Henning vs Wachovia Mortgage FSB aka Wells Fargo Bank N.A. RE: Order of the Court

7/27/2019 Henning vs Wachovia Mortgage FSB aka Wells Fargo Bank N.A. RE: Order of the Court

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lhkfarjtnaj``y h`hathl stjth `hins`jtfrs js tf wmjt ns ghst dfr

tmhnr antnzhbs, dhlhrj` ‐_p[rhhkptnfb ns strfbi khlnanbh, bft

ajsuj``y tf gh lnsphbshl.‛ Grfwb v. Xbnthl Jnr`nbhs, Nba., 973

D.1l 43, 9: (:st Anr. 73:1) (quftnbi Irjbt„s Ljnry“ Kjnbh, @@A v.

Afkk„r fd Kh. Lhpt. fd Jirna., Dffl, jbl Wurj` Whs., 717 D.1l=,:= (:st Anr. 7333)). Kfrhfvhr, tmh `jw fd prhhkptnfb ns kuam

fd j kull`h. Qhh, h.i., Nb rh Yh`lnbi Dukh Srfls. @njg. @ntni.,

14< D. Qupp. 7l 44>, 4=: b.:< (B.L. Fmnf 7338)? Knamjh` S.

Kfrh`jbl, Srhhkptnfb js Nbvhrsh Bhi`nihbah Shr Qh, == Bftrh Ljkh

@. Whv. :7<>, :787-99 (73:1)? Jsmutfsm Gmjiwjt, Yyhtm v. @hvnbh

jbl Jihbay Srhhkptnfb5 Kfrh Kull`h fr Arhhpnbi tf A`jrnty6, <8

\u`sj @. Whv. :>9, 77> (733>). Nb sfkh jrhjs “ h.i., HWNQJ “ nts

swhhp ns sf grfjl js tf gh fvhrwmh`knbi`y rhehathl gy samf`jrs,

`hjvnbi fghlnhbt `fwhr afurts pfonbi jrfubl tmh phrnpmhry jbl

aj``nbi dfr amjbih. Qhh LhDh`nah v. Jhtbj X.Q. Mhj`tmajrh, 1<4

D.1l <<7, <8>-43 (1l Anr. 7331) (Ghaohr, E., afbaurrnbi)(quftnbi Jblrhws-A`jro v. \rjvh`hrs Nbs. Af., >=< D. Qupp. <>,

87-81 (L. Kjss. :>>9)). Nb ftmhrs “ h.i., jnr`nbh lhrhiu`jtnfb “

tmh bhhl dfr ubndfrk jnr trjbsnt rhiu`jtnfb wfros nb afkkfb-

: Hddhatnvh Bfvhkghr :, 733>, Yjamfvnj Kfrtijih, DQG khrihl wntm jbl

nbtf Yh``s Djrif Gjbo, B.J. Lhd.„s Khk. Qupp. Kft. Lnsknss 7, HAD Bf. ==.



7

shbsh djsmnfb tf lnsp`jah afbtrjry `faj` nbntnjtnvhs. Qhh

LnDnfrh v. Jk. Jnr`nbhs, Nba., 4<4 D.1l =:, == (:st Anr. 73::),

ahrt. lhbnhl, :17 Q. At. 94: (73::)? Grfwb, 973 D.1l jt 44.

\mns ajsh dj``s sfkhwmhrh nb ghtwhhb.

N. NB\WFLXA\NFB

Efshpm Mhbbnbi (‐Mhbbnbi‛) grfuimt sunt jijnbst Yh``s Djrif Kfrtijih,

B.J. (‐Yh``s Djrif‛)7 dfr a`jnks jrnsnbi drfk j kfrtijih-`fjb jirhhkhbt.

S`.„s Fpp„b Kft. Lnsknss (‐S`.„s Khk. Fpp„b‛) 7, HAD Bf. >7. Jdthr

jkhblnbi tmh afkp`jnbt twnah, Mhbbnbi j``hihl shvhb a`jnks jijnbst Yh``s

Djrif5 (:) ubeust hbrnamkhbt? (7) hquntjg`h rh`nhd? (1) vnf`jtnfb fd tmh

nkp`nhl afvhbjbt fd iffl djntm jbl djnr lhj`nbi (‐nkp`nhl afvhbjbt‛)? (<)

afbsukhr prfthatnfb vnf`jtnfb ublhr Kjssjamushtts Ihbhrj` @jws amjpthr >1J

(‐amjpthr >1J‛)? (8) bhi`nihbah gjshl fb Kjssjamushtts stjtutfry lutnhs?

(4) bhi`nihbah gjshl fb Dhlhrj` stjtutfry lutnhs? jbl (9) grhjam fd

afbtrjat. \mnrl Jk. Afkp`. Eury Lhkjbl (‐\mnrl Afkp`.‛) ´´ 81-91, HAD Bf.

91. Yh``s Djrif kfvhl tf lnsknss tmh ajsh jriunbi tmjt Mhbbnbi mjs djn`hl

tf stjth jby a`jnks upfb wmnam rh`nhd kjy gh irjbthl ublhr Dhlhrj` Wu`h fd

Anvn` Srfahlurh :7(g)(4) (‐Wu`h :7(g)(4)‛), jbl j`sf tmjt jby stjth-`jw

a`jnks jrh prhhkpthl gy tmh Mfkh Fwbhrs„ @fjb Jat (‐MF@J‛), :7 X.Q.A. §§

:<4:-:<93. Lhd.„s Khk. Qupp. Kft. Lnsknss (‐Lhd.„s Khk. Qupp.‛) 7, HAD

Bf. ==. Mhbbnbi fppfshl tmh kftnfb tf lnsknss. S`.„s Khk. Fpp„b :.

J. Srfahlurj` Sfsturh

7 J`tmfuim Mhbbnbi grfuimt tmns jatnfb jijnbst Yjamfvnj, D.Q.G.,

‐Yh``s Djrif, B.J. ns tmh suaahssfr gy khrihr tf Yh``s Djrif Gjbo

Qfutmwhst, B.J., d/o/j Yjamfvnj Kfrtijih, DQG., d/o/j Yfr`l Qjvnbis Gjbo,

D.Q.G. . . . .‛ Nb rh Aurrnh, Bf. ::-:91<>-EBD, 73:1 Y@ 119>81>, jt *:

(Gjbor. L. Kjss. Eu`y =, 73:1) (Dhhbhy, Gjbor. E.).



1

Fb fr jrfubl Kjy :8, 733>, Mhbbnbi dn`hl tmh frninbj` afkp`jnbt

jijnbst Yjamfvnj Kfrtijih Afrpfrjtnfb (‐Yjamfvnj‛), bfw Yh``s Djrif, nb

tmh Kjssjamushtts Quphrnfr Afurt snttnbi nb jbl dfr tmh Afubty fd

Knll`hshx. Bftnah Whkfvj` ´ :, HAD Bf. <-:. Yjamfvnj rhkfvhl tmh ajsh tf

tmns afurt fb Eubh :>, 733>, nl. jt 8, wmhrh nt wjs nbntnj``y rhdhrrhl tf

Eulih Sfbsfr, H`hat. Bftjtnfb, HAD Bf. 7. Yjamfvnj jbswhrhl tmh afkp`jnbt

fb Eu`y :9, 733>, Jbswhr Jddnrk. Lhdhbsh, HAD Bf. 9, jbl kfvhl dfr sukkjry

eulikhbt fb Fatfghr 73, 733>, Kft. Qukk. E., HAD Bf. 7<. Mhbbnbi„s

fppfsntnfb wjs dn`hl fb Bfvhkghr : 733>, S`.„s Fpp. Kft. Qukk. E., HAD Bf.

11.1 Ghdfrh j ru`nbi fb sukkjry eulikhbt wjs nssuhl, Mhbbnbi jkhblhl mns

afkp`jnbt wntm `hjvh fd tmh afurt fb Kjram 7, 73:3. Jk. Afkp`./A`jss

Jatnfb Afkp`./Eury Lhkjbl, HAD Bf. 8:.

Fb tmh sjkh ljy js tmh jkhblhl afkp`jnbt wjs dn`hl, Eulih Yf`d

afbsf`nljthl Mhbbnbi„s ajsh wntm jbftmhr jatnfb sthkknbi drfk kfrtijihs

‐dfr wmnam Yjamfvnj wjs j``hihl`y rhspfbsng`h.‛ Ghttnbh``n v. Yh``s Djrif

Mfkh Kfrti., Nba., Bf. 3>‑::39>‑K@Y, 73:3 Y@ 7>>=43= (L. Kjss. Eu`y 71,

73:3) (Yf`d, E.). Eulih Yf`d wjs jssnibhl tmh afbsf`nljthl ajsh. Nl. Nb

Juiust, Mhbbnbi dn`hl j shafbl jkhblhl afkp`jnbt. Qhafbl Jk. Afkp`./Eury

Lhkjbl, HAD Bf. 8=.

Fb Juiust :>, 73:3, Xbnthl Qtjths Eulnanj` Sjbh` fb Ku`tnlnstrnat

@ntnijtnfb trjbsdhrrhl tmh ajsh tf tmh Bfrtmhrb Lnstrnat fd Aj`ndfrbnj.

1 Yjamfvnj dn`hl j rhp`y tf Mhbbnbi„s rhspfbsh fb Bfvhkghr >, 733>,

Whp`y Gr. Qupp. Kft. Qukk. E., HAD Bf. 1>, jbl Mhbbnbi, nb rhturb, dn`hl j

sur-rhp`y fbh whho `jthr, S`.„s Qur-Whp`y Lhd.„s Kft. Qukk. E., HAD Bf.

<7.



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Afblntnfbj` \rjbsdhr Frlhr (A\F-8), HAD Bf. 43. \mh afbsf`nljthl ajsh

rhjamhl j shtt`hkhbt, jbl ghajush Mhbbnbi tnkh`y fpthl fut fd tmh Kjy :9,

73:: a`jss-jatnfb shtt`hkhbt nb tmjt lnstrnat, Eulih Dfih` frlhrhl tmh

ajsh trjbsdhrrhl gjao tf tmh Lnstrnat fd Kjssjamushtts fb Eubh >, 73::.

Frlhr Irjbtnbi S`.„s Kft. Tjajth E. \rjbsdhr Ajsh, HAD Bf. 4>.

Mhbbnbi dn`hl j tmnrl jkhblhl afkp`jnbt nb tmh Lnstrnat fd

Kjssjamushtts fb Juiust 7>, 73:7. \mnrl Afkp`. \mh ajsh wjs jssnibhl tf

tmns Qhssnfb jdthr Eulih Yf`d tffo shbnfr stjtus fb Ejbujry 7, 73:1.

A`hro„s Bfth, HAD Bf. =7. \mns Afurt mhjrl tmh kftnfb tf lnsknss jt nssuh

fb Ejbujry 7>, 73:1. A`hro„s Bfth, HAD. Bf. ><.

G. Djatuj` J``hijtnfbs

Mhbbnbi j``hihs tmh df``fwnbi djats. Mhbbnbi hxhauthl j kfrtijih

`fjb wntm Yfr`l Qjvnbis Gjbo (‐Yfr`l‛) nb 7334 nb tmh jkfubt fd $7:8,783,

jbl jb Hqunty Arhlnt @nbh fd $<1,333 nb tmh sjkh yhjr. \mnrl Afkp`. ´´ 1,

87. Yh``s Djrif ns tmh suaahssfr-nb-nbthrhst tf tmns `fjb, mjvnbi khrihl

wntm Yjamfvnj, wmnam mjl prhvnfus`y khrihl wntm Yfr`l. Nl. ´ 1? Khk. @jw

Qupp. Kft. Qukk. E. 7, HAD Bf. 78. \mh `fjb wjs j ‐stjthl nbafkh‛ `fjb,<

jbl Yfr`l j``hihl`y bhvhr ‐lhthrknb_hl[ tmh rhjsfbjg`hbhss‛ fd Mhbbnbi„s

nbafkh js stjthl fb tmh `fjb jpp`najtnfb ghdfrh jpprfvnbi mnk, \mnrl

Afkp`. ´ :<, rjtmhr, Yfr`l afbsnlhrhl fb`y wmhtmhr mh afu`l kjoh tmh

nbntnj` kfbtm`y pjykhbt, nl. ´ <8. Kfrhfvhr, lurnbi tmh `fjb jpp`najtnfb

prfahss, Yfr`l ajàu`jthl mns lhgt-tf-nbafkh (‐L\N‛) rjtnf wntmfut

< Qtjthl nbafkh `fjbs lf bft rhqunrh tmh gfrrfwhr tf prfvnlh

‐lfaukhbtjtnfb fd mns fr mhr nbafkh.‛ Afkkfbwhj`tm v. Drhkfbt Nbv. &

@fjb, <87 Kjss. 911, 914 b.9 (733=).



8

lhluatnbi gusnbhss hxphbshs Mhbbnbi nbaurrhl js j sj`hskjb drfk mns

nbafkh. Nl. ´´ <-4. \mns a`jssndnajtnfb, Mhbbnbi j``hihl, rubs afubthr

tf ihbhrj``y jaahpthl ublhrwrntnbi prfahlurh jbl rhsu`thl nb j rhj` L\N

rjtnf fd ><.8%, wmnam hxahhls tmh j``fwjg`h L\N rjtnf ublhr austfkjry

sugprnkh `hblnbi iunlh`nbhs. Nl. Nb 733=, Mhbbnbi lhdju`thl fb mns

fg`nijtnfbs, jbl aurrhbt`y djahs dfrha`fsurh. Nl. ´ :3. Mhbbnbi j`sf

jirhhl tf j `fjb kflndnajtnfb nb 733=, j``hihl`y ublhr tmh lurhss fd

lhdju`t jbl nkphblnbi dfrha`fsurh, nl. ´ 8:, wntm thrks snkn`jr tf tmh

7334 `fjb. Nl. ´ 83.

