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International Journal of Advancements in Research & Technology, Volume 2, Issue4, April-2013 215 ISSN 2278-7763
HEAVY METALS CONTAMINATION OF TEA ESTATES SOIL IN SIVASAGAR AND DIBRUGARH DISTRICTS OF ASSAM, INDIA
T.N. Nath
Associate Professor , Department of Chemistry, Moran College, Sivasagar, Assam, India. [email protected] K.G.Bhattachayya Professor, Department in Chemistry, Gauhati University, Guwahati, Assam, India.
Abstract: The aim was to determine the concentration of heavy metals in tea estates
soil in the Dibrugarh and Sivasagar districts of Assam, India. Soil samples from twenty
tea estates and a control site were analysed for selected heavy metals namely: Cd, Cr,
Cu, Fe, Pb, Mn, Ni and Zn. Soil samples were obtained triplicates and at depths of 0 to
15(surface), 15 to 30(subsurface I) and 30 to 60(subsurface II) cm respectively in the
month of December every year from 2007 to 2009. According to the results, Cd, Cr, Cu,
Fe, Pb, Mn, Ni and Zn contents of soils ranged from 1.52 to 2.83, 1.28 to 2.80 and 1.19
to 2.69 mg/kg; 68.73 to 102.02, 56.0 to 94.07 and 46.58 to 88.93 mg/kg; 16.73 to 36.33,
15.35 to 31.73 and 13.17 to 29.13 mg/kg; 4.933 to 10.766, 4.405 to 9.962 and 3.206 to
8.531 mg/g; 25.17 to 52.88, 20.17 to 41.67 and 16.97 to 33.70 mg/kg; 118.53 to 420.53,
103.73 to 390.33 and 92.07 to 377.50 mg/kg; 34.40 to 65.37, 30.67 to 60.00 and 19.13
to 46.27 mg/kg and 21.43 to 65.20, 21.07 to 56.47 and 17.70 to 48.87 mg/kg for the
surface, subsurface (I) and subsurface (II) soil respectively. Evidence of contamination
of these soils was obvious when these values were compared to the control soil. The
results revealed that the concentration of the heavy metals were below the typical
agricultural soil critical level but higher the soil control. Among these Cu, Fe, Mn and
Zn are micronutrients and Cd, Cr, Ni and Pb are soil pollutants. Heavy metals can create
some harmful effects on the eco- system and cause the environmental pollution due to
their toxic impacts on plants, animals and human beings.
Keywords: Heavy metal, micronutrients, soil pollutants, eco-system, environmental
pollution and toxic impacts.
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addition of fertilizers, animal wastes, tea leaves and branches into the soil. The
percentage of organic carbon decreased as soil depth increased. Similar evidences have
been reported by many researchers [8] that organic carbon was more in the top soils and
decreased as depth increased. It was found that the percentage of total organic matter of
the tea estate soil increases during the study period from 2007 to 2009.
Table3. Chromium content (mg/kg) of Table4. Total copper content of the soil soil samples at three depths. samples at three depths. Sample Surface Subsurface I Subsurface II
The heavy metals fraction of the soil showed largest variation from metal to metal and
tea estate to tea estate. The heavy metals can enter the soil by a number of pathways and
their behaviors and fate in soils differ according to their sources and species. Once
heavy metals are introduced into the soil they accumulate in the soil system.
Table 5. Iron content (mg/g) of the soil Table 6. Manganese content(mg/kg) of the samples at three depths. soil samples at three depths. Sample Surface Subsurface I Subsurface II Sample Surface Subsurface I Subsurface II
responsible for the adsorption and retention of heavy metals in polluted soils such as
specific adsorption, cation exchange capacity, organic complexation and co-
precipitation [2], [3]. The affinity of different heavy metals for adsorption to different
soil particles is a highly complex
Table 7. Nickel content(mg/kg) of the soil Table 8. Lead content (mg/kg) of the soil samples at three depths. samples at three depths. Sample Surface Subsurface I Subsurface II Sample Surface Subsurface I Subsurface II
Table12 Range of concentration of heavy metals in some fertilizers and lime materials in mg/kg.
Elements N a P b NPK b Lime a Cd .05—8.5 0.1--170 1--10 0.1—24 Cr 0.3—2.9 66--245 20--72 10—15 Cu 1--15 1--300 4--38 2—125 Ni 7--34 7--38 9--20 10—20 Pb 2--27 7--225 10--130 20—250 Zn 1--42 50--1450 22--350 10--450
a= [39] b=[29] If the contaminats are bound strongly to the soil and their desorption does not occur,
ground water pollution may not be a problem. On the other hand, if desorption takes
place easily, the contaminants could become mobile and contaminate water supplies.
The concentration of heavy metals Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Pb, Mn, Ni and Zn increases with
increase in organic matter content in the soil [80] The soil samples showing high levels
of heavy metal concentration had high organic matter content. A complexation reaction
occurs between heavy metals and organic matter content and results in the retention of
heavy metal in the soil [50], [44]. Increase in pH in the soil results in increase heavy
metal concentration in the soil. Even though the higher pH favors the heavy metal
retention in soil, it limits the heavy metal uptake by plants. The heavy metal uptake by
plants decreases as the pH value increases. The acidic pH favors the uptake and causes
harmful effect to the living beings through the food chain. The pH value of the tea estate
soil was found to be acidic. This indicates that the uptake by plants was high and the
biological system was contaminated by the heavy metals. Soil pH and high total organic
matter content have a higher retention capacity of heavy metal in soil. The present
studies agree with the findings of workers [81], [8] ,[80]. All the heavy metals
decreased in concentration as soil depth increased. It was found that the concentration of
heavy metals of the tea estate soil increases during the study period.
According to the following workers [73], [22] a good correlation is predicted if the
linear regression co-efficient “r” is ≥ .7. A positive and significant correlation between
total organic matter and available heavy metals Cd to Zn are 0.95, 0.96, 0.96, 0.96, 0.97,
0.96, 0.96 and 0.96 respectively.
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