HERITAGE TOURISM IN SOUTHEAST ASIA michael hitchcock, victor t. king and michael parnwell (eds)
HERITAGE TOURISM IN SOUTHEAST ASIA
Mar 27, 2023
Welcome message from author
This document is posted to help you gain knowledge. Please leave a comment to let me know what you think about it! Share it to your friends and learn new things together.
Transcript
New and topical, but more than a tourism study This is the first book to examine heritage tourism across the Southeast Asian region and from different disciplinary perspectives. With material that is new and topical, it makes an important contribution to the fields of tourism studies, development and planning studies, and beyond. Set against a backdrop of the demands, motivations and impacts of heritage tourism, the volume focuses on disputes and conflicts over what heritage is, what it means, and how it has been presented, re-presented, developed and protected. This involves examining the different actors involved in encounters and contestation, drawing in issues of identity construction and negotiation, and requiring the contextualization of heritage in national and global processes of identity formation and transformation. Among the questions touched upon are the ownership of heritage, its appropriate use, access to it as against conservation needs, heritage as a commodity, as entertainment and as an educational medium, and the interpretation and representation of heritage forms. The volume is more than a tourism study, however. While tourism studies often concentrate on ad hoc tourism developments or local-level planning, here is a volume that provides ample data about the various governmental institutions and international agencies, how their decisions are made, and provides clear evidence about the ramifications of such decisions. Moreover, because of its use of recognized and testable methodologies and publicly accessible data, the volume’s conclusions are objective, reasonable and usable for both academic researchers and governmental planning or development agencies.
www.niaspress.dk
HERITAGE TOURISM IN SOUTHEAST ASIA michael hitchcock, victor t. king
and michael parnwell (eds)
Prelims_Heritage.indd 1 09/06/2010 14:32
related titles from nias Press
The Sociology of Southeast Asia. Transformations in a Developing Region by Victor T. King
Tourism in Southeast Asia. Challenges and New Directions edited by Michael Hitchcock, Victor T. King & Michael Parnwell
NIAS Press is the autonomous publishing arm of NIAS – Nordic Institute of Asian Studies, a research institute located at the University of Copenhagen. NIAS is partially funded by the governments of Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway and Sweden via the Nordic Council of Ministers, and works to encour- age and support Asian studies in the Nordic countries. In so doing, NIAS has been publishing books since 1969, with more than two hundred titles produced in the past few years.
Nordic Council of MinistersCoPeNhAgeN UNIveRSITy
Prelims_Heritage.indd 2 09/06/2010 14:32
michael Parnwell
Prelims_Heritage.indd 3 09/06/2010 14:32
Heritage Tourism in Southeast Asia edited by Michael hitchcock, victor T. King and Michael Parnwell
First published in 2010 by NIAS Press
NIAS – Nordic Institute of Asian Studies Leifsgade 33, DK-2300 Copenhagen S, Denmark
tel (+45) 3532 9501 • fax (+45) 3532 9549 email: [email protected] • website: www.niaspress.dk
Simultaneously published in the United States by the University of hawai‘i Press
© NIAS – Nordic Institute of Asian Studies 2010
While copyright in the volume as a whole is vested in the Nordic Institute of Asian Studies, copyright in the individual chapters belongs to their authors. No chapter may be repro-
duced in whole or in part without the express permission of the publisher.
