-
International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and
Development (IJTSRD) Volume 4 Issue 5, August 2020 Available
Online: www.ijtsrd.com e-ISSN: 2456 – 6470
@ IJTSRD | Unique Paper ID – IJTSRD31839 | Volume – 4 | Issue –
5 | July-August 2020 Page 299
Herbs and Herbal Drugs Remedies for Diabetes Mellitus Jubuti
Kutum1, Dr. Kaushal K Chandrul2, Bhanumati Mili1
1Pharmacy Graduate, 2Research Scholar and Assistant Professor
and Researcher, 1,2Faculty of Pharmaceutical Science, Mewar
University, Chittorgarh, Rajasthan, India
ABSTRACT As indicated by the official World Health Organization
(WHO) information, India best the rundown of nations with the most
elevated number of diabetics; China, America, Indonesia, Japan,
Pakistan, Russia, Brazil, Italy and Bangladesh follow. In the year
2000, the absolute number of diabetics in India remained at 31.7
million and is relied upon to ascend by over 100% in the year 2030
to record to an astounding 79.4 million. Diabetes mellitus is
turning into a typical metabolic issue which has genuine danger to
general wellbeing on the planet. There are synthetics and
biochemical operator that helps in controlling diabetes yet there
is no perpetual cure accessible which assists with getting
recuperated totally from this issue. The WHO has recorded 21,000
plants, which are utilized for restorative purposes the world over.
Common herbs have been profoundly regarded wellspring of medication
all through the mankind's history. They are generally utilized
today showing that herbs are a developing piece of present day
cutting edge medication. The home grown medications with hostile to
diabetic movement are widely planned monetarily as a result of
simple accessibility, reasonableness and less symptoms when
contrasted with the engineered enemy of diabetic medications.
KEYWORDS: Diabetes mellitus, Herbal medications, Anti-Diabetic
Drugs
How to cite this paper: Jubuti Kutum | Dr. Kaushal K Chandrul |
Bhanumati Mili "Herbs and Herbal Drugs Remedies for Diabetes
Mellitus" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific
Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 |
Issue-5, August 2020, pp.299-304, URL:
www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd31839.pdf Copyright © 2020 by author(s)
and International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and
Development Journal. This is an Open Access article distributed
under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY
4.0) (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0)
INTRODUCTION Diabetes mellitus is a non-irresistible endocrine
issue which is described by the unsettling influence in digestion
of starch and connected with hypoglycemia [1] [2]. Various
restorative plants, customarily utilized for more than 1000 years
named rasayana are available in home grown arrangements of Indian
conventional social insurance frameworks [3]. As per International
Diabetes Federation(IDF) overview in 2016 diabetes is a confusion
which influences 415 million individuals on the planet and it might
increment to 642 million constantly 2040 [4]. As per Aroma world
reports 61.3 million individuals have diabetes in INDIA and
comprise of 20-79 age bunches in the populace. INDIA is otherwise
called diabetes capital of the world and influences fundamentally
rustic and urban individuals [5]. The WHO has recorded 21,000
plants, which are utilized for therapeutic purposes far and wide.
Among these 2500 species are in India, out of which 150 species are
utilized monetarily on a genuinely huge scope. India is the biggest
maker of restorative herbs and is called as professional flowerbed
of the world [6]. The manifestations of diabetes mellitus are poly
dipsea, poly uria, poly phagia, weakness, sickness, retching,
feebleness in men, slow mending wound and obscured vision [7].
Diabetes mellitus are three sorts Type 1, Type 2 and gestational
diabetes mellitus. Type 1 Diabetes mellitus is known as insulin
subordinate diabetes mellitus which is because of all out loss of
capacity of β cell of islets of langerhans which are available in
pancreas [8]. A large number of the medical issues that can
accompany type 1 happen in light of harm to small veins in your
eyes (called diabetic retinopathy), nerves (diabetic neuropathy),
and
kidneys (diabetic nephropathy). Individuals with type 1
additionally have a higher danger of coronary illness and stroke
[9]. Type 2 Diabetes mellitus is known as insulin non subordinate
diabetes mellitus which is transitory loss of β cell mass and it is
because of hereditary pre-manner and generally happen in corpulent
people and connected with hypertension and elevated cholesterol
levels. The point of treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus is
diminishes the insulin obstruction and expands insulin emission.