Mhbbnbi durtmhr j``hihl tmjt Yfr`l djn`hl tf afkp`y wntm ahrtjnb

stjtutfry rhqunrhkhbts lurnbi tmh jpp`najtnfb prfahss. Qphandnaj``y, mh

j``hihl tmjt shvhrj` dfrks rhqunrhl ublhr tmh Whj` Hstjth Qhtt`hkhbt

Srfahlurhs Jat (‐WHQSJ‛), :7 X.Q.A. §§ 743:-:9, jrh jgshbt drfk mns `fjb

dn`h, nbaùlnbi j Iffl Djntm Hstnkjth (‐IDH‛), j Qhrvnanbi Lnsa`fsurh

Qtjthkhbt, jbl j Bftnah fd Jssnibkhbt, Qj`h, fr \rjbsdhr fd Qhrvnanbi

Wnimts. Nl. ´ >. Mhbbnbi j`sf j``hihl tmjt tmh Nbntnj` \rutm nb @hblnbi

Qtjthkhbt & Nthknzjtnfb fd Jkfubt Dnbjbahl dfrk rhqunrhl ublhr tmh \rutm

nb @hblnbi Jat (‐\N@J‛), :8 X.Q.A. §§ :43: ht shq, jbl nts nkp`hkhbtnbi

rhiu`jtnfbs, :7 A.D.W. §§ 778.: ht shq (‐Whiu`jtnfb U‛), ns j`sf knssnbi

drfk tmh dn`h. Nl. Nblhhl, jaafrlnbi tf Mhbbnbi„s j``hijtnfbs, Yfr`l wjs

ubjg`h tf afkp`y wntm \N@J ghajush tmh ‐sugehat `fjbs jrh bft jatuj``y

nblhxhl.‛ Nl. ´ <>.

Mhbbnbi„s `fjb ns fd tmh Sjykhbt Fptnfb Jrk (‐SFJ‛) vjrnhty, obfwb jt

Yfr`l js tmh ‐Snao-J-Sjykhbt‛ prfirjk. Nl. ´ :8. Gy ‐kjtmhkjtnaj`



4

kjbnpu`jtnfb fd nbthrhst rjths jbl . . . gjao-hblnbi kfst fd tmh prnbanp`h

_sna[,‛ `hblhrs kjoh tmh nbntnj` pjykhbts fb tmhsh typhs fd `fjbs

jrtndnanj``y `fw, j``fwnbi ‐j`kfst jbyfbh‛ tf quj`ndy. Nl. ´ <8. \mh

jleustjg`h rjth bfth jt nssuh j``hihl`y djn`s jlhqujth`y tf lnsa`fsh tmh

pfssngn`nty fd bhijtnvh jkfrtnzjtnfb. Nl. ´ 7>. Ghajush fd tmns bhijtnvh

jkfrtnzjtnfb, Mhbbnbi stjthl tmjt mh, jkfbi kjby ftmhr gfrrfwhrs, djahl

nbntnj``y `fw pjykhbts wmnam wfu`l `jthr gh sfkh tmrhh tf dfur tnkhs

mnimhr, sfkhtnkhs wntmnb j dhw kfbtms. Nl. ´ <4. Yh``s Djrif, js

suaahssfr nb nbthrhst tf Yfr`l, j``hihl`y mjl ‐ub`nknthl lnsarhtnfb‛ js tf

tmh nblhx wmnam lhthrknbhs tmh jleustjg`h nbthrhst rjth ublhr tmh bfth.

Nl. ´ 1:.

Xbsfpmnstnajthl afbsukhrs `noh Mhbbnbi whrh sugehat tf purpfrthl`y

jiirhssnvh jbl prhljtfry kjrohtnbi fd SFJ `fjbs. Nl. jt ´ <8. Yfr`l„s

jlvhrtnsnbi wjs j``hihl`y lhahptnvh nb tmjt nt dfaushl fb tmh `fw nbntnj`

kfbtm`y pjykhbts wntmfut lnsa`fsnbi tmh rnsos fd bhijtnvh jkfrtnzjtnfb jbl

tmh jleustjg`h rjth. Nl. ´´ :9-:=. \mns purpfrthl lhahptnfb wjs

durtmhrhl gy tmh `fjb lfaukhbtjtnfb wmnam ushl `jbiujih tmjt, jaafrlnbi tf

Mhbbnbi, Yfr`l obhw fr smfu`l mjvh obfwb wjs nkphbhtrjg`h tf afbsukhrs nb

frlhr nbthbtnfbj``y tf fgsaurh tmh thrks jbl afbshquhbahs fd tmh

trjbsjatnfb. Nl. ´´ 7>-17.

Yfr`l jpprfvhl Mhbbnbi„s `fjb `noh`y obfwnbi, Mhbbnbi j``hihs, tmjt

mh lnl bft quj`ndy gjshl fb nbdfrkjtnfb mh mjl prfvnlhl tf tmhk. Nl. ´

:<. Yfr`l nbahbtnvnzhl suam jpprfvj` gy fddhrnbi afkknssnfb pjy tf tmhnr

ublhrwrnthrs jbl `fjb fddnahrs. Nl. ´ <=. Yfr`l, Mhbbnbi j``hihs, kust



9

mjvh obfwb tmjt Mhbbnbi wfu`l `noh`y lhdju`t, gut prfahhlhl tf jpprfvh tmh

`fjb jbywjy, wntmfut afbsnlhrnbi tmh dj``nbi rhj` hstjth kjroht jbl ftmhr

`fjb prfluats kfrh jpprfprnjth dfr mnk. Nl. ´ :1.

Mhbbnbi j``hihs tmjt js j rhsu`t fd Yfr`l„s jatnfbs, mh mjs suddhrhl

tmh `fss fd hqunty, ljkjih tf mns arhlnt, jbl mh djahs nkphblnbi

dfrha`fsurh wntm rhsu`tjbt hkftnfbj` lnstrhss. Nl. ´ :3. Mh durtmhr

j``hihs tmjt ghajush fd Yfr`l„s lhahptnvh prjatnahs nb jlvhrtnsnbi jbl tmh

ush fd nkphbhtrjg`h `jbiujih nb kfrtijih lfaukhbtjtnfb, Mhbbnbi `fst tmh

fppfrtubnty tf ‐afkpjrnsfb smfp‛ dfr kfrh jpprfprnjth `fjb j`thrbjtnvhs,

nl. ´ 11, jbl mjs nbaurrhl ub`jwdu` afkpfubl nbthrhst, nl. ´ 19.

A. Dhlhrj` Eurnslnatnfb

Eurnslnatnfb ns prfphr ublhr 7= X.Q.A. shatnfb :117(j) js tmh jkfubt

nb afbtrfvhrsy hxahhls $98,333 jbl tmh pjrtnhs jrh antnzhbs fd lnddhrhbt

stjths.

Js tf tmh jkfubt nb afbtrfvhrsy, tmh djah vjùh fd tmh `fjb wh``

hxahhls $98,333, nl. ´ 1, jbl Mhbbnbi frninbj``y p`hl $=3,333 nb ljkjihs,

Afkkw. Kjss Quphrnfr At. Lhp„t. \rnj` At. Yfgurb, Hx. 1, Anvn` Jatnfb

Afvhr Qmhht, HAD Bf. <-1. Afkp`hth lnvhrsnty hxnsts ghajush Mhbbnbi ns j

antnzhb fd Kjssjamushtts, \mnrl Afkp`. ´ :, jbl Yjamfvnj, tmh rh`hvjbt

pjrty jt tmh tnkh tmns jatnfb wjs dn`hl, ns j dhlhrj` sjvnbis gjbo wntm

nts mfkh fddnah nb Bhvjlj,8 Bftnah Whkfvj` ´ 1. Qhh :7 X.Q.A. § :<4<(x) (J

‐_d[hlhrj` sjvnbis jssfanjtnfb smj`` gh afbsnlhrhl tf gh j antnzhb fb`y fd

8 Lnvhrsnty eurnslnatnfb ns lhthrknbhl gy afbsnlhrnbi ‐tmh stjth fd

djats tmjt hxnsthl jt tmh tnkh fd dn`nbi.‛ Irupf Ljtjdùx v. Jt`js I`fgj`

Irfup, @.S., 8<: X.Q. 849, 89: (733<).



=

tmh Qtjth nb wmnam suam sjvnbis jssfanjtnfb mjs nts mfkh fddnah.‛).

Jaafrlnbi`y, tmns Afurt mjs eurnslnatnfb fvhr tmh kjtthr.

NN. JBJ@^QNQ J. @hij` Qtjbljrl

J p`hjlnbi kust sht dfrtm ‐j smfrt jbl p`jnb stjthkhbt fd tmh a`jnk

smfwnbi tmjt tmh p`hjlhr ns hbtnt`hl tf rh`nhd.‛ Dhl. W. Anv. S. =(j)(7).

Nb frlhr tf survnvh j kftnfb tf lnsknss ublhr Wu`h :7(g)(4), j p`jnbtndd

kust p`hjl suddnanhbt djatuj` kjtthr, jaahpthl js truh, ‐tf stjth j a`jnk

tf rh`nhd tmjt ns p`jusng`h fb nts djah.‛ Gh`` Jt`. Afrp. v. \wfkg`y, 883

X.Q. 8<<, 893 (7339). Nb jllntnfb tf jaahptnbi j`` djats nb tmh afkp`jnbt

js truh, tmh Afurt kust lrjw rhjsfbjg`h nbdhrhbahs nb tmh p`jnbtndd„s

djvfr. @jbijlnbfs v. Jk. Jnr`nbhs, Nba., :>> D.1l 4=, 4> (:st Anr. 7333).

Ymn`h j prfgjgn`nty tmjt tmh lhdhbljbt ns `njg`h ns bft rhqunrhl, j

p`jusng`h a`jnk pfshs djats tmjt, tjohb js truh, invh rnsh tf j

‐rhjsfbjg`h hxphatjtnfb tmjt lnsafvhry wn`` rhvhj`‛ `njgn`nty. \wfkg`y,

883 X.Q. jt 884. Bhntmhr ‐bjohl jsshrtnfb_s[‛ fd knsafbluat, nl. jt 889,

bfr ‐dfrku`jna rhantjtnfb‛ fd tmh h`hkhbts fd j a`jnk wn`` suddnah, nl. jt

888.

G. Dhlhrj` Srhhkptnfb

Yh``s Djrif urihs tmjt tmh Afurt smfu`l lnsknss j`` fd Mhbbnbi„s

sugstjbtnvh stjth-`jw a`jnks ghajush tmhy jrh prhhkpthl gy MF@J jbl nts

nkp`hkhbtnbi rhiu`jtnfbs, :7 A.D.W. §§ 833->>, wmnam, jaafrlnbi tf Yh``s

Djrif, faaupnhl tmh dnh`l fd dhlhrj` `hblnbi rhiu`jtnfb jt tnkhs rh`hvjbt

tf tmns `ntnijtnfb. Qhh Lhd.„s Khk. Qupp. ::. Mhbbnbi jriuhs tmjt tmns



>

Afurt smfu`l nbthrprht MF@J prhhkptnfb nb `nimt fd tmh Lfll-Drjbo Yj``

Qtrhht Whdfrk jbl Afbsukhr Srfthatnfb Jat, Sug. @. Bf. :::-731, :7< Qtjt.

:194 (73:3) (‐Lfll-Drjbo‛), wmnam rhluahs tmh dhlhrj` ifvhrbkhbt„s

prhhkptnvh jutmfrnty ublhr MF@J. Qhh S`.„s Khk. Fpp„b := (antnbi Lfll-

Drjbo § :3<<). Mhbbnbi j`sf jriuhs tmjt mns stjth-`jw a`jnks jrh bft

prhhkpthl ghajush suam a`jnks afkp`hkhbt, rjtmhr tmjb supp`jbt, dhlhrj`

rhiu`jtnfb. Nl. jt :9-:=.

:. Qtjtutfry Gjaoirfubl

Js j rhspfbsh tf tmh Irhjt Lhprhssnfb, wmhb bhjr`y mj`d fd j`` mfkh

`fjbs whrh nb lhdju`t jbl arhlnt wjs sajrah, Afbirhss hbjathl MF@J js ‐j

rjlnaj` jbl afkprhmhbsnvh rhspfbsh tf tmh nbjlhqujanhs fd tmh hxnstnbi

stjth systhks‛ fd kfrtijih rhiu`jtnfb. Qhh Dnlh`nty Dhl. Qjv. jbl @fjb

Jss„b v. lh `j Auhstj, <8= X.Q. :8:, :8>-43 (:>=7) (quftnbi Afbdhrhbah fd

Dhl. Qjv. jbl @fjb Jss„bs v. Qthnb, 43< D.7l :784, :789 (>tm Anr. :>9>)).

MF@J nbntnj``y arhjthl tmh Dhlhrj` Mfkh @fjb Gjbo Gfjrl jbl irjbthl nts

lnrhatfr grfjl jutmfrnty tf rhiu`jth ‐tmh pfwhrs jbl fphrjtnfbs fd hvhry

Dhlhrj` sjvnbis jbl `fjb jssfanjtnfb drfk nts arjl`h tf nts afrpfrjth

irjvh.‛ Nl. jt :<8 (quftnbi Aj`. v. Afjst Dhl. Qjv. jbl @fjb Jss„b, >= D.

Qupp. 1::, 1:4 (Q.L. Aj`. :>8:)). Ymhb Afbirhss jkhblhl MF@J nb :>=>, nt

trjbsdhrrhl tmns pfwhr tf tmh Fddnah fd \mrndt Quphrvnsnfb (‐F\Q‛). Lnxfb

v. Yh``s Djrif Gjbo, B.J., 9>= D. Qupp. 7l 114, 181 b.4 (L. Kjss. 73::)

(antnbi :7 X.Q.A. § :<47j). Js tmh Quprhkh Afurt mjs stjthl, ‐_n[t wfu`l

mjvh ghhb lnddnau`t dfr Afbirhss tf invh tmh _F\Q[ j grfjlhr kjbljth‛

phrtjnbnbi tf `fjb rhiu`jtnfb jutmfrnty ublhr MF@J. Qhh lh `j Auhstj, <8=



:3

X.Q. jt :4: (dnrst j`thrjtnfb nb frninbj`) (quftnbi I`hblj`h Dhl. Qjv. jbl

@fjb Jss„b v. Dfx, <8> D. Qupp. >31, >:3 (A.L. Aj`. :>9=)) (nbthrbj`

quftjtnfb kjros fkntthl)? :7 A.D.W § 833.: (irjbtnbi jutmfrnty ublhr MF@J

tf F\Q jbl j``fwnbi nt grfjl pfwhrs tf ‐rhiu`jth jbl hxjknbh sjvnbis

jssfanjtnfbs‛).4

Xblhr tmns grfjl irjbt fd jutmfrnty, F\Q nssuhl rhiu`jtnfbs wmnam

purpfrt tf prhhkpt stjth `jw nb tmh jrhjs fd dhlhrj` sjvnbis rhiu`jtnfb.