British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data heritage tourism in Southeast Asia. 1. heritage tourism—Southeast Asia. I. hitchcock, Michael. II. King, victor T. III. Parnwell, Mike. 338.4’79159-dc22
ISBN: 978-87-7694-059-1 hbk ISBN: 978-87-7694-060-7 Pbk
Typeset by NIAS Press Printed in Singapore by Mainland Press Pte Ltd
Prelims_Heritage.indd 4 09/06/2010 14:32
Contributors • xi
Chapter 1: heritage Tourism in Southeast Asia • 1 Michael Hitchcock, Victor T. King and Michael J. G. Parnwell
Chapter 2: Courting and Consorting with the global: the Local Politics of an emerging World heritage Site in Sulawesi, Indonesia • 28 Kathleen M. Adams
Chapter 3: The Reconstruction of Atayal Identity in Wulai, Taiwan • 49 Mami Yoshimura and Geoffrey Wall
Chapter 4: outdoor ethnographic Museums, Tourism and Nation Building in Southeast Asia • 72 Michael Hitchcock and Nick Stanley
Chapter 5: histories, Tourism and Museums: Re-making Singapore • 83 Can-Seng Ooi
Chapter 6: World heritage Sites in Southeast Asia: Angkor and Beyond • 103 Keiko Miura
Chapter 7: National Identity and heritage Tourism in Melaka • 130 Nigel Worden
Chapter 8: Interpreters of Space, Place and Cultural Practice: Processes of Change through Tourism, Conservation, and Development in george Town, Penang, Malaysia • 147 Gwynn Jenkins
Chapter 9: Aspiring to the ‘Tourist gaze’: Selling the Past, Longing for the Future at the World heritage Site of hue, vietnam • 173 Mark Johnson
Chapter 10: vietnam’s heritage Attractions in Transition • 202 Wantanee Suntikul, Richard Butler and David Airey
Prelims_Heritage.indd 5 09/06/2010 14:32
vi
Chapter 11: handicraft heritage and Development in hai Duong, vietnam • 221 Michael Hitchcock, Nguyen Thi Thu Huong and Simone Wesner
Chapter 12: Tourism and Natural heritage Management in vietnam and Thailand • 236 Michael J. G. Parnwell
Chapter 13: heritage Futures • 264 Michael Hitchcock, Victor T. King and Michael J. G. Parnwell
Bibliography • 274
Index • 309
Figures
3.1: Map of Taiwan showing location of Wulai • 50 3.2: Diagram to represent shifts in multiple identities • 55 3.3: Determinants of the nature of the Atayal’s multiple identities:
before 1895 • 58 3.4: An Atayal woman with facial tattoo • 59 3.5: Shifts in the Atayal’s multiple identities: after Japanese colonization,
1895–1945 • 61 3.6: Shifts in the Atayal’s multiple identities: after tourism development,
1945–1990 • 64 3.7: Shifts in the Atayal’s multiple identities: after the rise of democracy
in Taiwan and the decline in international tourism in Wulai, 1990 to the present • 68
3.8: Atayal women and a han Chinese man with facial tattoo stickers • 69
8.1: Map of george Town • 151 12.1: Typical ha Long Bay landscape • 242 12.2: ha Long Bay, vietnam • 243 12.3: Phang Nga Bay, Thailand • 252
Tables
1.1: UNeSCo world cultural and natural heritage sites in Southeast Asia • 8
5.1: The orient responds through the national museums of Singapore: de-orientalism, re-orientalism and reverse orientalism • 100
8.1: Market mix of tourist arrivals, Penang: January–September 2004 and January–September 2005 • 157
Prelims_Heritage.indd 6 09/06/2010 14:32
Preface and acknowledgements
The lengthy lead in time of this volume on heritage tourism in Southeast Asia requires a word of explanation. Several of the chapters that comprise this collection were originally scheduled to be part of our edited volume, Tourism in Southeast Asia: Challenges and New Directions (NIAS and University of hawai‘i Press, 2009), but the manuscript ended up being unwieldy and the publishers asked us to prune it. It was a dilemma that had a happy outcome since the publishers agreed to consider a second volume based around the four chapters on heritage tourism in the original manuscript. These chapters were sufficiently interconnected and coherent that they could be lifted out to form the core of a second volume, to which new papers were added. The first volume could then be published with much less difficulty.
In this regard we are endlessly grateful to those who agreed to accept a delay in the publication of their papers until we could assemble a companion volume and who permitted us, at relatively short notice, to transfer their work to the heritage tourism book. We have to bear in mind that we began the whole process of assembling and editing the long-awaited sequel to our Tourism in South-East Asia (1993) as long ago as 2005; the delay in publishing the four heritage papers has therefore been considerable. our sincere thanks must therefore go to gywnn Jenkins, Mark Johnson, Keiko Miura and Nick Stanley for being so cooperative in allowing us to address our dilemma and in helping us embark on what we believed to be the most constructive way forward.
having said this, and in duly recognizing the obvious delay in publication, the heritage volume is not without a certain rationale and in the event, in our view, the enterprise has proved to have turned out very successfully indeed.
Prelims_Heritage.indd 7 09/06/2010 14:32
viii
Two of the co-editors (hitchcock and King) had already edited a special issue of the journal Indonesia and the Malay World (IMW) (2003a) on the theme of what we, and Ian glover, referred to then as ‘discourses with the past’, and it seemed to us that we could develop several of the issues which had already been raised and debated in that publication. We therefore had the basis for a much more extended and detailed consideration of the political, economic and socio-cultural contexts within which heritage and the tourism activities associated with it have been developing in the region. More especially what had become very clear to all three co-editors in preparing the first volume was that we needed to devote much more attention to the significance for Southeast Asian governments of UNeSCo World heritage Sites (WhS) and the conflicting pressures, interests and agendas which were being brought to bear on these sites, as well as on the ways in which heritage, whether recognized by UNeSCo or not, was becoming a very central element in the promotion of tourism in the region and in the construction and transformation of identities (national, ethnic and local). Three of the four papers which we transferred to the heritage volume focused on globally significant UNeSCo sites: Johnson on hue, Miura on Angkor and Jenkins on the recently designated historic centre of george Town on Pulau Pinang (which along with Melaka was designated as Malaysia’s third WhS in 2008). Incidentally gwynn Jenkins had also contributed a co-authored paper on george Town to our special journal issue of 2003.
