Heavy metal pollution assessment: from global to local scale...0.0001 to 0.0 02 5 0.0025 to 0.0 06 7 0.0067 to 0.0 11 4 0.0114 to 0.0 19 0.019 to 0.1 0.1 to 0 .5 0.5 to 1 .5 kg/km2/y

EMEP Steering Body, Geneva, 2010

Heavy metal pollution assessment: from global to local scale

Oleg Travnikov on behalf of MSC-E and CCC


Scope of EMEP activities on HMs

• Monitoring of heavy metals within EMEP (CCC)

• Analytical laboratory intercomparison for heavy metals in precipitation (CCC)

• Collection and processing of heavy metal emissions data (CEIP)

• Operational modelling of heavy metal transboundary pollution (MSC-E)

• New developments: EMEP global modelling framework (MSC-E, MSC-W)

• New developments: Update of Hg chemical scheme (MSC-E)

• New developments: National/local scale pollution assessment –Case study (MSC-E, CCC, Parties)

• Co-operation with national experts, international organizations and programmes (MSC-E, CCC, Parties)


Scope of EMEP activities on HMs

• Monitoring of heavy metals within EMEP (CCC)

• Analytical laboratory intercomparison for heavy metals in precipitation (CCC)

• Collection and processing of heavy metal emissions data (CEIP)

• Operational modelling of heavy metal transboundary pollution (MSC-E)

• New developments: EMEP global modelling framework (MSC-E, MSC-W)

• New developments: Update of Hg chemical scheme (MSC-E)

• New developments: National/local scale pollution assessment –Case study (MSC-E, CCC, Parties)

• Co-operation with national experts, international organizations and programmes (MSC-E, CCC, Parties)


• Common library of modules

• Common input database

• Unified format of model output results

EMEP global models

GLEMOS(MSC-E)

Unified EMEP(MSC-W)

EMEP global modelling framework

Main requirements:

• Flexible choice of the model domain and resolution

• Multi-pollutant formulation

• Multi-media approach

• Computational efficiency

Practical implementation:

• Modular architecture of existing EMEP global models

Input database

Meteorology

Land cover

Emissions

Soil properties

Common library of modules

Atm. transport

SOx/NOx chem.

Deposition

Aerosol dynamics

O3 chemistry

Soil, ocean, etc.

Hg chemistry

POP chemistry

Output results in unified format

Air concentrations Deposition flux Source attribution


GLEMOS modular architecture

Atmosphere Ocean Terrestrial

Pilot modular architecture

Atmospherictransport

Oceanictransport

Run-off,diffusion

Gas-particlepartitioning

Partitioning,degradation

Partitioning,degradation

POPs

Environmental media:

• Atmosphere

• Ocean

• Terrestrial media (soil, vegetation, freshwater)

Groups of substances:

• Heavy metals (Pb, Cd)

• Mercury

• POPs (PCBs, …)

Media exchange: Deposition, evasion, etc.

Global EMEP Multi-media Modelling System (GLEMOS)

Heavy metals: Pb, Cd

Aerosoldynamics

Leaching,partitioning

Sorption,settling

Mercury

Atmosphericchemistry

Partitioning,chemistry

Oceanicchemistry


Update of Hg chemical schemeImplementation of halogen mediated chemistry

Source: UNEP/AMAP, 2008

Hg oxidation during AMDEsImportance of halogen

chemistry for Hg cycle:

• Atmospheric mercury depletion events (AMDEs) in Polar Regions

• Quick oxidation and air-surface exchange in marine boundary layer (MBL)

• Intensive oxidation in upper troposphere

• Role in free troposphere - ?

Hg0 air concentration in the Arctic

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0

0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350Day of year

Hg

0 con

cent

ratio

n, n

g/m

3

Alert (Canada), 2005


Update of Hg chemical scheme

Model modifications:

• Implementation of Hg oxidation chemistry with halogens (Br, BrO)

• Assimilation of satellite-derived BrO concentrations

• Parameterization of prompt re-emission of newly deposited Hg from snow

Implementation of halogen mediated chemistry

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0

0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 270 300 330 360

Day of year

Hg

0 con

cent

ratio

n, n

h/m

3

Measurements

Model (without AMDE)


Hg0 air concentration (old chemistry)

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0

0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 270 300 330 360

Day of year

Hg

0 con

cent

ratio

n, n

h/m

3

MeasurementsModel (with AMDE & re-emis.)


Hg0 air concentration (new chemistry)


0

1

2

3

4

-90 -60 -30 0 30 60 90Latitude

Hg

0 con

cent

rat.

, ng

/m3

0

1

2

3

4

-90 -60 -30 0 30 60 90Latitude

Hg

0 con

cent

rat.

, ng

/m3

0

1

2

3

4

-90 -60 -30 0 30 60 90Latitude

Hg

0 con

cent

rat.