Xblhr :7 A.D.W. shatnfb 8<8.7, F\Q lha`jrhl nts hxaùsnvh jutmfrnty ‐tf

rhiu`jth j`` jsphats fd tmh fphrjtnfbs fd Dhlhrj` sjvnbis jssfanjtnfbs,‛

wmnam wjs ‐prhhkptnvh fd jby stjth `jw‛ jllrhssnbi tmh sjkh. Xblhr :7

A.D.W. shatnfb 843.7(j) (‐shatnfb 843.7(j)‛), F\Q snibj`hl nts jutmfrnty

tf ‐faaup_y[ tmh hbtnrh dnh`l fd `hblnbi rhiu`jtnfb,‛ nb frlhr tf

‐djan`ntjth tmh sjdh jbl sfubl fphrjtnfb fd dhlhrj` sjvnbis jssfanjtnfbs,‛

jbl wntm tmh nbthbt tf invh tmhk ‐kjxnkuk d`hxngn`nty tf hxhransh tmhnr

`hblnbi pfwhrs nb jaafrljbah wntm j ubndfrk dhlhrj` samhkh.‛ Nl. §

843.7(j)

\mh F\Q rhiu`jtnfbs sht dfrtm j thst tf lhthrknbh nd MF@J prhhkpts j

stjth `jw. Nl. § 843.7. J afurt kust dnrst afbsnlhr wmhtmhr tmh stjth

`jw jt nssuh ns fbh fd tmh n`ùstrjtnvh hxjkp`hs wmnam jrh lhdnbntnvh`y

prhhkpthl ublhr :7 A.D.W. shatnfb 843.7(g) (‐shatnfb 843.7(g)‛). Nl.

4 \mh `fjbs jt nssuh nb tmns ajsh frninbjthl nb 7334 gy Yfr`l wmnam

wjs amjrthrhl js j dhlhrj` sjvnbis gjbo, jbl wjs tmus sugehat tf F\Q

jutmfrnty. Jdd. Gn``nh Amjr`hs Qupp. Kft. Qukk. E., Hx. G, Amjrthr Yfr`l

Qjv. Gjbo, D.Q.G. §§ :-< (‐Amjrthr‛), HAD Bf. 7=-7? Jdd. Gn``nh Amjr`hs

Qupp. Kft. Qukk. E., Hx. J, Ahrtndnajth fd Afrpfrjth Hxnsthbah, HAD Bf.

7=-:.



::

Srhhkpthl a`jnks ublhr pjrjirjpm (g) jrh bukhrfus jbl nbaùlh tmfsh

rh`jthl tf `nahbsnbi, thrks fd arhlnt, lnsa`fsurh rhqunrhkhbts, jbl

jlvhrtnsnbi. Nl.

Nd bft prhhkpthl gy pjrjirjpm (g), tmh Afurt kust afbsnlhr wmhtmhr

tmh `jw nb quhstnfb ‐jddhats `hblnbi.‛ Lnxfb, 9>= D. Qupp. 7l jt 18<

(antnbi @hblnbi jbl Nbvhstkhbt, 4: Dhl. Whi. 83,>8:, 83,>44 (Qhpt 13,

:>>4)). Nd nt lfhs, j prhsukptnfb jrnshs tmjt tmh `jw ns prhhkpthl gy

MF@J, gut tmh prhsukptnfb kjy gh rhgutthl gy smfwnbi tmjt tmh stjth `jw

dnts nbtf tmh `nst fd `jws bft prhhkpthl ublhr :7 A.D.W. shatnfb 843.7(a)

(‐shatnfb 843.7(a)‛), ns afbsnsthbt wntm tmh pf`nay ublhr`ynbi shatnfb

843.7(j), fr jddhats `hblhrs fb`y nbanlhbtj``y. Nl. Quam `jws nbaùlh

afbtrjat, tfrt, arnknbj`, jbl mfkhsthjl `jws, :7 A.D.W. § 843.7(a), gut

tmh jrhj fd hxahptnfb fuimt gh nbthrprhthl bjrrfw`y wntm ‐jby lfugt . . .

rhsf`vhl nb djvfr fd prhhkptnfb.‛ Qfvhrhnib Gjbo v. Qturins, =41 D. Qupp.

7l 98, >7 (L. Kjss. 73:7) (Yffl`fao, E.) (quftnbi 4: Dhl. Whi. jt 83,>44-

49) (nbthrbj` quftjtnfb kjros fkntthl).

Jdthr tmh kfrtijih kh`tlfwb, mfwhvhr, Afbirhss rhtmfuimt tmh wnslfk

fd tmh swhhpnbi prhhkptnvh pfwhr nt mjl afbdhrrhl fb tmh F\Q. Lfll-Drjbo

‐snibndnajbt`y lnknbnsmhl tmh hxthbt tf wmnam MF@J jbl nts nkp`hkhbtnbi

rhiu`jtnfbs kjy prhhkpt stjth `jw.‛ Nl. jt >: b.> (antnbi Lfll-Drjbo §§

:3<<, :3<4 (`nkntnbi MF@J prhhkptnfb tf afbd`nat, rjtmhr tmjb dnh`l,

prhhkptnfb))? shh j`sf Wflhrnao K. Mn``s, Er., Hxfransnbi KaAu``fam5 \mh

Afbd`nat-Wnllhb Mnstfry fd Jkhrnajb Gjbonbi Bjtnfbj`nsk jbl Lfll-Drjbo

Srhhkptnfb, :4: X. Sj. @. Whv. :718, :7=9 (73:1) (bftnbi tmjt Lfll-Drjbo



:7

`noh`y rhpulnjths dnh`l prhhkptnfb). Afurts mjvh ubndfrk`y mh`l,

mfwhvhr, tmjt tmh prfvnsnfbs fd Lfll-Drjbo jrh bft rhtrfjatnvh, jbl MF@J

prhhkptnfb jpp`nhs tf kfrtijihs frninbjthl ghdfrh hntmhr Eu`y 7:, 73:3 fr

Eu`y 7:, 73::. Afkpjrh, h.i., nl. jt :7>: (hddhatnvh ljth fd Eu`y 7:,

73::)? Kf`fsoy v. Yjsmnbitfb Kut., Nba., 44< D.1l :3>, ::1 b.: (4tm Anr.

73::) (sjkh)? Yn``njks v. Yh``s Djrif Gjbo, B.J., Bf. ::‑7:711‑ANT, 73::

Y@ <>3:1<4, jt *9 b.4 (Q.L. D`j. Fat. :<, 73::) (sjkh) wntm Qhtt`h v.

Yfr`l Qjv. Gjbo, D.Q.G, Bf. HL AT ::‑33=33 KKK (L\Gx), 73:7 Y@ :374:31, jt

*:< (A.L. Aj`. Ejb. ::, 73:7) (hddhatnvh ljth fd Eu`y 7:, 73:3)? Afph`jbl-

\urbhr v. Yh``s Djrif Gjbo, =33 D. Qupp. 7l ::17, ::19-1= (L. Fr. 73::)

(sjkh)? shh j`sf, Aurrnh, 73:1 Y@ 119>81>, jt *:-8 (jpp`ynbi dnh`l

prhhkptnfb ublhr MF@J tf j 7334 kfrtijih `fjb).9 \mns Afurt df``fws sunt.

Ghajush tmh `fjbs jt nssuh frninbjthl ghdfrh hntmhr ljth, \mnrl Afkp`. ´´

1, 83, tmh jpprfprnjth prhhkptnfb stjbljrl tf jpp`y tf Mhbbnbi„s a`jnks ns

tmjt hxtjbt prnfr tf tmh hddhatnvh ljth fd Lfll-Drjbo.

7. Afubt TNN5 Grhjam fd Afbtrjat

Mhbbnbi j``hihs tmjt Yfr`l grhjamhl nts fg`nijtnfbs ublhr tmh

rh`hvjbt kfrtijihs jbl bfths gy djn`nbi ‐tf pjy prnbanpj` fb tmh sugehat

`fjbs‛ js Mhbbnbi kjlh mns gn-whho`y pjykhbts. Qhh \mnrl Afkp`. ´ 91? shh

j`sf nl. ´ <4. Ymn`h MF@J lfhs bft prhhkpt Afubt TNN, tmns Afurt

9 \mfuim tmhrh jpphjrs tf gh j lhjrtm fd anraunt prhahlhbt fb tmh

nssuh, tmns Afurt bhhl bft whnim nb fb tmh lhgjth rhijrlnbi wmhtmhr Lfll-

Drjbo ghajkh hddhatnvh js tf kfrtijihs fb Eu`y 7:, 73:3 fr 73:: ghajush

tmh `fjbs jt nssuh nb tmh ajsh frninbjthl nb 7334, jbl tmh kflndnajtnfb

wjs nb 733=. \mnrl Afkp`. ´´ 1, 83.



:1

lnsknsshs nt js Mhbbnbi mjs djn`hl p`jusng`y tf stjth j grhjam fd

afbtrjat.

Afbtrjat `jw lfhs bft bhahssjrn`y ‐nkpfsh rhqunrhkhbts‛ fb `hblhrs,

jbl tmus lfhs bft dj`` wntmnb tmh jkgnt fd shatnfb 843.7(g). H.i.,

Qturins, =41 D. Qupp. 7l jt ><? Nb rh Fawhb @fjb Qhrvnanbi, @@A. Kfrti.

Qhrvnanbi @ntni., <>: D.1l 41=, 4<8 (9tm Anr. 7339). J a`jnk dfr grhjam

fd afbtrjat shhos tf hbdfrah jby afbtrjatnbi pjrty„s ‐luty tf mfbfr

prfknshs kjlh.‛ Lnxfb, 9>= D. Qupp. 7l jt 18=. Ghajush Mhbbnbi„s a`jnk

lhj`s grfjl`y wntm tmh rh`jtnfbsmnp ghtwhhb tmh kfrtijifr jbl kfrtijihh,

jbl tmh kjbbhr nb wmnam pjykhbts jrh j``fajthl ublhr tmh kfrtijih, nt

‐jddhats `hblnbi,‛ invnbi rnsh tf j rhguttjg`h prhsukptnfb fd prhhkptnfb.

Qturins, =41 D. Qupp. 7l jt ><? shh 4: Dhl. Whi. jt 83,>44.

\mh prhsukptnfb fd prhhkptnfb ns rhgutthl nb tmns ajsh. Afbtrjat `jw

ns bft prhhkpthl sf `fbi js nt fb`y ‐nbanlhbtj``y jddhat_s[ . . . `hblnbi

fphrjtnfbs.‛ :7 A.D.W. § 843.7(a). Kjby afurts mjvh mh`l tmjt grhjam fd

afbtrjat a`jnks jrh bft prhhkpthl wmhrh tmhy lf bft shho tf nkpfsh

rhqunrhkhbts fb `hblhrs rhijrlnbi tmh sugstjbah fd tmh afbtrjat, gut fb`y

mf`l tmh `hblhr truh tf nts wfrl. H.i., Qturins, =41 D. Qupp. 7l jt ><-

>8? Nb rh Fawhb @fjb Qhrvnanbi, <>: D.1l jt 4<8? KaJbjbhy v. Jstfrnj Dnb.

Afrp., 448 D. Qupp. 7l :17, :4< (H.L.B.^. 733>)? Whyhs v. Lfwbhy Qjvnbis

jbl @fjb Jss„b, D.J., 8<: D. Qupp. 7l ::3=, :::< (A.L. Aj`. 733=)? ad.

Lnxfb, 9>= D. Qupp. 7l jt 18= (mf`lnbi prfknssfry hstfpph` a`jnk fb`y

jddhats `hblnbi fphrjtnfbs nbanlhbtj``y ghajush nt nkpfshl fb tmh



:<

lhdhbljbt-`hblhr fb`y tmfsh fg`nijtnfbs jpp`najg`h tf j`` gusnbhsshs jbl

afbtrjatnbi pjrtnhs).

Mhrh, Mhbbnbi shhos fb`y tf mf`l Yh``s Djrif tf fg`nijtnfbs nts

prhlhahssfr nb nbthrhst purpfrthl`y jirhhl tf5 tmh pjykhbt fd prnbanpj`

afnbanlhbt wntm Mhbbnbi„s gn-whho`y pjykhbts. Qhh \mnrl Afkp`. ´ 91.

Qhhonbi tf mf`l j afbtrjatnbi pjrty tf nts wfrl ns bft ubnquh tf tmh

kfrtijih-`hblnbi rhj`k. Qhh Lnxfb, 9>= D. Qupp. 7l jt 18=. Js mns

afbtrjat a`jnk fb`y ‐nbanlhbtj``y jddhat_s[‛ Yfr`l„s `hblnbi fphrjtnfbs,

nt ns bft prhhkpthl gy MF@J. Qhh :7 A.D.W. § 843.7(a).

Ymn`h bft prhhkpthl gy MF@J, Mhbbnbi djn`s tf stjth j p`jusng`h

grhjam fd afbtrjat a`jnk. Mhbbnbi„s j``hijtnfb tmjt Yfr`l grhjamhl jb

fg`nijtnfb tf jpp`y mns kfbtm`y pjykhbt tf tmh prnbanpj` `fjb jkfubt ns

d`jt`y afbtrjlnathl gy tmh thrks fd tmh kfrtijih jbl bfth.

Nb tmh jgshbah fd drjul, j snibjtfry tf j afbtrjat ns gfubl gy nts

thrks wmhtmhr mh mjs rhjl jbl ublhrstffl nt fr bft. Qhh Yn``hbs v. Xbnv.

fd Kjss., 893 D.7l <31, <38 (:st Anr. :>9=) (antnbi Qprntz v. @nsmbhr, 188

Kjss. :47, :4< (:>4>)). Jt tmh kftnfb tf lnsknss stjih tmns Afurt kjy tjoh

bftnah fd pug`na lfaukhbts, suam js tmh kfrtijih jbl bfth mhrh, wmnam ghjr

fb tmh khrnts fd Mhbbnbi„s a`jnks. Qhh Yjtthrsfb v. Sjih, >=9 D.7l :, 1

(:st Anr. :>>1)? shh j`sf Nb rh Qkntm-Shbj, <=< G.W. 8:7, 8:8 b.: (Gjbor.