Gestational diabetes is a sort of diabetes which present with
hyperglycemia in pregnant ladies. It generally shows up in 2-4%
pregnancies in second or third trimester [8]. In any case, it's
gotten increasingly basic in kids and adolescents in the course of
recent years. About 90% of individuals with diabetes have type 2
[9]. Gestational diabetes is to a greater degree a hazard for the
infant than the mother. A child may have irregular weight gain
before birth, inconvenience breathing during childbirth, or a
higher danger of heftiness and diabetes further down the road. The
mother may require a cesarean segment due to an excessively huge
infant, or she may have harm to her heart, kidney, nerves, and eyes
[9]. Epidemiology of diabetes mellitus: All inclusive, an expected
463 million grown-ups are living with diabetes, as per the most
recent 2019 information from the International Diabetes Federation
[10]. Diabetes pervasiveness is expanding quickly; past 2017
assessments put the number at 425 million individuals living with
diabetes [11]. The number is anticipated to practically twofold by
2030 [10]. Type 2 diabetes makes up around 85-
IJTSRD31839
http://www.ijtsrd.com/https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd31839.pdf
-
International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and
Development (IJTSRD) @ www.ijtsrd.com eISSN: 2456-6470
@ IJTSRD | Unique Paper ID – IJTSRD31839 | Volume – 4 | Issue –
5 | July-August 2020 Page 300
90% of all cases [12][13]. Increments in the general diabetes
predominance rates to a great extent mirror an expansion in hazard
factors for type 2, remarkably more prominent life span and being
overweight or stout [14]. The WHO gauges that diabetes brought
about 1.5 million passings in 2012, making it the eighth driving
reason for death [14]. Anyway another 2.2 million passings overall
were owing to high blood glucose and the expanded dangers of
related difficulties (for example coronary illness, stroke, kidney
disappointment), which frequently bring about sudden passing and
are regularly recorded as the basic reason on death authentications
as opposed to diabetes [14][15]. The danger of getting type 2
diabetes has been broadly seen as related with lower financial
situation across nations [16]. Asia A. India B. China North America
A. Canada B. United States Oceania and the Pacific A. Australia
Europe A. United Kingdom Africa Asia A. India- Diabetes at present
influences in excess of 62 million Indians, which is over 7.2% of
the grown-up populace [17]. The normal age on beginning is 42.5
years [18]. About 1 million Indians bite the dust because of
diabetes consistently [18]. As indicated by the Indian Heart
Association, India is anticipated to be home to 109 million people
with diabetes by 2035 [19]. An investigation by the American
Diabetes Association reports that India will see the best increment
in individuals determined to have diabetes by 2030 [20]. B. China-
Just about one Chinese grown-up in ten has diabetes. A recent
report assessed that in excess of 92 million Chinese grown-ups have
the infection, with another 150 million indicating early
manifestations [21]. The rate of the ailment is expanding quickly:
an announced 30% expansion in 7 years [22]. Indigenous traveling
people groups like Tibetans and Mongols are at a lot higher
helplessness than Han Chinese [18]. North America A. Canada-
Practically 2.4 million Canadians (6.8%) have been determined to
have type 1 or type 2 diabetes, in light of 2009 ceaseless malady
reconnaissance information. Predominance is higher among guys
(7.2%) than females (6.4%) [15]. The pervasiveness of analyzed
diabetes among Canadians expanded by 70% throughout the decade from
1999 to 2009 [15]. The Public Health Agency of Canada appraises
that if current patterns in diabetes proceed, the quantity of
Canadians living with diabetes will arrive at 3.7 million by 2019
[15].
Oceania and the Pacific A. Australia- In Australia, the age
normalized predominance of self-announced diabetes in indigenous
Australians is very nearly multiple times that of non-indigenous
Australians [23]. Indigenous populaces in created nations by and
large have higher predominance and rate of diabetes than their
comparing non indigenous populaces [23]. Protection people group
wellbeing programs are giving some accomplishment in handling this
issue [24]. An expected 700,000 Australians have diabetes [25].
Europe A. United Kingdom- About 3.8 million individuals in the
United Kingdom have diabetes mellitus, yet the foundation Diabetes
U.K. have made expectations that could turn out to be high as 6.2
million by 2035/2036. The NHS spent a day by day normal of £2.2m
(€2.6m; $3.7m) in 2013 on remedies for overseeing diabetes in
essential consideration, and about 10% of the essential
consideration recommending financial plan is spent on rewarding
diabetes [26]. Diabetes U.K. have likewise anticipated that the
National Health Service could be spending as much as 16.9 billion
pounds on diabetes mellitus by 2035, a figure that implies the NHS
could be spending as much as 17% of its financial plan on diabetes
treatment by 2035 [27][28]. Africa The International Diabetes
Federation (IDF) assesses that 14.2 million are living with
diabetes in Africa [24]. The district of Africa has the most
elevated level of undiscovered diabetes cases arriving at 66.7%,
the most elevated extent of diabetes mellitus related mortality and
the least wellbeing use spent on diabetes [24]. Herbal medicinal
drugs used for diabetes mellitus: Right now the restorative plants
and herbs are being utilized in separate structures for their enemy
of diabetic movement. Different clinical examinations affirmed that
restorative plants extricates shows hostile to diabetic action and
reestablishing the activity of pancreatic β-cells [29]. 1. Aloe
barbadensis – It is known as Ghikanvar which has a place with
Liliaceae family. It would appear that a desert plant with green
edge formed leaves that are overwhelming narrowing, shaggy and
loaded up with clear viscid gel. Oral organization of watery
concentrate of aloe Vera in a portion of 150mg/kg of body weight
fundamentally bringing down the blood glucose level [30]. Aloe Vera
gel comprise different restorative impacts, for example, against
diabetic, cancer prevention agent, expands the diminishing degree
of glutathione by multiple times in diabetic rodents [31]. Hostile
to diabetic properties of Aloe-vera chose an investigation with 72
diabetic ladies without sedate treatment, separated into two
gatherings. They got aloe-vera gel (15 g) or fake treatment for 42
days. Blood glucose levels along these lines diminished from 250 mg
to 141 mg/dL in the trial gathering. A similar exploration group
researched the impacts of aloe-vera gel in mix with a standard oral
enemy of diabetic treatment (2 × 5mg oral glibenclamide) and the
subjects got either aloe or fake treatment as above [32].
