1 , to meet difficul t ies in theL u w i a n t h e o r y . H e a c c e p t s P a l m e r ' s e q u a t i o n o f t h e L u w i a n s w i t h ' M i n y a n 'po t t e ry (an d he nce w i t h t he i nvas i on of Greece c . 1900 B . C . usua l l y a sc r i bed t ot he Greeks ) and a l so t he ev i dence fo r b r i ng i ng Luwi ans t o Cre t e . C re t e howeve rh a s onl y one she rd of M i nyan po t t e ry (c l ea r l y i mpor t ed) and no conveni en t ma j orc u l t u r a l b reak . Za f i ropoul o ' s so l u t i on l i e s i n pos t u l a t i ng a doubl e Luwi an i nva s ion of Cre te ; the f i rs t invasion c . 2200 B . C , b e f o re t h e L u w i a n s h a d s t a r t e d u s i n gM i n ya n po t t e ry , t he second c . 1700 B . C , a f te r t hey ha d s t opp ed us i ng it . Th es i mi l a r cul ture of the two invasions accounts for the lack of a c lear break c . 1700.F o r a n o t h e r n e w t h e o r y b a s e d o n P a l m e r ' s d a t i n g b u t r e j e c t i n g h i s L u w i a n s s e eJ . A l s o p , From the silent earth, New York 1964 , e spec i a l l y pp . 168-170 , 235 .


2/17

220 D . A . H E S T E RThe s tudy of such surviva ls i s of course bese t wi th par t icular

d i ff icu lt ie s . T h e mo s t end ur ing e l em ent is t he p l ac e -n am es , whichh a v e i n a d d i t i o n t h e a d v a n t a g e t h a t t h e y p r o v i d e g e o g r a p h i c a lan d, to som e exte nt , chro no logic a l da ta as wel l as l inguis t ic d a ta .But the i r very permanence increases the chance of severa l d i f fe ren t s t r a t a be ing i nex t r i cab ly supe r imposed , and t he i r g rea tdi s ad va nta ge l inguis t ica l ly is the lack of sem ant ic co nt ro l . V oca b u l a r y w o r d s c a r r y t h e i r m e a n i n g w i t h t h e m ( p o s s i b l y s o m e w h a tdis tor ted) but encounter other di f f icul t i es , the grea tes t one be ingt h e p r o b l e m o f d e c i d i n g w h i c h w o r d s b e l o n g t o g e t h e r i n w h i c hl i ngu i s t i c g roup when they a re no t a t t e s t ed i n t he same t ex t ; t hedanger of a vic ious c i rc le i s a lways present , the composi t ionof a g roup be ing de t e rmined by t heor i e s o f i t s na tu re and viceversa. In my discussion I shah classi fy the suggested l inguist icgroups by t he i r pos tu l a t ed ex t en t bu t a l so make c l ea r how mucht h e y r e l y o n p l a c e - n a m e s a n d h o w m u c h o n v o c a b u l a r y w o r d s ;I sha l l no t a t t empt a comple t e b ib l i ography bu t sha l l g ive re fe rences t o recen t works wi th comprehens ive b ib l i ograph i e s , f romwhich t he reade r can ea s i l y compi l e h i s own b ib l i ography .B . T H E A E G E A N P L A G E - N A M E S

This i s the ear l ies t , bes t -known, and most respec table ofthe subs t ra te theor ies ; in i t s deve loped form i t f i rs t appeared inP . K r e t s c h m e r ' s f a m o u s Einleitung in 1896 2 and i t s ch i e f mode rna d v o c a t e i s F . S c h a c h e r m e y r 3 . The t heory con t a ins two bas i ca s s u m p t i o n s t h a t c a n b e t a k e n s e p a r a t e l y ; t h a t t h e p l a c e - n a m e sin t he Aegean a rea wi th -nth- a n d -ss- suffixes belong with otherle ss c l ea r ly de f ined p l ac e -n am es to a l i ngu i s ti c s t r a tu m wh ichex i s t ed be fore t he L inea r B t ab l e t s ; and t ha t t h i s s t r a tum wasr e l a t e d t o t h e n o n - I n d o - E u r o p e a n l a n g u a g e ( s ) o f A n a t o l i a , ass h o w n i n p a r t i c u l a r b y t h e -nd- a n d -ss- p l a c e - n a m e s c o m m o nin As i a Minor . Othe r deduc t i ons can be made (e .g . t ha t t h i s

For fur ther references see my ar t ic les in Lingua 13-4 (1965) pp. 337-8 and 18.2(1967) p . 171 .H is fu l l e s t t r ea tmen ts a r e Pau ly - W is s ow a RE 22.2 cols. 1494- 1548 and Die altestenKulturen Griechenlands, Stu t tga r t 1955 , pp . 2 2 7 -2 6 3 ; his la tes t Die minoische Kulturde s alten Kreta, Stu t tga r t 1964 , pp . 228 - 267 , and A gis und O r ien t , O sten. Akad.de r Wissens., Denks., Phil.-hist. Klasse 93 , V ienna 1967 , pp . 12-18.


3/17


4/17

222 D . A . H E S T E Rwi th Luwian and Greek suf f i xes added 9 . F u r t h e r m o r e E . L a r o c h e 1 0p o i n t s o u t t h a t s o m e o f t h e H i t t i t e - L u w i a n n a m e s a r e e x p l i c a b l et h r o u g h o u t a s I n d o - E u r o p e a n , o t h e r s a r e i n f l e c t e d a s I n d o -E u r o p e a n a n d s h o u l d n o t b e l a b e l le d p r o t o - L u w i a n ( th i s l a t t e rpo in t seems ra the r a d i spu t e about t e rmino logy , a s a l ] t he Greek-ss- names and mos t o f t he -nth- n a m e s b e l o n g t o t h e c o m m o n e s tGreek dec lens ions) ; a l so he asser t s tha t the ident i ty of the -nt-,-nd-, a n d -nth- suff ixes has been s ta ted ra ther than proved 1 1 . R .Cross l and 1 2 s t resses the di f f icul ty of equat ing Anatol ian -ss- w i t hn a m e s t h a t s h o w a -tt- va r i an t i n At t i ca and Boeot i a . F ina l l y ,m y o w n r e s e a r c h e s h a v e p u t t h e -ss- n a m e s u n d e r a c l o u d . F u r t h e rinves t i ga t i ons wi l l no doubt he lp t o e luc ida t e t hese p rob l ems ,b u t i n t h e m e a n t i m e t h e A n a t o l i a n s i t u a t i o n s e e m s m o r e c o m p l e xt h a n t h e t h e o r y a l l o w s a n d t h e A n a t o l i a n - A e g e a n l i n k h y p o t h e t i ca l a t be s t . S t i l l more hypothe t i ca l a re fu r the r specu l a t i ons ont h e d a t i n g o f t h e A n a t o l i a n - A e g e a n s t r a t u m , w h i c h S c h a c h e r -meyr be l ieves to be neol i th ic and not ear ly Bronze Age as theo lde r v i ew had i t , i t s fu r t he r r e l a t i onsh ips , and t he l anguage ofL i n e a r A 13 .