L. Kjss 73:1) (Gjn`hy, Gjbor. E.). Ymhb suam lfaukhbts afbtrjlnat

j``hijtnfbs nb tmh afkp`jnbt, tmh lfaukhbts trukp tmh j``hijtnfbs. Qhh

A`frfx Af. S.W. v. Srfatfr & Ijkg`h Afkkhranj` Af., 77= D.1l 7<, 17 (:st



:8

Anr. 7333) (antnbi Bfrtmhrb Nbl. Iub & Futlffr Qmfws, Nba., v. Anty fd

Qfutm Ghbl, :41 D.1l <<>, <8< (9tm Anr. :>>=)).

Nb Ljvns v. Yfr`l Qjv. Gjbo, D.Q.G., tmh afurt lnsknsshl j grhjam fd

afbtrjat a`jnk prhlnajthl fb tmh lhdhbljbt-`hblhr„s djnùrh tf jpp`y jby

pfrtnfb fd tmh p`jnbtndd-gfrrfwhr„s nbntnj` kfbtm`y pjykhbts tf tmh

prnbanpj` fd tmh sugehat SFJ-kfrtijih `fjb. =34 D. Qupp. 7l :8>, :97

(L.L.A. 73::). \mh bfth stjthl tmjt nbntnj` kfbtm`y pjykhbts knimt bft gh

suddnanhbt tf afvhr jaarunbi nbthrhst, arhjtnbi lhdhrrhl nbthrhst wmnam

ntsh`d wfu`l gh jllhl tf tmh prnbanpj` jbl jaaruh nbthrhst, jbl tmjt

pjykhbts wfu`l jleust jbbuj``y jaafrlnbi`y. Nl. jt :91. \mhsh stjthkhbts

nblnajthl tf tmh afurt tmjt tmh `hblhr mjl bhvhr jirhhl tf jpp`y jby

pfrtnfb fd tmh nbntnj` kfbtm`y pjykhbts tf prnbanpj` jt j``. Nl. Ghajush

tmh gfrrfwhr„s a`jnks tmjt tmh `hblhr ‐djn`_hl[ tf jpp`y jby fd tmh

nbntnj` kfbtm`y pjykhbts tf prnbanpj` _whrh[ afbtrjry tf tmh hxprhss thrks

fd tmh Bfth,‛ tmh a`jnk wjs lnsknsshl. Nl.

\mh j``hijtnfbs jbl hxprhss thrks jt nssuh mhrh jrh strnonbi`y

snkn`jr tf tmfsh tmh afurt afbsnlhrhl nb Ljvns. Nb tmh frninbj` kfrtijih,

Yfr`l prfknshl tf jpp`y Mhbbnbi„s gn-whho`y pjykhbts tf tmh prnbanpj`

jkfubt fb`y jdthr jpp`ynbi nt tf5 (:) prhpjykhbt amjrihs ublhr shaurhl

bfths? (7) jlvjbahs fwhl tf tmh `hblhr? (1) jkfubts luh ublhr tmh ‐Hsarfw

Jaafubts‛ prfvnsnfb nb tmh kfrtijih jirhhkhbt? (<) nbthrhst luh ublhr

shaurhl bfths? jbl (8) lhdhrrhl nbthrhst luh ublhr shaurhl bfths. Jdd.

@nsj Ghhbs Qupp. Kft. Qukk. E. (‐Jdd. @nsj Ghhbs‛), Hx. G, Kfrtijih ´ 1,

HAD Bf. 79-7. \mh bfth stjths tmjt Mhbbnbi„s nbntnj` gn-whho`y pjykhbts



:4

‐kjy bft gh suddnanhbt tf pjy tmh hbtnrh jkfubt fd nbthrhst jaarunbi fb

tmh ubpjnl _p[rnbanpj` gj`jbah.‛ Jdd. @nsj Ghhbs Qupp. Kft. Qukk. E., Hx.

J, Jleustjg`h Wjth Kfrt. Bfth ´ 1(G), HAD Bf. 79-:. \mh bfth j`sf stjths

tmjt wmhb gn-whho`y pjykhbts jrh nbsuddnanhbt tf afvhr jaaruhl nbthrhst,

ubpjnl nbthrhst wn`` gh rf``hl nbtf tmh prnbanpj` tf ntsh`d jaaruh

nbthrhst. Nl. ´ 1(H).

\mhsh sjkh hxprhss thrks whrh prhshbt nb Ljvns, =34 D. Qupp. 7l jt

:91-9<, jbl afkph``hl tmh afbaùsnfb nb tmjt ajsh, js tmhy lf mhrh, tmjt

Yfr`l bhvhr jirhhl tf jpp`y pjykhbts tf prnbanpj` ubtn` jdthr nbthrhst jbl

lhdhrrhl nbthrhst fg`nijtnfbs whrh sjtnsdnhl. Qhh nl. Nblhhl, tmh

ahbtrj` nssuh Mhbbnbi tjohs wntm tmh SFJ `fjb ns tmjt gy nts fwb thrks nt

hddhatnvh`y hbsurhs tmh kfrtijifr bhvhr jatuj``y rhjamhs tmh prnbanpj` jbl

nbsthjl afbtnbuj``y pjys hvhr-nbarhjsnbi nbthrhst. Qhh \mnrl Afkp`. ´´

:9-13. Ymn`h hxtrhkh`y lnstjsthdu`, tmns lfhs bft afbstntuth j prfknsh tf

jpp`y pjykhbts tf prnbanpj`. Ghajush Yfr`l bhvhr prfknshl tf jpp`y

pjykhbts tf prnbanpj` nb tmh kjbbhr jsshrthl gy Mhbbnbi, nt ajbbft mjvh

grhjamhl tmh kfrtijih afbtrjat gy djn`nbi tf lf sf. Qhh Ljvns, D. Qupp.

7l jt :91? Qmjthrnjb v. Yh``s Djrif Gjbo, B.J., =7> D. Qupp. 7l =91, ==1

(B.L. Aj`. 73::) (lnsknssnbi p`jnbtndd-gfrrfwhr„s grhjam fd afbtrjat a`jnk

j``hinbi djnùrh tf jpp`y pjykhbts tf SFJ-kfrtijih prnbanpj` ghajush

lhdhbljbt-`hblhr bhvhr hxprhss`y prfknshl tf lf sf)? Efbhs-Gfy`h v.

Yjsmnbitfb Kutuj` Gjbo, DJ, Bf. AT 3=-37:<7 ED (ST\), 73:3 Y@ 797<7=9, jt

*:7 (B.L. Aj`. Eu`y =, 73:3) (sjkh). Ymn`h bft hxprhss`y prhhkpthl gy

MF@J, Mhbbnbi„s grhjam fd afbtrjat a`jnk ns sugvhrthl gy tmh hxprhss thrks



:9

fd tmh kfrtijih jbl bfth, jbl ns jaafrlnbi`y lnsknsshl. Qhh A`frfx Af.

S.W., 77= D.1l jt 17 (antnbi Bfrtmhrb Nbl. Iub & Futlffr Qmfws, Nba., :41

D.1l jt <8<).

1. Afubt NNN5 Grhjam fd Nkp`nhl Afvhbjbt fd Iffl Djntm jbl

Djnr Lhj`nbi

Mhbbnbi gjshs mns a`jnk dfr grhjam fd tmh nkp`nhl afvhbjbt fb Yfr`l„s

‐pniiy-gjao_nbi[‛ jb jllntnfbj` `nbh‑fd-arhlnt fb mns 7334 kfrtijih, usnbi

up j`` fd tmh rhkjnbnbi hqunty nb mns prfphrty. S`.„s Khk. Fpp„b 4.

Jaafrlnbi tf Mhbbnbi, tmns djat nbarhjshl tmh `noh`nmffl fd lhdju`t jbl

lharhjshl mns h`ningn`nty dfr rhdnbjbanbi. Nl. Ghajush Mhbbnbi„s a`jnk

wfu`l hddhatnvh`y nkpfsh rhiu`jtnfbs fb j `hblhr, nts hddhat fb `hblnbi ns

kfrh tmjb nbanlhbtj`, nt ns nbafbsnsthbt wntm tmh pf`nay ublhr`ynbi

shatnfb 843.7(j), jbl nt ns prhhkpthl gy MF@J.

\mh nkp`nhl afvhbjbt ns prhshbt nb hvhry afbtrjat kjlh nb

Kjssjamushtts jbl rhqunrhs tmjt bf pjrty tf j afbtrjat ublhrtjoh jatnfbs

wmnam wfu`l prheulnah tmh ftmhrs nb tmhnr hbefykhbt fd tmh drunts fd tmh

jirhhkhbt. Jbtmfby„s Snhr Dfur, Nba. v. MGA Jssfa., <:: Kjss. <8:, <9:-97

(:>>:) (quftnbi Lruohr v. Wf`jbl Yk. Eutrjs Jssfa., Nba., 193 Kjss. 1=1,

1=8 (:>94)). Ghajush nt ns j stjth `jw fd ihbhrj` jpp`najgn`nty, jb

nkp`nhl afvhbjbt a`jnk ns bft prhhkpthl gy shatnfb 843.7(j). Quam j a`jnk

kjy, mfwhvhr, ‐gh prhhkpthl nd tmh _`hblhr„s[ j``hihl knsafbluat dnts nbtf

fbh fd tmh ajthifrnhs nlhbtndnhl nb _shatnfb 843.7[ (g),‛ fr, nd tmh

hddhat fb `hblhrs ns ‐kfrh tmjb nbanlhbtj`‛ js phr shatnfb 843.7(a). Qhh

Lnxfb, 9>= D. Qupp. 7l jt 189? shh j`sf @fphz v. Yjamfvnj Kfrti., Bf.



:=

753>-av-3:8:3, 733> Y@ <838>:>, jt *8 (H.L. Aj`. Bfv. 73, 733>)

(lnsknssnbi nkp`nhl afvhbjbt a`jnk, jkfbi ftmhr stjth `jw a`jnks, ghajush

tmhy whrh ‐gjshl upfb j``hijtnfbs phrtjnbnbi tf tmh _lhdhbljbt-`hblhr„s[

`hblnbi fphrjtnfbs,‛ jbl whrh tmus prhhkpthl gy MF@J).

Qhatnfb 843.7(g) prfvnlhs tmjt MF@J prhhkpts stjth `jw shhonbi tf

nkpfsh rhqunrhkhbts rhijrlnbi ‐_p[rfahssnbi, frninbjtnfb, shrvnanbi, sj`h

fr puramjsh fd, fr nbvhstkhbt fr pjrtnanpjtnfb nb, kfrtijihs.‛ :7 A.D.W.

§ 843.7(g)(:3). Yntm mns nkp`nhl afvhbjbt a`jnk, Mhbbnbi hsshbtnj``y

shhos tf rhiu`jth wmhtmhr j `hblhr kjy fddhr jllntnfbj` `fjb prfluats tf j

gfrrfwhr jdthr afbsukkjtnbi j dnrst kfrtijih. Qhh S`.„s Khk. Fpp„b 4. J

djvfrjg`h ru`nbi wfu`l mjvh j irhjthr tmjb nbanlhbtj` hddhat fb `hblhrs

rhijrlnbi wmjt kjy gh fddhrhl tf pfthbtnj``y fvhr-`hvhrjihl gfrrfwhrs jbl

wmhb. Qhh :7 A.D.W. § 843.7(a)? Whkf v. Yjamfvnj Kfrti., Bf. A::-37>18

\HM, 73:: Y@ 1<<=71<, jt *8 (B.L. Aj`. Jui. 8, 73::) (mf`lnbi prhhkpthl

stjth a`jnks, nbaùlnbi nkp`nhl afvhbjbt a`jnk, prhlnajthl fb ‐tmh vhry

djat tmjt _lhdhbljbt-`hblhr[ hbthrhl tmh `fjb wntm _p`jnbtndd-gfrrfwhr[,

jbl tmh anraukstjbahs ublhr wmnam _p`jnbtndd-gfrrfwhr[ lnl hbthr tmh

`fjb‛)? ad. Mjhm` v. Yjsmnbitfb Kut. Gjbo, D.J., 799 D. Qupp. 7l. >11,

><7-<1 (Q.L. Nbl. 7331) (mf`lnbi stjth a`jnks prhhkpthl ublhr shatnfb

843.7(g) ghajush j ru`nbi djvfrjg`h tf tmh p`jnbtndd wfu`l mjvh tmh hddhat

fd nkpfsnbi rhqunrhkhbts fb lhdhbljbt-`hblhr)? Kubfz v. Dnb. Drhhlfk

Qhbnfr Dublnbi Afrp., 891 D. Qupp. 7l :798, :7=: (A.L. Aj`. 733=) (sjkh).

Ghajush fd nts irhjthr tmjb nbanlhbtj` hddhat fb `hblhrs nb jb jrhj tmh

F\Q ifvhrbhl, Mhbbnbi„s a`jnk ns j`sf nbafbsnsthbt wntm tmh pf`nay fd



:>

ubndfrknty jbl dnh`l prhhkptnfb ublhr shatnfb 843.7(j). \mus, Mhbbnbi mjs

bft rhgutthl tmh prhsukptnfb fd prhhkptnfb ublhr MF@J.

Ymn`h bft hxprhss`y prhhkpthl, Mhbbnbi djn`s tf rhgut tmh prhsukptnfb

fd prhhkptnfb wntm rhsphat tf mns nkp`nhl afvhbjbt a`jnk, wmnam ns

jaafrlnbi`y lnsknsshl.

<. Afubt N5 Xbeust Hbrnamkhbt

‐\mh lfatrnbh fd ubeust hbrnamkhbt hxnsts nb tmh mjzy rhj`k fd qujsn-

afbtrjat jbl rhstntutnfb.‛ Grfwb v. Xbnthl Jnr`nbhs, Nba., 973 D.1l 43,

93 (:st Anr. 73:1)? shh j`sf, h.i., Khtrf @ndh Nbs. Af. v. Aftthr, <4<

Kjss. 471, 4<1 (73:1)? Qj`jkfb v. \hrrj, 1>< Kjss. =89, =8> (:>=8)?