our earlier foray into heritage studies in Southeast Asia has also enabled us to develop a network of researchers, some of whom we could call on at short notice to provide chapters for our new volume. We therefore commissioned and edited several new papers for this second book in addition to writing an extended editorial introduction and an accompanying conclusion, a process which has taken us well over two years to complete. Two of the co-editors stepped in to write chapters afresh in Heritage Tourism: Mike Parnwell has contributed a chapter on natural heritage sites by comparing the WhS of ha Long Bay in northern vietnam with a similar but non- designated site, Phang Nga Bay, in southern Thailand, and Mike hitchcock along with fellow researchers Nguyen Thi Thu huong and Simone Wesner, who had worked with him on a field project in northern vietnam, have given an overview and analysis of some of their fieldwork findings on handicraft industries and tourism in hai Duong. Some colleagues who had contributed to our 2003 special issue also came forward with chapters for
Prelims_Heritage.indd 8 09/06/2010 14:32
Preface and Acknowledgements
this current book: Nigel Worden kindly agreed that we could include his previously published paper on the theme of heritage tourism in Melaka and Malay-Malaysian national identity (with some revisions and updating by victor King); Can-Seng ooi who has been working on the role and use of museums in the construction and reconstruction of Singaporean national identity stepped in at very short notice; and Kathleen Adams has provided us with a substantially revised and updated chapter, based on her 2003 publication, on the local political issues surrounding moves to secure UNeSCo World heritage listing for the Toraja hamlet of Ke te Kesu and the wider Torajaland.
We were also able to call on fellow researchers who had worked with us before and who had contributed to the conference (and the book which emerged from it) which was organised by the three co-editors and Janet Cochrane of Leeds Metropolitan University in June 2006 in Leeds (see Janet Cochrane, Asian Tourism: Growth and Change, 2008, oxford and Amsterdam: elsevier Ltd). Drawing on this circle of contacts we asked Wantanee Suntikul (with Richard Butler and David Airey) to offer us a chapter on the recent work that they had completed on vietnamese heritage in hanoi. Finally, and at a very late stage in the editing process, geoff Wall enquired whether we would be interested in seeking a publisher for a study which one of his postgraduate students, Mami yoshimura, had undertaken on the cultural heritage of the Atayal of Wulai in Taiwan, a minority group with cultural affinities to Southeast Asian populations. We took advantage of their generous offer and invited them to submit a co-authored chapter.
Aside from this current edited book, another positive result of the collaboration on heritage tourism in Southeast Asia which will carry forward some of the issues raised in this volume is the recently launched British Academy-funded three-year research project (2009-2011) undertaken by the three co-editors and Janet Cochrane on ‘The Management of World heritage Sites in Southeast Asia: Cross-cultural Perspectives’. examining eighteen sites across Thailand, vietnam, Laos, Malaysia, Indonesia and the Philippines, the research team will address several major research questions which, among others, focus on the different perspectives on these sites held by the different users and stakeholders, the problems and opportunities involved in managing and developing WhS, and the impacts on them and local communities of increasing tourism pressures.
A further word of thanks is due. of course it goes without saying that we are most grateful for the patience and understanding of our contributors
Prelims_Heritage.indd 9 09/06/2010 14:32
x
and the very constructive way in which they have supported us in bringing this volume to press. But we would also like to express our special thanks to gerald Jackson and his team at NIAS Press for the extremely positive and helpful approach they have adopted in ensuring that both our tourism volumes have at last appeared in print. They have gone beyond the call of duty. From what started as a proposal for one ‘longish’ book we have managed to achieve much more in producing two volumes. But because the second edited collection was conceived in and was born and grew from the first we hope that readers will appreciate that there is advantage in considering them ‘in companionship’ as a two-volume set. Despite the enormous effort and time expended by all concerned in producing these two books we think that it has been worth while bringing into the public domain a wide range of established, ongoing and recent research on tourism in Southeast Asia and setting out several potential research agendas for the next decade. Not least we hope that we have demonstrated the advantages of examining and understanding tourism in a region-wide framework and across disciplinary boundaries. We fully intend to continue our research in this collaborative spirit.
