HemoCue Education Center Hb, Anemia, October 2004 Anemia The first sign of a physical disorder
Mar 31, 2015
HemoCue Education CenterHb, Anemia, October 2004
Anemia
The first sign of a physical disorder
HemoCue Education CenterHb, Anemia, October 2004
The Blood
~55%
~45%
<1%
HemoCue Education CenterHb, Anemia, October 2004
Red Cells
• Red cells, or erythrocytes, transport oxygen from the lungs to the living tissues of the body and carry away carbon dioxide.
• 95% of the red cells consists of hemoglobin molecules.
• Each red cell contains about 270 000 hemoglobin molecules.
HemoCue Education CenterHb, Anemia, October 2004
Red Cells
• Shaped as a biconcave disc• Made in the bone marrow• Average lifespan of 120 days• The production is controlled by Erythropoietin• Requires supply of vitamins (Folate and B12),
nutrients and essential minerals (Iron)
• Recycled in the spleen and liver
• Contains the protein Hemoglobin
HemoCue Education CenterHb, Anemia, October 2004
White Cells
• White cells, or leukocytes, provides a physical defence against infection, numbers increase under attack by viruses or bacteria.
• Exists in variable numbers and types but make up a very small part of the blood volume.
HemoCue Education CenterHb, Anemia, October 2004
Platelets
• Platelets, or thrombocytes, are cells that clot blood at the site of wounds.
• Platelets are only about 1/3 the size of red cells
HemoCue Education CenterHb, Anemia, October 2004
Plasma
• Plasma is the relatively clear liquid medium which carries the red cells, white cells, and platelets.
• Most blood volume is made up of plasma.• Plasma brings nourishment and removes waste
products to and from the cells.
HemoCue Education CenterHb, Anemia, October 2004
Hemoglobin (Hb)
Transports oxygen (O2) from the lungs to peripheral tissues and carbon dioxide (CO2) back to the lungs
HemoCue Education CenterHb, Anemia, October 2004
Hemoglobin Molecule
Consists of:
– 4 Polypeptide globin chains (2, – each with an iron containing heme molecule
HemoCue Education CenterHb, Anemia, October 2004
Hemoglobins
• There are different types of hemoglobin - Hb A, Hb A2 and Hb F
• Hb F mainly exist in newborn babies• HemoCue hemoglobin methods measures the total
amount of all types of hemoglobin mentioned above.
HemoCue Education CenterHb, Anemia, October 2004
Anemia
• An = No• Aemia = blood
HemoCue Education CenterHb, Anemia, October 2004
What is Anemia ?• Anemia = when the level of circulating hemoglobin in
a patient is lower than that in healthy persons of the same age group and sex in the same environment.
• Anemia is a symptom - not a disease.• The WHO estimates that over 1/3 of the world’s
population are anemic, mainly due to iron deficiency. In developing countries, the most affected population groups are pregnant woman and school-age children.
HemoCue Education CenterHb, Anemia, October 2004
Anemia Reference Values
• Influenced by sex, age and altitude
• Definition by WHO:– women 12.0 - 16.0 g/dL
(120-160 g/L, 7.4-9.9 mmol/L)
– men 13.0 - 17.0 g/dL(130-170 g/L, 8.0-10.5 mmol/L)
HemoCue Education CenterHb, Anemia, October 2004
The Clinically Anemic Person
Symptoms in anemia• Pallor• Fast heart rate• Shortness of breath on exercise• Tiredness, weakness or fatigue
Symptoms in severe anemia• Faintness• Dizziness• Tinnitus• Headache• Spots before the eyes/dimmed vision
HemoCue Education CenterHb, Anemia, October 2004
Main Causes of Anemia• Decreased red cell production by the bone marrow
– shortage of raw material (Iron, B12, Folate)
• Increased red cell destruction
– hereditary (Thalassemia, Sickel Cell)
– hemolysis (anti bodies, drugs, Malaria)
• Bleeding or blood loss – menstruation– gastric ulcer
– trauma
HemoCue Education CenterHb, Anemia, October 2004
How is Anemia Diagnosed?
• From a simple blood sample anemia can be detected by measuring hemoglobin or the hematocrit
• To determine the cause of anemia a wide range of tests are necessary
HemoCue Education CenterHb, Anemia, October 2004
Hemoglobin Measurement
Hemoglobin measurement is considered to be more precise, accurate, and useful compared to hematocrit measurement due to reliable standardization.
Potential sources of technical and inherent errors are also fewer.
HemoCue Education CenterHb, Anemia, October 2004
Hematocrit Measurement
Is the volume of red cells expressed as a fraction of the total blood volume
HemoCue Education CenterHb, Anemia, October 2004
Major Types of Anemia
• Iron Deficiency Anemia• Vitamin Deficiency Anemia• Hemolytic Anemia• Inherited Anemia• Miscellaneous Anemia