Whstjthkhbt (\mnrl) fd Whstntutnfb & Xbeust Hbrnamkhbt § : (73::). \f

suppfrt mns ubeust hbrnamkhbt a`jnk, Mhbbnbi j``hihs tmjt Yh``s Djrif„s

lhahptnvh jlvhrtnsnbi, nts pfthbtnj` obfw`hlih tmjt Mhbbnbi wfu`l `noh`y

lhdju`t wmhb nt jpprfvhl mnk, jbl nts `jao fd lnsa`fsurh fd tmh

afbshquhbahs rhijrlnbi bhijtnvh jkfrtnzjtnfb fd SFJ `fjbs whrh wrfbidu`

jats rhsu`tnbi nb Yh``s Djrif„s hbrnamkhbt. Qhh \mnrl Afkp`. ´´ 8<, :9-

:>, 7>, :3. Mhbbnbi mjs j`sf j``hihl tmjt Yfr`l nkprfphr`y lhthrknbhl mns

L\N rjtnf gy djn`nbi tf vhrndy Mhbbnbi„s dnbjbanj` nbdfrkjtnfb. Nl. ´´ <-

4. Ghajush j``fwnbi Mhbbnbi„s ubeust hbrnamkhbt a`jnk wfu`l jddhat `hblnbi

fphrjtnfbs ublhr shatnfb 843.7(a) kfrh tmjb nbanlhbtj``y, tmh Afurt

lhthrknbhs tmjt Mhbbnbi„s ubeust hbrnamkhbt a`jnk ns prhhkpthl gy MF@J.

\mh dnrst sthp nb tmh MF@J prhhkptnfb jbj`ysns ns tf lhthrknbh

wmhtmhr j stjth-`jw a`jnk ns hxprhss`y prhhkpthl gy shatnfb 843.7(g), jbl

nd nt ns, tmh jbj`ysns hbls tmhrh. 4: Dhl. Whi. 83,>8:, 83,>44.



73

Nb Lnxfb, tmns Afurt afbsnlhrhl wmhtmhr MF@J prhhkpthl j stjth `jw

a`jnk dfr prfknssfry hstfpph`. Nb tmjt ajsh, tmh p`jnbtndd-gfrrfwhr

j``hihl tmjt tmh lhdhbljbt-`hblhr prfknshl tmjt nd p`jnbtndd lhdju`thl jbl

prfvnlhl ahrtjnb dnbjbanj` nbdfrkjtnfb, tmh lhdhbljbt wfu`l afbsnlhr j

`fjb kflndnajtnfb nb tmh p`jnbtndd„s ghmj`d. Lnxfb, 9>= D. Qupp. 7l jt

11>. \mh lhdhbljbt, mfwhvhr, bhvhr afbsnlhrhl tmh p`jnbtndd dfr suam

kflndnajtnfb ghdfrh ghinbbnbi dfrha`fsurh prfahhlnbis. Nl.

\mh Afurt afbaùlhl tmjt tmh a`jnk wjs bft hxprhss`y prhhkpthl gy

shatnfb 843.7(g) ghajush nt ‐s_fuimt[ bft tf jttjao Yh``s Djrif's

ublhr`ynbi `fjb shrvnanbi pf`nanhs jbl prjatnahs, gut rjtmhr tf mf`l tmh

`hblhr tf nts wfrl, fb wmnam tmh Lnxfbs rh`nhl tf tmhnr lhtrnkhbt.‛ Nl.

jt 189. \mh a`jnk ‐rh`jth_l[ tf‛ dhlhrj` `hblnbi rhiu`jtnfb, gut lnl bft

‐purpfrt_[ tf nkpfsh rhqunrhkhbts‛ fb tmh `hblhr ftmhr tmjb ‐tf mf`l tmh

`hblhr tf nts wfrl.‛ Qhh nl. jt 189 (quftnbi :7 A.D.W. § 843.7(g))

(j`thrjtnfb nb frninbj`).

\mh Afurt hxp`jnbhl tmjt ghajush MF@J lfhs bft invh rnsh tf j prnvjth

rnimt fd jatnfb, nl. jt 143, Afbirhss afu`l bft mjvh nbthblhl tf prhhkpt

j`` stjth a`jnks jijnbst `hblhrs, gut fb`y tmfsh grfuimt js j ‐a`jblhstnbh

wjy fd nkpfsnbi rhqunrhkhbts fb `hblhrs.‛ Nl. jt 184? shh Qturins, =41 D.

Qupp. 7l jt >8 (antnbi Gfpp v. Yh``s Djrif Gjbo, B.J., 9<3 D. Qupp. 7l :7,

:9 (L.L.A. 73:3)) (‐a`jnks jrh prhhkpthl . . . tf tmh hxthbt tmjt suam

a`jnks jtthkpt tf lnrhat`y hbdfrah sugstjbtnvh `hblnbi rhiu`jtnfbs tmjt

wfu`l gh prhhkpthl nd tmh stjth whrh tf rharhjth suam rhiu`jtnfbs js

stjtuths.‛). \mh Afurt nb Lnxfb pfshl tmh rh`hvjbt quhstnfb js ‐fbh fd



7:

dubatnfb, bft tmhfry5 wn`` hbdfrahkhbt fd tmh ajush fd jatnfb nbthrdhrh

wntm fr afbtrjvhbh `hblnbi . . . 6‛ 9>= D. Qupp. 7l jt 184? shh nl.

(quftnbi KaJbjbhy, 448 D. Qupp. 7l jt :4< b.14) (‐Nd stjths afu`l bft

prfvnlh prfthatnfb tf afbsukhrs tmrfuim trjlntnfbj` stjth-`jw ajushs fd

jatnfb wntm fb`y nbanlhbtj` hddhat fb `hblnbi, tmhb dhlhrj` sjvnbis

jssfanjtnfbs hddhatnvh`y afu`l ”ush prhhkptnfb js j smnh`l tf jvfnl

jlmhrhbah„ tf tmh afkkntkhbts tmhy kjoh tf tmhnr austfkhrs.‛). Qtjth

a`jnks wmnam afvhrt`y shho tf nkpfsh rhiu`jtnfbs fb `hblhrs kust gh

lnstnbiunsmhl drfk tmfsh wmnam hbdfrah lutnhs jpp`najg`h tf j`` gusnbhss

hbtntnhs. Auhvjs v. Jt`js Whj`ty/Dnb. Qhrvs., Nba., Bf. A 39-37=:< ED,

733= Y@ 74=>=:, jt *1 (B.L. Aj`. Ejb. 13, 733=) (j``fwnbi a`jnks tf

prfahhl pjst j kftnfb tf lnsknss wmhrh prhlnajthl upfb djnùrh tf

‐trutmdu``y khkfrnj`nz_h[ nb wrntnbi wmjt ns jirhhl tf frj``y‛ js tmhsh

jrh lutnhs ihrkjbh tf j`` gusnbhsshs, bft ubnquh tf `hblhrs). Ghajush tmh

prfknssfry hstfpph` a`jnk sfuimt fb`y tf mf`l tmh `hblhr tf nts wfrl, nt

mjl bf kfrh tmjb jb nbanlhbtj` hddhat fb `hblnbi, khjbnbi nt hsajphl

prhhkptnfb ublhr shatnfb 843.7(a). Lnxfb, 9>= D. Qupp. 7l jt 18=.

Qnkn`jr tf tmh prfknssfry hstfpph` a`jnk nb Lnxfb, ubeust hbrnamkhbt nb

tmh jgstrjat lfhs bft shho tf nkpfsh rhiu`jtnfbs fb `hblhrs, jbl tmus ns

bft prhhkpthl ublhr shatnfb 843.7(g).

\mh bhxt sthp rhqunrhs jb jbj`ysns wmhtmhr Mhbbnbi„s a`jnk jddhats

`hblnbi fb`y nbanlhbtj``y, fr nd nt ns ‐ftmhrwnsh afbsnsthbt wntm tmh

purpfshs fd _shatnfb 843.7(j)[.‛ :7 A.D.W. § 843.7(a).



77

Xblhrinrlnbi Mhbbnbi„s a`jnk jrh j``hijtnfbs fd afbsanfus djnùrh tf

lnsa`fsh rhijrlnbi bhijtnvh jkfrtnzjtnfb, smndtnbi nbthrhst rjths,

lhahptnvh ush fd nkphbhtrjg`h `jbiujih nb `fjb lfaukhbtjtnfb, lhahptnvh

jlvhrtnsnbi, jbl djnùrh tf vhrndy dnbjbanj` nbdfrkjtnfb.= Qhh \mnrl

Afkp`. ´´ :9-:>, 7>, :3, :1. \mns a`jnk lfhs bft shho tf hbdfrah lutnhs

ihrkjbh tf j`` gusnbhsshs, gut rjtmhr tf nkpfsh rhqunrhkhbts ublhr tmh

iunsh fd stjth `jw. Qhh Lnxfb, 9>= D. Qupp. 7l jt 184. Mhbbnbi lfhs bft

shho tf ‐mf`l tmh `hblhr tf nts wfrl,‛ nl. jt 189, fr tf hbdfrah j

afbtrjat thrk, Qturins, =41 D. Qupp. 7l jt ><, gut rjtmhr amj``hbihs j

`hblhr„s lnsa`fsurh jbl jlvhrtnsnbi pf`nay, j pfwhr rhshrvhl tf tmh

dhlhrj` ifvhrbkhbt. :7 A.D.W. § 843.7 (g)(>).

Qhatnfb 843.7 (g)(>) hxp`nant`y prhhkpts kjtthrs fd ‐_l[nsa`fsurh jbl

jlvhrtnsnbi,‛ wmnam jpphjr tf afbstntuth tmh guò fd Mhbbnbi„s

j``hijtnfbs. Qhh Qn`vjs v. H*\rjlh Kfrti. Afrp., 8:< D.1l :33:, :334 (>tm

Anr. 733=) (‐Ghajush tmns a`jnk ns hbtnrh`y gjshl fb H*\WJLH's lnsa`fsurhs

jbl jlvhrtnsnbi, nt dj``s wntmnb tmh sphandna typh fd `jw `nsthl nb §

843.7(g).‛). Nssuhs nbvf`vnbi ‐thrks fd arhlnt, nbaùlnbi jkfrtnzjtnfb .

. . jbl jleustkhbts tf tmh nbthrhst rjth,‛ suam js tmfsh rjnshl gy Mhbbnbi

= Mhbbnbi urihs tmjt ‐nb sugstjbah, j`` fd _mns[ a`jnks jrh gjshl fb

knsrhprhshbtjtnfbs gy _Yfr`l[. S`.„s Khk. Fpp„b :8. \mh afkp`jnbt,

mfwhvhr, ns ghrhdt fd rhdhrhbah tf jby jddnrkjtnvh knsrhprhshbtjtnfbs gy

Yfr`l. Qhh \mnrl Afkp`. J`sf, tf tmh hxthbt mns ubeust hbrnamkhbt a`jnk

ns gjshl fb \N@J fr WHQSJ vnf`jtnfbs, tmhsh jrh hsshbtnj``y durtmhr

lnsa`fsurh rhqunrhkhbts ifvhrbhl gy dhlhrj` `jw. Qn`vjs v. H*\rjlh Kfrti.

Afrp., <7: D. Qupp. 7l :1:8, :1:> (Q.L. Aj`. 7334), jdd„l 8:< D.1l :33:

(>tm Anr. 733=) (mf`lnbi afbsukhr prfthatnfb vnf`jtnfbs gjshl fb \N@J

vnf`jtnfbs prhhkpthl ublhr shatnfb 843.7(g) ghajush j djvfrjg`h ru`nbi

wfu`l mjvh prfvnlhl stjth rhkhlnhs dfr vnf`jtnfbs fd j dhlhrj``y prhhkpthl

jrhj fd tmh `jw).



71

rhijrlnbi nblhxnbi jbl Yh``s Djrif„s jgn`nty tf smndt tmh rjth, jrh j`sf

hxprhss`y prhhkpthl. :7 A.D.W. § 843.7(g)(<). Mhbbnbi amj``hbihs Yfr`l„s

`fjb struaturh, frninbjtnfb, jbl lhthrknbjtnfb fd h`ningn`nty, j`` fd

wmnam jrh rhshrvhl dfr F\Q. Nl. § 843.7(g)(:3). Ymn`h Mhbbnbi mjs ajst

mns a`jnk js j stjth-`jw ajush fd jatnfb wmnam ns bft hxprhss`y prhhkpthl

ublhr shatnfb 843.7(g), nts sugstjbah ghjrs fb sugehats khjbt dfr dhlhrj`

rhiu`jtnfb ublhr tmh sjkh rhiu`jtnfb.

\f sjy, dfr hxjkp`h, tmjt tmh jkfubt fd nbdfrkjtnfb lnsa`fshl gy

Yfr`l nb tmns ajsh wjs nbsuddnanhbt suam tmjt rhthbtnfb fd jby pjykhbts

rhahnvhl ns ubeust wfu`l hddhatnvh`y gh tf ‐nkpfsh _lnsa`fsurh[

rhqunrhkhbts‛ fb j dhlhrj` `hblhr gy, jt knbnkuk, lh`nbhjtnbi tmh

nkphrknssng`h `hvh`. Ad. Mjhm`, 799 D. Qupp. 7l, jt ><7-<1 (mf`lnbi stjth

a`jnks, nbaùlnbi ubeust hbrnamkhbt, rhijrlnbi nkprfphr`y amjrihl dhhs

prhhkpthl ghajush nkpfsnbi `njgn`nty hddhatnvh`y wfu`l nkpfsh rhqunrhkhbts

rhijrlnbi `fjb-rh`jthl dhhs). Ghajush tmh djatuj` j``hijtnfbs

ublhrinrlnbi Mhbbnbi„s ubeust hbrnamkhbt a`jnk nbvf`vh sugehats wmf``y

rhshrvhl dfr tmh dhlhrj` ifvhrbkhbt, shh :7 A.D.W. § 843.7(g), Mhbbnbi„s

a`jnk kfrh tmjb ‐nbanlhbtj``y jddhat_s[ tmh `hblnbi fphrjtnfbs,‛ nl. §

843.7(a).

Mhbbnbi„s ubeust hbrnamkhbt a`jnk ns bft ‐ftmhrwnsh afbsnsthbt wntm

tmh purpfshs fd _shatnfb 843.7(j)[.‛ Nl. \mh F\Q mjs hxprhsshl afbahrb

tmjt nbafbsnsthbt jbl afbd`natnbi rhqunrhkhbts nkpfshl fb dhlhrj` `hblhrs

gy tmh jpp`najtnfb fd lnddhrnbi stjth `jws jddhatnbi `hblnbi rubs afubthr

tf Afbirhss„s nbthbtnfb tmjt suam rhqunrhkhbts gh ubndfrk. 4: Dhl. Whi.