, ng

/m3

Hg0 concentration in ambient air (2005)

Application of GLEMOS modelling system

Hg total deposition (2005)

Hg simulations on a global scale

90º W 10º E 110º E

Europe

East Asia

North America

0

20

40

60

80

-90 -60 -30 0 30 60 90Latitude

Hg

depo

sitio

n,

g/m

2 /y

90º W 10º E 110º E

East Asia Europe

North America

90ºW 10ºE 110ºE

90ºW 10ºE 110ºE

Measurements


HTAP model intercomparisonSource attribution for Hg deposition on a global scale

Conclusion: The multi-model study provides consistent estimates of relative source attribution despite the significant differences in emissions and chemistry between the models

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

GEOS-Che

mGRAHM

CMAQ-H

g

Dep

ositi

on fl

ux, g

/km2 /y

North America

GLEMOS

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

GEOS-Che

mGRAHM

CMAQ-H

g

Dep

ositi

on fl

ux, g

/km2 /y

Europe

GLEMOS

Europe

North America

East Asia

South Asia

Other

Natur & re-emis

Source regions:


Global scale simulations Operational modelling on a regional scale (2008)

HgPb

Cd

0

2

4

6

01-J

an29

-Jan

26-F

eb25

-Mar

22-A

pr20

-May

17-J

un15

-Jul

12-A

ug09

-Sep

07-O

ct04

-Nov

02-D

ec30

-Dec

Cd

dep

ositi

on, g

/km

2 /y

Observed

Model

Cd in precipitation (CZ1)

From global to regional and local scale

National/local scaleassessment


Country scale HM pollution assessment: Case study

Program of the project:

WP1. Compilation of emissions data on a national scale

WP2. Collection and analysis of monitoring data

WP3. Preparation of input meteorological and geophysical data

and model modifications

WP4. Atmospheric modelling with fine resolution (e.g. 5x5 km2)

WP5. Complex analysis of modelling results

WP6. Improvements of assessment approach and re-evaluation

of pollution levels in the country

Initiated by MSC-E and TFMM [ECE/EB.AIR/GE.1/2009/2]


Country scale HM pollution assessment: Case study

Participated countries:

Czech Republic, Croatia, Netherlands, Spain, Italy, Slovakia

Submitted information:

•••••�Supplementary data

�••��National modelling

•••••�National network

��EMEP network

Monitoring�••��Supplementary data

�••��Gridded (fine res.)

Emissions

SKITESNLHRCZData

�- submitted • - available � - not available


Case study: Data submission

Emissions data (submitted):

• Resolution – 5x5 km2

• Source categories

• Large-point sources

Monitoring data (submitted):

• 2 EMEP sites (Košetice, Svratouch)

• National network

• Concentration in air (ca. 30 sites), wet deposition (ca. 70 sites)

• Meteorological data from national network

Czech Republic

Cd wet deposition

Cd emissions (2007)



0. 0001 t o 0.0 02 5 0. 0025 t o 0.0 06 7 0. 0067 t o 0.0 11 4 0. 0114 t o 0.0 19 0. 019 to 0 .1 0. 1 to 0 .5 0. 5 to 1 .5

kg/km2/y

Spatial distributions of lead emissions (10 km x 10 km ) in 2005

Cd (ng/m3)2009

0. 0

0. 5

1. 0

1. 5

2. 0

2. 5

3. 0

Janu

ary

Febr

uary

Mar

ch

Apr

il

May Ju

n

July

Aug

ust

Sept

embe

r

Oct

ober

Nov

embe

r

Dec

embe

r

Yea

r

months

C(n

g/m

3)

Sisak_1

Zagreb_1

Rijeka_1




Monitoring data (available):

• Ongoing development of national network

• Air concentration (4 sites)

• Wet deposition (4 sites)

Croatia






• 4 EMEP sites, national network



Netherlands

Pb emission (2007)



Emissions data (available):




• Temporal variation

National scale model – CHIMERE


• 4 EMEP sites, national network

• Air concentration (≥ 9 sites)

• Wet deposition (≥ 7 sites)

17032999

19061999

25224999

27058999

33036999

49149999

-10 -8 -6 -4 -2 0 2 4

36

38

40

42

44

Spain




• 1 EMEP site, national network

• Lead (33 sites)

• Cadmium (19 sites)





• Temporal variation

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

01/

01/0

7

08/0

1/0

715

/01/

07

22/0

1/0

72

9/0

1/07

05/

02/0

7

12/0

2/0

7

19/0

2/0

726

/02/

07

05/

03/

071

2/03

/07

19/0

3/0

7

26/0

3/0

702

/04/

07

09/

04

/07

16

/04

/07

23/0

4/0

7

30/0

4/0

70

7/0

5/07

14/

05/0

7

21/0

5/0

728

/05/

07

04/0

6/0

71

1/0

6/07

18/

06/0

7

25/0

6/0

702

/07/

07

09/0

7/0

71

6/0

7/07

23/

07/0

7

30/0

7/0

706

/08/

07

13/0

8/07

20/

08/0

7

27/0

8/0

703

/09/

07

10/

09/

07

17/

09/

072

4/09

/07

01/1

0/0

708

/10/

07

15/

10/

07

22/

10/

072

9/10

/07

05/1

1/0

712

/11/

07

19/

11/

07

26/

11/

070

3/12

/07

con

cen

tratio

n(ug

/l)