http://www.ijtsrd.com/
-
International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and
Development (IJTSRD) @ www.ijtsrd.com eISSN: 2456-6470
@ IJTSRD | Unique Paper ID – IJTSRD31839 | Volume – 4 | Issue –
5 | July-August 2020 Page 301
2. Allium sativum- It is locally name as garlic has a place with
Liliaceae, a group of Allium sativum [30]. Ethanolic concentrate of
garlic (10 ml/kg/day) every now and again shows hypoglycemic
movement [2]. Garlic has been utilized in India for its enemy of
diabetic properties since old occasions [33]. As of late,
extraordinary in vitro and in vivo investigations exhibited
garlic's enemy of hyperglycaemic impacts [34]. Concentrate of
garlic was more effective than hostile to diabetic medication
glibenclamide [35]. Ethyl acetic acid derivation, ethanol and oil
ether extricate was seen to show an enemy of diabetic movement in
STZ instigated rodents. Garlic shows different restorative impact,
for example, hostile to platelet, antibacterial, bringing down the
pulse and bringing down the cholesterol level in the body [36]. 3.
Ocimum sanctum- It is known as tulsi and has a place with Labiateae
family. It is generally discovered all over India. It is utilized
in Indian ayurvedic drugs for treatment of different illnesses.
Different creature examines demonstrated that fluid concentrate of
Ocimum sanctum leaves (200 mg/kg) indicated the hypoglycemic action
in streptozotocin initiated rodents. It is likewise utilized for
treatment of viral disease, treatment of parasitic contamination,
lessens pressure, treatment of tumor and treatment of gastric ulcer
[37]. Oral organization of plant separate (200 mg/kg) for 30 days
prompted decline in the plasma glucose level by roughly 9.06 and
26.4% on 15 and 30 days of the analysis individually. Renal
glycogen content expanded 10-overlap while skeletal muscle and
hepatic glycogen levels diminished by 68 and 75% individually in
diabetic rodents when contrasted with control [38]. 4. Coriandrum
sativum- It is fundamentally known as coriander which has a place
with family Apiaceae. It is generally utilized as zest in different
food things. 200 mg/kg seed remove every now and again expands the
activity of the β cells of Langerhans and diminishes serum sugar in
alloxan actuated diabetic rodents and blend insulin from β cells of
the pancreas. Concentrate of coriandrum sativum shows glucose
bringing down property and insulin synthesizer [2]. 5. Aegle
marmelos- It is known as Bael and has a place with Rutaceae family.
It is acquired to India and parts of plant, for example, leaves,
barks, roots and natural products are utilized in the ayurveda and
in different drugs which is utilized for fix of different
illnesses. Leaves of neem and tulsi in mix with leaves of A.
marmelos are dried, powdered and regulated three times each day for
15 days. Creature examines demonstrated that Aegle marmelos
(100,200 and 500 mg/kg) are utilized for treatment of different
maladies, for example, treatment of malignant growth, treatment of
different viral sicknesses, treatment of different microbial
ailments [39]. 6. Tinospora cardifolia- It is notable as guduchi
and comprises of the Menispermaceae family. The dynamic
constituents of T. cardifolia are diterpene mixes which comprises
tinosporone, tinosporic corrosive, Syringen, berberine and giloin
[40]. It is broadly appropriated all through India. Oral
organization of the concentrate of Tinospora cordifolia pulls for
about a
month and a half brought about a huge decrease in blood and pee
glucose and in lipids in serum and tissues in alloxan diabetic
rodents. The concentrate likewise forestalled an abatement in body
weight [41]. 7. Mangifera indica- It is normally known as mango and
comprises of family Anacardiaceae. Against diabetic movement
appears by leaves extricate (250 mg/kg) yet oral organization of
watery concentrate didn't change the blood glucose level in alloxan
instigated diabetic rodents [42]. 8. Momordica Charantia (Bitter
Gourd)- It is generally known as unpleasant melon (karela) and has
a place with Cucurbitaceae family. The dynamic constituents of
Momordica charantia are momordic I and momordic II, cucurbitacin B.