7<

jt 83,>48. \mns wjs tmh frninbj` purpfsh ghmnbl MF@J„s hbjatkhbt. lh `j

Auhstj, <8= X.Q. jt :8>-43? ad. Du`tz v. Yfr`l Qjv. jbl @fjb Jss„b, 89: D.

Qupp. 7l ::>8, ::>= (Y.L. Yjsm. 733=) (‐Shrknttnbi stjth afkkfb `jw jbl

stjtutfry ajushs fd jatnfb tf prfahhl wntmfut rhijrl tf, jbl ub`nknthl gy,

tmh hxnstnbi dhlhrj` samhkh fd rhiu`jtnfbs wfu`l ublhrknbh tmh purpfshs

sht dfrtm nb § 843.7(j).‛). Ghajush fd tmh pfthbtnj` dfr afbd`nat jbl

nbafbsnsthbay nb `hblnbi rhiu`jtnfb, Mhbbnbi„s ubeust hbrnamkhbt a`jnk ns

bft afbsnsthbt wntm tmh purpfshs fd shatnfb 843.7(j).

Afubt N, Mhbbnbi„s ubeust hbrnamkhbt a`jnk, ns tmhrhdfrh lnsknsshl js

prhhkpthl gy MF@J.

8. Afubt NN5 Hquntjg`h Wh`nhd

Mhbbnbi a`jnks hquntjg`h rh`nhd nbaùlnbi ‐rhsanssnfb fr rhdfrkjtnfb

fd mns `fjb bfth jbl kflndnajtnfb,‛ jbl jb nbeubatnfb rhkfvnbi tmh `fjb

drfk mns arhlnt mnstfry js wh`` js stfppnbi dfrha`fsurh fb mns mfkh.

\mnrl Afkp`. ´ 8=. ‐_J[``hijtnfbs _tmjt[ jatuj``y lhsarngh tmh rhkhlnhs

sfuimt gy p`jnbtndd . . . lf bft afbstntuth jatnfbjg`h a`jnks.‛ @nbtfb v.

B.^. @ndh Nbs. & Jbbunty Afrp., 1>7 D. Qupp. 7l 1>, <: (L. Kjss. 7338)

(Ufgh`, E.) (nbthrbj` quftjtnfb kjros fkntthl)? Jaafrl Gj`lwnb v. Luoh

Hbhriy Afrp., Bf. 15:7AT7:7‑KFA‑LQA, 73:7 Y@ 184<37:, jt *< (Y.L.B.A. Eu`y

:1, 73:7) rhpfrt jbl rhafkkhbljtnfb jlfpthl, 15:7AT7:7, 73:7 Y@ 1847<37

(Y.L.B.A. Jui. :9, 73:7) (lnsknssnbi hquntjg`h rh`nhd ‐a`jnk‛ ghajush nt

wjs bft jb nblhphblhbt ajush fd jatnfb). \mus, MF@J prhhkptnfb ns j bfb-

nssuh js Mhbbnbi mjs bft put dfrtm jby ‐`jw‛ nb Afubt NN tf prhhkpt.



78

Afubt NN ns lnsknsshl js Mhbbnbi mjs bft stjthl j a`jnk upfb wmnam rh`nhd

ajb gh irjbthl. Dhl. W. Anv. S. :7(g)(4).

4. Afubt TN5 Bhi`nihbah Gjshl fb Dhlhrj` Qtjtutfry Lutnhs

Mhbbnbi j``hihs tmjt Yfr`l vnf`jthl WHQSJ jbl \N@J tmrfuim

Whiu`jtnfb U gy djn`nbi tf prfvnlh mnk wntm ahrtjnb lnsa`fsurh lfaukhbts

rh`hvjbt tf mns `fjbs. \mnrl Afkp`. ´´ >, 4>-93. \mhsh vnf`jtnfbs,

Mhbbnbi jsshrts, afbstntuth bhi`nihbah ublhr Kjssjamushtts `jw, wntm tmh

rhqunsnth luty hstjg`nsmhl gy dhlhrj` stjtuth. Qhh nl. ´ 4>-93. \mns

a`jnk ns lnsknsshl js prhhkpthl gy MF@J.

Jijnb, tfrt `jw ns bft hxprhss`y prhhkpthl ublhr shatnfb 843.7(j)

ghajush nt lfhs bft sphandnaj``y jtthkpt tf nkpfsh rhqunrhkhbts fb

`hblhrs, gut ns fd ihbhrj` jpp`najgn`nty. Qhh :7 A.D.W. § 843.7(j). Nt ns

hxhkpthl drfk MF@J prhhkptnfb ublhr shatnfb 843.7(a) nd nt fb`y

nbanlhbtj``y jddhats `hblnbi fphrjtnfbs, fr ns ‐ftmhrwnsh afbsnsthbt wntm

tmh purpfshs fd _shatnfb 843.7(j)[.‛ Nl.

Afurts lnvhrih nb tmhnr trhjtkhbt fd stjth `jw jatnfbs gjshl fb \N@J

fr WHQSJ vnf`jtnfbs. Qphandna tf bhi`nihbah a`jnks, kjby gypjss tmh

quhstnfb fd prhhkptnfb, gut lnsknss tmh a`jnk ghajush \N@J jbl WHQSJ, nb

jbl fd tmhksh`vhs, lf bft hstjg`nsm j afibnzjg`h luty fwhl gy `hblhr tf

gfrrfwhr. Qhh, h.i., Grflhrnao v. SBA Kfrti. Afrp., Bf. ::-:33<9-E@\,

73:1 Y@ ::=9:::, jt *1 b.41 (L. Kjss. Kjr. 73, 73:1) (\jurf, E.)? \mfrbhs

v. NKG @hblhr Gus. Srfahss Qhrvs., Nba., Bf. A:3-:9:4KES, 73:: Y@ 499<7=,

jt *1 (Y.L. Yjsm. Dhg. :8, 73::)? @hvy v. ES Kfrijb Amjsh, Bf. :3AT:<>1

LKQ (G@K), 73:3 Y@ <4<:311, jt *7 (Q.L. Aj`. Bfv. 8, 73:3)? ^jbno v.



74

Afubtrywnlh Mfkh @fjbs, Nba., Bf. AT :3-474= AJQ (WUx), 73:3 Y@ <7841:7,

jt *4 (A.L. Aj`. Fat. :=, 73:3). Lnstrnat afurts wntmnb tmh Bnbtm Anraunt

typnaj``y dnbl stjth `jw a`jnks prhlnajthl fb \N@J jbl WHQSJ vnf`jtnfbs tf

gh prhhkpthl gy MF@J, pjrtnau`jr`y wmhrh tmh p`jnbtndd mjs jppjrhbt`y

rhajst mns fr mhr a`jnk js fbh fd stjth `jw tf jvfnl tmh tnkh gjr ublhr

tmfsh stjtuths. Qhh, h.i., Ij``hifs v. Yh``s Djrif Gjbo, B.J., Bf. :5:1‑

AT‑43= JYN KEQ, 73:1 Y@1:441=>, jt *8 (H.L. Aj`. Eubh 73, 73:1)?

Djàfaamnj v. Qjxfb Kfrti., Nba., 93> D. Qupp. 7l =91, ==4 (H.L. Aj`.

73:3)? Bhwghao v. Yjsmnbitfb Kut. Gjbo, Bf. A 3>‑:8>> AY, 73:3 Y@ 7>:=7:,

jt *< (B.L. Aj`. Ejb. :>, 73:3)? Whyhs, 8<: D. Qupp. 7l jt :::8.

\mh Bnbtm Anraunt jbl nts `fwhr lnstrnat afurts mjvh afbsnlhrhl

prnkjrn`y afbsukhr prfthatnfb a`jnks prhlnajthl fb \N@J fr WHQSJ

vnf`jtnfbs. Afurts nb tmjt anraunt mjvh rhjsfbhl tmjt suam a`jnks

prhlnajthl fb dhlhrj` `jw jrh prhhkpthl gy MF@J wmhrh j``fwnbi tmh a`jnk

wfu`l supp`hkhbt tmh rhkhlnhs jvjn`jg`h ublhr tmh dhlhrj` `jw gy, dfr

hxjkp`h, hddhatnvh`y hxthblnbi tmh stjtuth fd `nkntjtnfbs. Whyhs, 8<: D.

Qupp. 7l jt :::8 (antnbi Sug`na Xtn`. Lnst. Bf. : fd Irjys Mjrgfr Aty.

Yjsm. v. NLJAFW, Nba., 19> D.1l 4<:, 4<=-<> (>tm Anr. 733<))? shh j`sf,

Qn`vjs, 8<: D.1l jt :33< (‐Jpph``jbts whrh tff `jth tf suh ublhr \N@J.

\mhnr hbl rub _grnbinbi j stjth a`jnk gjshl fb \N@J vnf`jtnfbs[ wn`` bft

lf.‛).



79

\mns Afurt dnbls tmh Bnbtm Anraunt„s jpprfjam tf stjth `jw a`jnks

prhlnajthl fb \N@J jbl WHQSJ vnf`jtnfbs phrsujsnvh.> \N@J jbl WHQSJ jrh

dhlhrj` stjtuths rhiu`jtnbi lnsa`fsurh rhqunrhkhbts jbl prfahlurhs wmnam

lnrhat`y jddhat `hblhrs jbl j`rhjly mjvh tmhnr fwb hbdfrahkhbt khamjbnsks.

:7 X.Q.A. § 7438 (WHQSJ)? :8 X.Q.A. §§ :41>, :4<3(j) (\N@J). Hjam mjs nts

fwb `nkntjtnfbs phrnfl fd hntmhr fbh fr tmrhh yhjrs, lhphblnbi fb tmh

nkp`najthl shatnfb, nb wmnam jb jiirnhvhl gfrrfwhr ajb grnbi jb jatnfb

gjshl fb j `hblhr„s vnf`jtnfb. :7 X.Q.A. § 74:< (WHQSJ)? :8 X.Q.A.

:4<3(h) (\N@J). Ftmhr shssnfbs fd tmns afurt mjvh afbstruhl tmhsh

`nkntjtnfbs phrnfls strnat`y. Qhh Qturins, =41 D. Qupp. 7l jt >1-><.

Afkkfb-`jw bhi`nihbah mjs nts fwb stjtuth fd `nkntjtnfbs ubnquh tf

Kjssjamushtts, wmnam afu`l pfthbtnj``y hxthbl tmh tnkh nb wmnam \N@J fr

WHQSJ gjshl a`jnks afu`l gh grfuimt.:3 Qhh Kjss. Ihb. @jws. am. 743, § 7J

(j``fwnbi tmrhh yhjrs nb wmnam tf grnbi j tfrt jatnfb jdthr jaaruj`).

Durtmhr, Mhbbnbi„s a`jnk ns hsshbtnj``y prhlnajthl fb dhlhrj` lnsa`fsurh

rhqunrhkhbts. Qhh \mnrl Afkp`. ´ >. J``fwnbi j bhi`nihbah a`jnk suam js

tmns afu`l pfthbtnj``y hxpjbl fr amjbih tmh rhiu`jtfry samhkh nkpfshl fb

> Ymn`h tmns Afurt lfhs bft hkp`fy tmh sjkh ‐js jpp`nhl‛ jpprfjam tf

MF@J prhhkptnfb tmjt tmh Bnbtm Anraunt ushs, shh Qn`vjs, 8:< D.1l jt :334,

tmh kflh fd ‐dubatnfbj` jbj`ysns‛ `jnl fut nb Lnxfb ns bfbhtmh`hss

afbsnsthbt wntm tmh Bnbtm Anraunt. 9>= D. Qupp. 7l jt 184.

:3 \mfuim tmh Afurt bhhl bft rhjam tmh nssuh, tmhrh ns sfkh suiihstnfb

tmjt Mhbbnbi„s a`jnks wfu`l gh tnkh-gjrrhl ublhr WHQSJ jbl \N@J. Lhd.„s

Khk. Qupp. =.



7=

dhlhrj` `hblhrs nb jb jrhj fvhr wmnam tmh F\Q mjs faaupnhl tmh dnh`l.::

Qhh :7 A.D.W. § 843.7(j), (g)? ad. Whyhs, 8<: D. Qupp. 7l jt :::8 (mf`lnbi

afbsukhr prfthatnfb a`jnk gjshl fb \N@J vnf`jtnfb prhhkpthl gy MF@J

ghajush nt wfu`l mjvh hxthblhl tmh \N@J stjtuth fd `nkntjtnfbs drfk fbh tf

dfur yhjrs). \mus, Mhbbnbi„s bhi`nihbah a`jnk kfrh tmjb ‐nbanlhbtj``y

jddhats . . . `hblnbi fphrjtnfbs.‛ :7 A.D.W. § 843.7(a). Dfr tmns

rhjsfb, nt ns j`sf nbafbsnsthbt wntm tmh pf`nay fd dnh`l prhhkptnfb

ublhrinrlnbi shatnfb 843.7(j).

Mhbbnbi„s bhi`nihbah a`jnk gjshl fb dhlhrj` stjtutfry lutnhs ns

jaafrlnbi`y lnsknsshl js prhhkpthl gy MF@J jbl nts nkp`hkhbtnbi

rhiu`jtnfbs.

9. Afubt T5 Bhi`nihbah Gjshl fb Kjssjamushtts Qtjtutfry Lutnhs

Mhbbnbi a`jnks tmjt Yh``s Djrif jbl nts jihbts mjvh vnf`jthl

Kjssjamushtts stjtutfry lutnhs jbl jrh tmus bhi`nihbt. \mnrl Afkp`. ´´

44-4=. \mns a`jnk djn`s ghajush tf j``fw j bhi`nihbah ajush fd jatnfb

gjshl fb Mhbbnbi„s j``hijtnfbs wfu`l kfrh tmjb nbanlhbtj``y jddhat

`hblnbi, jbl Afubt T ns jaafrlnbi`y lnsknsshl js prhhkpthl.

\frt `jw ns stjth gjshl jbl ihbhrj``y jpp`najg`h, khjbnbi tmjt

shatnfb 843.7(g) lfhs bft hxprhss`y prhhkpt Mhbbnbi„s bhi`nihbah a`jnk.