0

20

40

60

80

100

120CuPbCd(right axis)

Zn(right axis)

National scale model – MINNI/FARM

Italy






0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008

Road transport

Agglomaration of iron ore

Energy and heat production

Waste incineration

Glass production

Other


• 4 EMEP sites, national urban network



Slovakia


• Preparation of fine spatially resolved land cover data

• Processing and adaptation of emissions data for modelling

• Wind re-suspension estimateson a country scale

Case study: Input data for modellingPreparation of meteorological and geophysical data (MSC-E)

Data processing:

• Generation of country scale meteorological fields (MM5)

• Evaluation of meteorological data vs. observations

50x50 km 2

10x10 km 2

Precipitation over Croatia (2007)

0

400

800

1200

1600

2000

0 400 800 1200 1600 2000

Measured, mm/y

Cal

cula

ted,

mm

/y

Rcorr = 0.47

0

400

800

1200

1600

2000

0 400 800 1200 1600 2000

Measured, mm/y

Cal

cula

ted,

mm

/y

Rcorr = 0.69


Case study: Pilot modelling results

Country scale simulations of heavy metal pollution (MSC-E)

Cd deposition over Czech Republic (2007)

Resolution: 5x5 km2Resolution: 50x50 km2

Comment: Detailed analysis and evaluations of the results are planed at the next stage of the study


Case study: Future activitiesCzech Rebublic

• Simulations of HM concentration and deposition with fine resolution (5x5 km2)

• Evaluation of source attribution based on administrative regions, large point sources, source categories etc.

• Joint analysis of the results and improvement of the assessment

• Re-evaluation of HM pollution levels in the country

Croatia and Netherlands

• Elaboration of country-specific programmes

• Start model simulations

Other countries

• Continue data collection and processing

• Development of country-specific programmes


MSC-E and CCC publications

EMEP reports:

• EMEP/CCC-Report 3/2010

• EMEP/CCC-Report 5/2010

• Joint MSC-W/MSC-E Technical Report

• EMEP/MSC-E Technical Report 1/2010

• EMEP/MSC-E Status Report 2/2010

International assessments:

• HTAP 2010 Assessment Report

• AMAP Assessment 2010


MSC-E and CCC publications

Peer-reviewed publications:

• Aas, W., Alleman, L.Y., Bieber, E., Gladtke, D., Houdret, J.L., Karlsson, V. and Monies, C. Monies (2009). Comparison of methods for measuringatmospheric deposition of arsenic, cadmium, nickel and lead. J. Environ. Monit. 11, 1276-1283

• Pacyna, J.M., Pacyna, E.G. and Aas, W. (2009). Changes of emissions andatmospheric deposition of mercury, lead, and cadmium in Europe. Atmosheric Environment 43, 1, 117-127

• Holy M., Pesch R., Schröder W., Harmens H., Ilyin I. et al. 2009. First thorough identification of factors associated with Cd, Hg and Pbconcentrations in mosses sampled in the European Surveys 1990, 1995, 2000 and 2005. J Atmos Chem (2009) 63:109–124

• Travnikov O. et al. ‘GLEMOS: Application to heavy metal and POP pollution’, ACP (EMEP special issue), in prep.

• Travnikov O. et al. ‘Multi-model assessment of mercury dispersion in the global atmosphere’, ACP (EMEP special issue), in prep.

• Travnikov O., ‘Atmospheric transport of mercury’, In: Environmental Chemistry and Toxicology of Mercury (Eds. Liu, Cai and O’driscoll), Wiley & Son, in prep.


Workplan elements on HMs for 2011Annual activities:

� Operational monitoring and modelling pollution levels in Europe and evaluation of modelling results against measurements (MSC-E, CCC)

Research and development:

� Further development and testing the GLEMOS modelling systemincluding improvement of modular architecture and implementation of multi-media approach for Hg (MSC-E)

� Continue collaboration with MSC-W on development of the EMEP global modelling framework (MSC-E, MSC-W)

� Further research and evaluation of heavy metal re-suspension (MSC-E, CCE, Parties)

Co-operation:

� Case study: Co-operation with national experts for national/local scale HMs pollution assessment (MSC-E, TFMM, Parties)

Heavy metal pollution assessment: from global to local scale...0.0001 to 0.0 02 5 0.0025 to 0.0 06 7 0.0067 to 0.0 11 4 0.0114 to 0.0 19 0.019 to 0.1 0.1 to 0 .5 0.5 to 1 .5 kg/km2/y

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