It is utilized in the treatment of diabetes. It comprise lectin
which has insulin like action. Lectin is non protein which is
connected to insulin receptors. This lectin diminishes the glucose
level by following up on fringe tissues [43]. Ethanolic
concentrates of M. charantia (200 mg/kg) indicated an enemy of
hyperglycaemic and furthermore hypoglycaemic impact in typical and
streptozotocin actuated diabetic rodents. This might be a direct
result of restraint of glucose-6-phosphatase other than fructose-1,
6-biphosphatase in the liver and incitement of hepatic
glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase exercises [44]. 9. Allium Cepa
(Onion)- Dried onion powder shows hostile to hyperglycaemic
movement in diabetic hares. Allium cepa is likewise known to have
cancer prevention agent and hypolipidemic action. Organization of a
sulfur containing amino corrosive from Allium cepa, S-methyl
cysteine sulphoxide (SMCS) (200 mg/kg for 45 days) to alloxan
instigated diabetic rodents essentially controlled blood glucose
just as lipids in serum and tissues and standardized the exercises
of liver hexokinase, glucose 6-phosphatase and HMG Co A reductase
[45,46]. At the point when diabetic patients were given single oral
portion of 50 g of onion juice, it essentially controlled
postprandial glucose levels [47]. 10. Azadirachta indica- It is
locally name as neem which has a place with family Meliaceae. It is
accessible in India and Burma [30]. Ethanolic and fluid concentrate
of Azadirachta indica shows decrease in blood glucose level in high
portion. It very well may be joined with allopathic medications in
type 2 diabetic patients whose diabetes isn't kept up by allopathic
medications just [2]. 11. Eugenia jambolana- It is known as jamun
has a place with Myretaceae family. It contains dried seeds and
develop products of Eugenia jambolana. It contains malvidin
3-laminaribiosidea and ferulic corrosive as dynamic constituents.
Concentrate of dried seeds (200 mg/kg) utilized for treatment of
diabetic patients [48]. In gentle diabetes (plasma sugar >180
mg/dl) it shows 73.51% decrease, though in moderate (plasma sugar
>280 mg/dl) and serious diabetes (plasma sugar >400 mg/dl) it
is diminished to 55.62% and 17.72% separately. The oral
organization of the concentrate brought about increment in serum
insulin levels in diabetic rodents. Insulin discharge was seen as
invigorated on hatching of plant separate with secluded islets of
Langerhans from ordinary
http://www.ijtsrd.com/
-
International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and
Development (IJTSRD) @ www.ijtsrd.com eISSN: 2456-6470
@ IJTSRD | Unique Paper ID – IJTSRD31839 | Volume – 4 | Issue –
5 | July-August 2020 Page 302
just as diabetic creatures. These concentrates likewise hindered
insulinase action from liver and kidney [49]. 12. Gymnema
sylvestre- It is generally known as Gudmar which signifies "sugar
annihilating" and comprises of Asclepidaceae family. Leaf
concentrate of G. sylvestre (3.4/13.4 mg/kg) demonstrated huge
decrease of glucose level in streptozotocin prompted rodents. It is
for the most part utilized in Indian ayurvedic drugs for treatment
of diabetes. The dynamic constituents in G. Sylvester are
alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins and sugars. It is likewise utilized
for treatment of malignant growth, treatment of irritation and
treatment of different microbial infections [36]. The leaf of
Gymnema sylvestre is a rumored herb in both Ayurvedic and Western
meds. It shows constructive outcomes on glucose homeostasis and
controls sugar longings [50]. 13. Carica papaya- It is known as
papaya which has a place with family caricaceae. Seed and leaves
extricate shows bringing down of glucose level, bringing down of
lipid in the body and recuperating of twisted exercises in alloxan
actuated diabetic rodents [51].
14. Psidium Guajava (Guava)- Guava is a food harvest and home
grown plant from tropical nations whose leaves (water separate) are
utilized to lessen hyperglycaemia in diabetic patients in Mexico.
Numerous papers portraying its pharmacological exercises have been
distributed, and Gutiérrez, et al. [52] revealed two clinical
examines [50]. 15. Thea Sinesis (Tea)- Different examinations
report that polyphenolic mixes present in green and dark tea are
related with helpful impacts in the anticipation of cardiovascular
illness and hostile to diabetic properties [53]. The beneficial
outcome of green tea was corresponded with the constant ingestion
of catechin-rich refreshments. As a result, in a twofold visually
impaired, controlled investigation, patients with Type II DM
without insulin treatment got green tea (582.8mg catechins or
96.3mg of catechins/day for 12 weeks) and toward the finish of the
preliminary, there was an expansion in insulin and a lessening in
HbA1c levels in the catechin bunch versus the control [54].
