Helth educationUNIT I CHAPTER 9-10.ppt

7/29/2019 Helth educationUNIT I CHAPTER 9-10.ppt

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UNIT I

Chapter 9: Culture


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Culture refers organized -persistent patterns of

Habits, Customs,

Attitudes

Values

which are transmitted from generation to

generation


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Purpose is to give society by continuous

process of learning and experience, patterns of behaviour which are found useful

for a harmonious existence

smooth functioning in all occupations andinteractions

thereby ensure individual and group survival.


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Culture becomes readymade frame of

reference for every individual and societywith regard to what is acceptable and what is

unsocial or harmful or not permitted.

Culture is changing from time to timedepending on the past experiences outside

and inside influence of the community.


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Culture is that complex whole which

includes knowledge, belief, art, morals, law,

custom and any other capabilities acquired

by man as a member of society.


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Characteristics of culture

Acquired quality.

Social not individual heritage of man.

Idealistic.

Fulfills some needs. Integrated system and possesses an order

and system.

Language is the chief vehicle of culture.


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Functions of culture

Culture makes man a human being. Provides complete design for living.

Teaches him what type of food he should

takein what manner,

how he should cover himself and behave

with his fellow member.


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Culture provides solutions for complicated situation-

Example. Forming a queue when there is rush.

Culture provides traditional interpretations to certain

situations. Example .Cat crosses his ways postpone the

journey.

Culture keeps social relationships intact.

Culture broadens vision of the individual. It gives a new

vision to the individual by providing him a set of value for

the cooperation of the individual. It provides him a concept

of family, state, nation, class and make possible the co

ordination and division of labour.


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Ogburn distinguishes between material and non-material culture.

examples material culture- tools, utensils, machines, dwellings, radio,

TV, tractor.

Non material culture - family, religion, education, government, etc.

When changes occur in material aspects, those in turn stimulate changes

in the non material aspects. example automobile/radio/TV affected

family life.

Non material culture is often slow to respond to rapid inventions inmaterial culture.

When non material culture does not adjust itself readily to material

changes it falls behind material culture and rest is a lag between the two.

Lag between material and non material culture has been called cultural

lag. Material culture changes more rapidly than non material culture. It may

be due to the rigidity of the ideological system


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Cultural integration

Different parts of culture must get together for society to

function efficiently over a period. People tend to reject disharmonious elements and retain

useful characteristics or patterns.

Every new change in a culture must harmoniously fit into the

rest of the culture which is known as cultural integration. If such integration does not take place there will be a

disturbance in the cultural equilibrium. For example,

abortion/ use of contraception are opposed but for reasons

of health or socio economic conditions the practices areaccepted in the community.


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Enculturation

Enculturation is defined as the conscious orunconscious conditioning occurring within

that learning process, whereby man as child

and adult achieves competence in his culture.

It is basically therefore synonymous with the

more widely used term socialization.


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Acculturation

Acculturation may be defined as that process

of culture change in which more or less

continuous contact between two or more

culturally distinct groups results in one group

taking over the elements of the culture of the

other group or groups.


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Ethnocentrism

Ethnocentrism is the view of things according

to which ones own group is the centre of

everything and all others are scaled and rated

with reference to it. It is commonly observedin any society that there is a tendency to

consider their own practices as the most

correct appropriate and desirable and to lookat the practices of other societies with a

sense of contempt or disregard.


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UNIT I:

Chapter 10: Social institutions

Social institutions are functional groups that get establishedin any society from time to time in keeping with the various

activities that are required to be done for satisfying

individual as well as common group needs.

Every organization is dependent upon certain recognizedand established set of rules, traditions and usages. These

usages and rules may be given the name of institutions. They

are the forms of procedure which are recognized and

accepted by society and govern the relations between

individuals and groups.


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A social institution is a structure of society

that is organized to meet the needs of people

through well organized procedures.


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Characteristics

Every institution is organized with some specific objective or aim.

Every institution has certain rules which must be compulsorily obeyed byindividuals.

Institutions are the means of controlling individuals.

Institutions depend upon collective activities of members.

Institution has definite procedures - are formed on basis of customs.

Every institution enjoys the social sanction. This sanction is the result of

the rights and powers given to the institution by the group or the society.

If anyone tires to disregard that sanction or the rules and the regulations

of the society, he is penalized.


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Importance of institution

It is responsible to transference of ideals,

knowledge, forms of modes of behaviour of thesociety from one generation to other generation.

It helps an individual to occupy the right path.

It controls the activities of the individual and doesnot allow them to go beyond the limit spheres.

It controls the collective behaviour of the

individuals


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Family

Of all human groups the family is the most

important primary group.

It is a small group consisting ordinarily of a

father, mother and one or more children.

The word family has been taken from the

Roman word,

famulus, meaning a servant.


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Family is a group of persons whose relations

to one another are based upon consanguinity

and who are therefore kin to one another.

Family is a system of relationships existing

between parents and children .


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Characteristics

A marriage relationship. A family comes into existence when a man anda woman establish mating relation between them. This relation may beof a shorter duration or lifelong. When the marital relations break up,the family disintegrates.

A form of marriage. Mating relationship is established through theinstitution of marriage.

A system of nomenclature. Every family is known by a name and has its

own system of reckoning descent. An economic provision. Every family needs an economic provision to

satisfy economic needs. The head of the family carries on certainprofession and earns money to maintain the family.

A common habitation. A family requires a home or house hold for its

living. Without a dwelling place the task of child bearing and childrearing cannot be adequately performed.


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Classification of Family

Based on nature of residence - family can be classified as

follows:

1. Patriarchal familyin which the man is oriented towards

his family and the wife comes to live in the husbands family.

2. Matriarchal family- here woman is oriented to the family

and the husband after marriage joins her in her family.


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According to the marriage the family can be

classified as monogamy,

polygamy,

polyandry.


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Depending on size, interrelationship and

interdependence of various members of the family,

three types are described:

Nuclear family: Consisting of husband, wife and

children.

Extended family: -where the nuclear family has inaddition closely related blood relation living as

dependents. For example old parents, aunts, etc.

Joint family- where more than one nuclear family is

living together and sharing the household functions

commonly.


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Functions of family

1. Regulation of sexual behaviuor and reproduction.

2. Care and training of children

3. Co operation and division of labour

4. Primary group satisfaction.

5. Recreation

6. Religious

7. Economic


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Marriage

Marriage is an institution which admits men and

women to family life.

It is a stable relationship in which a man andwomen are socially permitted to have children.

Marriage is a more or less durable connectionbetween male and female, lasting beyond the mereof act of propagation till after the birth of offspring.

Relatively permanent bond between permissible

mates.


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Forms of Marriage

Polyandry: One wife many husbands. It is a

form of marriage wherein one woman

marries more than one man at a given time.

Polygyny: One husband and many wives.

Under this system one man has two or more

wives at a time.

Monogamy: One man marries one woman at

a time.


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Groups

Social group is a collection of human beings.

Social groups are a collection of individuals

two or more, interacting on each other,

which have some common objects ofattention and participate in similar activities.

Social groups have been classified in various

ways.


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1.Voluntary group- a person has a choice on his

own to be a member in any group2. Involuntary group- a person has no choice- it

is based on kinship- family.


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Based on contact the group can be classified

as primary and secondary group1. Primary group: there is face to face intimate

relationship such as in the family.

2. Secondary group: a state, political party, therelationships are indirect, secondary or

impersonal.


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Characteristics of social groups:

The members of the group are interrelated with

each other. The members of a group are united by a sense of

unity.

The members are having we feeling.

The members of a group behave in a similar way forthe pursuit of common interest.

Every groups have own rules and norms which aresupposed to follow.


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Government

Government is machinery through which the State

functions.

It is the political organization of the state. A statewithout government is inconceivable, for the statebeing an abstract concept, wills and acts through

the government.

As long as there are diverse interests in society,some mechanism will be needed to bring there arenone to possess authority and none who obey,

there is anarchy and the state is at an end.


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Religion

Though religion is a highly personal thing, yet it has

a social aspect and social role to play.

It has been a powerful agency in society and

performed many important functions.


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Definitions

Religion as we understand the term implies a

relationship not merely between man and man butalso between man and some higher power.

Religion is attitude towards superhuman powers.

Religion is a belief in powers superior to manwhich are believed to direct and control the course

of nature and of human life.


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Functions of religion

It rationalizes and makes bearable individual

suffering in the known world.

It enhances self importance.

It helps to knit the social values of a society

into a cohesive whole.

It shapes domestic, economic and political

institutions.

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