7/21/2019 Heavy Equipment - Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/heavy-equipment-wikipedia-the-free-encyclopedia 1/16 Heavy equipment vehicles of various types parking near a highway construction site Caterpillar D9L bulldozer, excavators and other heavy equipment vehicles parking near a quarry in Israel. Heavy equipment From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Heavy equipment refers to heavy-duty vehicles, specially designed for executing construction tasks, most frequently ones involving earthwork operations. They are also known as heavy machines, heavy trucks, construction equipment , engineering equipment , heavy vehicles , or heavy hydraulics. They usually comprise five equipment systems: implement, traction, structure, power train, control and information. [1] Heavy equipment functions through the mechanical advantage of a simple machine, the ratio between input force applied and force exerted is multiplied. Some equipment uses hydraulic drives as a primary source of motion. Contents 1 History 1.1 From horses, through steam, to diesel 2 Types 2.1 Images 3 Implements and Hydromechanical Work Tools 4 Traction: Off-the-road tires and Tracks 5 Structure 6 Powertrain 7 Control and Information 8 Heavy equipment operator 9 Equipment cost 9.1 Ownership Cost
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Heavy Equipment - Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia
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7/21/2019 Heavy Equipment - Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia
Heavy equipmentFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Heavy equipment refers to heavy-duty vehicles, s pecially designed for executing construction tasks,
most frequently ones involving earthwork operations. They are also known as heavy machines, heavy
trucks, construction equipment, engineering equipment, heavy vehicles, or heavy hydraulics.
They usually comprise five equipment systems: im plement, traction, structure, power train, control and
information.[1] Heavy equipment functions through the mechanical advantage of a simple machine, theratio between input force applied and force exerted is multiplied. Some equipment uses hydraulic
Until the 19th century and into the early 20th century heavy machines were drawn under human or animal power. With the advent of portable
steam-powered engines the drawn machine precursors were reconfigured with the newengines, such as the combine harvester. The design of a core tractor evolved around the
new steam power source into a new machine core traction engine, that can be configured as
the steam tractor and the steamroller. During the 20th century, internal-combustion engines became the major power source of heavy equipment. Kerosene, ethanol andengines were
used, but today diesel engines are dominant. Mechanical transmission was in many cases
replaced by hydraulic machinery. The early 20th century also saw new electric-poweredmachines such as the forklift. Caterpillar Inc. is a present-day brand from these days,
starting out as the Holt Manufacturing Company. The first mass-produced heavy machinewas the Fordson tractor in 1917.
The first commercial continuous track vehicle was the Lombard Steam Log Hauler from
1901. Tracks became extensively used for tanks during World War I, and after the war they became commonplace for civilian machinery such as the bulldozer. The largest
engineering vehicles, and the largest mobile land machines altogether, are bucket-wheel excavators,
built from the 1920s.
"Until almost the twentieth century, one simple tool constituted the primary earthmoving machine: the
hand shovel - moved with animal and human powered, sleds, barges, and wagons. This tool was the principal method by which material was either sidecast or elevated to load a conveyance, usually a
wheelbarrow, or a cart or wagon drawn by a draft animal. In antiquity, an equivalent of the hand shovel
or hoe and head basket—and masses of men—were used to move earth to build civil works. Buildershave long used the inclined plane, levers, and pulleys to place solid building materials, but these labor-
saving devices did not lend themselves to earthmoving, which required digging, raising, moving, and
placing loose materials. The two elements required for mechanized earthmoving, then as now, were anindependent power source and off-road mobility, neither of which could be provided by the technology of that time." [2]
Container cranes were used from the 1950s and onwards, and made containerization possible.