9 F o r a p o ss ib le L u w i a n - C a p p a d o c i a n s e p a r a t i o n cf. al so A . K a m m e n h u b e r , DasAltertum 4 (1958) pp . 131-141 .

10 MviMiriC Xpiv, Gedenkschrift P. Kretschmer 2 (1957) pp. 1-7; RHA 19. 69 (1961)p p . 5 7 -9 4 .1 1 Cases do occur o f apparen t ly the same name ( though appl ied to d i f feren t p laces)b e in g a t t e s t ed in b o th -nd- a n d -nth- forms (e.g. Larynthios: / Laranda, Pyranthos \Puranda, Oiantheia / Oianda, Linthos / Linda, an d p e r h ap s a l so Labyrinthos / Labra(u)nda-l i s t f rom Schachermeyr) , bu t before these can be taken to p rove the iden t i ty o fth e -nd- a n d -nth- suf f ixes two o ther possib i l i t ies must be ru led ou t ; tha t the s imilar i t ies are the resu l t o f chance; and tha t people to whom the -nth- suffix wasn o r ma l , o n en co u n te r in g a -nd- n ame , ' n o r ma l i zed ' i t b y ch an g in g th e su f f ix(the reverse transfer is also possible) . I do not see how these possibil i t ies can ber u led o u t .

12 Atti e memorie del 7. Congresso internaz. di Scienze Onom astiche, Fi r en ze 1 9 6 3 , 1 p p .37 5 -6 .13 I t m ay h o w ev e r b e p o in t e d o u t t h a t t h e L in ea r A sc r ip t, i f f u n c t io n in g in t h e sameway a s L in ea r B , wo u ld b e p a r t i cu l a r ly su i t ed f o r wr i t i n g n ames co n s i s t i n g ma in lyof open sy l lab les . On the o ther hand , the media l consonant g roups found in then ames a r e t h o se wh ich L in ea r B d o es n o t wr i t e ; an d th e p a l a t a l i zed an d l ab ia l i zedsigns of Linear B (rja, rjo, tja, nwa, twe, dwo, etc.) seem (pace Sch ach e r mey r ) f a rmore l ike ly to ref lec t the pecu l iar i t ies o f the Linear A language than to have been


5/17

R E G E N T D E V E L O P M E N T S E T C . 223

C . M O T S V O Y A G E U R S Also widely accepted is the theory of A. Mei l le t 1 4 a n d A . C u n y 1 5 ,w ho dem on s tr a t ed th a t ce r ta in ' cu l tu ra l ' w ord s (e .g . |aou(38o /plumbum, OKivOos / vaccinium, KUirpicrcros / cupressus, nivo /menta, ppSov / rosa, eipiov / lilium, OVKOV / ficus, fovo / vinum,ep(3iv0o / ervum, 0obpr| / lorica, \x\j>\\rfe \ formica) o c c u r i n b o t hI n d o - E u r o p e a n l a n g u a g e s a n d n o n - I n d o - E u r o p e a n l a n g u a g e s( e s p e c i a l l y S e m i t i c ) w i t h o u t a p p a r e n t e t y m o l o g y i n a n y o f t h el a n g u a g e s i n w h i c h t h e y o c c u r a n d i n a f o r m w h i c h u s u a l l y r u l e sou t b o r ro w ing f rom on e o f these l ang uag es in to o the r s1 6 . T h e s e w o r d sp r e s u m a b l y c o m e a s c o m m o n l o a n s f r o m s o m e o t h e r l a n g u a g e ( s )no t o the rwise a t t e s ted . The name mos t o f t en app l ied to them i s M e d i t e r r a n e a n , b u t t h i s i s c o n f u s i n g b e c a u s e o f o t h e r M e d i t e r r anean theor ies fo r wh ich s ee be low; the obv ious l ink i s r a the rwi th Aegean , bu t a s they do no t s t and o r f a l l toge ther w : t h t h e A e g e a n t h e o r y , a n o n - c o m m i t t a l t e r m i s p r o b a b l y b e s t . A s i sto be exp ec te d in v iew o f th e d i f f e ren t n a tu res o f vo ca bu la ry an dp l a c e - n a m e m a t e r i a ] , t h e a s s o c i a t i o n o f t h e s e w o r d s i s b o t h m o r ec o n v i n c i n g a n d l e s s h e l p f u l t h a n t h a t o f t h e p l a c e - n a m e s . C o i n c ide nce does s eem to be exc lu ded . Bu t w ha t is the o r ig in o f thew o r d s ? H a v e t h e y , i n d e e d , a n y c o m m o n o r i g i n ?

The f i r s t s t a temen t o f th i s theo ry was be fo re the dec iphermen to f the Ana to l i an l anguages ; i t i s the re fo re r eas su r ing tha t thed e c i p h e r m e n t h a s s t r e n g t h e n e d r a t h e r t h a n w e a k e n e d t h e t h e o r y ,s e v e r a l o f t h e w o r d s t u r n i n g u p i n H i t t i t e w i t h o u t H i t t i t e e t y m o logies1 7 . O f c o u r s e a c o m m o n o r i g i n i n a k n o w n l a n g u a g e c a n n o t

a d d e d fo r the pu rpos e o f w r i t ing G reek ; G reek can w el l d i s pens e w i th them andin fact often does, w r i t i n g ri-ja, nu-wa e tc . ; on the o the r hand , the ex i s t ing L inearA corpus i s too s mal l to enab le deduc t ions to be d raw n f rom the non - appearanceof r a r e signs. I f th is is so , the lack of evidence for palatal ized or labial ized consona n t s in the A na to l i an names i s a s e r ious obs tac le ; on the o the r hand , the t r a n s mis s ion o f the names in to G reek w ou ld p res umab ly have e l imina ted s uch ev id e n c e , un les s indeed the -ss- \ -tt- a l t e rna t i on i s ev idenc e fo r an o r ig ina l -tw-, w h i c hw o u l d n o t h e l p t h e L u w i a n l i n k ( J . C h a d w i c k ) .14 MSL 15 (1908-9) pp. 161-4.15 REA 12 (1910) pp. 154-164.16 For fur ther references see Lingua 13 .4 (1965) p . 339, 18 .2 (1967) pp. 171-2.17 See E . Benven i s te , BSL 50 (1954) p . 43 ; E . Laroche , BSL 5 1 ( 19 5 5) p . x x x i - x x x i v .


