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Sediment Sediment below icebelow ice
TemperatureTemperaturesensorssensors
qq = - = -kk dTdT//dzdz
kk = thermal conductivity = thermal conductivity
dTdT//dzdz = thermal gradient = thermal gradient
Te
mp
era
ture
Te
mp
era
ture
TimeTime
each sensor...each sensor...
Heat flowHeat flow, q (mW/m, q (mW/m22))
Bottom Bottom waterwater
Pen
etra
tion
Pen
etra
tion
Partial Partial equilibrationequilibration
ProbeProbeextractionextraction
WISSARDWISSARDheat flowheat flow probe probe
Weight standWeight stand
LanceLance
MasterMastermachinistmachinist
Key features:Key features:• • Stainless steel construction Stainless steel construction
(except for two brass rings)(except for two brass rings)• • Max. diameter = 25 cmMax. diameter = 25 cm• • Length, ~2.5–3 m Length, ~2.5–3 m (2 or 3 sensors on lance)(2 or 3 sensors on lance)• • Adjustable weight, ~200-450 kgAdjustable weight, ~200-450 kg• • Autonomous outrigger probesAutonomous outrigger probes• • Bottom water and tilt sensorsBottom water and tilt sensors• • Shipping crate with integrated Shipping crate with integrated
cradle for servicing, launch, cradle for servicing, launch, recoveryrecovery
Short tip version (for bottom water)Short tip version (for bottom water)
16-bit A/D16-bit A/D1 mK resolution1 mK resolutionCalibrated (NIST-traceable) to ± 2 mKCalibrated (NIST-traceable) to ± 2 mKThrough-case serial Through-case serial
communicationcommunication
Thermistor in long probeThermistor in long probeDelrin outriggerDelrin outrigger
Thermal conductivity system, data processingThermal conductivity system, data processingThermal conductivityThermal conductivity• • Needle probe methodNeedle probe method• • Constant heatingConstant heating• • Custom software for Custom software for
acquisition and processingacquisition and processing
Heat flow processingHeat flow processing• • Extrapolation of 6-7 minutes of Extrapolation of 6-7 minutes of
subsurface datasubsurface data• • Multiple probes --> gradientMultiple probes --> gradient• • Combine with thermal Combine with thermal
conductivity --> heat flowconductivity --> heat flow• • Monte Carlo analysis of Monte Carlo analysis of