Henock Yilma. Economic and Political Reform Corruption Plagues the public and private sectors Hinders the development of a country with plenty of natural.

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Henock Yilma Slide 2 Economic and Political Reform Corruption Plagues the public and private sectors Hinders the development of a country with plenty of natural resources Result: Revenues have been lost 1960-1999: Estimated $400 billion stolen Slide 3 Corruption of Sani Abacha For every year he was president, Sani Abacha estimated to have stolen equivalent of 2-3% of Nigerias GDP every year he was president Looted $3-5 billion of public money during his five years 458 million hidden in international bank accounts Slide 4 Corruption Index corruption must no longer be tolerated in any corner of the nation; not in political life and not in business or civic affairs. -Babatunde Fashola 2013 ScoreRank 25144/177 Slide 5 Goodluck Johnathan: Corruption? Since 2010, economy has averaged %7 annual growth. The country has a debt-to-GDP ratio of roughly 18% and a budget deficit of under 3% Corruption US State Department: "massive, widespread, and pervasive corruption affecting all levels of government Issues with the oil industry Slide 6 Foreign Policy Nigeria is the United States' largest trading partner in sub-Saharan Africa The United States is the largest foreign investor in Nigeria The United States and Nigeria have signed a bilateral trade and investment framework agreement. China is investing big in Nigeria $10 Billion Investment in Nigerian Hydrocarbons Member of the African Union Slide 7 Oil Discovery: 1956 at Oloibiri in the Niger Delta after half a century of exploration 1958: First shipment of oil from Nigeria 1971: Nigeria joined the Organisation of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) 1977: Established the Nigerian National Petroleum Company (NNPC) Slide 8 Nigerian National Petroleum Company NNPC is an integrated Oil and Gas Company, engaged in adding value to the nations hydrocarbon resources for the benefit of all Nigerians and other stakeholders. Oil Industry Operations Exploration and Production Gas Development Refining Distribution Petrochemicals Engineering and Commercial Investments Slide 9 Government has made $1.6trillion since discovery (BBC, 2009) Slide 10 Oil: Blessing and Curse 95 percent of the country's export earnings 80 percent of the countrys revenue Africas biggest oil exporter Transparency Issues Environmental Issues Slide 11 Lamido Sanusi Speaks Out Governor of the Central Bank of Nigeria Claimed $20bn of the country's oil revenue went missing in the year 2012-13 Nigeria is being "raped by vested interests. Goodluck Jonathan suspended him from his position Slide 12 Oil Pollution in Ogoniland Region Oil extraction in the Niger Delta has led to widespread contamination of the environment United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) assessed the environmental and public health impacts of oil pollution Slide 13 Recommended Transitional Steps from the Report There will not be one single clean-up technique appropriate for the entire area. A combination of approaches will need to be considered Recommendations for the Government Ideal Function Ogoniland Environmental Restoration Authority Oversee implementation of this studys recommendations Environmental Restoration Fund for Ogoniland Capacity building, skills transfer and conict resolution. Centre of Excellence for Environmental Restoration Promote learning in other areas impacted by oil contamination, in the Niger Delta Slide 14 Poverty Almost 70% of the population is at or below the poverty line 112 million believed to live below the poverty line Access to health care and education Developing an increased middle class (Slowly) Slide 15 Welfare State (Pre-2004) Public Sector Pension Ordinance of 1951 Provided public sector employees with pensions and gratuities Pay-As You-Go (PAYG) system for public sector Benefits were met on a PAYG basis with significant pension and gratuity Slide 16 Private Sector The first private sector pension scheme in Nigeria was set up for the employees of the Nigerian Breweries in 1954 This was followed by United African Company (UAC) in 1957 National Provident Fund (NPF) (1961) First formal pension scheme in Nigeria for non- pensionable private sector employees. Only provided lump-sum benefits Slide 17 Nigeria Social Insurance Trust Fund (NSITF) Enhanced pension scheme for private-sector employees Registered members of the NPIF automatically became members of the NSITF Scheme Contingencies Retirement Pension & Grant Invalidity Pension & Grant Survivors Pension & Grant Pension Regulators Specific Functions Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) Licensed Pension Fund Managers National Insurance Commission (NAICOM) Responsible for Licensing and Regulating Insurance Companies in the Country Joint Tax Board (JTB) Approved and Monitored all Private Pension Schemes Slide 18 Welfare State Issues Issues with the old Welfare System Main Flaw: Defined benefits were made without putting aside money for future liabilities Public SectorPrivate Sector Unfunded Federal Government pension and Gratuity Obligations Pension Arrangements were Anchored on Banks and Oil Companies Did not deliver financial security in retirement Unfunded Structured Gratuity Arrangements Slide 19 Post-2004 Era National Pension