6/17

224 D . A . H E S T E Ra l w a y s b e c o m p l e t e l y r u l e d o u t , a n d L a r o c h e is r i g h t i n w a r n i n gagains t abuses of the theory . R. Lafon 1 8 w h o i n t r o d u c e s d u b i o u se v i d e n c e f ro m G e o r g i a n , a n d J . H u b e r 1 9 who gives a very longl i s t o f ' cu i lu re -words ' wh ich may be fo r the mos t pa r t to ta l lyunre la ted , may be gu i l ty on th i s coun t .D . M E D I T E R R A N E A N

T h e M e d i t e r r a n e a n t h e o r i e s h a v e b e e n m a n y a n d v a r i o u s ,and a re pa r t i cu la r ly ha rd to c las s i fy ; pe rhaps the s imples t c l as s i f i c a t i o n i s ' e x u b e r a n t ' , i . e . c o n t a i n i n g t h e m a x i m u m o f m a t e r i a la n d t h e m i n i m u m o f m e t h o d 2 0 ver sus ' r e s t r a ined ' , i . e . a t t empt ingto c lassi fy the m ate r ia l a nd to re ject som e of the m or e du bio us ino r d e r t o m a k e t h e r e m a i n d e r m o r e c o n v i n c i n g 2 1 . Un l ike the twot h e o r i e s a l r e a d y m e n t i o n e d , t h e s e t h e o r ie s i n c l u d e b o t h p l a c e -n a m e a n d v o c a b u l a r y m a t e r i a l o f v e r y w i d e e x t e n t b o t h g e o g r a p h i c a l l y a n d t e m p o r a l l y , a n d b y c o m p a r i n g v o c a b u l a r y w o r d sw i t h n a m e s r i s k g e t t i n g t h e w o r s t o f b o t h m e t h o d s , a b a n d o n i n gthe s eman t ic con t ro l wh i le l eav ing the geograph ica l pos i t ion vague .The fo l lowing mate r ia l i s common to mos t theo r ies o f th i s type :1 . Basque .

2 . T h e v a r i o u s C a u c a s i a n l a n g u a g e s .T h e r e l a t i o n s h i p o f B a s q u e t o C a u c a s i a n is f u n d a m e n t a l t om o s t M e d i t e r r a n e a n t h e o r i e s ( n o t , h o w e v e r , t o C a p o v i l l a )2 2 . Butthe d i f fi cu lty o f b r ing ing the C au cas ian l an gua ges themse lvestoge ther i s ve ry g rea t , and the a l l eged s imi la r i t i e s be tween thema n d B a s q u e a r e r e g r e t t a b l y u n s y s t e m a t i c 2 3 .

18 RE A 36 (1936) pp. 32-46 .19 Commentationes Aenipontanae 9, 1921.20 E. g . , H . Lahovary , La diffusion des langues anciennes du Proche-Orient, Berne 1957 ;G . Capov i l l a , Praehomerica et Praeitalica, R o m e 1 9 6 4 .2 1 E. g . , G. Ivnescu, Studia et Acta Orientalia 1 (1957) pp . 1 9 9 - 2 3 1 ; J . H u b s c h m i d ,Mediterrane Substrate, Berne 1960. For fur ther references see Lingua 13 .4 p . 338.Capov i l l a ' s b ib l iog raphy i s pa r t i cu la r ly fu l l .22 For arguments in favour of i t see , e . g . , N. M. Holmer , Studia L inguistica 1 (1947)p p . 11-44; K . B o u d a , Baskisch-kaukasische Etymologien, H eide lberg 1949 ; R . Lafon ,Word 7.3 (1951) pp. 227-244, 8.1 (1952) pp. 80-94 .

13 For a rgumen ts aga ins t the r e la t ions h ip s ee H . V og t , BSL 51 (1955) pp. 121-147,


7/17

R E C E N T D E V E L O P M E N T S E T C . 2253 . E t r u s c a n .4 . W o r d s c o m m o n t o v a r i o u s R o m a n c e l a n g u a g e s b u t n o tde r ived f rom La t in (Gapovi l l a ' s Prae i t a l i ca) .5 . Various f ragmentary inscr ipt ions , espec ia l ly in Sic i ly .6. Glosses.7. P l a c e - n a m e s .8 . Pers on al nam es , espec ia lly of gods or heroes . O p t i o n a l e x t r a s a r e :9 . A p p a r e n t l y n o n - G r e e k m a t e r i a l i n L i n e a r B ( G a p o v i ll a 's P r a e h o m e r i c a ).

10. D r a v i d i a n ( L a h o v a r y ) .11. S u m e r i a n , E l a m i t e , e t c . ( I v a n e s c u as u n c e r t a i n ; L a h o v a r y ) .12. H a t t i c , H u m a n , e t c . ( I v a n e s c u , L a h o v a r y ) , e t c . , e t c .The use made of t he ma te r i a l and t he na ture o f t he t heor i e s

pu t fo rw ard a lso va r i e s g rea t l y . A long expos i t ion w ou ld be t e d i o u s ; i t i s however in te res t ing tha t Western (espec ia l ly I ta l ian)scho l a r s s t r e s s t he r l e o f Basque and t he Romance e l ement s ,p r e f e r r i n g M e d i t e r r a n e a n o r B a s c o - G a u c a s ia n a s a n a m e fo rthe g roup; Eas t e rn scho l a r s s t r e s s t he Caucas i an e l ement s , p re fe r r i ng Japhe t i c ( t he name i s ana logous t o Semi t i c and Ha-mi t i c) . At one s t age i ndeed Japhe t i c t h rea t ened t o rep l aceH e b r e w a s t h e o r i g i n a l c o m m o n l a n g u a g e o f t h e w o r l d , b u tIvanescu repudia t e s such ex t reme v i ews . Common to a l l t r ea tment sare a suspic ious di s regard for sys temat ic phonology ( Ivanescuc o n s i d e r s t h a t t h e I n d o - E u r o p e a n c o m p a r a t i v e m e t h o d i s i n a p -prop i a t e i n such a f i e ld , and Lahova ry ' s phonolog i ca l t ab l e onp . 61 i s l i t t l e more than a l i s t of the random var ia t ions he i s prepa red t o a l l ow h imse l f i n each l anguage , t he bas i c phonologyof a l l t he l anguages be ing t he same or nea r ly so) . Of t he many

Norsk Tidsskrift for Sprogvidenskap 17 (1954) pp. 537-549, 20 (1965) pp. 28-37especia l ly 36-37 . I owe these references to W. S. Al len .


8/17

226 D . A . H E S T E Rb l u n d e r s w h i c h h a v e c a l l e d d o w n t h e w r a t h o f r e v i e w e r s 2 4 o n eins t ance I myse l f no t i ced wi l l su f f i ce ; Lahova ry ' s l i s t

25o f N o r t hD r a v i d i a n n u m e r a l s f r o m 5 - 1 0 r u n s pan, shesh, haft, hash, noh,

dah ; he i s p repa red t o admi t t he ' poss ib i l i t y ' o f bor rowing f romI n d o - E u r o p e a n f o r pan, noh, a n d dah only. Of course thi s i s an ext r e m e e x a m p l e a n d t h e r e a r e a l s o f a r m o r e r a t i o n a l a n d r e s t r a i n e dt r e a t m e n t s o f p a r t s o f t h e m a t e r i a l ; fo r example , t he S i c i l i an ev i dence i s c r i t i c a l l y examined by U. Schmol l 2 6 and s t i l l more c r i t i ca l l y by O. Pa r l ange l i 2 7 . The poss ib i l i t y t ha t some of t he ma te r i a lp u t t o g e t h e r a c t u a l l y b e l o n g s t o g e t h e r c a n n o t b e r u l e d o u t a n din de ed i s ve ry l ike ly , bu t t he am o u nt o f w he a t am on g the cha ffi s probably too smal l to be worth the s i f t ing, espec ia l ly as a sui ta ble sieve is diff icul t to design. So even my original c lassi f icat ionof a r t i c l e s fa i l s ; i n a hope l e ss quagmi re t he ra sh and t he ra t i ona ls i n k t o g e t h e r .E . O L D - E U R O P E A N