(Fig.1): Pictures of herbal plants used for diabetes
mellitus
Conclusion: Diabetes mellitus is a most normal endocrine issue,
influencing a large number of individuals around the world. It is a
gathering of metabolic infections portrayed by hyperglycemia coming
about because of deformities in insulin discharge, insulin
activity, or both. The expansion in obstruction and populaces of
patients at some hazard, related to the limited number of
industrially accessible medications for diabetes that despite
everything present have many reactions and furthermore issues like
undesirable hypoglycemic impact are the reason to move the
exploration towards generally accessible medication which have low
symptom and wide scope of bio action and don't require difficult
pharmaceutical combination appears to be profoundly appealing.
Substances and concentrates disconnected from various common assets
assume significant job to configuration medication and treat
hyperglycemic issue in diabetes mellitus. The point of this article
is to educated that western medication and Indian conventional
restorative herbs accessible in showcase for the treatment of
diabetes mellitus. For this, treatments created along the standards
of western medication (Allopathic) are regularly restricted in
viability, convey the
danger of unfavorable impacts, and are frequently excessively
exorbitant, particularly for the creating nations like India.
Therapeutic natural plants are utilized to oversee type-1 and
type-2 diabetes mellitus and their entanglements. Therapeutic home
grown plants treatment for diabetes has been followed everywhere
throughout the World effectively. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS: In the course
of this article, I have received help from a number of people.
First of all I would like to thanks them all. I sincerely thanks to
Dr. Kaushal K Chandrul (Principal), Department of Pharmacy, Mewar
university for their guidance and encouragement during this article
and all those who have indirectly guided and helped in this
article. I wish to express my sincere gratitude to Dr. Kaushal K
Chandrul (Principal), Department of Pharmacy, Mewar University for
providing me an opportunity to do my article entitled “ Herbs and
Herbal Drugs Remedies for Diabetes Mellitus``.
http://www.ijtsrd.com/
-
International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and
Development (IJTSRD) @ www.ijtsrd.com eISSN: 2456-6470
@ IJTSRD | Unique Paper ID – IJTSRD31839 | Volume – 4 | Issue –
5 | July-August 2020 Page 303
Reference: [1] Kumar A, Goel MK. Jain RB, Khanna P,Chaudhary
V.
India towards diabetes control: Key issues. Australasian Medical
Journal; 2013(6):524–531.
[2] Rahimi M. A Review: Anti Diabetic medicinal plants used for
diabetes mellitus. Bulletin of environmental, pharmacology and
life. sciences; 2015(4):163–180.
[3] Scartezzini P, Sproni E (2000) Review on some plants of
Indian traditional medicine with antioxidant activity J
Ethnopharmacol 71(1-2): 23-43.
[4]
Availablefrom:http://www.arogyaworld.org/wpcontent/uploads/2010/10/arogyaworldINDIAdiabetes\
factsheets\ CGI2013\ web.
[5] Ozkum D. Akı O, Toklu HZ. Herbal medicine use among diabetes
mellitus patients in Northern Cyprus. Journal of Medicinal Plants
Research; 2013(7):1652–1664.
[6] Seth SD, Sharma B (2004) Medicinal plants of India. Indian J
Med Res 120(1): 9-11.
[7] Edition;. Edition; http://www.vision2020uk.org.uk/idf-
diabetes-atlas-7thedition.
[8]
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/diabetes/symptoms-causes/syc-20371444.
[9]
https://www.webmd.com/diabetes/guide/types-of-diabetes-mellitus.
[10] ^ a b International Diabetes Federation. IDF Diabetes
Atlas, 9th edn. Brussels, Belgium: 2019. Available at:
https://www.diabetesatlas.org. Accessed 14 February 2020.
[11] ^ "International Diabetes Federation. IDF Diabetes Atlas,
8th edn. Brussels, Belgium: 2019. Accessed 14 February 2020".
[12] ^ Williams textbook of endocrinology (12th ed.).
Philadelphia: Elsevier/Saunders. 2011. pp. 1371–1435. ISBN
978-1-4377-0324-5.
[13] ^ a b c Australian Indigenous HealthInfoNet, Chronic
conditions: Diabetes. Accessed 31 August 2016.
[14] ^ a b c d e World Health Organization, Global Report on
Diabetes. Geneva, 2016. Accessed 30 August 2016.
[15] ^ a b c d e Public Health Agency of Canada, Diabetes in
Canada: Facts and figures from a public health perspective. Ottawa,
2011.
[16] ^ Agardh, E; et al. (2011). "Type 2 diabetes incidence and
socio-economic position: a systematic review and meta-analysis".
International Journal of Epidemiology. 40 (3): 804–818.
doi:10.1093/ije/dyr029.
[17] ^ "Diabetes can be controlled in 80 percent of Cases in
India". IANS. news.biharprabha.com. Retrieved 6 February 2014.