Prelims_Heritage.indd 10 09/06/2010 14:32
xi
Contributors
Kathleen M. Adams is Professor of Anthropology at Loyola University, Chicago, and an Adjunct Curator of Southeast Asian ethnology at Chicago’s Field Museum of Natural history. She is the author of Art as Power: Recrafting Identities, Tourism and Power in Tana Toraja, Indonesia, University of hawai‘i Press, 2006, which won the 2009 Alpha Sigma Award. her articles on cultural representations, tourism, ethnic relations, museums and the politics of art have appeared in various edited volumes and journals, including American Ethnologist, Ethnology, Museum Anthropology, Annals of Tourism Research, and Tourist Studies.
David Airey is Professor of Tourism Management at the University of Surrey, where he has also served as Pro-vice-Chancellor. his current research interests include tourism education, tourism policy and organisation. he was co-editor of the first book on tourism education and is recipient of the UNWTo Ulysses Award for his services to education.
Richard Butler is emeritus Professor in the Strathclyde Business School, University of Strathclyde, glasgow. Trained as a geographer, his main research interests are in destination development, tourism in islands and remote locations, and its relationships with local residents. he continues to work on the Destination Life Cycle model (1980, 2006) and also on tourism and indigenous peoples (2007).
Michael Hitchcock is Academic Director and Dean of Faculty at the IMI University Centre, Luzern. he was formerly Deputy Dean for external Relations and Research in the Faculty of Business, Arts and humanities at the University of Chichester. Between 2000 and 2008 he was a Professor
Prelims_Heritage.indd 11 09/06/2010 14:32
xii
and Director of the International Institute for Culture, Tourism and Development at London Metropolitan University. his recent publications include Tourism in Southeast Asia: Challengers and New Directions, NIAS/ University of hawai‘i Press, 2009 (ed. with victor T. King and Michael J. g. Parnwell) and Tourism, Development and Terrorism in Bali, Ashgate, 2007 (with I Nyoman Darma Putra).
Gwynn Jenkins trained as a 3D designer and moved to live and work in Penang, Malaysia, in 1995. After 11 years of pioneering heritage conservation with a Penang architectural practice and gaining a PhD in Social and Cultural Anthropology supported by the University of hull, UK, gwynn continues to live, research, conserve and write from a restored Chinese shophouse in the heart of the old city.
Mark Johnson is Senior Lecturer in Social Anthropology at the University of hull. his research interests are in gender, sexuality, heritage, landscape, environment, migration and diaspora. he has conducted research in the Philippines, vietnam, Costa Rica and most recently Saudi Arabia. Recent publications include ‘Both “one and other”: environmental Cosmopolitanism and the Politics of hybridity’, Nature and Culture, 3, 1, 2008 (with S. Clisby) and ‘Naturalising Distinctions: Contested Fields of environmentalism in Costa Rica’, Journal of Landscape Research, 34, 2, 2009 (with S. Clisby).
Victor T. King is Professor of South east Asian Studies and executive Director of the White Rose east Asia Centre, University of Leeds. his research interests are spread widely across the sociology and anthropology of the region, with a particular focus on change and development. his recent publications include The Sociology of Southeast Asia: Transformations in a Developing Region, NIAS/hawai‘i Press, 2008, and (with William D. Wilder) The Modern Anthropology of South-East Asia: An Introduction, Routledge, 2006 (reprint).
Keiko Miura is Lecturer (part-time) in the School of Letters, Arts and Sciences, Waseda University, Japan, and also Research Fellow in the Cultural Property Research group, University of göttingen, germany. her research interests include heritage conservation, tourism development and local ways of life. Recent publications include ‘Needs for Anthropological Approaches to Conservation and Management of Living heritage Sites: From a Case Study of Angkor, Cambodia’, in e. A. Bacus, I. C. glover and
Prelims_Heritage.indd 12 09/06/2010 14:32
xiii
Contributors
P. D. Sharrock (eds), Interpreting Southeast Asia’s Past: Monument, Image and Text, National University of Singapore, 2008, and ‘Conservation of a “Living heritage Site”: A Contradiction in Terms? A Case Study of Angkor World heritage Site’, Conservation and Management of Archaeological Sites (CMAS), 7, 1, pp. 3–118, James & James, 2005.
Nguyen Thi Thu Huong graduated from hanoi Architecture University in 1993 and worked as an architect in the Ministry of Construction in hanoi. In 1998 she completed a Master’s Degree in Urban Planning at the Catholic University of Leuven, Belgium. Since then she has executed various development projects for different international Ngos and donors. In 2002-2004 she worked as project manager and ran the handicraft Centre in hai Duong under the eU Asia-Urbs framework, and at the same time prepared two research papers about handicraft production in Northern vietnam for the International Labour organisation. She lives in Munich and is undertaking a second Master’s course in land management and land tenure in the Technical University, Munich.