T hi s ' su bs t ra t e ' i s i nc lud ed fo r t he sake of com ple t ene ss , a l t h o u g h i ts p o s t u l a t e d m a i n a r e a is c o n t i n e n t a l E u r o p e fr o m t h eBr i t i sh I s l e s t o i he Eas t Ba l t i c coas t and f rom Scandinav i a t o t heA l p s , w i t h s e c o n d a r y p e n e t r a t i o n f u r t h e r s o u t h , e s p e c i a l l y i n t oI t a l y a n d S o u t h e r n F r a n c e . I t s c r e a t o r a n d c h i e f a d v o c a t e i sH . K r a h e . H is fullest t re a t m en t is in th e ear ly issues of BzJV;

24 E. g . , J . Andr , BSL 56 (1961) pp . 76-78 (Hu bsc hm i d) ; J . H . Be t t s , CI. Phil. 62(1967) p p . 6 9 - 71 ( C a p o v i l l a ) ; J . D a v i s o n , Erasmus 18 (1966) pp. 167-170 (Ga-pov i l l a ) ; A . H e u b e c k , Gnomon 37 (1965) pp . 514-5 (Capovi l l a ) ; D . M . Jones ,CR 17 (1967) pp . 184-5 (Cap ovi l l a ) ; Y . M a l k i e l , Language 38 (1962) pp . 151-18 5 ( g e n e r a l ) ; H . H . P a p e r , Language 3 4 ( 1 9 5 8 ) p p . 5 5 5 - 8 ( L a h o v a r y ) ; M . A g u dQ u e r o l , Emerita 3 0 ( 19 6 2 ) p p . 3 2 1 - 3 ( H u b s c h m i d ) ; J . R a i s o n , REG 79 (1966)p p . 7 7 4 - 5 ( C a p o v i l l a ) ; K . H . S c h m i d t , IF 6 7 ( 1 9 6 2 ) p p . 8 9 - 9 1 ( L a h o v a r y ) ; O .S z e m e r n y i , Romance Philology 1 7.2 ( 1 9 63 ) p p . 4 0 4 - 4 1 8 ( g e n e r a l ) ; J . U n t e r m a n n ,IF 67 (1962) pp . 298-303 (Hubschmi d) . Ivnescu seems t o have been t o t a l l yi g n o r e d , whether because of the inaccess ibi l i ty of hi s a r t i c le or hi s useof t h e d i s c r e d i t e d t e r m J a p h e t i c ; b u t t h e r e m a y b e r e v i e w s o f h i m I a m n o ta w a r e of.

85 Op. cit. p p . 130-1 .26 Die vorgriechiscken Sprachen Siziliens, W i e s b a d e n 1 9 5 3 .87 KQ KAAOI 10-11 (1964-5) pp . 211-58 .


9/17

R E C E N T D E V E L O P M E N T S E T C . 227he has a l so wr i t t en many books on t he sub j ec t 2 8 ; bu t t he mos tconvenien t summary of h i s t heory i s i n t h ree a r t i c l e s 2 9 . The l a s tcon t a ins t he c l ea re s t synops i s ; t he r i ve r -names of Nor the rn andC e n t r a l E u r o p e a r e l a r g e l y d e r i v e d f r o m a n I n d o - E u r o p e a n l a n g u ag e w hi ch existed before 1500 B. C , after th e fi rst division oft h e I n d o - E u r o p e a n g r o u p b u t b e f o r e t h e d e v e l o p m e n t o f t h ei n d i v i d u a l l a n g u a g e s o f E u r o p e . I t c a n n o t b e e q u a t e d w i t h e i t h e rc o m m o n I n d o - E u r o p e a n o r a n y o f i ts d e r i v e d fa m i li es ( C e l ti c ,I t a l i c , e t c . ) ; r a the r i t fo rms a b r idge be tween t hese two s t ages .I t s cha ra c t e r i s t i c s a re l a rge ly t hose found i n t he l a t e r W es t Eu ro pe anl anguages ( i . e . Ce l t i c t o Ba l t i c ) ; how fa r i t c an be equa t ed wi thc o m m o n W e s t - E u r o p e a n i s n o t a l t o g e t h e r c l e a r , t h e p o s i t i o n o fthe Bal t ic l anguages be ing espec ia l ly di f f icul t .

H o w c a n w e t e l l w h i c h n a m e s b e l o n g t o t h i s l a n g u a g e ? P r i n c ipa l ly by a recurr ing pa t te rn of roots and suff ixes ; a t able i sg iven3 0 s h o w i n g t h a t t h e r o o t s Aga, Aisa \ Isa, Ala, Alba, Ara,Arga, Ava I Avos, Dr ava / Dravos, Kara / Karos, Pala \ Pola \ Pela,Sala, Sara Sora Sera Saros, Sava / Savos, Tara / Taros, Vara /Vera Varo, a n d Visa a r e f r e q u e n t ly f o u n d e i th e r a l o n e o r c o m p o u n d ed with one or more of the suffixes m, n, r, nt, a n d s (st, k, a n d ta re ra re r ) ; t he ma jor i t y o f t he poss ib l e com bin a t i on s o f roo t a ndone suffix ac tua l l y occur , and K ra he is r a t he r apo loge t i c ab ou tt h o s e t h a t d o n o t . D o u b t s m a y b e c r e a t e d b y t h e a l m o s t m a t h e m a t i c a l p r e c i s i o n o f t h e m o r p h o l o g y , w h i c h s e e m s n e a t e r t h a ntha t o f any known l anguage when i t i s cons ide red t ha t t he suff i xes seem to have no semant i c func t i on , and a l so by t he non-dis t inc t ive charac te r of both roots and suff ixes . The fac t tha tt h e p h o n o l o g y ex hypothesi c lose ly re sembles t ha t o f t he l a t e r Indo-European l anguages o f t he same a rea i s no t r ea ssur ing , nor i s i t sn a t u r e ; t h e o n l y c l e a r r u l e s a r e t h a t I n d o - E u r o p e a n v o i c e d a s p i ra t e s become vo i ced s tops and *o b e c o m e s a, but as the 1959a r t i c l e shows t he re a re ca ses i n t he South where t he i n i t i a l vo i ceda s p i r a t e s b e c o m e f (appa ren t l y a d i a l ec t a l d iv i s i on wi th in

28 E. g . Unsere altesten Flussnamen, W iesb ad en 1 9 6 4 .29 I n Mainzer Akad. der Wiss. Abhan d. der geistes-u nd sozialwiss. Klasse 1957 .1 pp .1 0 3 - 2 1 , 1959 .1 pp . 3-24 , 1962 .5 pp . 2 8 5 - 3 4 1 .30 Op. cit. p . 2 9 6 .