Nowadays such is the importance of this machinery, some transport companies have developed specific equipment to transport heavy
These subdivisions, in this order, are the standard heavy equipment categorization. Some contractors place numbers on the side of their
equipment corresponding to the category - Grader '02' - followed by a sequential number that usually corresponds to the number it was purchased, for example, 02-112, is the 112th grader a company has purchased since their founding. This allows for easy recognition of the
Heavy equipment requires specialized tires for various construction applications. While many types of equipment have continuous tracks applicable to more severe service requirements, tires are used where
greater speed or mobility is required. An understanding of what equipment will be used for during thelife of the tires is required for proper selection. Tire selection can have a significant impact on
production and unit cost. There are three types of off-the-road tires, transport for earthmoving
machines, work for slow moving earth moving machines, and load and carry for transporting as well asdigging. Off-highway tires have six categories of service C compactor, E earthmover, G grader, L
loader, LS log-skidder and ML mining and logging. Within these service categories are various treadtypes designed for use on hard-packed surface, soft surface and rock. Tires are a large expense on anyconstruction project, careful consideration should be given to prevent excessive wear or damage.
Structure
"This system connects components, transmits loads, provides attachment points for implements,and allows the machine to travel over uneven ground. The machine’s frame, articulation, and
steering for wheeled equipment are the major parts of this system." [1]
Powertrain
Control and Information
"The control and information systems. These systems enable the operator to direct and control all the other systems and provide
information to guide operations or to monitor the performance and health of the equipment." [1]
Heavy equipment operator
A heavy equipment operator drives and operates heavy equipment used in engineering and construction projects.[3][4]
Typically only skilledworkers may operate heavy equipment, and there is specialized training for learning to use heavy equipment.
For an expense to be classified as an operating cost, it must be incurred through use of the equipment. These costs are as follows:[6]
F.O.G.fuellubricants, lube oils, filters (oil,air, fuel, hydraulic), and grease
repairsrepair partsrepair labor
tires3rd party service contractreplacement of high-wear items
The biggest distinction from a cost standpoint is if a repair is classified as a major repair or a minor repair . A major repair can change the
depreciable equipment value due to an extension in service life, while a minor repair is normal maintenance. How a firm chooses to cost major and minor repairs vary from firm to firm depending on the costing strategies being used. Some firms will charge only major repairs to the
equipment while minor repairs are costed to a project. Another common costing strategy is to cost all repairs to the equipment and only
frequently replaced wear items are excluded from the equipment cost. Many firms keep their costing structure closely guarded as it can impactthe bidding strategies of their competition. In a company with multiple semi-independent divisions, the equipment department often wants to
classify all repairs as "minor" and charge the work to a job - therefore improving their 'profit' from the equipment.
Models
Die-cast metal promotional scale models of heavy equipment are often produced for each vehicle to give to prospective customers. These are
typically in 1:50 scale. The popular manufacturers of these models are Conrad and NZG in Germany, even for US vehicles.
Notable Manufacturers
The largest manufacturers based on 2011 revenue data as published by KHL Group: [7]
1. Caterpillar Inc.2. Komatsu3. Volvo Construction Equipment4. Hitachi- Hitachi, Ltd.
Construction equipment theft Non-road engineAssociated Equipment Distributors, the trade association for heavy equipment distributors
References
1. C. B. Tatum et al., J. C onstr. Engrg. and Mgmt. 132, 987 (2006) (http://scitation.aip.org/getpdf/servlet/GetPDFServlet?filetype=pdf&id=JCEMD4000132000009000976000001&idtype=cvips&prog=normal)
2. William R. Haycraft "History of Construction Equipment" Journal of Construction Engineering and Management / Volume 137 / Issue 10, Accepted 14February 2011; published online 15 September 2011 http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)CO.1943-7862.0000374
3. U.S. Department of Labor - Occupational Outlook Handbook (http://www.bls.gov/oco/ocos255.htm)4. V. J. Davies, Ken Tomasin (1996). Construction Safety Handbook . Thomas Telford. ISBN 0-7277-2519-X.
5. Peurifoy & Schexnayder "Construction Planning Equipment, and Methods" McGraw Hill 6th edition ISBN 0-07-232176-8, 2002.6. Bartholomew, S.H. “Estimating and Bidding for Heavy Construction” CSU Chico, Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall, ISBN 0-13-598327-4, 2000
7. "Forklift manufacturers lead Yellow Table Top 50". KHL Group.
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