[18] ^ a b c Gale, Jason (November 7, 2010). "India's Diabetes
Epidemic Cuts Down Millions Who Escape Poverty". Bloomberg.
Retrieved 8 June 2012.
[19] ^ "Overview". Indian Heart Association. Retrieved
2020-01-14.
[20] ^ Wild, Sarah, Gojka Roglic, Anders Green, Richard Sicree,
and Hilary King. "Global Prevalence of
Diabetes." Diabetes Care. American Diabetes Association, 26 Jan.
2004. Web. 22 Apr. 2014.
[21] Datta SN, Prasad BG, Jain SP. An epidemiological study of
diabetes mellitus in defence population in Lucknow Cantonment. J
Indian Med Assoc. 1973; 61:23-27.
[22] Wander GS, Khurana SB, Gulati Ft, Sachar RK, Gupta RK,
Khurana S, Anand IS. Epidemiology of coronary heart disease and
risk factors in a rural Punjab population: prevalence and
correlation with various risk factors. Ind Heart J 1994;
46:319-23.
[23] ^ Australian Institute for Health and Welfare. "Diabetes,
an overview". Archived from the original on 2008-06-17. Retrieved
2008-06-23.
[24] ^ a b Federation, International Diabetes (2015). IDF
diabetes atlas (Seventh ed.). Brussels: International Diabetes
Federation. ISBN 9782930229812. OCLC 961366911.
[25] ^ "2014 Statistics Report | Data & Statistics |
Diabetes | CDC". www.cdc.gov. Retrieved 2016-12-03.
[26] ^ Iacobucci, G. (2014). "Diabetes prescribing in England
consumes nearly 10% of primary care budget". BMJ. 349: g5143.
doi:10.1136/bmj.g5143. PMID 25121512.
[27] ^ "NHS spending on diabetes 'to reach £16.9 billion by
2035'". 2012-04-25. Retrieved 2012-04-26.
[28] ^ "Diabetes: cases and costs predicted to rise". nhs.uk.
2012-04-25. Retrieved 2019-06-21.
[29] Retrieved from
"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Epidemiology_of_diabetes&oldid=959272893``
[30] Gupta R. Bajpai KG, Johri S, Saxenaa M. An overview of
indian novel traditional medicinal plants with antidiabetic
potentials.Complementary and Alterna- tive. Medicines;
2008(5):1–17.
[31] Malvi R, Jain S, Khatri S, Patel A, Mishra S. A Review on
Anti-diabetic Medicinal Plants and Marketed Herbal Formulations.
International Journal of Pharmaceutical & Bio- logical
Archives; 2011(2):1344–1355.
[32] Bordoloi R, Dutta KN. A Review on Herbs Used in the
Treatment of Diabetes mellitus.Journal of Pharmaceuti- cal,Chemical
and Biological. Sciences; 2014(2):86–92.
[33] Grover JK, Yadav S, Vats V (2002) Medicinal plants of India
with antidiabetic potential J Ethnopharmacol 81(1): 81-100.
[34] Vogler BK, Ernst E (1999) Aloe vera: a systematic review of
its clinical effectiveness. Br J Gen Pract 49(447): 823-828.
[35] Ackermann RT, Mulrow CD, Ramirez G, Gardner CD, Morbidoni
L, et al. (2001) Garlic shows promise for improving some
cardiovascular risk factors. Arch Intern Med 161(6): 813-824.
[36] Gebreyohannes G, Gebreyohannes M. Medicinal values of
garlic: A review. International. Journal of Medicine and Medical
Sciences; 2013(5):401–408.
[37] Lakshmi MS. Rani KSS, Reddy UKT. A review on diabetes
mellitus and the herbal plants used for its treatment. Asian
journal of pharmaceutical and clinical research; 2012(5):15–21.