10/17

228 D . A . H E S T E RO l d - E u r o p e a n , a s d o u b l e t s o c c u r w i t h b o t h t r e a t m e n t s , t h o u g ht h e r e is n o c le a r l i n g u i s t ic b o u n d a r y ) a n d i n t h e N o r t h n a m e so c c u r w i t h o r w i t h o u t t h e G e r m a n i c s o u n d s h i f t ( a t t r i b u t e d t od i f fe ren t t imes o f bor rowing , a s a re double t s which show o aswell as a f r o m o r i g i n a l *o). T h i s t e n d e n c y t o d e v e l o p d i a l ec t ss u g g e s t s d i s t u r b i n g p a r a l l e l s w i t h t h e l a n g u a g e s l i s t e d b e l o w ,w h i c h h a v e n o t f o u n d w i d e a c c e p t a n c e a l t h o u g h t h e i r p h o n o l o g yis f ar m o r e d e t a il e d t h a n t h a t of O l d - E u r o p e a n ; a r e w e n o t a g a i nre ly ing on mere ' l ook-a l i kes ' ? The t heory does no t seem we l le n o u g h e s t ab l i s h e d t o j u s ti fy t h e a t t e m p t s m a d e t o e x t e n d t h en a m e s t o S p a i n 3 1 o r t o p r o v i d e i t w i t h a b a c k g r o u n d i n a n t h r o p o l o g y ( ' C e n t r a l E u r o p e a n ' ) 3 2 o r a r c h a e o l o g y ( ' E a r l y Me t a l l i c ' ) 3 3 .T h e d if fi cul ty o f r eco nc i l i ng a rch aeo log i ca l an d l ingu i s t i c ev i d e n c e e v e n w h e n t h e l i n g u i st i c e v i d e n c e is m u c h c l e a r e r t h a n i ti s i n t h e c a s e o f O l d - E u r o p e a n i s w e l l d e m o n s t r a t e d b y H . H e n c -k en 3 4 a n d F . T . W a i n w r i g h t 3 5 .F . P E L A S G I A N

T h i s I n d o - E u r o p e a n l a n g u a g e , r e c o n s t r u t e d b y V . G e o r g i e vo n t h e e v i d e n c e o f v o c a b u l a r y s u r v i v a ls a n d p r o p e r n a m e s i n G r e e k ,a n d t a k e n u p b y A . J . V a n W i n d e k e n s , t h e l a te A . C a r n o y , W . M e r -l i ngen , an d O . Ha as , ha s been fu ll y d iscussed by m e a l read y 3 6

3 1 J . d e H o z , Emerita 33 (1965) pp . 15-22 .32 S e e B . L u n d m a n , Studia Linguistica 9 (1955) pp. 1-7.3 3 See R . P i t t i on i , Anzeiger der phil.-hist. Klasse der Osterr. Akad. der Wiss. 95 (1958)n o . 1 6 p p . 2 0 3 - 2 2 8 ; Propylaen Weltgeschichte, ed . G . M ann / A . Heuss , 1 , Vi enna1961, p . 277 ; P i t t i on i wi se l y d i sc l a i ms re spons i b i l i t y fo r t he l i ngu i s t i c a rgument .

34 American Anthropologist 5 7 . 6 p a r t 3 ( 1 9 6 5 ) ( = M e m o i r n o . 8 4 ) .3 5 Archaeology and Place-names and History, London 1962 , e spec i a l l y pp . 107-112 . Forthos e who wi sh t o pursue t he s t udy of r i ve r -names fu r t he r a use fu l s t a r t i ng po i n ti s P. Lebel , Principes et Mthodes d'Hydronomie Franaise, Par i s 1956 , whi ch has avery f u l l b i b l i o g r a p h y . H i s p p . 2 0 5 - 2 3 5 m a k e a n i n t e r e s t i n g c o m p a r i s o n w i t hK r a h e . Cf. a l so E. Ekwal l , English River-names, Oxford 1928 , pp . x l v i - l v . For re views of Krahe see e spec i a l l y : G . Bonfan t e , Paideia 1 1 ( 1 9 5 6 ) p p . 2 9 9 - 3 0 3 ; H .K r o n a s s e r , Ling. Balk. 4 ( 1 9 6 2 ) p p . 5 - 2 3 ; F . M e z g e r , %VS 73 (1956) pp . 122-4 ;A . N e h r i n g , Gnomon 29 (1957) pp. 1-7; H. Rix, IF 63 (1957) pp . 8 9 - 9 3 ; E. R i sch ,Kratylos 5 (1960) pp . 89-90 .3 6 My art ic les a re in Lingua 13.4 (1965) pp. 335-384, 16.3 (1966) pp. 274-8, 18.2(1967) pp . 168-1 78; t o t he re fe rences t he re g i ven shoul d be ad de d: P . 336 fn . 5 ;


11/17

R E C E N T D E V E L O P M E N T S E T C . 229a n d t h e r e s e e m s l i t t l e p o i n t i n r e p e a t i n g m y a r g u m e n t s h e r e .B y c o m p a r i s o n w i t h O l d - E u r o p e a n i t h a s i n i t s f a v o u r i t s m o r ep r e c i s e p h o n o l o g y a n d i t s m o r e l i m i t e d g e o g r a p h i c a l r a n g e , a l s oi ts p r i n c i p i e r e li a n c e is o n v o c a b u l a r y w o r u s w h e r e s e m a n t i ccont rol i s poss ible . But i t suffe rs f rom the misce l laneous na tureof i t s vocabula ry , i t s compl i ca t ed d i a l ec t s ( see G b e l o w ) a n d t h egre a t d ive rgenc i e s o f op in io n am on g i ts adv oca t e s , i t s eemsnecessa ry t o once more p ro t e s t aga ins t t he app l i ca t i on of t hew o r d P e l a s g i a n t o t h i s a n d i n d e e d t o a l m o s t a n y o t h e r h y p o t h e t i c a l l a n g u a g e i n t h e A e g e a n a r e a 3 7 . K r e t s c h m e r w a s n o d o u b t