Qhh :7 A.D.W. § 843.7(g). Nblhhl, tfrt ns `nsthl nb shatnfb 843.7(a) js

jb jrhj fd `jw sphandnaj``y hxhkpthl drfk MF@J prhhkptnfb. Nl. §

:: Js jb jsnlh, tmns Afurt ns ihbhrj``y sohptnaj` fd nkpfsnbi

bhi`nihbah lutnhs gjshl fb stjtuths hxahpt ublhr anraukstjbahs bft prhshbt

mhrh. Qhh Ns`jk v. Fptnfb Fbh Kfrti. Afrp., <17 D. Qupp. 7l :=:, :>8-:>4

(L. Kjss 7334).



7>

843.7(a)(<). \mh quhstnfb fd prhhkptnfb, tmhb, turbs fb wmhtmhr Mhbbnbi„s

bhi`nihbah a`jnk mjs jb nbanlhbtj` hddhat fb `hblnbi fr nd nt ns

‐ftmhrwnsh afbsnsthbt wntm tmh purpfshs fd _shatnfb 843.7(j)[.‛ Nl. §

843.7(a).

\f hstjg`nsm bhi`nihbah, j p`jnbtndd kust smfw tmjt tmh lhdhbljbt

fwhl mnk fr mhr j `hij` luty. Efrihbsfb v. Kjss. Sfrt Jutm., >38 D.7l

8:8, 877 (:st Anr. :>>3). \f smfw suam j luty mhrh, Mhbbnbi anths nb mns

afkp`jnbt vjrnfus Kjssjamushtts stjtuths jbl rhiu`jtnfbs lhj`nbi wntm

`hblnbi prjatnahs. \mnrl Afkp`. ´´ 4=, ::.

Mhbbnbi grfjl`y j``hihs tmjt Yh``s Djrif mjs vnf`jthl j luty

hstjg`nsmhl gy tmh Kjssjamushtts Afbsukhr Arhlnt Afst Lnsa`fsurh Jat

(‐KAAALJ‛), Kjss. Ihb. @jws am. :<3L, §§ :-18, wmnam rhiu`jths arhlnt

lnsa`fsurhs js nts bjkh suiihsts. Mhbbnbi j`sf anths Aflh fd

Kjssjamushtts Whiu`jtnfbs, tnt`h ><3, shatnfb =.38(7), wmnam purpfrts tf

rhiu`jth tmh lnsa`fsurh prjatnahs fd `hblhrs, kjonbi nt ubdjnr jbl

lhahptnvh dfr j `hblhr tf djn` tf lnsa`fsh djats wmnam knimt nbdùhbah j

gfrrfwhr„s lhansnfb. Nl. Mhbbnbi durtmhr jtthkpts tf hstjg`nsm luty

gjshl fb Aflh fd Kjssjamushtts Whiu`jtnfbs, tnt`h ><3, shatnfb =.34(:),

wmnam hsshbtnj``y kjbljths trutmdu` lnsa`fsurhs gy `hblhrs jbl grfohrs,

jbl Aflh fd Kjssjamushtts Whiu`jtnfbs, tnt`h ><3, shatnfb =.34(:9), wmnam

kjohs ubdjnr jbl lhahptnvh tmh nssujbah fd j `fjb wmnam ns ‐bft nb tmh

gfrrfwhr„s nbthrhst‛ ghajush tmh `hblhr mjs jb ublnsa`fshl afbd`nat fd

nbthrhst wntm tmh gfrrfwhr. ><3 Kjss. Aflh Whis. § =.34(:9).



13

Ymn`h knbldu` fd antnzhbs„ rnimts ublhr tmhnr fwb stjth„s `jws,

‐afurts kust gh wjry fd jrtdu``y p`hjlhl jtthkpts tf ush afkkfb-`jw a`jnks

js j a`jblhstnbh wjy fd nkpfsnbi rhqunrhkhbts fb `hblhrs tmjt stjths

ftmhrwnsh afu`l bft hbjat tmrfuim `hins`jtnfb fr rhiu`jtnfb.‛ Lnxfb, 9>=

D. Qupp. 7l jt 184 (antnbi KaJbjbhy, 448 D. Qupp. 7l jt :4> b.1>). \f

j``fw Mhbbnbi„s bhi`nihbah a`jnk tf prfahhl gjshl fb tmh Kjssjamushtts

stjtuth jbl rhiu`jtnfbs suprj wfu`l gh tf pfthbtnj``y usurp dhlhrj`

rhiu`jtfry jutmfrnty ublhr MF@J tmrfuim tmh gjaolffr fd stjth afkkfb `jw.

Qhh Efbhs v. Mfkh @fjb Nbv., D.Q.G., 9:= D. Qupp. 7l 97=, 914-19 (Q.L. Y.

Tj. 73:3) (mf`lnbi prhhkpthl gy MF@J, ghajush tmh a`jnk wjs ‐nkphrknssng`y

rhiu`jtfry nb bjturh‛, j bhi`nihbah a`jnk jijnbst lhdhbljbt-`hblhr gjshl

fb tmh p`jnbtndd-gfrrfwhr„s j``hihl ubsuntjgn`nty dfr tmh `fjb smh wjs

invhb). Nblhhl, shvhrj` shssnfbs fd tmns afurt mjvh lhanlhl tmjt tmh

KAAALJ ns lhdnbntnvh`y prhhkpthl gy MF@J ghajush nt rubs jdfu` fd shatnfb

843.7(g). Qturins, =41 D. Qupp. 7l jt >7->1? shh Aurrnh, 73:1 Y@ 119>81>,

jt *8. Mhbbnbi afu`l bft hsajph MF@J prhhkptnfb whrh mh tf lnrhat`y

amj``hbih Yh``s Djrif„s jatnfbs ublhr tmh KAAALJ, shh Qturins, =41 D.

Qupp. 7l. jt >1, jbl mh ns bft jg`h tf lf sf gy trjbsdfrknbi mns a`jnk

nbtf j tfrt jatnfb.

\mh sjkh rhsu`t jttjamhs wntm rhsphat tf tmh Kjssjamushtts

rhiu`jtnfbs wntm wmnam Mhbbnbi shhos tf hstjg`nsm luty. J`` hsshbtnj``y

purpfrt tf nkpfsh lnsa`fsurh rhqunrhkhbts fb `hblhrs gy lhdnbnbi ubdjnr fr

lhahptnvh prjatnahs ublhr amjpthr >1J. Qhh nbdrj Sjrt NN.G.=? Xbnthl Afs.

@hblnbi Afrp. v. Qjrihjbt, 73 D. Qupp. 7l :>7, 73< (L. Kjss. :>>=). MF@J



1:

hxp`nant`y prhhkpts stjth `jw wmnam purpfrts tf rhiu`jth lnsa`fsurh

rhqunrhkhbts. :7 A.D.W. § 843.7(g)(>). Js wntm tmh KAAALJ, Mhbbnbi

ajbbft lnrhat`y amj``hbih Yh``s Djrif„s prjatnahs ublhr tmh rhiu`jtnfbs,

jbl ajbbft lf sf gy ajstnbi mns a`jnk js j tfrt. Hvhb whrh tmns bft tmh

ajsh, tmns Afurt mjs hxprhsshl mhsntjbah tf dnbl j bhi`nihbah luty gjshl

fb amjpthr >1J js nt ns bft j phbj` fr sjdhty stjtuth jbl prfvnlhs nts fwb

hbdfrahkhbt khamjbnsk. Ns`jk v. Fptnfb Fbh Kfrti. Afrp., <17 D. Qupp. 7l

:=:, :>4 (L. Kjss. 7334).

Mhbbnbi„s bhi`nihbah a`jnk wfu`l mjvh j irhjthr tmjb nbanlhbtj`

hddhat fb `hblhrs ghajush mh jtthkpts tf nkpfsh rhqunrhkhbts ublhr tmh

iunsh fd stjth afkkfb `jw. Qhh Efbhs, 9:= D. Qupp. 7l jt 914-19. Dfr

tmns rhjsfb, nt ns j`sf nbafbsnsthbt wntm tmh purpfshs fd shatnfb

843.7(j), wmnam hbafurjihs ubndfrknty fd `hblnbi rhiu`jtnfb tmrfuim

dhlhrj` dnh`l prhhkptnfb. J``fwnbi stjths hsshbtnj``y tf rhiu`jth

lnsa`fsurh rhqunrhkhbts usnbi tfrt `jw lfhs bft shrvh tmns hbl. \mus

Afubt T, Mhbbnbi„s bhi`nihbah a`jnk gjshl fb Kjssjamushtts stjtutfry

lutnhs, ns lnsknsshl js prhhkpthl gy MF@J jbl nts nkp`hkhbtnbi

rhiu`jtnfbs.

=. Afubt NT5 Tnf`jtnfb fd Kjssjamushtts Ihbhrj` @jws amjpthr

>1J

Ymn`h bft hxprhss`y prhhkpthl ublhr shatnfb 843.7(g), Mhbbnbi„s

amjpthr >1J a`jnk jddhats `hblnbi, jbl djn`s tf rhgut tmh prhsukptnfb fd

prhhkptnfb ublhr shatnfb 843.7(a) js nts hddhat ns kfrh tmjb nbanlhbtj`.

Nbsfdjr js nt ns gjshl fb prhljtfry `hblnbi js j lhahptnvh prjatnah, S`.„s



17

Khk. Fpp„b 9, Mhbbnbi„s amjpthr >1J a`jnk ns prhhkpthl jbl tmhrhdfrh

lnsknsshl.:7

Xblhr Kjssjamushtts afbsukhr prfthatnfb `jw, ‐ubdjnr fr lhahptnvh

jats fr prjatnahs nb tmh afbluat fd jby trjlh fr afkkhrah‛ jrh ub`jwdu`.

Kjss. Ihb. @jws am. >1J, § 7(j). J vnatfrnfus p`jnbtndd ns hbtnt`hl tf

rhjsfbjg`h jttfrbhy„s dhhs ublhr amjpthr >1J, jbl kjy rhahnvh trhg`h

ljkjihs nd tmh lhdhbljbt„s vnf`jtnfb wjs wn``du` fr obfwnbi. Nl. § >(1),

(<). Jb jiirnhvhl afbsukhr kust shbl j lhkjbl `htthr tf j pfthbtnj`

lhdhbljbt jt `hjst tmnrty ljys prnfr tf dn`nbi j afkp`jnbt ‐nlhbtndynbi

tmh a`jnkjbt jbl rhjsfbjg`y lhsarngnbi tmh ubdjnr fr lhahptnvh jat fr

prjatnah rh`nhl upfb jbl tmh nbeury suddhrhl.‛ Nl. § >(1).

J shssnfb fd tmns afurt mjs stjthl tmjt ‐_s[tjth `jws prfmngntnbi

lhahptnvh jats jbl prjatnahs nb tmh afursh fd afkkhrah jrh bft nbaùlhl nb

tmh n`ùstrjtnvh `nst fd prhhkpthl `jws nb § 843.7(g).‛ Qturins, =41 D.

Qupp. 7l jt >9 (j`thrjtnfb nb frninbj`) (quftnbi Ajrf`yb E. Guao, Fddnah

fd \mrndt Quphrvnsnfb, Srhhkptnfb fd Qtjth @jws Jpp`najg`h tf Arhlnt Ajrl

\rjbsjatnfbs, S->4-:< (Lha. 7<, :>>4), jvjn`jg`h jt :>>4 Y@ 949<47)

:7 Mhbbnbi j`sf j``hihs tmjt Yfr`l vnf`jthl amjpthr >1J gy ‐djn`_nbi[

tf kjoh j rhjsfbjg`h shtt`hkhbt fddhr nb rhspfbsh‛ tf Mhbbnbi„s wrntthb

lhkjbl. \mnrl Afkp`. ´ 48. Mhbbnbi„s a`jnk ns lnsknsshl nbsfdjr js nt ns

gjshl fb tmns jsshrtnfb ghajush tmh rhspfbsh tf j pfthbtnj` p`jnbtndd„s

wrntthb lhkjbl ns phrknssnvh ublhr tmh stjtuth. Kjss. Ihb. @jws am. >1J §

>(1) (‐Jby phrsfb rhahnvnbi suam j lhkjbl dfr rh`nhd wmf, wntmnb tmnrty

ljys fd tmh kjn`nbi fr lh`nvhry fd tmh lhkjbl dfr rh`nhd, kjohs j wrntthb

thblhr fd shtt`hkhbt wmnam ns rhehathl gy tmh a`jnkjbt kjy, nb jby

sugshquhbt jatnfb, dn`h tmh wrntthb thblhr jbl jb jddnljvnt afbahrbnbi nts

rhehatnfb jbl tmhrhgy `nknt jby rhafvhry tf tmh rh`nhd thblhrhl nd tmh

afurt dnbls tmjt tmh rh`nhd thblhrhl wjs rhjsfbjg`h nb rh`jtnfb tf tmh

nbeury jatuj``y suddhrhl gy tmh phtntnfbhr.‛).



11

(nbthrbj` quftjtnfb kjros fkntthl). \mh Dnrst Anraunt mjs j`sf bfthl tmjt

amjpthr >1J a`jnks jrh bft prhhkpthl gy MF@J wmhrh tmh purpfrthl vnf`jtnfb

wjs gjshl fb grhjam fd afbtrjat. ^hfkj`jons v. DLNA, 847 D.1l 84, 4: (:st

Anr. 733>). Ghajush amjpthr >1J rhiu`jths tmh afbluat fd gusnbhsshs

ihbhrj``y, rjtmhr tmjb `hblhrs sphandnaj``y, nt ns bft prhhkpthl ublhr

shatnfb 843.7(g). Qhh Qturins, =41 D. Qupp. 7l jt >9? shh j`sf Lnxfb, 9>=

D. Qupp. 7l jt 184-89.

Mhbbnbi„s amjpthr >1J a`jnk, mfwhvhr, jpphjrs tf gh gjshl prnkjrn`y

fb Yfr`l„s prhljtfry `hblnbi prjatnahs, S`.„s Khk. Fpp„b 9, khjbnbi nt

jddhats `hblnbi, tmus invnbi rnsh tf j rhguttjg`h prhsukptnfb fd

prhhkptnfb ublhr shatnfb 843.7(a). Lnxfb, 9>= D. Qupp. 7l jt 18< (antnbi

4: Dhl. Whi. jt 83,>44). A`jnks ublhr amjpthr >1J dj`` wntmnb tmh purvnhw

fd shatnfb 843.7(a)(:), js dfrks fd afbtrjat jbl afkkhranj` `jw. Qturins,

=41 D. Qupp. 7l jt >9. \mh prhsukptnfb fd prhhkptnfb ns bft rhgutthl,

mfwhvhr, ghajush Mhbbnbi„s a`jnk wfu`l kfrh tmjb nbanlhbtj``y jddhat

`hblnbi fphrjtnfbs.