http://www.ijtsrd.com/mhtml:file://C:/Users/Hp/Documents/Epidemiology%20of%20diabetes%20-%20Wikipedia.mhtml!https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epidemiology_of_diabetes#cite_ref-:0_1-0mhtml:file://C:/Users/Hp/Documents/Epidemiology%20of%20diabetes%20-%20Wikipedia.mhtml!https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epidemiology_of_diabetes#cite_ref-:0_1-1mhtml:file://C:/Users/Hp/Documents/Epidemiology%20of%20diabetes%20-%20Wikipedia.mhtml!https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epidemiology_of_diabetes#cite_ref-2mhtml:file://C:/Users/Hp/Documents/Epidemiology%20of%20diabetes%20-%20Wikipedia.mhtml!https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epidemiology_of_diabetes#cite_ref-Will2011_3-0mhtml:file://C:/Users/Hp/Documents/Epidemiology%20of%20diabetes%20-%20Wikipedia.mhtml!https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epidemiology_of_diabetes#cite_ref-HealthInfoNet_4-0mhtml:file://C:/Users/Hp/Documents/Epidemiology%20of%20diabetes%20-%20Wikipedia.mhtml!https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epidemiology_of_diabetes#cite_ref-HealthInfoNet_4-1mhtml:file://C:/Users/Hp/Documents/Epidemiology%20of%20diabetes%20-%20Wikipedia.mhtml!https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epidemiology_of_diabetes#cite_ref-HealthInfoNet_4-2mhtml:file://C:/Users/Hp/Documents/Epidemiology%20of%20diabetes%20-%20Wikipedia.mhtml!https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epidemiology_of_diabetes#cite_ref-WHO2016_5-0mhtml:file://C:/Users/Hp/Documents/Epidemiology%20of%20diabetes%20-%20Wikipedia.mhtml!https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epidemiology_of_diabetes#cite_ref-WHO2016_5-1mhtml:file://C:/Users/Hp/Documents/Epidemiology%20of%20diabetes%20-%20Wikipedia.mhtml!https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epidemiology_of_diabetes#cite_ref-WHO2016_5-2mhtml:file://C:/Users/Hp/Documents/Epidemiology%20of%20diabetes%20-%20Wikipedia.mhtml!https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epidemiology_of_diabetes#cite_ref-WHO2016_5-3mhtml:file://C:/Users/Hp/Documents/Epidemiology%20of%20diabetes%20-%20Wikipedia.mhtml!https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epidemiology_of_diabetes#cite_ref-WHO2016_5-4mhtml:file://C:/Users/Hp/Documents/Epidemiology%20of%20diabetes%20-%20Wikipedia.mhtml!https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epidemiology_of_diabetes#cite_ref-PHAC2011_8-0mhtml:file://C:/Users/Hp/Documents/Epidemiology%20of%20diabetes%20-%20Wikipedia.mhtml!https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epidemiology_of_diabetes#cite_ref-PHAC2011_8-1mhtml:file://C:/Users/Hp/Documents/Epidemiology%20of%20diabetes%20-%20Wikipedia.mhtml!https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epidemiology_of_diabetes#cite_ref-PHAC2011_8-2mhtml:file://C:/Users/Hp/Documents/Epidemiology%20of%20diabetes%20-%20Wikipedia.mhtml!https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epidemiology_of_diabetes#cite_ref-PHAC2011_8-3mhtml:file://C:/Users/Hp/Documents/Epidemiology%20of%20diabetes%20-%20Wikipedia.mhtml!https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epidemiology_of_diabetes#cite_ref-PHAC2011_8-4mhtml:file://C:/Users/Hp/Documents/Epidemiology%20of%20diabetes%20-%20Wikipedia.mhtml!https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epidemiology_of_diabetes#cite_ref-7mhtml:file://C:/Users/Hp/Documents/Epidemiology%20of%20diabetes%20-%20Wikipedia.mhtml!https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epidemiology_of_diabetes#cite_ref-12mhtml:file://C:/Users/Hp/Documents/Epidemiology%20of%20diabetes%20-%20Wikipedia.mhtml!https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epidemiology_of_diabetes#cite_ref-Gale_11-0mhtml:file://C:/Users/Hp/Documents/Epidemiology%20of%20diabetes%20-%20Wikipedia.mhtml!https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epidemiology_of_diabetes#cite_ref-Gale_11-1mhtml:file://C:/Users/Hp/Documents/Epidemiology%20of%20diabetes%20-%20Wikipedia.mhtml!https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epidemiology_of_diabetes#cite_ref-Gale_11-2mhtml:file://C:/Users/Hp/Documents/Epidemiology%20of%20diabetes%20-%20Wikipedia.mhtml!https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epidemiology_of_diabetes#cite_ref-Indian_Heart_13-0mhtml:file://C:/Users/Hp/Documents/Epidemiology%20of%20diabetes%20-%20Wikipedia.mhtml!https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epidemiology_of_diabetes#cite_ref-14mhtml:file://C:/Users/Hp/Documents/Epidemiology%20of%20diabetes%20-%20Wikipedia.mhtml!https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epidemiology_of_diabetes#cite_ref-35mhtml:file://C:/Users/Hp/Documents/Epidemiology%20of%20diabetes%20-%20Wikipedia.mhtml!https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epidemiology_of_diabetes#cite_ref-Federation_2015_36-0mhtml:file://C:/Users/Hp/Documents/Epidemiology%20of%20diabetes%20-%20Wikipedia.mhtml!https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epidemiology_of_diabetes#cite_ref-Federation_2015_36-1mhtml:file://C:/Users/Hp/Documents/Epidemiology%20of%20diabetes%20-%20Wikipedia.mhtml!https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epidemiology_of_diabetes#cite_ref-20mhtml:file://C:/Users/Hp/Documents/Epidemiology%20of%20diabetes%20-%20Wikipedia.mhtml!https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epidemiology_of_diabetes#cite_ref-16mhtml:file://C:/Users/Hp/Documents/Epidemiology%20of%20diabetes%20-%20Wikipedia.mhtml!https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epidemiology_of_diabetes#cite_ref-17mhtml:file://C:/Users/Hp/Documents/Epidemiology%20of%20diabetes%20-%20Wikipedia.mhtml!https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epidemiology_of_diabetes#cite_ref-18
-
International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and
Development (IJTSRD) @ www.ijtsrd.com eISSN: 2456-6470
@ IJTSRD | Unique Paper ID – IJTSRD31839 | Volume – 4 | Issue –
5 | July-August 2020 Page 304
[38] Vats V, Grover JK, Rathi SS (2002) Evaluation of anti
hyperglycemic and hypoglycemic effect of Trigonellafoenum-graecum
Linn, Ocimum sanctum Linn and Pterocarpusmarsupium Linn in normal
and alloxanized diabetic rats. J Ethnopharmacol 79(1): 95100.