Geo r g iev ' s Issledovanija h as ap p ea r ed in an I t a l i an ed i t i o n Introduzione alla Storiadelle Lingue Indoeuropee, R o m e 1 9 6 6 ; Pe la sg ian is d i scu ssed o n p p . 1 0 7 -11 9 w i th o u tin t r o d u c in g an y s ig n i f i can t i n n o v a t io n s ; see th e r ev iew b y H . Kr o n asse r , IF 13( 1 9 6 7 ) p p . 9 7 -1 1 0 e sp ec ia l ly 9 8 -1 0 1 .P. 34 5 f n . 2 7 ; ad d to th e l i s t o f Van W in -d ek en s ' s a r t i c l e s : Orbis 14 (1965) pp . 120-5 , 15 (1966) pp . 87-9 , Die Sprache 12(1966) pp . 94-7 , Studi Micenei ed E geo-Anatolia 2 ( R o me 1 9 6 7 ) p p . 1 1 0 -1 1 3 .P . 346 fn . 30 ; add to the l i s t o f Carnoy ' s a r t ic les L'Ani. Class. 27 (1958) pp . 305-3 2 7 ; also passim references in REG 69 (1956) pp . 279-289 , 71 (1958) pp . 87-99 ,Dictionnaire Etymologique des Noms grecs de Plantes, Lo u v a in 1 9 5 9 . A f u r th e r co n t r ib u to r t o Pe la sg ian i s L . G in d in ; see h i s b ib l io g r ap h y in Voprosy Jazykoznanija1 9 5 9 .5 p p . 1 0 5 -1 1 4 ; g en e r a l a r t i c l e s ( ma in ly o n B a lk an p l ace -n ames) i n 1er Congrsdes Etudes Balkaniques (Sofia 1966) Comm unications de la Dlgation Sovitique; Anato-liskie jazykovye elementy v drevne toponimii juga Balkanskogo poluostrova, M o sco w 1 9 66 ; I s s l ed o v an i j a p o d r ev n e t o p . y u g a B a lk , p o i . Akademija JVauk SSSR Inst. Rus-skogo Jazyka, Mo sco w 1 9 6 6 ; Ya zy k d r ev n e sh eg o n ase l en iy a ju g a B a lk , p o i .ibid., Mo sco w 1 9 6 7 ( p p . 38 -4 2 o n Pe la sg ian , an d ex ten s iv e g en e r a l b ib l io g r ap h y ) .He i s w i l l i n g , u n l ik e Geo r g iev , t o ad mi t t h e ex i s t en ce o f n o n - I n d o -Eu r o p eanelements in Europe. I am indebted to h im for cop ies o f these las t th ree ar t ic les .J . H a r m a t t a , i n Linguistique Balkanique 9 ( 1 9 6 4 ) p p . 5 -39 , a t t emp t s t o d emo n s t r a t ea c lo se co n n ex io n b e tw een th e Pe la sg ian a n d Hi t t i t e p h o n o lo g ie s . P . 34 7 f n. 31 ;a d d t o r e v i e w s : F a v o u r a b l e : C . G a r c i a G u a i , Emerita 35 ( 1 9 67 ) p p . 1 8 9 -1 9 3 ;F . H e s t e r m a n n , DLZ 75 (1954) co ls . 324-6 ; H. Kronasser , IF 13 (1967) pp . 97-1 1 0 ( wi th man y r e se r v a t io n s ) ; I . I . R u ssu , Studii Clasice 7 (1965) pp . 109-117 .A g n o s t i c : R . H a u s s c h i l d , Die indogermanischen Vlker und SprachenKleinasiens, Ber l in1 9 6 4 , p p . 5 4 -6 ; M. May r h o f e r , Die Sprache 1 0 ( 1 9 6 4 ) p p . 1 8 3 -4 . Un f av o u r ab le :H . K r a h e , BzN 9 ( 1 95 8 ) p . 31 2 ; J . Po k o r n y , Indogermanisches etymologisches Wr-terbuch, B er n e 1 9 5 0 , i n t r o d . p p . 3 -4 ( b o th Kr ah e an d Po k o r n y th in k a sma l l n u mb ero f e ty mo lo g ie s may b e co r r ec t ) ; E . R i sch IF 69 (1964) pp . 75-9 .Cf. Lingua, loc. cit. p . 33 6 fn . 4 ; as exa mp les o f fu r ther a t t r ibu t io ns of the te rm Pe la sg ian see S . N . Ko n d a , Buletin i Universitet Shtetror te Tiran's, S e r i a S h k e n c a tSh o q e r o r e , 1 9 6 2 . 3 p p . 1 8 1-1 9 2 ( an c ien t A lb a n ia n ) , I . Th o m o p o u lo s , Pelasgica,A t h e n s 1 9 1 2 ( p r e d e c i p h e r m e n t H i t t i t e e t c . ) ; s e e a l s o L o c h n e r - H i i t t e n b a c h , loc. cit.,p p . 1 35 -1 39 .


12/17

230 D . A . H E S T E Rch ie f ly r espo ns ib le , bu t he has had m an y im i ta to r s . Of the fives c h o l a r s m e n t i o n e d a b o v e , o n l y G e o r g i e v m a i n t a i n s a c o n n e c t i o n( b a s e d o n ( w o d u b i o u s n a m e - e t y m o l o g i e s ) b e t w e e n h i s l a n g u a g ea n d tu e x ciasgian s of History ; to Ga rnoy an d va n vVindekenst h e t e r m i s p u r e l y c o n v e n t i o n a l , H a a s a n d M e r l i n g e n a l t o ge the r re ject i t . I t i s in te res t in g to co m pa re wi th th is th e ear l ies tan d mo s t r ecen t a r t ic l es by s cho la r s con cen t ra t in g on the l i t e r a ry r e fe rences to the Pe lasg ians : E . Meyer 3 8 a n d F . L o c h n e r -H i i t t e n b a c h 3 9 . T h e y a g r e e :

1 . T h a t before th e t im e of H er od ot us (ou r fu llest sou rce) thet r a d i t i o n s c o n c e r n i n g t h e P e l a s g i a n s h a d a l r e a d y b e c o m e t h o rough ly confused .

2. That the t e rm 'Pe lasg ian ' i s app l ied in th ree ways : toPe lasg ians in the t rue s ense o f the word , to Tyr rhen ians (whowere no t r e la ted to them, bu t became confused w i th them) , o rto a lmos t any ' anc ien t ' peop le o r th ings (Meyer s t r es s ing theuse o f the t e rm by the genea log i s t s a s a ' s t a tus symbol ' , Lochner -H t t e n b a c h t h e i n f l u e n c e o f t h e p o e t s ) .3 . That the genu ine Pe lasg ians were c lose ly connec ted w i thT h e s s a l y .T he ea r l ie s t an d p resu m ab ly the bes t ev idence is in H om er .T h e Iliad l i s t s the inhab i tan t s o f 'Pe lasg ian Argos ' among Ach i l -les ' s men in the Greek cata logue (2 .681) and Pelasgians f rom' fe r t i l e Lar i s a ' in the Tro jan ca ta logue (2 .840 -3 ) l ed by H ip -pothoos and Pulaios , the two sons of Lethos , son of Pelasgos ,s o n o f T e u t a m i d e s . Odyssey 19.177 l i s ts Pelasgians among theseven peop les o f Cre te , in susp ic ious jux tapos i t ion w i th Dor ians .