Can-Seng Ooi is an Associate Professor at Copenhagen Business School. his research centres on cultural tourism in Singapore and Denmark. Currently, he is leading a team of researchers looking at ‘new heritage’ or contemporary art in these two countries, and also in China and India.
Michael J.G. Parnwell is Professor of South east Asian Development in the Department of east Asian Studies at the University of Leeds. he has a wide range of research interests, including sustainable development, sustainable tourism, heritage management, social capital, localism, Buddhism and alternative development. he has undertaken field-based research…
www.niaspress.dk
HERITAGE TOURISM IN SOUTHEAST ASIA michael hitchcock, victor t. king
and michael parnwell (eds)
Prelims_Heritage.indd 1 09/06/2010 14:32
related titles from nias Press
The Sociology of Southeast Asia. Transformations in a Developing Region by Victor T. King
Tourism in Southeast Asia. Challenges and New Directions edited by Michael Hitchcock, Victor T. King & Michael Parnwell
NIAS Press is the autonomous publishing arm of NIAS – Nordic Institute of Asian Studies, a research institute located at the University of Copenhagen. NIAS is partially funded by the governments of Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway and Sweden via the Nordic Council of Ministers, and works to encour- age and support Asian studies in the Nordic countries. In so doing, NIAS has been publishing books since 1969, with more than two hundred titles produced in the past few years.
Nordic Council of MinistersCoPeNhAgeN UNIveRSITy
Prelims_Heritage.indd 2 09/06/2010 14:32
michael Parnwell
Prelims_Heritage.indd 3 09/06/2010 14:32
Heritage Tourism in Southeast Asia edited by Michael hitchcock, victor T. King and Michael Parnwell
First published in 2010 by NIAS Press
NIAS – Nordic Institute of Asian Studies Leifsgade 33, DK-2300 Copenhagen S, Denmark
tel (+45) 3532 9501 • fax (+45) 3532 9549 email: [email protected] • website: www.niaspress.dk
Simultaneously published in the United States by the University of hawai‘i Press
© NIAS – Nordic Institute of Asian Studies 2010
While copyright in the volume as a whole is vested in the Nordic Institute of Asian Studies, copyright in the individual chapters belongs to their authors. No chapter may be repro-
duced in whole or in part without the express permission of the publisher.
British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data heritage tourism in Southeast Asia. 1. heritage tourism—Southeast Asia. I. hitchcock, Michael. II. King, victor T. III. Parnwell, Mike. 338.4’79159-dc22
ISBN: 978-87-7694-059-1 hbk ISBN: 978-87-7694-060-7 Pbk
Typeset by NIAS Press Printed in Singapore by Mainland Press Pte Ltd
Prelims_Heritage.indd 4 09/06/2010 14:32
Contributors • xi
Chapter 1: heritage Tourism in Southeast Asia • 1 Michael Hitchcock, Victor T. King and Michael J. G. Parnwell
Chapter 2: Courting and Consorting with the global: the Local Politics of an emerging World heritage Site in Sulawesi, Indonesia • 28 Kathleen M. Adams
Chapter 3: The Reconstruction of Atayal Identity in Wulai, Taiwan • 49 Mami Yoshimura and Geoffrey Wall
Chapter 4: outdoor ethnographic Museums, Tourism and Nation Building in Southeast Asia • 72 Michael Hitchcock and Nick Stanley
Chapter 5: histories, Tourism and Museums: Re-making Singapore • 83 Can-Seng Ooi
Chapter 6: World heritage Sites in Southeast Asia: Angkor and Beyond • 103 Keiko Miura
Chapter 7: National Identity and heritage Tourism in Melaka • 130 Nigel Worden
Chapter 8: Interpreters of Space, Place and Cultural Practice: Processes of Change through Tourism, Conservation, and Development in george Town, Penang, Malaysia • 147 Gwynn Jenkins
Chapter 9: Aspiring to the ‘Tourist gaze’: Selling the Past, Longing for the Future at the World heritage Site of hue, vietnam • 173 Mark Johnson
Chapter 10: vietnam’s heritage Attractions in Transition • 202 Wantanee Suntikul, Richard Butler and David Airey
Prelims_Heritage.indd 5 09/06/2010 14:32
vi
Chapter 11: handicraft heritage and Development in hai Duong, vietnam • 221 Michael Hitchcock, Nguyen Thi Thu Huong and Simone Wesner
Chapter 12: Tourism and Natural heritage Management in vietnam and Thailand • 236 Michael J. G. Parnwell
Chapter 13: heritage Futures • 264 Michael Hitchcock, Victor T. King and Michael J. G. Parnwell
Bibliography • 274
Index • 309
Figures
3.1: Map of Taiwan showing location of Wulai • 50 3.2: Diagram to represent shifts in multiple identities • 55 3.3: Determinants of the nature of the Atayal’s multiple identities:
before 1895 • 58 3.4: An Atayal woman with facial tattoo • 59 3.5: Shifts in the Atayal’s multiple identities: after Japanese colonization,
1895–1945 • 61 3.6: Shifts in the Atayal’s multiple identities: after tourism development,
1945–1990 • 64 3.7: Shifts in the Atayal’s multiple identities: after the rise of democracy
in Taiwan and the decline in international tourism in Wulai, 1990 to the present • 68
3.8: Atayal women and a han Chinese man with facial tattoo stickers • 69
8.1: Map of george Town • 151 12.1: Typical ha Long Bay landscape • 242 12.2: ha Long Bay, vietnam • 243 12.3: Phang Nga Bay, Thailand • 252
Tables
1.1: UNeSCo world cultural and natural heritage sites in Southeast Asia • 8
5.1: The orient responds through the national museums of Singapore: de-orientalism, re-orientalism and reverse orientalism • 100
8.1: Market mix of tourist arrivals, Penang: January–September 2004 and January–September 2005 • 157
Prelims_Heritage.indd 6 09/06/2010 14:32
Preface and acknowledgements
The lengthy lead in time of this volume on heritage tourism in Southeast Asia requires a word of explanation. Several of the chapters that comprise this collection were originally scheduled to be part of our edited volume, Tourism in Southeast Asia: Challenges and New Directions (NIAS and University of hawai‘i Press, 2009), but the manuscript ended up being unwieldy and the publishers asked us to prune it. It was a dilemma that had a happy outcome since the publishers agreed to consider a second volume based around the four chapters on heritage tourism in the original manuscript. These chapters were sufficiently interconnected and coherent that they could be lifted out to form the core of a second volume, to which new papers were added. The first volume could then be published with much less difficulty.
In this regard we are endlessly grateful to those who agreed to accept a delay in the publication of their papers until we could assemble a companion volume and who permitted us, at relatively short notice, to transfer their work to the heritage tourism book. We have to bear in mind that we began the whole process of assembling and editing the long-awaited sequel to our Tourism in South-East Asia (1993) as long ago as 2005; the delay in publishing the four heritage papers has therefore been considerable. our sincere thanks must therefore go to gywnn Jenkins, Mark Johnson, Keiko Miura and Nick Stanley for being so cooperative in allowing us to address our dilemma and in helping us embark on what we believed to be the most constructive way forward.
having said this, and in duly recognizing the obvious delay in publication, the heritage volume is not without a certain rationale and in the event, in our view, the enterprise has proved to have turned out very successfully indeed.
Prelims_Heritage.indd 7 09/06/2010 14:32
viii
Two of the co-editors (hitchcock and King) had already edited a special issue of the journal Indonesia and the Malay World (IMW) (2003a) on the theme of what we, and Ian glover, referred to then as ‘discourses with the past’, and it seemed to us that we could develop several of the issues which had already been raised and debated in that publication. We therefore had the basis for a much more extended and detailed consideration of the political, economic and socio-cultural contexts within which heritage and the tourism activities associated with it have been developing in the region. More especially what had become very clear to all three co-editors in preparing the first volume was that we needed to devote much more attention to the significance for Southeast Asian governments of UNeSCo World heritage Sites (WhS) and the conflicting pressures, interests and agendas which were being brought to bear on these sites, as well as on the ways in which heritage, whether recognized by UNeSCo or not, was becoming a very central element in the promotion of tourism in the region and in the construction and transformation of identities (national, ethnic and local). Three of the four papers which we transferred to the heritage volume focused on globally significant UNeSCo sites: Johnson on hue, Miura on Angkor and Jenkins on the recently designated historic centre of george Town on Pulau Pinang (which along with Melaka was designated as Malaysia’s third WhS in 2008). Incidentally gwynn Jenkins had also contributed a co-authored paper on george Town to our special journal issue of 2003.