Commission (PenCom) Supervises pensions matters in the country Pension Reform Act 2004 Receives retirement benefits as and when due Ensuring that individuals save in order to cater for their livelihood during old age Establish a uniform set of rules, regulations and standards for the administration and payments of retirement benefits Scheme Shall Apply to: Public Service of the Federation Federal Capital Territory Private Sector (Five or more employees) Slide 20 Migration Southwest (18 million) attracts migrants from all over Nigeria Location of the nations two largest seaports 65% of its industrial plains Educational and Research Institutions Agricultural Plantations Rural to Urban Urban Population: 49.6% of total population (2011) Rate of urbanization: 3.75% annual rate of change (2010-15 est.) Slide 21 Biafran Conflict (1967-1970) Nigeria had a federal constitution consisting of three regions Hausa and Fulani (North) Yoruba (Southwest) Ibo (Southeast) In the mid-1960s, ethnic tensions broke out. Up to 30,000 Ibos were killed in fighting with Hausas Around 1 million refugees fled to their Ibo homeland in the east. On May 30, 1967, the head of the Eastern Region, Colonel Emeka Ojukwu, unilaterally declared the independent Republic of Biafra. Slide 22 Slide 23 Map Analysis: North & South Slide 24 Boko Haram (Origins?) Jama'at ahl al-sunna li-da'wa wa-l-qital Said to have been founded in 2001 2002-2009: Boko Haram established its base Spread its contempt for Western education and government corruption Slide 25 Mohammed Yusuf Death Leader Mohammed Yusuf, was killed in police custody in 2009 following a police raid. Resulted in reprisal attacks on police that spread to four states. Since 2010 violence has intensified May 15, 2013 President Goodluck Jonathan declared a state of emergency in three of the states affected by Boko Haram. Slide 26 Current Situation with Boko Haram 2014 appears to be the deadliest year yet Responsible for killing at least 1,300 people in the last two months https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=s6flerfasbk (Boko Haram video) Human Rights Abuses The killing and mutilation of ordinary Nigerians, the abduction and rape of women and girls, and the use of children for fighting are horrifying human rights violations. Daniel Bekele (Africa Director Human Rights Watch) Slide 27 Health HIV & AIDS Estimated 3.5 million infected with HIV National Agency for the Control of AIDS Nigeria has the world's second-largest number of people living with the virus after South Africa. Nigeria also carries about one-third of the global burden of new HIV infections among children (The Joint United Nations Programme on HIV and AIDS.) Slide 28 Slide 29 Efforts to Combat HIV The federal government has allocated more than $12.4m to the state to finance HIV and AIDS reduction initiatives from 2014-15 The United States President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (PEPFAR): given $2.5billion to Nigeria to fight the virus Nigerian Organizations Who Fight HIV/AIDS Foreign Funding Kaduna State Agency for the Control of AIDS Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation Enhancing Nigeria's Response to HIV and AIDS (ENR) World Health Organization Slide 30 Gender Issues 80.2 million (49%) of Nigerias 162.5 million people are women Federal Ministry of Women Affairs (FMWA) National Centre for Women Development (NCWD) Slide 31 Adekoya, Remi. "This Banker Turned Whistleblower Has a Revolutionary Message for Nigeria." www.theguardian.com. The Guardian, n.d. Web. 11 Mar. 2014. Amnesty International. "NIGERIA: BAD INFORMATION: OIL SPILL INVESTIGATIONS IN THE NIGER DELTA." www.amnesty.org. Amnesty, n.d. Web. 11 Mar. 2014. Asobie, Assisi. "Transparency in the Management of Nigerias Oil Revenue." www.premiumtimesng.com. Premium Times NG, n.d. Web. 11 Mar. 2014. CBN. "About CBN." www.cenbank.org. Central Bank of Nigeria, n.d. Web. 11 Mar. 2014. Duthiers, Vladimir. "Lagos of the Future: Megacity's Ambitious Plans." Lagos of the future: Megacity's Ambitious Plans. CNN, n.d. Web. 11 Mar. 2014. Ekott, Ini. "Lamido Sanusi Opens Up: How NNPC is Robbing Nigeria Blind." www.premiumtimesng.com. Premium Times NG, n.d. Web. 11 Mar. 2014. Hansen, Thomas. "Nigeria: Growing Away From Oil?" www.forbes.com. Forbes, n.d. Web. 11 Mar. 2014. NCWD. "About NCWD." www.ncwd.gov.ng. NCWD, n.d. Web. 11 Mar. 2014. Nicoll, Fergus. "Nigeria's Ethnic Divisions." news.bbc.co.uk. BBC News, n.d. Web. 11 Mar. 2014. NNPC. "About NNPC." www.nnpcgroup.com. Nigeria National Petroleum Coorporation, n.d. Web. 11 Mar. 2014. Ogunlesi, Tolu. "Urbanisation: Lagos, Nigeria, Keeping Up with the Changes." www.theafricareport.com. The Africa Report, n.d. Web. 11 Mar. 2014. Ross, Will. "Is Nigeria Serious about Tackling Corruption?" www.bbc.com. BBC, n.d. Web. 11 Mar. 2014. UNEP. Environmental Assessment of Ogoniland. Nairobi: UNEP, n.d. Print. - - -. "The UNEP Chief Scientist Office and the Environmental Assessment of Ogoniland, Nigeria." www.unep.org. UNEP, n.d. Web. 11 Mar. 2014. UNODC. "Nigeria's Corruption Busters." www.unodc.org. UNODC, n.d. Web. 11 Mar. 2014. Whaley, Jane. "Oil in Nigeria Curse or Blessing?" www.geoexpro.com. ExPro, n.d. Web. 11 Mar. 2014. Slide 32 Discussion Boko Haram How to stop them? Boko Haram vs Al Shabaab? Should there be a similar approach done for Boko Haram? Is there any possible way North and South could separate?