There a re o the r minor r e fe rences , bu t none o f the ev idence i sp a r t i c u l a r l y e n h g h t e n i n g ; M e y e r t h i n k s t h a t o n l y t h e T h e s s a l i a nre fe rences a re o r ig ina l and tha t the Pe lasg ians were among thee l e m e n t s t h a t m a d e u p t h e P e n e s t a e ; L o c h n e r - H t t e n b a c h t h a tm a n y o f t h e n a m e s g i v e n t o P e l a s g i a n s b y H o m e r a n d o t h e r s a r ein fac t I l ly r i a n a nd th a t th e Pe lasg ians wer e an I l ly r i an tr ibe 4 0 .3 8 Forschungen zur alten Geschichte, Hal le 1892, l . i pp . 1-124.39 Die Pelasger, V i e nna 1960 .40 He re l ies heavi ly on Teutamides , c f . *teuta pe op l e (O se a n touto, I r i sh tuath,G o t h i c piuda) ; t he na m e s H i p po t hoo s a n d P u l a i os , w h i c h sugge s t t ha t P e l a sg i a ns


13/17

R E C E N T D E V E L O P M E N T S E T C . 23 1Both re j ec t t he i dea o f t he Pe l a sg i ans a s a wide ly spread pre -I n d o - E u r o p e a n n a t i o n .In shor t , i t should be c lear ly s ta ted tha t the l i t e ra ry sourcesf o r P e l a s g i a n s a r e m o s t u n r e l i a b l e , a n d w h o e v e r t h e y m a yh a v e b e e n , t h e r e i s n o v a l i d r e a s o n f o r c o n n e c t i n g t h e m w i t h a n yk n o w n o r p a r t - k n o w n l a n g u a g e . T h e y a r e , i n f a c t , l i n g u i s t i c a l l ya n o n - e n t i t y .G . P i -GREEK

A re f inement o f Georg i ev ' s t heory has been worked ou t byW . M e r l i n g e n 4 1 . He be l ieves in the exis tence of Georgiev 's speech,w h i c h h o w e v e r h e c a l l s A k h a e a n , b e l i e v i n g t h a t s o m e o f t h eea r ly re fe rences t o Achaeans ( i t i s no t a l t oge the r c l ea r which)re fe r no t t o Greeks bu t t o t he speake rs o f a non-Greek Indo-E u r o p e a n l a n g u a g e w h o o n c e r u l e d t h e G r e e k s ( l o a n - w o r d s c o m ef r o m a s u p e r s t r a t e , n o t a s u b s t r a t e ) a n d f r o m w h o m t h e G r e e k st o o k o v e r t h e i r n a m e , a s t h e F r e n c h f r o m t h e F r a n k s ; h e a b oc l a i m s t o h a v e t r a c e d b y t h e s a m e m e t h o d s a s G e o r g i e v a n o t h e rI n d o - E u r o p e a n l a n g u a g e , t h i s t i m e a centum one , which he o r ig i na l l y ca l l ed ( i n a p r iva t e ly c i rcu l a t ed work) Old Cre t an bu tno w Py -Greek, f rom it s po s tu l a t e d a s s ib i l a ti on of t he I n d o-European vo i ce l e s s s t ops 4 2 ; This i s a l so a supers t ra te , o ldert h a n A k h a e a n a n d p r o b a b l y g o i n g b a c k t o b ef o re 2 0 0 0 B . C . ;i t s cen t re i s p robab ly Cre t e , i t s ex t en t ve ry wide ; i t s i n f l uenceon A kh aea n is ve ry s t rong , m os t o f i ts vo cab ula r y wo rds be in gt r a n s m i t t e d t o G r e e k v i a A k h a e a n a n d u n d e r g o i n g A k h a e a n sound-changes . I t s speake rs mus t t he re fore once have ru l ed t heAkhaeans . I t s d i rec t i n f l uence on Greek i s much weake r , be ingseen espec ia l ly in the -ss- p l a c e - n a m e s , w h i c h a r e n o t f r o m G e o r g i ev ' s l anguage , a s Georg i ev c l a imed ( r i gh t l y i n t he ca se o f t he-nth- n a m e s ) , b u t w h i c h s h o w p h o n o l o g i c a l e v i d e n c e o f d i r e c tt r a n s m i s s i o n f r o m P - G r e e k . Me r l i n g e n r e f u s e s t o m a k e a r chaeo log i ca l compar i sons , bu t t hose who p l ace g rea t e r r e l i ance

n e e d not have Pe l a sg i an names , a re no t s t r e s sed . The t e rm I l l y r i an i s i t s e l f ad i s p u t e d o n e .4 1 Refe rences Lingua 13 .4 pp . 34 2 -3 , 18.2 pp. 168-178.42 S ee Eine altere Lehnwrterschicht im G riechischen 1 , V i en na 1963 , an d 2 , Vi e nna 1967 .


14/17

232 D . A . H E S T E Ron a rchaeo logy wi l l p robab ly be ab l e t o sugges t cu l t u re s re f l ec t i ngb o t h A k h a e a n a n d P - G r e e k w i t h o u t a n y g r e a t e ff or t ofi m a g i n a t i o n . Me r l i n g e n a l s o t h i n k s h e h a s f o u n d t r a c e s o f a n A s i aM i n o r Centura l a n g u a g e c h a r a t e r i z e d b y t h e c h a n g e o f *-ritto -nd-43 and h i s Akhaean , l i ke h i s Pyz -Greek , has two chronologica l s tages , most of the words showing a change of voice lessstops to voiceless aspirates 4 4 b u t s o m e n o t 4 5 .The re su l t s o f t h i s me thod of p rocedure a re i n t e re s t i ng . I f wes u m m a r i z e Me r l i n g e n ' s p h o n o l o g i e s , u s i n g A f o r A k h a e a n , O Af o r A k h a e a n w i t h o u t t h e s o u n d - s h i f t , P S I f o r P - G r e e k , O P S Ifor Old P i i -Greek 4 6 , a n d N D f o r t h e A s i a - Mi n o r l a n g u a g e w ege t t he fo l l owing Table 1 .

I E*p*t*k*k*kw*b*d*g*g*p W*bh*dh*gh*gh*gw n*tek*dhegh*sV*VsV

G r e e kTCTKKnP5yyP9eXX9

TE K 6 X

C

ze ro

A

90aXXTTTaKK(35CJyy

T 8 XTeyaa

T A B L E 1O A

TTTcrKKTTTaKKP5ayy

TE KTeyaa

P S I

ya99eXX9p5yyPeia i yi

ze ro

OPSIya a / T TSgTTTTTKKTTP5yyP

T l CTiyc?t h

N DTTTKKTTTTTKK?P6yy?

TE KP??43 See Studia in honorem D. Decev, Sofia 1958, pp . 133-14 0.44 L. Ba f t . 4 (1962) pp . 25-55 , especia l ly 38 -4 8 , 5.2 (1962) pp. 5-44.45 Ibid. 4 , p p . 39-40, 49-50.46 See espec ia l ly op. cit. 2 , p p . 56-81 .t L e n g t h e n s p r e c e d i n g v o w e l .