our earlier foray into heritage studies in Southeast Asia has also enabled us to develop a network of researchers, some of whom we could call on at short notice to provide chapters for our new volume. We therefore commissioned and edited several new papers for this second book in addition to writing an extended editorial introduction and an accompanying conclusion, a process which has taken us well over two years to complete. Two of the co-editors stepped in to write chapters afresh in Heritage Tourism: Mike Parnwell has contributed a chapter on natural heritage sites by comparing the WhS of ha Long Bay in northern vietnam with a similar but non- designated site, Phang Nga Bay, in southern Thailand, and Mike hitchcock along with fellow researchers Nguyen Thi Thu huong and Simone Wesner, who had worked with him on a field project in northern vietnam, have given an overview and analysis of some of their fieldwork findings on handicraft industries and tourism in hai Duong. Some colleagues who had contributed to our 2003 special issue also came forward with chapters for
Prelims_Heritage.indd 8 09/06/2010 14:32
Preface and Acknowledgements
this current book: Nigel Worden kindly agreed that we could include his previously published paper on the theme of heritage tourism in Melaka and Malay-Malaysian national identity (with some revisions and updating by victor King); Can-Seng ooi who has been working on the role and use of museums in the construction and reconstruction of Singaporean national identity stepped in at very short notice; and Kathleen Adams has provided us with a substantially revised and updated chapter, based on her 2003 publication, on the local political issues surrounding moves to secure UNeSCo World heritage listing for the Toraja hamlet of Ke te Kesu and the wider Torajaland.
We were also able to call on fellow researchers who had worked with us before and who had contributed to the conference (and the book which emerged from it) which was organised by the three co-editors and Janet Cochrane of Leeds Metropolitan University in June 2006 in Leeds (see Janet Cochrane, Asian Tourism: Growth and Change, 2008, oxford and Amsterdam: elsevier Ltd). Drawing on this circle of contacts we asked Wantanee Suntikul (with Richard Butler and David Airey) to offer us a chapter on the recent work that they had completed on vietnamese heritage in hanoi. Finally, and at a very late stage in the editing process, geoff Wall enquired whether we would be interested in seeking a publisher for a study which one of his postgraduate students, Mami yoshimura, had undertaken on the cultural heritage of the Atayal of Wulai in Taiwan, a minority group with cultural affinities to Southeast Asian populations. We took advantage of their generous offer and invited them to submit a co-authored chapter.
Aside from this current edited book, another positive result of the collaboration on heritage tourism in Southeast Asia which will carry forward some of the issues raised in this volume is the recently launched British Academy-funded three-year research project (2009-2011) undertaken by the three co-editors and Janet Cochrane on ‘The Management of World heritage Sites in Southeast Asia: Cross-cultural Perspectives’. examining eighteen sites across Thailand, vietnam, Laos, Malaysia, Indonesia and the Philippines, the research team will address several major research questions which, among others, focus on the different perspectives on these sites held by the different users and stakeholders, the problems and opportunities involved in managing and developing WhS, and the impacts on them and local communities of increasing tourism pressures.
A further word of thanks is due. of course it goes without saying that we are most grateful for the patience and understanding of our contributors
Prelims_Heritage.indd 9 09/06/2010 14:32
x
and the very constructive way in which they have supported us in bringing this volume to press. But we would also like to express our special thanks to gerald Jackson and his team at NIAS Press for the extremely positive and helpful approach they have adopted in ensuring that both our tourism volumes have at last appeared in print. They have gone beyond the call of duty. From what started as a proposal for one ‘longish’ book we have managed to achieve much more in producing two volumes. But because the second edited collection was conceived in and was born and grew from the first we hope that readers will appreciate that there is advantage in considering them ‘in companionship’ as a two-volume set. Despite the enormous effort and time expended by all concerned in producing these two books we think that it has been worth while bringing into the public domain a wide range of established, ongoing and recent research on tourism in Southeast Asia and setting out several potential research agendas for the next decade. Not least we hope that we have demonstrated the advantages of examining and understanding tourism in a region-wide framework and across disciplinary boundaries. We fully intend to continue our research in this collaborative spirit.
Prelims_Heritage.indd 10 09/06/2010 14:32
xi
Contributors
Kathleen M. Adams is Professor of Anthropology at Loyola University, Chicago, and an Adjunct Curator of Southeast Asian ethnology at Chicago’s Field Museum of Natural history. She is the author of Art as Power: Recrafting Identities, Tourism and Power in Tana Toraja, Indonesia, University of hawai‘i Press, 2006, which won the 2009 Alpha Sigma Award. her articles on cultural representations, tourism, ethnic relations, museums and the politics of art have appeared in various edited volumes and journals, including American Ethnologist, Ethnology, Museum Anthropology, Annals of Tourism Research, and Tourist Studies.