Js tf stjth afbsukhr prfthatnfb `jws, j afurt kust afbsnlhr ‐tmh

rh`jtnfbsmnp ghtwhhb dhlhrj` jbl stjth `jws js tmhy jrh nbthrprhthl jbl

jpp`nhl, bft khrh`y js tmhy jrh wrntthb.‛ Nl. jt >9 (quftnbi Ajrf`yb E.

Guao, Fddnah fd \mrndt Quphrvnsnfb, Aj`ndfrbnj Xbdjnr Afkphtntnfb Jat, S-

>>-1 (Kjr. :3, :>>>), jvjn`jg`h jt :>>> Y@ <:14>=) (nbthrbj` quftjtnfb

kjros fkntthl). Ymhrh tmh sugstjbah fd j amjpthr >1J a`jnk wfu`l thbl tf

nkpfsh sphandna rhqunrhkhbts fb j `hblhr, nt ns prhhkpthl, hvhb nd tmh



1<

stjtuth ntsh`d ns bft wmf``y sugehat tf MF@J prhhkptnfb ublhr shatnfb

843.7(g). Qhh nl.? Aurrnh, 73:1 Y@ 119>81>, jt *8.

Mhbbnbi jriuhs tmjt Yfr`l„s `hblnbi jatnvnty wjs prhljtfry gjshl fb

nts snkn`jrnty tf tmh `hblnbi nb Afkkfbwhj`tm v. Drhkfbt Nbv. & @fjb, <87

Kjss. 911, 914-<: (733=), wmnam wjs lhhkhl ubdjnr jbl lhahptnvh jbl j

`noh`y vnf`jtnfb fd amjpthr >1J. Nl. jt 9<1-<<. \mhsh snkn`jr

amjrjathrnstnas nbaùlhl `fjbs dhjturnbi j `fw nbtrfluatfry rjth wmnam

gj``ffbhl smfrt`y jdthr afbsukkjtnfb, mnim L\N rjtnfs, j `fjb-tf-vjùh

rjtnf fd fbh mublrhl phrahbt, jbl ftmhr amjrjathrnstnas kjonbi nt `noh`y

tmjt tmh gfrrfwhr wfu`l lhdju`t. Nl. jt 91>. Ymn`h Mhbbnbi kjohs j iffl

smfwnbi tmjt Yfr`l„s jatnvnty wjs ubdjnr jbl lhahptnvh fb tmh khrnts gy

afkpjrnsfb tf Drhkfbt, mh djn`s tf jaafubt dfr tmh djat tmjt prhhkptnfb

wjs bft jb nssuh nb tmjt ajsh5 tmh `hblhr wjs ‐jb nblustrnj` gjbo

amjrthrhl gy tmh Qtjth fd Aj`ndfrbnj‛ jbl bft ifvhrbhl gy MF@J. Qhh nl. jt

914.

Hvhb nd Yfr`l„s `hblnbi wjs j amjpthr >1J vnf`jtnfb ublhr

Kjssjamushtts `jw, afurts kust gh wjry fd jtthkpts tf ush stjth `jw a`jnks

tf nkpfsh rhiu`jtnfbs fb dhlhrj` `hblnbi nbstntutnfbs wmhb suam

rhiu`jtnfbs wfu`l gh prhhkpthl mjl tmh stjth lfbh sf tmrfuim `hins`jtnfb.

Lnxfb, 9>= D. Qupp. 7l jt 184 (antnbi KaJbjbhy, 448 D. Qupp. 7l jt :4>

b.1>). Nd tmns Afurt fddhrhl Mhbbnbi rhlrhss ublhr amjpthr >1J nt wfu`l

hddhatnvh`y gh rhiu`jtnbi `fjb-tf-vjùh jbl L\N rjtnfs, jbl tmh

phrknssngn`nty fd jleustjg`h rjth kfrtijih `fjbs. \mhsh jrh sugehat tf

dhlhrj` jutmfrnty, khjbnbi tmjt Mhbbnbi„s amjpthr >1J a`jnk ns prhhkpthl,



18

js wfu`l stjth prhljtfry `hblnbi `jws gh prhhkpthl gy MF@J prnfr tf Lfll-

Drjbo nd tmhy nkpfshl rhiu`jtnfbs fb dhlhrj` `hblhrs rhijrlnbi tmh sjkh fr

snkn`jr sugehats. Qhh Ajrf`yb E. Guao, Fddnah fd \mrndt Quphrvnsnfb,

Srhhkptnfb fd Bhw ^fro Srhljtfry @hblnbi @jw :-7, S-7331-7 (Ejb. 13,

7331), jvjn`jg`h jt 7331 Y@ 7<3<3:3: (nblnajtnbi tmjt j Bhw ^fro prhljtfry

`hblnbi `jw purpfrtnbi tf nkpfsh rhqunrhkhbts fb j dhlhrj` `hblhr

rhijrlnbi thrks fd arhlnt, frninbjtnfb, dhhs, lnsa`fsurhs, jbl shrvnanbi

fd kfrtijih `fjbs wjs prhhkpthl gy MF@J). Mhbbnbi„s a`jnk wfu`l bft mjvh

fb`y jb ‐nbanlhbtj`‛ hddhat fb dhlhrj` `hblnbi nbstntutnfbs. :7 A.D.W. §

843.7(a)? shh, h.i., Du`tz, 89: D. Qupp. 7l jt ::>= (mf`lnbi prhhkpthl

a`jnks wmnam sfuimt tf nkpfsh rhqunrhkhbts fb j `hblhr rhshrvhl dfr tmh

dhlhrj` ifvhrbkhbt ublhr tmh iunsh fd stjth afbsukhr prfthatnfb `jw)? ad.

@hht v. Ah`àf S„smnp, <=3 D. Qupp. 7l <77, <1< (L. Kjss. 7339) (Qjy`fr,

E.) (mf`lnbi amjpthr >1J a`jnk prhhkpthl ghajush tmh j``hihl djats

ublhrinrlnbi tmh a`jnk ‐lnrhat`y rh`jth_l[ tf tmh sugehat kjtthr‛ fd tmh

Djnr Arhlnt Whpfrtnbi Jat). Ghajush fd nts kfrh tmjb nbanlhbtj` hddhat fb

`hblnbi jbl tmh pfthbtnj` dfr vjrnjg`h jbl afbd`natnbi `hblnbi rhiu`jtnfb,

Mhbbnbi„s amjpthr >1J a`jnk ns j`sf nbafbsnsthbt wntm tmh purpfshs fd

shatnfb 843.7(j). Qhh Du`tz, 89: D. Qupp. 7l jt ::>=.

Ymn`h amjpthr >1J ns j stjth `jw fd ihbhrj` jpp`najgn`nty bft lhj`nbi

sphandnaj``y wntm `hblnbi jatnvnty, tmh sugstjbah fd Mhbbnbi„s amjpthr >1J

a`jnk wfu`l mjvh irhjthr tmjb jb nbanlhbtj` hddhat fb dhlhrj` `hblhrs.

Afurts kust bft j``fw `ntnijbts tf rhiu`jth dhlhrj` `hblhrs ublhr tmh

iunsh fd stjth `jw a`jnks. Qhh Lnxfb, 9>= D. Qupp. 7l jt 184. \mus,



14

Mhbbnbi„s amjpthr >1J a`jnk ns prhhkpthl gy MF@J jbl ns jaafrlnbi`y

lnsknsshl.

NNN. AFBA@XQNFBJbl sf, Yh``s Djrif wnbs fb j thambnaj`nty. \mh Afurt bhvhr

jllrhsshs tmh khrnts fd tmns ajsh jbl hxprhsshs bf fpnbnfb tmhrhfb.

Qtn``, nt ns jpprfprnjth tf pfnbt fut tmjt, whrh Mhbbnbi tf prfvh mns ajsh

fb tmh khrnts, tmh afbluat fd Yh``s Djrif wfu`l gh smfwb tf gh bftmnbi

smfrt fd futrjihfus. Fb tmh ftmhr mjbl, phrmjps nd Yh``s Djrif jllrhsshl

tmh khrnts, nts afbluat wfu`l gh vnblnajthl gy djnr-knblhl Jkhrnajb

eurfrs. J qunao vnsnt tf Yh``s Djrif„s whgsnth afbdnrks tmjt nt

vnifrfus`y prfkfths ntsh`d js afbsukhr drnhbl`y, @fjbs jbl Srfirjks, pjih

wntmnb Mfkh @hblnbi, wh``sdjrif.afk,

mttps5//www.wh``sdjrif.afk/kfrtijih/`fjb-prfirjks/ (`jst vnsnthl Qhpthkghr

:9, 73:1)? j djr ary drfk tmh mjrl-bfshl wnb-jt-jby-afst stjbah nt mjs

jlfpthl mhrh.

\mh thambnaj` (jbl bfw fgsf`hth) prhhkptnfb lhdhbsh upfb wmnam Yh``s

Djrif rh`nhs ns jb jddnrkjtnvh lhdhbsh wmnam ajb gh wjnvhl. Qhh, h.i.,

\fkponbs v. Xbnthl Mhj`tmajrh fd Bhw Hbi`jbl, 731 D.1l >3, >9 (:st Anr.

7333). \mh lnsafbbhat ghtwhhb Yh``s Djrif„s pug`na`y jlvhrtnshl djah jbl

nts jatuj` `ntnijtnfb afbluat mhrh afu`l bft gh kfrh hxtrhkh. \mhsh djats

`hjl tmns Afurt tf nbqunrh wmhtmhr Yh``s Djrif wnsmhs tf jllrhss Mhbbnbi„s

a`jnks fb tmh khrnts. Jdthr j``, nt kjy gh tmjt Yh``s Djrif mjs lfbh

bftmnbi wrfbi.



19

JAAFWLNBI@^, nt ns FWLHWHL tmjt Yh``s Djrif, wntmnb 13 ljys fd tmh

ljth fd tmns frlhr, smj`` sugknt j afrpfrjth rhsfùtnfb ghjrnbi tmh

snibjturh fd nts prhsnlhbt jbl j kjefrnty fd nts gfjrl fd lnrhatfrs tmjt

nt stjbls ghmnbl tmh afbluat fd nts son``hl jttfrbhys jbl wnsmhs tf jvjn`

ntsh`d fd tmh thambnaj` prhhkptnfb lhdhbsh tf lhdhjt Mhbbnbi„s a`jnk.

Qmfu`l nt lf sf, eulikhbt wn`` hbthr dfr Yh``s Djrif. Nd bf suam

rhsfùtnfb ns dn`hl, tmh Afurt wn`` lhhk tmh prhhkptnfb lhdhbsh wjnvhl jbl

gftm Yh``s Djrif jbl Mhbbnbi wn`` mjvh tmh fppfrtubnty tf jllrhss tmh

khrnts (n.h., wmjt rhj``y mjpphbhl) jt j trnj` ghdfrh jb Jkhrnajb eury.

QF FWLHWHL

/s/ Yn``njk I. ^fubi

Yn``njk I. ^fubi,

Lnstrnat Eulih



1=

Sug`nsmhr Nbdfrkjtnfb

Bfth* \mns pjih ns bft pjrt fd tmh fpnbnfb js hbthrhl gy tmh afurt.

\mh lfaoht nbdfrkjtnfb prfvnlhl fb tmns pjih jbl df``fwnbi pjihs ns dfr

tmh ghbhdnt

fd pug`nsmhrs fd tmhsh fpnbnfbs.

:5::-av-::<7=-YI^ Mhbbnbi v. Yjamfvnj Kfrtijih AfrpfrjtnfbYn``njk I. ^fubi, prhsnlnbiLjth dn`hl5 3=/:3/73::Ljth fd `jst dn`nbi5 3:/7>/73:1

Jttfrbhys

Ljvnl K. Gnzjr

Qhydjrtm QmjwYfr`l \rjlh Ahbthr Hjst, Qunth 133\wf Qhjpfrt @jbhGfstfb, KJ 377:34:9-><4-<=9<4:9-9>3-814= (djx)LGnzjrCshydjrtm.afk Jssnibhl5 34/:>/733>@HJL J\\FWBH^ J\\FWBH^ \F GH BF\NAHL rhprhshbtnbi Yjamfvnj Kfrtijih Afrpfrjtnfb\HWKNBJ\HL5 31/37/73:3(Lhdhbljbt)

Yjamfvnj Kfrtijih, DQG

(Lhdhbljbt) Yjamfvnj Kfrtijih, DQG, b/o/j Yh``s Djrif Gjbo, B.J.(Lhdhbljbt)Tj`hrnjbf LnvnjaamnLnvnjaamn @jw Fddnah:J::: Ghjam QtrhhtGfstfb, KJ 37:::-78174:9-8<7-1:984:9-8<7-1::3 (djx)vj`Clnvnjaamn.afk Jssnibhl5 34/:>/733>@HJL J\\FWBH^ J\\FWBH^ \F GH BF\NAHL rhprhshbtnbi Efshpm Mhbbnbi(Afbsf`nljthl S`jnbtndd)Efbjtmjb Y. @hbtQhydjrtm Qmjw, @@S\wf Qhjpfrt @jbh, Qth. 133Gfstfb, KJ 377:3-737=4:9-><4-<=334:9-><4-<=3: (djx) e`hbtCshydjrtm.afk Jssnibhl5 :3/:=/73:7



J\\FWBH^ \F GH BF\NAHL rhprhshbtnbi Yjamfvnj Kfrtijih, DQG, b/o/j Yh``s Djrif Gjbo, B.J.(Lhdhbljbt)Drjbo W. QjnjQjnj @jw Dnrk791 Qtjth QtrhhtQunth 7Qprnbidnh`l, KJ 3::31<:1-914-14::<:1-914-<81: (djx)sjnj`jwdnrkCmftkjn`.afk Jssnibhl5 3=/3</733> J\\FWBH^ \F GH BF\NAHL rhprhshbtnbi Efshpm Mhbbnbi(Afbsf`nljthl S`jnbtndd)

Henning vs Wachovia Mortgage FSB aka Wells Fargo Bank N.A. RE: Order of the Court

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