15/17

R E C E N T D E V E L O P M E N T S E T C . 233I t s h o u l d b e n o t e d t h a t v a r i a n t f o r m s c o n d i t i o n e d b y t h e c o n t e x t

a re no t g iven , a s these do no t inc rease the number o f a l t e rna t ivesposs ib le in a g iven con tex t . Excep t ions a re the l a s t fou r l ines ,wh ich show the e f f ec t o f pos tu la ted d i s s imi la t ions in two imag i n a r y r o o t s *tek- a n d *dhegh-, a n d t h e t r e a t m e n t s o f s in i t i a l lybefo re a vowel and be tween vowels . On ly the end r esu l t in Greeki s g iven ; fo r pos tu la ted in te rmed ia te s t ages , such as IE *b pass ingt h r o u g h O P S I *p to A *ph w h e n c e i t i s b o r r o w e d i n t o G r e e k ,r eader s shou ld consu l t Mer l ingen . There a re d i f f i cu l t i e s tha tM e r l i n g e n h a s n o t f u l l y e x p l a i n e d ; f o r e x a m p l e , t h e O A r e f l e x e sof IE *p tk and the OPSI r e f l ex o f IE *kw m u s t b e s i m i l a r e n o u g hto the OA ref lexes of IE *bdg and the OPSI r e f l ex o f IE gw r e spec t ive ly to be confused w i th them in Greek bu t a t the s ame t imed i f f e ren t enough to be kep t d i s t inc t f rom them in A . What i st h e i r p h o n e t i c n a t u r e ? O f t h e c o n s o n a n t s n o t l i s t e d i n t h e t a b l e ,*/ m n r are p rese rved in a l l the l anguages , *y los t , and *w h a svery complex r e f l exes .

I t w i l l be s een tha t Mer l ingen , hav ing s ix phono log ies to choosef r o m , i n s t e a d o f t h e o n e p o s t u l a t e d b y m o r e c o n s e r v a t i v e p h i l o log i s ts , has a magn i f i ce n t r a ng e o f new e tym olog ies ope n to h im .O r is i t m e r e l y t h a t t h e c o n s o n a n t s d o n o t c o u n t fo r v e r y m u c h ?What o f the vowels? Here the g rea tes t va r ie ty comes in caseswhere IE has a l iqu id o r nasa l in a sy l l ab le wh ich shows vowelg r a d a t i o n ; i n A a n d P S I a s i n G r e e k t h e r e f l e x o f t h e w e a k g r a d ec a n h a v e t h e v o w e l p r e c e d i n g o r f o l l o w i n g t h e c o n s o n a n t . T h eresu l t s appear in t ab le 2 . Can i t be tha t the vowels coun t fo rn o t h i n g ?

T A B L E 2I E

*er*or

o

G r e e kspopocp,pcx u p , p>

Aspccplp , pu, po, p i

P S It t e pup,opT sp, op , ap , ps, po, pa

f t A c o n d i t io n a l v a r i a n t ; n o r m a l l y *e b e c o m e s i .^ p T h e r e a r e a l s o t r a c e s o f s e c o n d a r y e/o g r a d a t i o n sT h i s t y p e o f e t y m o l o g i z i n g w a s o n c e s u m m e d u p b y G a r n o yas a col lect ive so lu t ion of the cruces o f G r e e k . M e r l i n g e n h i m s e l f


16/17

234 D . A . H E S T E Rs t resses the s impl i f ica t ion of Greek e tymology produced by ass igning ' i r r egu l a r ' fo rms t o one of t he new l anguages and t hus e l i m i n a t i n g u n e x p l a i n e d v a r i a n t s . I t i s d i s q u i e t i n g t h a t i r r e g u l a r i t i e soccur i n t he new l anguages a l so , bu t even i f we i gnore t hem, weare ent i t l ed to ask whether th i s kind of ' solut ion ' rea l ly involvesf e w e r h y p o t h e s e s t h a n t h e t r a d i t i o n a l a p p r o a c h . A p a r t i c u l a r l yinte res t ing example i s the word KU^n which Merl ingen 4 7 der ivesfrom the same root as Boisacq and others , i .e . *kup~; t h e t r a d i t i ona l v i ew pre sen t s t he word a s Greek wi th an -s - roo t ex t ens ion ;Me r l i n g e n p o s t u l a t e s t h a t t h e *p b e c o m e s y b y i ^ ' - G r e e k p h o n o logy , t ha t *k does no t becom e bec ause P i -G reek di ss imi la tesi t s s ibi lants , tha t the ( re ta ined) k would unde rgo t he soundsh i f tt o x i f t h e w o r d w e r e b o r r o w e d i n t h e u s u a l w a y t h r o u g h A k h a e a n ,but does not do so because the word i s one of twenty or so vocabu l a ry wo rds bor r ow ed d i rec tl y i n to Greek ( i .e . Old P . s>Greek).Thi s sugges t s t o my poss ib ly ove r -ac t i ve imagina t i on a game Iused t o p l ay a s a ch i l d i n which one had t o change one word i n toanothe r by a l t e r i ng one l e t t e r a t a t ime , e .g . dog dot cot cat. Entianon sunt multiplie anda praeter necessitatemi.

H . C O N C L U S I O N SThe t en t a t i ve na ture o f t he t heor i e s d i scussed above does no tpermit any fi rm conclusions at this s tage. As far as a communis

4 7 Op. cit. 2, p. 60.4 8 p o r r e v i e w s of P' -Greek Par t I see P. Burguire , REA 67 (1965) pp. 180-2;J . C h a d w i c k , JH S 85 (1965) pp . 186-7 ; A . Heubeck , IF 70 (1965) pp . 89-92 ;M . L e j e u n e , BS L 59 .2 (1964) pp . 76-7 ; R . Roche r , L'Ant. Class. 32 (1963) pp .6 9 3 - 4 ; C. J . Rui j gh , Lingua 13.1 (1964) pp. 76-81 . Merl ingen discusses the las tfive op. cit. 2 pp. 5-7. Reviews of par t I I a re s ta r t ing to appear ; see W. Dress ier ,

Die Sprache 13.1 (1967) p. 158; H. Kronasser , ibid. 14.2 (1968) pp. 166-177; R.R o c h e r , L'Antiquit Classique 36.2 (1967) pp. 700-701 . I t i s inte ies t ing to notet h a t Merl ingen 's views on P. ' -Greek of ten br ing him into confl ic t wi th advoca tes of Pe l a sg i an ; on an approx i ma t e count o f e t ymol ogi e s (approx i ma t eb e c a u s e a group of e tymologies ass igned to one root i s counted as one , and theg r o u p i n g varies) he has produced 159 e tymologies which do not confl ic t wi th P e l a s g i a n (80 PSI , 15 OPSI , 33 PSI o r OPSI , 31 PSI o i some o t he r l angua ge (s)), 72 wh ich do (16 w her e only the lang uag e to wh ich the word i s to be a t t r i b u t e d i s in di spute , 56 where the root i s di sputed) .


17/17

R E C E N T D E V E L O P M E N T S E T C . 235opinio can be said to exist, it is that Greek probably contains bothplace-names and vocabulary words which are borrowed fromboth Indo-European and non-Indo-European sources ; and tha twe must proceed with caution.University of Adelaide (South Australia). D. A. H E S T E R

Hester_Recent Development of Aegean Substrate Studies

Documents