David Airey is Professor of Tourism Management at the University of Surrey, where he has also served as Pro-vice-Chancellor. his current research interests include tourism education, tourism policy and organisation. he was co-editor of the first book on tourism education and is recipient of the UNWTo Ulysses Award for his services to education.
Richard Butler is emeritus Professor in the Strathclyde Business School, University of Strathclyde, glasgow. Trained as a geographer, his main research interests are in destination development, tourism in islands and remote locations, and its relationships with local residents. he continues to work on the Destination Life Cycle model (1980, 2006) and also on tourism and indigenous peoples (2007).
Michael Hitchcock is Academic Director and Dean of Faculty at the IMI University Centre, Luzern. he was formerly Deputy Dean for external Relations and Research in the Faculty of Business, Arts and humanities at the University of Chichester. Between 2000 and 2008 he was a Professor
Prelims_Heritage.indd 11 09/06/2010 14:32
xii
and Director of the International Institute for Culture, Tourism and Development at London Metropolitan University. his recent publications include Tourism in Southeast Asia: Challengers and New Directions, NIAS/ University of hawai‘i Press, 2009 (ed. with victor T. King and Michael J. g. Parnwell) and Tourism, Development and Terrorism in Bali, Ashgate, 2007 (with I Nyoman Darma Putra).
Gwynn Jenkins trained as a 3D designer and moved to live and work in Penang, Malaysia, in 1995. After 11 years of pioneering heritage conservation with a Penang architectural practice and gaining a PhD in Social and Cultural Anthropology supported by the University of hull, UK, gwynn continues to live, research, conserve and write from a restored Chinese shophouse in the heart of the old city.
Mark Johnson is Senior Lecturer in Social Anthropology at the University of hull. his research interests are in gender, sexuality, heritage, landscape, environment, migration and diaspora. he has conducted research in the Philippines, vietnam, Costa Rica and most recently Saudi Arabia. Recent publications include ‘Both “one and other”: environmental Cosmopolitanism and the Politics of hybridity’, Nature and Culture, 3, 1, 2008 (with S. Clisby) and ‘Naturalising Distinctions: Contested Fields of environmentalism in Costa Rica’, Journal of Landscape Research, 34, 2, 2009 (with S. Clisby).
Victor T. King is Professor of South east Asian Studies and executive Director of the White Rose east Asia Centre, University of Leeds. his research interests are spread widely across the sociology and anthropology of the region, with a particular focus on change and development. his recent publications include The Sociology of Southeast Asia: Transformations in a Developing Region, NIAS/hawai‘i Press, 2008, and (with William D. Wilder) The Modern Anthropology of South-East Asia: An Introduction, Routledge, 2006 (reprint).
Keiko Miura is Lecturer (part-time) in the School of Letters, Arts and Sciences, Waseda University, Japan, and also Research Fellow in the Cultural Property Research group, University of göttingen, germany. her research interests include heritage conservation, tourism development and local ways of life. Recent publications include ‘Needs for Anthropological Approaches to Conservation and Management of Living heritage Sites: From a Case Study of Angkor, Cambodia’, in e. A. Bacus, I. C. glover and
Prelims_Heritage.indd 12 09/06/2010 14:32
xiii
Contributors
P. D. Sharrock (eds), Interpreting Southeast Asia’s Past: Monument, Image and Text, National University of Singapore, 2008, and ‘Conservation of a “Living heritage Site”: A Contradiction in Terms? A Case Study of Angkor World heritage Site’, Conservation and Management of Archaeological Sites (CMAS), 7, 1, pp. 3–118, James & James, 2005.
Nguyen Thi Thu Huong graduated from hanoi Architecture University in 1993 and worked as an architect in the Ministry of Construction in hanoi. In 1998 she completed a Master’s Degree in Urban Planning at the Catholic University of Leuven, Belgium. Since then she has executed various development projects for different international Ngos and donors. In 2002-2004 she worked as project manager and ran the handicraft Centre in hai Duong under the eU Asia-Urbs framework, and at the same time prepared two research papers about handicraft production in Northern vietnam for the International Labour organisation. She lives in Munich and is undertaking a second Master’s course in land management and land tenure in the Technical University, Munich.
Can-Seng Ooi is an Associate Professor at Copenhagen Business School. his research centres on cultural tourism in Singapore and Denmark. Currently, he is leading a team of researchers looking at ‘new heritage’ or contemporary art in these two countries, and also in China and India.
Michael J.G. Parnwell is Professor of South east Asian Development in the Department of east Asian Studies at the University of Leeds. he has a wide range of research interests, including sustainable development, sustainable tourism, heritage management, social capital, localism, Buddhism and alternative development. he has undertaken field-based research…
Related Documents