[39] Vats V, Yadav SP, Grover JK (2004) Ethanolic extract of
Ocimum sanctum leaves partially attenuates streptozotocin induced
alteration in glycogen content and carbohydrate metabolism in rats.
J Ethnopharmacol 90(1): 155-160.
[40] Dwivedi CP, Daspaul S. Anti-diabetic herbal drugs and poly
herbal formulation used for diabetes: A review. The journal of
phytopharmacology; 2013(2):44–51.
[41] Ozougwu JC. Anti-diabetic effects of Allium cepa (onions)
aqueous extracts on alloxan-induced diabetic Rattus novergicus.
Journal of Medicinal Plants Research; 2011(5):1134–1139.
[42] Stanely P, Prince M, Menon VP (2003) Hypoglycemic and
hypolipidemic action of alcohol extract of Tinosporacordifolia
roots in chemical induced diabetes in rats. Phytother Res 17(4):
410-413.
[43] Dwivedi CP, Daspaul S. Antidiabetic herbal drugs and
polyherbal formulation used for diabetes: A review. The journal of
phytopharmacology; 2013(2):44–51.
[44] Khan Y. Aziz I, Bihari B, Kumar H, Roy M, Verma VK. A
Review- Phytomedicines Used in Treatment of Diabetes. Asian Journal
of Pharmaceutical research; 2014:4–3.
[45] Shibib BA, Khan LA, Rahman R (1993) Hypoglycemic activity
of Cocciniaindica and Momordicacharantia in diabetic rats:
depression of the hepatic gluconeogenicenzymes
glucose-6-phosphatase and fructose-1, 6-biphosphatase and elevation
of liver and red-cell shunt enzyme glucose-6-phosphate
dehydrogenase. Biochem J 292(1): 267-270.
[46] Roman-Ramos R, Flores-Saenz JL, Alaricon-Aguilar FJ (1995)
Antihyperglycemic effect of some edible plants. J Ethnopharmacol
48(1): 25-32.
[47] Kumari K, Mathew BC, Augusti KT (1995) Antidiabetic and
hypolipidaemic effects of S-methyl cysteine sulfoxide, isolated
from Allium cepa Linn. Ind. J. Biochem. Biophys 32(1): 49-54.
[48] Mathew PT, Augusti KT (1975) Hypoglycemic effects of onion,
Allium cepa Linn. on diabetes mellitus- a preliminary report. Ind J
Physiol Pharmacol 19(4): 213-217.
[49] Mishra R, Shuaib M, Shravan M, S P. A review on herbal
anti-diabetic drugs. Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Science2011;
1(6):235–237.
[50] Acherekar S, Kaklij GS, Kelkar SM (1991) Hypoglycemic
activity of Eugenia jambolana and ficusbengalensis: mechanism of
action. In vivo 5(2): 143-147.
[51] Tiwari P, Mishra BN, Sangwan NS (2014) Phytochemical and
pharmacological properties of Gymnema sylvestre: an important
medicinal plant. Biomed Res Int, pp: 1-18.
[52] Giovannini P, Jayne MR, Howes E, E S. Medicinal plants used
in the traditional management of diabetes and its sequelae in
Central America: a review. Journal of. Ethnopharmacology;
2016(2).
[53] Gutiérrez RM, Mitchell S, Solis RV (2008) Psidium guajava:
a review of its traditional uses, phytochemistry and pharmacology.
J Ethnopharmacol 117(1): 1-27.
[54] Khan N, Mukhtar H (2013) Tea and health: studies in humans.
Curr Pharm Des 19(34): 6141-6147.
[55] Nagao T, Meguro S, Hase T, Otsuka K, Komikado M, et al.
(2009) A catechin-rich beverage improves obesity and blood glucose
control in patients with type 2 diabetes. Obesity (Silver Spring)
17(2): 310-317.
http://www.ijtsrd.com/
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS: