/ X. . 2- . .: ; .: , 2003. 860 : . ( ), , , , . X. , , . , , ,
. , , , , . ......................15 ....................20 1986
..........................21 .....................22 1. :
...............25 ..........................26
..................................31
.......................;.......33
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................................ 108 :
.....................................108
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: .......112 - : . ..........115 :
-............................................122 : .
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.......................142
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4. ..................... 150 -
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195 ............................196
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. 222 .................................................225
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...........363 ..........................365 8.
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......376 ......................379 .
...................................381 .................... 382
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: ......................546 - .................................547
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: .........583 1. ...................................583 2.
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?...............626
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...........644 , .........................647 ?
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......................................652
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--655 ..........................................656 ? .. 656
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......................668
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....................713 15. .... 717
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...................................718
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..............719
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............................................727 ? ... 729
.......................................731
....................................732
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..........................................................738
.................................................740 .........741 :
... 745 : ...............745 ...........749
...................................751
............................................752 ,
................................754
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...................................761
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...........................769
.........................................770 -
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.....787 .............................................788
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..............................................790
...........................................855 1 , . XX , , , . . .
1 , (3. , . , . , . , . . ) , , , . , : , , , , , . , 1960-1970- .
, , , () . , , , , , , . , . . , 2. 2 . 1 2
X. / . . 2 : , 1986. , , (Allport G. W. Personality: A
psychological interpretation. New York: Holt, 1937) (.: / . . .
.).
, , . , , . . -, - (, , ) , -, , , . , , ( , ) , . , ; 3 , 4. ,
, , . . . 1960- ., () , . , . 1970- ., , , , ( 1980- . , . ). . , ,
, , . , , . 1980 . 1986 . , . , , , , . , . . , , 5. 3 (. .) 1986 .
( ) , . . , . , 1980 . . , . . , 3 4
Murray H. Explorations in personality. N.Y.: Oxford University
Press, 1938. . : / . . . , . . . .: , 2001. .
: . , . . // . : . : , 2001. . 3-20.5
. : . , . . // . : . : , 2001. . 3-20.
. , . , , , , . , ( , , , ). , , . , , , . , , : , , . 1980- . .
1988 . , . , . , . , , , . . , , , , . () . , , , . . , , 6. 4 , .
, , , , 1989 . , . -, 1980- . , . , . , . , . , . , . . -, , , . -,
, , , 13 , . , , , , , , . 15 . , . , , . , , , , , . , , . , ,
6
., , Goschke Th. Volition und kognitive Kontrolle. In J.
Musseler & E. Prinz (Hrsg.). Lehr-buch Allgemeine Psychologic.
Heidelberg: Spektrum Akademischer Verlag, 2002.
, , , . , , , , , - . , - , XXI . per se, 10-20 . , . 5 , , . ,
, , . : . . (. 5), . . (. 5, 8), . . (. 1, 3, 4, 7, 8), . . (. 1-4,
7-15), . . . . (. 6). . . , . . , . . . , . . . . , . . . , . . . ,
1980 . , , . . , . , (Heckhausen, 1982). , , , . , . , . , , . () ,
, . . . -, . -, . -, , , , . , . , . : , , , . ( 7-12) , , , , . (
13-15) , . , , . , , , , , , , . , 1988 1986 . , , , , .
. 3. , . . , . . ( ) . . , . , . . , . , , , - . , , , . , , , ,
, . , . , . , - 70- . , , . . , , . , . . . . , . , . . , . . . . ,
. , 20 1985 . X. . . , , - . , : , , , ( , ) - . . . , , , - . . .
, , , , , , . , , . , , , , , - . . . -, . -, . , -, -
, . , , . . , , . , , . , , , . , . , , , , . , . - , . . ( ) (
) . (Erwar-tungs-mal~Wert) . , , . , , , , 9,11 12. , . , , . , , ,
, , , , . . - , - . , , , , , , . 1 . - . 2 . , . , , ( 3), ( , 4)
. 5 , . , , , , , , 6-8. 9. 10 - , 70- . . 11 . 12 , ,
. , 13 . , : . , -, . . : , , , - , - , , , , , , , . . -, , . ,
. , . , - , -, . , - , , , , . . . , 1980 .
1 . , , , , ; - . -, (Klinger, 1971), , . , . : ? ? ? . . , . ,
, , . , ?. -. : ? ? , - () ? , , ?. , , , , , , . , , ?; , , . , ,
, , , , , . . . , . , . , , , . , . , , . , : , . , . , . .
, . , , , , , , /. , . , , , , . , , , , , . , , , , , - . , , (
) , , , , .
, , . . , , , . , . , , (McClelland, Atkinson, Clark, Lowell,
1953). , . . , , . , , , , , , , , . . , ; , , ; ; ; . , , . , , ,
, . , , , . , . . . , , ; , , , , , . , , , . , , , , ? , - ( , ,
), , . , , , . . , , , . . , , . , : , , , . : , , ( ) , . , , . .
, (Atkinson, 1957), , . , . , , . , , , , , , . . , , , , , , , . ,
, , , . , , ,
. (., .: Magnusson, Endler, 1977). . - , , , . , . , , - , , . ,
, , , - . , - , , , . , , . , , (Atkinson, Birch, 1970, 1978, 2). ,
, . . , , , . , , , . , , , , ; , , . , , , ( ) , , . , . , , . , ,
, , . . , . , , , , . , , , , , . . . , , (.: Heckhausen, Kuhl,
1985). , , . , , . . . , , , , , . . : . . . , , , , ; , . . , -, ,
, , . , , , . , , , , , . . , (Ach, 1910) (Michotte, Prurn, 1910) ,
,
; (, 1983; Schneider, Schmalt, 1981). , , . XX . , . 1) ; 2) , ,
, , , , ; 3) , . , ; : 1) , 2) 3) ( ). . , , , (.: Heider, 1958). ,
. , . , , .
. . , , , , . , (.: Heckhausen, 1980; : , 1986). , , , , , . ; ,
, (., .: Mischel, 1984). , , , , , . (.: Kelley, 1967): , , , -, ,
-, , -, . , , , . , . , . , , . , , , , , . , (, ) (.: Amelang,
Bartussek, 1981). . : , , , , . , , . , . , , .
, . , , , . -, : , . : , (Bowers, 1973). , , , (Cantor, Mischel,
Schwartz, 1982). -, , , , . , , . , ( , . .), , , ( ), , , , . , ,
, , (Olweus, 1976). -, (. . ) , , (, ) . , . . , . , -, , . Qones,
Nis-bett, 1971). , . . , . , . , , , (Storms, 1973). , ( ). . ,
.
, , , : - , , . , . , , , , , , . (.: Ittelson, Proshansky,
Rivlin, Winkel, 1974; Kaminski, 1976). (Barker, 1960) (behavioral
setting), , . , , , , . , , . {opportunity structure). , , . , . ,
, , . , , . . , . , .
, . , *' , , . . ; , . , , 20- . (Hartshorne, May, 1928,1929),
60- . (Mischel, 1968). , .
, , , . . . . . , , . , , . (Bern, Allen, 1974) . (Hartshorne,
May, 1928,1929) , , . , . ( 0,20 0,40). , , . , , . . , , , , , , ,
. (Bern, Allen, 1974), , , , . , (.: Bern, Allen, 1974). ,
(Brunswik, 1952, 1956), . . , , . , , . , , . , , , . , , . , -, ,
-, , , , -, , ( ) . , , , , , . 1937 . , , , , , , (Allport, 1937,
S. 250). . (Bern, Allen, 1974), . , . , , . , , . , ,
(. . ), , . , (., .: Chaplin, Goldberg, 1985; Mischel, Peake,
1982). (Mischel, Peake, 1982). , . 19 , , ; . , ( ); , ' , . . , .
, . , , , , , . , , , , . , , . () ; , ; , . , ; , ( ). , , , , . ,
. , , , , , , , , , . , . , , , , , . , , , .
- , . , . , . - , . , . , , , . (Kelley, 1967) ( , )
(consensus). , , . . (consistency)
, , . , , , , , ( ) ( , , . . ). ^ ( ) (distinctiueness). , . .
, , . , , , , , , . . , , , . , , , . , , , , . . () , . ( ) (/ ) ,
, . , , (.: McArthur, 1972), , , . , , , , , - . , -, , (. . , ), .
-, , . - , . , . , , ; , .
, , , . , , , , . , , , , , . . ( ). , . ; , , , , , , . , . , ,
, , , . .,
, . . , , , - . , , . , , , . , , , . , , . -, , (McClelland,
Atkinson, Clark, Lowell, 1953) . , . , , . . , , . , , . , . . , ,
, , . , . , . . - , . - . , , , * (Cronbach, Meehl, 1955). , (.:
Funder, 1983). , . , . . . , , . , , . , . ( ) ... ....
, , , , . , , , - , , . , . , , . ( )
, . , , . , (.: Feather, 1982; Kuhl. 1982). , , . , , . . . , .
, , . , , , , . , , . . (. 6). . , , , . ; , , , . . , ; , . . , .
; , , , . , -, - , . , (Atkinson, Birch, 1970), , ( (consummately
force)), , , ( {instigating force)). {inhibiting forces);
(displacement value) , , , , (substitution value); , . ( ) - , . ,
, . , , , . , . , . , , , , , . , . , , . , , , . .
, , . , , . , , . , , , . , , . -, , , . . , . -, . : (. . 1.1;
Heckhausen, Kuhl, 1985).
. 1.1.
. , , . , , . , XX . (Ach, 1910) (Michotte, Priim, 1910) , , . ,
- ! , . , . , , . , , . , , . , . , , . . , (, ), , ( ). (James,
1890) ; !. , , . . , . , . 6 (.: Heckhausen, Gollwitzer, 1987). , (
), , , , ( ). . , , . , , . . ( ) , , , , , . , . , , . , , , , .
,
. , . (Kuhl, 1983), . , ( ), (. . ).
. , - 1921 . , , . , , . . , , () , ; , , (.: Shultz, 1980;
Smith, 1978). , , . , , , . , - , , , . , , . , (Miller, Galanter,
Pribram, 1960) , (Carver, Scheier, 1981; von Cranach, Kalbermatten,
Indermuhle, Gugler, 1980; Hacker, 1978 Lantermann, 1980; Powers,
1973). - . , (.: Atkinson, Raynor, 1974; Heckhausen, Schmalt,
Schneider, 1985). , , , 1926 . , . (Ach, 1910) (Michotte, Priim,
1910) , ( ) , (, ) ( ) , . ., , - (.; Heckhausen, 1987e; Kuhl,
1983). () , . , . , -, 1912 . - , . , . , , , , . , . , , -, , , ,
, . , , . , , , , , . . (Yerkes, Dodson, 1908) , ( ) , . , , -, , ;
, -, () . . , ( , ) (Atkinson, Raynor, 1974). , (, ) ,
(, ) . - , , . , (, ), , . , (. 8). , , , , , , . , , . , , , ,
, , , . . , , , . (Heckhausen, 1981). , (.: Dorner, Kreuzig,
Reither u. Staudel, 1983). , . ( (Opportunistic Planning Model) - -
(Hayes-Roth ., Hayes-Roth F., 1979) (Wilensky, 1981)) , , .
, . , , , , . . , . , , , , , . . , . . , , , , . , , . , , , ,
. (Lewin, 1926) ; (Ovsi-ankina, 1928), (Birenbaum, 1930) (Lissner,
1933; Mahler, 1933). (Wicklund, Gollwitzer, 1982) (. . ) . , , . ,
, , . , . (. 13 14). , . , (.: Meyer, 1973b; Weiner, 1974), ,
, , , , (Wong, Weiner, 1981). , , ( ) (, ) , ( ) ( ), , . , . ,
, , , , , (Kuhl, Helle, 1986) . , . , , , , . , , . , , . , , , . ,
(.: Weiner, 1985a). , . , . , . , , , (Heckhausen, Rheinberg,
1980). , , , , . , . , , , .
. , . -, , , , : , , , , , . - , , . , . -, , , , . . . , , : -
- . , , , , , . , , , . , , , , . -, , ,
, . . . , , , . , , . . , . . ( ) . , . ( ), ( ). . , , , , .
20- 70- . . , , , , . , , , . , , . . , , , , , , (). , , . -, ().
, , . -, , , , . , - , - , . , , . , -, , , , . , . , ( ) , ( ). ,
, , ( ). , , , . , . , . , . , , . . , , , , : ( ) , . ,
. . , , , ' . , , - , , , . ^ , , , . , , - . , (Kuhi, 1983) , .
- , , , , , . . , , , , , , . , , XX (, , -). , . (Michotte, Priim,
1910). . . 1912 . , - . , , . , . , , , . , , , . , , . , , , ,
.
2 , , . , 1, , , , , , , . (.: Bolles, 1975) - (1850-1909), , ,
: , . , . . , . , . , , . , XX . () , , . , , . , , . ; , , , . .
-, - , , , ; -, , . . . , , , , , . , , . ( , ) ( ). , (James,
1890; Ach, 1910; Pfander, 1911). 1936 . , : . . Young, -Motivation
and Behavior. , , . , , , . ( 1953 .), (Koch, 19591963; Thomae,
1965) (Cofer, Appley, 1964; Atkinson, 1964; Atkinson, Birch, 1948;
Bolles, 1967, 1975; Madsen, 1959, 1974; Heckhausen, 1980; Weiner,
1972, 1980). , . . , , , .
, . , , . . , , , . , . ( ) . ,
, . , , , . , (Darwin, 1859). (1809-1882) : . , .
, , . , ; , . , . , 1908 . , . (, ). - , , , (Freud, 1900)
(Freud, 1915), . , , , , 40- ., . , , -, . , , , , XX . , ; , , . ,
, , . , . 1880- . . . (Thorndike, 1898, 1911) . (1842-1910) . , , ,
, , . , , , (James, 1890, vol. I, p. 144). , habit (, ) . , , , . ,
, , . , . , , . . . . ( 1927 .) , . , . ; ( , , ), , , ( ). , . . ,
, , . , . . (1822-1911), , , . (1857-1911), , . , ,
, 30- . (Allport, 1937), (Murray, 1938) (Cattell, 1950) . , . ,
, . , . . , XX . . , , . , (1832-1920), , . (Wundt, 1894) , , , , .
. (1862-1915) . , . , , . (1871-1946) 1905 . . (1881-1965) , , , ,
. (. Madsen, 1974). . 2.1. , - , - , -, .
. 2.1. . ( , . Madsen, 1974. S. 91)
, , . , , , , , , - , (
, ). , , , , , . , , . , , , , . . 80 . , , . .
, , , , , , . - , , , , , , , , . . (1711-1776), , ,
(impressions) (ideas), , . , , . . , . , , , . , , , . XX . . . , .
, , , , , , . . , , , . (1850-1909), , (Ebbinghaus, 1902).
(18631916) (1862-1915) . (Munsterberg, 1888) , . (Kiilpe, 1893) . -
( 1862-1915). : , , (Meuraann, 1913, S. 347; . 1908). , , . , ,
(Anderson, 1983; Norman, 1980). , . . , ( ; .: Vroom, 1964;
Heckhausen, 1977b). -, . (Werner, Heckhausen, Meyer, Cook, 1972). ,
, , -, . , , , . , , (Wundt, 1874,1896; . : . Mischel, 1970). , , .
, , . ,
. , . , Ga"ies, 1890) , , . . , , ! (fiat!) . , , , , , . , , :
, . , . - ; , ; - , , : "! !" , (Jarnes-^ 1890, . 1132-1133). , , ,
( ). , , , , , . , - (), , , : . 6. , , ; , , , , , . , , , , -- :
, . , , , , , , . , XIX-XX . . . (L. Lange, 1888; Kiilpe, 1893), ,
(Muller, Pilzecker, 1900; Ach, 1905,1910). , (Michotte, Priim,
1910). , , , , , . (Boring, 1929) 12 , . : , , , , , , , , - ( . .
). XIX . . , . . . , , , , ( , ), , . . . (Donders, 1862) , , : . (
) , . (, , ). 1888 . , . , . , , , . * ,
, -. 0,1
, , , , (Kiilpe, 1893) . , , , , - , , , . - , , , , . , , . , ,
, , . X. (Watt, 1905), , . (, ) (, ), (, ). , , . , , . , , . , . ,
. . (1850-1934) . , , . (Ach, 1905,1910), 1900 . , 1904 ., . ,
(Selz, 1913). , . ( ) (Ach, 1905) , , , , . . (Ach, 1910) , , . ( )
. , , , , , . . . , ! ( '6). (Selz, 1910), , . , , , , . , , , . .
. , , . (1890-1947) - (1887-1967) (1880-1943). , , , , , , . , , ;
(.:
Heckhausen, Gotzl, ). , , , (Lewin, 1926). , . , . , (.:
Heckhausen, 1987e). , ., , , , . (Zeigarnik, 1927; Ovsiankina,
1928), (Lissner, 1933; Mahler, 1933), (Birenbaum, 1930). , , . 1905
1906 . . 1906 . , , , (Michotte, 1954). 1908 . , . , , 1910 ., ( )
. , , (1910), . , . , . , . , , , 4-5 . ; , , , , , , . . , (. 1912
.). . , , . (1875-1941), . , , , . (Aveling, 1926) . , . , , . , ,
. , , . . (Irwin, 1971) Intentional behavior and motivation A
cognitive view. , , , , . From acts to dispositions (Jones, Davis,
1965) -, , , . . (. 13). (1875-1939) (Lindworsky, 1923,3- .).
(Selz, 1910), , , , , ; , - (Lindworsky, 1923, S. 94). , . -
(Hillgruber, 1912) - . , ( ), . - . (Diiker, 1931, 1975) . -
(Locke, 1968), , , . , 1955 . , : (Mieske, 1955). . (; 6), . ,
(Kuhl, 1983) . . , . - . , , , ,
.
, , , , , , . {James, 1890, v. , . 383). , . ; , , , , , , - ,
(ibid., p. 387). , . , , . - (1871-1938). , , , , , XX . 1908 . ( ,
30 ) , , - . . 1908 . : , , . , , , , , , . ; , , , "" " ". , " " ,
, , (McDougall, 1908, . 14). , - . , , , . , , (system of
self-regarding sentiment). , , - (1908, . 249). , , , - ; . , . ,
(. 15), , . , - . , , . : "... , , " (McDougall, 1908, . 25). . , (
) , ( ), ( ) ( ). - 12 , ( . 3). * (propensities), . ; , , , , , ,
(McDougall, 1932, . 118). - 1932 . 20- . , , - . , 1913 . , . -
,
. , 1924 . , ,
14 046 ! , , . - , 18 (McDougall, 1932). , , (.: Krantz, Allen,
1967). -- . -, , . (Allport, 1937), (Lersch, 1938), (Murray, 1938),
. -, - , (). (Lorenz, 1937; 1943), - , . . , . , . , , . , , , , .
, (, ) (). , . , . ; , , -, , , . (Lorenz, 1950) (, , (Freud,
1895)). , . , , , ( ). (, , 1973 . ), , :
, , , , * (Tinbergen, 1951, . 112).
, , . . . . , . . -, , , , . -, (Eibl-Eibesfeldt, 1973, 1984).
(Lorenz, 1966) , (. 10). , , . , , . ( : Cofer, Appiey, 1964;
Eibl-Eibesfeldt 1975; Hess, 1962; Hinde, 1974.) (, 1976). ( -
).
- . ( ), , ( , ). , , (1856-1939). , , , . , , , . , , . - , . ,
. - , . , , , . . . , , . , , , , . , , , , . - . , , . , , , , , ,
(Freud, 1900) . , , , ( ) . . 1915 . , 1895 . . , , , , . , . , , ,
(1915, S.213). ( , , , , ). . , , . , , . , (Lust-Unlust'Prinzip).
, , , ( ) () . , . : , "" , , , , , . , : , , , . , , . , . , . , ,
. , (1915, S. 214-215). , ; , . , . 1915 . (, ) (), , , . . : ()
().
, , . , , . . -. , , ' . (Murray, 1938; McClelland et al.,
1953). , (. . ) , , . ( ) ( ). . , , . -, . . , . , , , . , , - . .
( ). , . : ( : , , ), ( : ), ( : , ). ( ). (). . : . , ( ) . . , ,
- , . , . - . (Rapaport, 1959,1960). (Toman, 1960a, b) , , , . , XX
- , , . (Ach, 1910), , , . (1890-1947), , . , . , (Lewin, 1926) . ,
. , , , . , , , . . . (, 1930; Jucknat, 1938). , , , , . , , ,
.
, . , (). . ( ) . , ( ). . (, , ) , (, ). , , . , , : V=/(P,V).
(Lewin, 1931b), , (. 1). , , . , , ( ). , , . , , , , , , , .
(Lewin, 1936:1963) , (, ) , , , (, ), . : ( ), ( ), . , : 1930- .,
1950- ., 1960- .
, , , ( ). 1960- . : , . . (Vroom, 1964) . , , . , , , . . , , .
, , . ( , ). , , . , (, ) . , ( ). , , . , , (Lewin, Dembo,
Festinger, Sears, 1944; Tolman, 1932). , , -- . 1938 . , , "36 (.
3), ( ), , ( ) 27 , , , , ( ) . . , 1950- . - . ; , ( ) . ,
. , . . - , . , . ( ); . , , , ( ). - , , (Atkinson, 1957,
1964), , , , . , - 1951 . , (McClelland, 1951, . 466). -
(McClelland et al., 1953) : (Helson, 1948). , , . . ( , . . ) , . ,
, . , . , . - : , . , - (McClelland, Atkinson, Clark, Lowell, 1953,
p. 28), . : . "Bocco3flaf me" , . . : , , ( ) , , , ,
. , , , , (1), (), . > , , - , , - -. , , , (.: Peak, 1955;
Heckhausen, 1963b). , (. 15), ( ). , , - , . , (McClelland, 1961,
1971, 1975). . - , (McClelland, 1965a, 1978; McClelland, Winter,
1969). , - (Atkinson, 1957; 1964), , (. 5 8). , , - , , . . (), ().
( ) , 40- . (Escalona, 1940) (Festinger, 1942b) . , , (von Neumann,
Morgenstern, 1944) (Edwards, 1954). , . .
, , ? (Atkinson, 1957) , ' / . , (My). , (Atkinson, Feather,
1966).
(), , : -.. ( ) , , (). , , : , . (.: Heckhausen, Schmalt,
Schneider, 1985). , . , . , ^ . (Atkinson, Cartwright, 1964). ,
(Atkinson, Birch, 1970; . : Atkinson, Birch, 1978), : , , . , , (.
15). . . , , . , . , , (Raynor, 1969), (Atkinson, Raynor, 1974a, b)
, (). , -, . \ , , 70- . . - , , (Heckhausen, 1972, 1982b;
Trudewind, 1975), (Schneider, 1973), (Kleinbeck, 1975), (Kuhl,
1978a, ), (Schmalt, 197), (Halisch, Heckhausen, 1977), -- (Krug,
1976; Rheinberg, 1980). , (Weiner, 1972), - (. ) . (Meyer, 1973a,
1976), (Meyer, 1973a; Schmalt, 1979). , (Heckhausen, 1972, 1978). .
, (Meyer, 1.973). (Ach, 1910) . , (Heckhausen, 1977a) , . 1964 . ,
-. , . , (Kuhl, 1977). (Kuhl, 1982,1983) , . (Heckhausen,
Gollwitzer, 1987; Heckhausen, Kuhl, 1985). 6. -- , , ,
, , ,. . (.: Nygard, 1981). , , 80- . I
. , . j , , . , , . , , , , . : . , , . (.: Zajonc, 1968), : ...
, , - , , (McGuire, 1966, . 1), , , , : , . - ( , , , ), ( 1947 .).
(Heider, 1946, 1960). , . . 1 2 3 1 , 2 3 , 1 . 1 . , , -, . . , ,
, , , . ( ) 20- . . (Festinger, 1957, 1964), . , \' , . . . , , .
(. 4). , . . . (Heider, 1958) ; (. 13). , . (.: Kelley, 1967;
Weiner, 1972). , - . , , , , , . , ? (), , - ? , - , . , , . , , ,
. , , . (, , ), , . () . (try). , (, , , : , ). ,
, -
. , , . , , , , , . . , , . . (Weiner, 1972,1974), , . , , , , .
, . , , 14 . , , . . , . , , ( , , ), , . . , , , , . (. 14 15).
(Cognitivescience) - , . , .
30- . , , . (1871-1938), 1935 . - . , - -. 1, . , , unitas
multiplex ( ). , ( ) ( ). . (1897-1967), . (Allport, 1937) . , - ,
. , ( ) , ( ). : - ( ) - , , , (Allport, 1937; . ., 1949, S. 296).
. , 30- ., (.: Lehmann, Witty, 1934-). , (Hartshorne, May, 1928).
(Allport, 1937) , , : .
(Bern, Allen, 1974). . , , . ' . ( (Stem . Ubcr Psydiologie der
individuellen DilTercnzcn. Ideen zu einer Diiferentiellen
Psychologic*, Leipzig: Harth, 1900). . , . . , . , . , . . , . . -
. .
, , - . . , - . . : , , (Allport, 1937; . ., 1949, S. 194). . 1.
. (1908-1970). , . (Maslow, 1954) , . , : , , , . (growth needs)
(deficiency needs) (. 3). , . (1898-1973). 1938 . , , 1951 . . . ,
, , , . , (Thomae, 1968, 1974). , , . . , . . .
(Thomae, 1944) . , (Thomae, 1960, 1974) . , . (Cattell, 1957,
1965, 1974), . -. . , , . , . ; (attitudes), (sentiments) (ergs). ,
- . , . . ( ergon ) , . . (dynamic lattice), . , , , , . . , , - .
, , . , , , - ( ). . 2,2.
- , ,
, .
, . . (1820-1903), , , . . . ( ) , , . , , , , . , , , . , , ,
^.
, - (1874-1949) 1890- . . . ? ( ), . - , , . . . , , . . . , . ,
, , , , . (Thorndikc, 1898) . , , , , , , , ; , , , , . , *
(Thorndike, 1911, . 244).
. 2.2. -
( ), , . . , . , , (Thorndike, 1898). . , . , . , . , . . , . ,
, . (Thorndike, 1911) , (Thorndike, 1913). , , . - - , . , , .
(habit). , ; , . . (Woodwortb, 1918) (drive). . (1869-1962) , , , ,
, , , .
, , , . . (1886-1959) , . . , : , , . . , (Tolman, 1932) . ( ) .
, , , (cognitive map), (means-end-readiness) (expectancy). , , . :
(drive), , (demand for the goal object), ; (^incentive). (. 5). , .
, ( ), ( ). , , , , . , . . . (1884-1952). ( ) ( ), . - 17 133 . .
, . . , . , - (, , ). , . , , . , , () . , . , , , . , , , , , . .
, , (1!, 1943, . 57).
(Hull, 1952) - . (D) (). (, ^) . , ,
reaction-evocation-potentialSER ( ): (/fft) , . . , . , . (1907
1967) ( ). . (Spence, 1956, I960), , , .
(Hull, 1930) (fractional anticipatory goal responses, rG sG). ,
( ) (rG), (sG). , expectancy () . . , , . , , : E = f(D + K) xH. ,
, . . , , , , . . , , , . , , . (), (D) . , , . , , , . : , . (. ),
(sG rG). , ( -). , (Taylor, 1953), , . , , (Taylor, Spence, 1952).
, . , . . -. , , . (Miller, Dollard, 1941; Miller, 1959). (Miller,
1944), (Miller, 1948, 1951) . , , (G6-) (Miller, 1963). . : , , :
1) , , 2) ( ) 3) (Dollard, Miller, 1950, p. 31). , , , (cues), , .
. , , (ibid., p. 32). : , , , (ibid., p. 34).
, . (Miller, 19^8,1951) , . , , , . : . , . , . , , ( ) , , .
(Miller, 1944). , . , . , , , , , , ; - . , . .
. (Brown, 1961) . . , . , , --, . , , . , , . , . . , , .
(Brown, 1953). , , , . . , (, , ), - ; . , (, , ), , , , ( , ). , ,
, . , . , - . , . - . , , , . - (McClelland et al., 1953) . , , (.
), . (Mowrer, 1939) . (Freud, 1926) , , , . . - , . . . , .
(Mowrer, 1960), , . : 1) (incremental reinforcement, ), , ; 2)
{decremental reinforcement, ) , , , . ' . ( ); ( ). , ( , ) , , ().
, , . ( , . . ), . , , . - , ( ). , , - . , - , . . : , , , . , , .
, . .
, . - , . () () (). , . , , , , , , (habit, H ), - (/). . , . ,
, (drive, D), (Hull, 1943), , (rG rF), . . 2.3 . 5 R (stimulus
response) . , . (Thorndike, 1898). . , , .1. - ~* ^ * ~~* _.
(, 1898)
D
3. s -> SHR rG r L _ 4. (1932) -> [], [] - . 2.3. (:
Bolles, 1974)
(1849-1936) (1857-1927) , . (1829-1905), 1863 . , . , ( ) , . (
) . , , . . ( ) (, , ), . , . , . , , ( ). , , , . ., , , . . (.:
Angermeier, Peters, 1973). , , . , . ( 1904 . ), , -, , -, . , .
.
. , , . (. . . ). 1906 . - (Yerkes, Morgulis, 1909) . , . , - ,
. . (1878-1958), . 9- (Watson, Rayner, 1920; . Harris, 1979). , .
(Skinner, 1935) : , , , . . , , , , , , , (reinforcer). , . , . . .
. , , (Skinner, 1938, 1953) , (Skinner, 1968). . , , , - . , , , (.
. ) . , , , , , , . (Miller, 1959) , , . , : , , . : , , , . , (. .
2.4), (3 3) - . . . , , , , . . -, . , . . -, . . -, , . , -, , , .
, (). (Moruzzi, Magoun, 1949), . . , , U- . , . : , , . (,
1957).
( ) . , , (Olds, Milner, 1954; Olds, 1955,1969). , .
. 2.4. , , (.: Miller, 1959, . 278)
. , . (, 1949) . , - , . , . {cellassemblies), , . ( ) , . , .
(Hebb, 1953) {central) (conceptual) . {arousal function) {cue
function). , . . , (, ), (, , , ). , ( ) . , . -
, . (Piaget, 1936) . , - , , . , , . - (McClelland, 1953) . .
(1924-1976). , ( ) ( ). , , , (Berlyne, 1960, 1963, 1967) , -, , -,
. , , . , - *. , , () , . : , , . : , ,
. , ( *). , , ( ). , U-- . , , , . . , . :, , . , , . , *
(Berlyne, 1960, . 194).
( , ). , , , , . . . () , , . . -- . 1936 . , , , . , . 1940- .
(Young, 1941,1961) . , , . , (, ) , , , (Young, 1959). . (Duffy,
1932) 1930- ., . (, - ) , (activation) ( arousal ()), . (Duffy,
1934, 1941) , . (1962) . : , -, , , , . , , , , U (Duffy, 1962, .
194).
, , - (Bindra, 1959) , . , . : . , ... , ? (ibid., . 59). , , .
, , , (sensory cues), , (arousal level), (positive reinforcing
mechanism), . , (Bindra, 1969, 1974). (incentive object), - ( ) , ,
. (Boiles, 1972) , (. 5).
. , . ... (1958, 1963 .), , (, ). , . ; , . , . : , , , , (, ) .
. , , . , . , , * , . . , . : - *, , . (Eysenck, 1967) , . . . , .
. ( ) , (, ). , . , . - , . , 2.5 - . , . , . , . . , , , , , , , ,
. , . . (), ( ) . . . , . . , . ' - . , - . , , ,
, , . ; (), ( ), - () ; ().
, , . , , . , , , . . , (, , Cofer, Appley, 1964; Thomae, 1965).
, , , . . , , . . , . , , , .
. 2.5. -
3
: . , '. . (), . , , , . . , , . , , , , 1. : ? , . . ? , , , .
. , , . , , . , ? " . ( ) . , . , , , . , . , , . , , .
1970- ., 1930- ., , . , , . , , . , -, . , . . , , . . , . , (
), ; , , . - , . -, , , , . . 1, , , , . , , . 1930- . ,
(Hart-shorne, May, 1928, 1929). 1, , , . , {total character
score),
0,30. , (Mischcl, 1968) . - , . , , , . (Newcomb, 1929) , - .
0,14 , . (Dudycha, 1936) 4300 , . . 0,19. , . ? , , : . : , , ,
0,30. 30- ., , (Allport, 1937). , (- 0,13), , , , , . , . , , , . ,
, , , . , . , , . , , , . , , (-) , , , , , -. , , . . , , (Bern,
Allen, 1974). , (Allport, 1937; . ., 1949, S. 296): , - . , , , , .
, , . . .
1937 , . . . ( ). , . , , , . , - (Eysenck, 1967,1981) / - ( ).
- , (Zucker-man, 1984), , , , , , , (, , , . .). . (Barrat, Patton,
1983), ,
(Schalling, Edman, Asberg, 1983) . , , (Gray, Owen, Davis,
Tsaltas, 1983) , , , , ,
. , - . , . (. 11 12). . - . : - . , . '
- : (P. Lersch, 1938) ( 1951 . , ). , (Klages, 1910) (A.
Pfander, 1922), , - , . . , , , , . . , . , , , , . , . . ,
(Lersch, 1951, S. 34). : . , (ibid., S. 35).
. , . , , , , , , . , , . , - . . , ( ) - ( ). . , . . , . , . .
! i. , . . , : , . . , , (ibid., S. 35).
, . . , . . ,
, , . , , , (ibid.), . ? , ( ) , . ; , , , -, . . . , ( ) . ( )
, . . , (ibid., S. 90). . . , (ibid., S. 93). , , . . ... , (ibid.,
S. 105). , , , , , . , . , , - -, , , ... (ibid., S. 131). , ( ),
(), , (), ( , , ). , , ; , . , , . : , , , , , , . , . ... , . - ,
(ibid., S. 145). , , ( ). , ; , (ibid., S. 164). , . , , . , , : ,
, , , , , , , . , , - , . , (ibid., S. 124). , - . , - . . . , , ,
(, ).
- : . , , , . , ( ) ( ), ( ). , , , . : (), ; , ; , , , . .
,
, . , , ( V). , . , , . (Cattell, 1957,1958,1965) , , . - . - ,
. , , , . , , , . . - ( , , ) , , . . - , . -, ( ) , . , , , . -, -
, , . , , , , , , . , (Cattell, 1957) . , , . . , . , . ( ) . , , .
, , (devices), . , , . , . , . . , , , - , . (Cattell, 1957, pp.
465-471) 55 . , (, ), , , , , , - , , . , , : , *-. 1. . ? . . .,
The Elks, , Co-optimists1. 3. . , ? 0%,5%, 10%, 50%.1
, , , , . 4: head; heaiV, hands; health. . .
6. - . . . , , , , . .
.
, , , 20 50 , 200 . ^ ,, , , . , . ( ) , , -. , , . , , . : . ,
(, -). 1: . , , . 3 6: - . , . , , . - . dynamic calculus . , , . .
, . , (unitary dynamic source traits). ( ergon , ). , - (McDougall,
1908).
. 3.1. (Cattell, 1965, . 186)
, , , , , , . (sentiments). (, memory ), , , . , - (McDougall,
1932) (propensities) (sentiments).
: , (, ) if , , , , () , , , , , . - , ( ) * (Cattell, 1957, .
543).
, , . , , , , . : . , (Cattell, 1965, . 192). (dynamic lattice).
3.1 , (attitude level), , ( ), . , - ( ), , , (Cattell, 1957,1965;
Cattell, Child, 1975). . 3.1 , , , , , (. . 0,50). 1957 . . 3,1 , ,
(Cattell, 1957, . 541) , 1.
1. 3. 4. 5. 5.
, , , , ,
- - . ( ) . - - . - , - . , , , , . , , , . , , , . . . - , . .
- - . -
, - . ( ) - , , . . . - . , , , , , . ( ) , , , . , , , ,
(Murray, 1938)., , . , , - , , . , , , . , , .
: - - , -. - (McDougall, 1908) . , . , , . XIX . . (James, 1892)
, , (ibid., . 383). , , -- , . . , . , - , , . , - , (Watson,
1919). , (Woodworth, 1918), , drive (). , , . . -. , , . -? , . -,
, . : 1) ; 2) , ; 3) ; 4) ; 5) , ; 6) ; 7) . - . : 1) (, ); 2) ( );
3) , (, ). : ... - (), (McDougall, 1908, . 26). , . , - , ( ), , ,
.
, , * (ibid., p. 33). , - 12 , - ( ); 1) (); 2) (); 3) (); 4)
(); 5) (); 6) (); 7) (); 8) (-); 9) (-); 10) (-); 11) (-); 12)
(-).
, - (propensity). , , (propensity) (tendency), -: , , , , ,
(striving), (diive) . , , (desire) (1932, . 118).
(sentiments) - , ( ). , . , (self-sentiment), . ' (- 1 ). . 3.2
-.' . ., . , ? (11) (9)? (17) (5)? , , . -.. , , , >; -, - i , ,
: - . , ? , . - -, . . . , - , , . . . . , . 3.2 (propensity)
(McDougall, 1932, p. 97^98) 1. . (, , ) 2. . 3. . 4. . , 5. . 6. .
, 7. . , 8. . , , 9. . , , , , 10. . , 11. . , 12. . 13. . , , 14.
. 15. . , : ,
, 16. . , 17. . 18. , , , , ,
, , , - . - , , , . , . , , , , -, , , . -, , . . , . , . , , ,
, . 1930- . (.: Krantz, Allen, 1967). -, , . , , , ' . ? ? : , , ,
, ? . . . - : (needs) 1938 .
: . (Murray, 1938) , , , -, . , , . ' . , , () , - , . , , . , ,
. , . - , . : , , ( ), , . , - , , , . , , - . . , , . , , , , . ,
, , . ; , *. , (ibid., p. 39-40). , (Bowers, 1973; Magnusson,
Endler, 1977). () . (need) (press) . , ; , , , .
? , , , . (, , ) , , . : , . , (thema) ( , . ). . , . - : ( ), (
- ), , , , (conation) , * (Murray, 1938, . 123124). ... "" . . , ,
, . , "" , !, (ibid., p. 61). , -, . . , () (, , , , , ) () (. .
3.3). (), ( ). -, () (), . - , (), (). , , . . : .... , , (ibid.,
p. 748). : 1) - , , 2) -, (ibid., p. 122). . , 50 , , , . {needs;
n) , 3.3 l.B. Abasement (n Aba) 2. Achievement (n Ach) . 3.n.
Affiliation (n Aff) 4. . 5. . G.n . .. 8. . 9. . 10. . . . 12. .
13. . 14. . 15. . Aggression {nAgg) Autonomy (n Auto) Counteraction
(n Cnt) Deference ( Def) Defendants (n Dfd) Dominance {n Dom)
Exhibition (n Exh) Hmtnavoidance (n Harm) Infavoidance (n Inf)
Nwturance (n Nur) Order (nOrd) Play (n Play)
16. Rejection (n Rej) . 17. Sentience (n Sen) . 18. Sex (n Sex)
. () 19. Succorance (n Sue) . 20. Understanding (n Und) . , : .
Acquisition (n Acq) ,
. Blamavoidance (n Blom) , . Cognizance (nCog) , . Construction
(nCons) , . Exposition ( ) (), . Recognition (n ) , . Retention (n
Ret) (). (. . 3.3). 27 ; , , . , . ( ), , , . , , (. 6). . , . , (
Ach), { Aff) ( Power), 50- . . ? , , , , . . - . . , ?, , , . - - .
( ) . () () , , , . , , , , . () (McClelland et al., 1953).
: , , , (Maslow, 1954). , . , . (Dilthey, 1894), . , . , , , ,
.
. , , , . , . -, , . -, , . . () , . , . (pushed) , (pulled) . ,
, , , .
. 3.2. ( : Krech, Cruthfield, Ballachey, 1962, p. 77)
. , , , . , . . (. : Erikson, 1963). , , . , . 3.2 . {deficiency
needs), {growth needs). . 3.4 . . : , ( ) , , , . , , , . , . -...
, , (Maslow, 1954, . 91, 92). 3.4
5. (self-actualization needs);
; 4. (esteem needs): , , 3. (needs for belongingness and love):
, ,
, 2. (safety needs): , , , 1. {physiological needs): , , . .
,
. (.: Allport, 1937; . 2). , , , , , (Maslow, 1954; 1955). : , ,
, , , , , , , , , , , , . 16 . : 1. . 2. , , . 3. , , , , . . 4. .
5. , , (Maslow, 1954, . 98). , , . , ( ) . ; , , (.: Loevinger,
Wessler, 1970). (. 1). , , . ( 1) , . , , . , , , . , , . . , , , ,
, . , , (Maslow, 1961), . - , . , , , - (.: Graumann, 1977; Misiak,
Sexton, 1973). , , . . , , , . , . ( ) .
. (Darwin, 1872), , : , , / , , , /.- . , , ,
. . , ( ), . , (., ., Klineberg, 1938), , , , , (Ekman, Friesen,
1971; Ekman, 1972). , . , ( , ). , (Tomkins, 1970)? - (1908), , . ,
(Arnold, 1960) (Tomkins, 1970,1981), - , (. (Zajonc, 1980)
(Lazarus, 1984), , ). . , . , , , . , . , . (Watson, 1924) , , , .
, (Watson, Rayner, 1920). , . . , . , . , . , , . , . , , , , .
(Arnold, 1960) , : . . , , , (, ), , , . , (, ; ), , , . , , , , ,
. , . , (Ekman, 1972), . . , , , , -' . ., , , ,
, . . 3.3, , - (Plutchic, 1980) , , , , . , (, ). . 3.5 , ( ),
.
. 3.3. (: Plutchic, 1980)
. , , . , , , . , , (Scherer, 1981). , , , . - , , , , , , .
3.5
, , , , , , , ,
, , , , , , ,
, , , . ( , ; .: Lorenz, 1966.) , . (Mowrer, 1939, 1960) , ( ) ,
. , - , , , , , . , .
, 1, , , . , ( ) . , . , . . (central assembly) . : i , . , , .
, , , , (Torakins, 1981, , 324). (Scherer, 1981) , , , , . (, ; );
, - ( , .: Schneirla, 1959; ; , , ); , . . , , , , ( ; , ). (: , ,
, ); , , (: , , , ). , , ( ) . 2 5 (/ ) , 3 4 ( ) . , . , - , , , ,
, . , , . , , . , ( ) , , 1) , 2) 3) , . ( ) , , ( , , , ). , . , ,
, . (. : ), , , . (Pribram, 1973) (Mandler, 1975) . , () , , - -.
3.6 , , , , , , (1981). . . 3.6, (Ekman, 1971; Izard, 1971;
Plutchic, 1980;Tomkins, 1962, 1970). (.: Rinn, 1984). 3.6 , ,
(Scherer, 1981).
(1877)
. .
(1981) . . . (1971) . . (1971) . . . (1980) . . - , , . , , , .
, , , . (Tomkins, 1981), , . , , , , . , , , , , , . . , , . , , .
, (.: van Hooff, 1967; Chevalier-Skolnikoff, 1973). (\151*,
Beresford, 1982) , , , , ( . : Heckhausen, 1984b). . , , , ? , , (
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