Heamotology and pathology by Abdul Khaliq

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Abdul Khaliq HabibBahawalpur.

Abdul Khaliq HabibBahawalpur.

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HaemotologyChemical Pathology

Immulite System

HaemotologyChemical Pathology

Immulite System

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SamplingSampling

Three ways of Three ways of SamplingSampling

From VeinFrom Vein From Finger or From Finger or

HeelHeel From ArteryFrom Artery

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Sysmax AnalyzerSysmax Analyzer

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Anti-CoagulantAnti-Coagulant Medicines or Chemicals which are used in Medicines or Chemicals which are used in

a specific ratio to stop the natural process a specific ratio to stop the natural process of clotting the blood are termed as Anti-of clotting the blood are termed as Anti-CoagulantCoagulant

Commonly used medicines or chemicals Commonly used medicines or chemicals areare

i-Ammonium Potassium Oxalatei-Ammonium Potassium Oxalate

ii-Tri sodium Citrateii-Tri sodium Citrate

iii-Hepariniii-Heparin

iv-ACD (Acid Citrate Dextrose)iv-ACD (Acid Citrate Dextrose)

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Principle of Anti-Coagulant Principle of Anti-Coagulant ReactionReaction

EDTA & Sodium Citrate combine with EDTA & Sodium Citrate combine with calcium and due to its absence blood calcium and due to its absence blood does not clot.does not clot.

Heparin Heparin

It makes inactive the activity of It makes inactive the activity of clotting factorclotting factor

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LabelingLabeling

Involve three stepsInvolve three steps

i-Tube Numberingi-Tube Numbering

ii-Register Entryii-Register Entry

iii-Report form Fillingiii-Report form Filling

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Blood CompositionBlood Composition

BloodBlood Plasma Blood Cells Plasma Blood Cells

PlateletsPlatelets

Soluble Proteins Red Blood CellsSoluble Proteins Red Blood Cells

White Blood CellsWhite Blood Cells

Dissolved MineralsDissolved Minerals

Food SubstancesFood Substances

Execratory productsExecratory products

HormonesHormones

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Blood Complete ExaminationBlood Complete Examination

WBCWBC RBCRBC HGBHGB PlateletsPlatelets ESRESR

MCVMCV== PCVPCV//TRBCTRBC

MCHMCH== HGB%HGB%//TRBCTRBC×10×10

MCHCMCHC== HB%HB%//PCVPCV

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WhiteWhite Blood CellsBlood Cells (Leucocytes)(Leucocytes)

White blood cells are White blood cells are irregular in shape & irregular in shape & contain a nucleus. contain a nucleus. These keep the body These keep the body healthy by fighting healthy by fighting against diseases.against diseases.

Total RBC CountsTotal RBC Counts Through WBC ChamberThrough WBC Chamber Through Neubar ChamberThrough Neubar Chamber

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Differential Leucocytes CountsDifferential Leucocytes Counts (DLC)(DLC)

1.1. Polymorph or Polymorph or NeutrophilNeutrophil

2.2. LymphocyteLymphocyte

3.3. MonocyteMonocyte

4.4. EosinophilEosinophil

5.5. BasophilBasophil

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Red Blood CellsRed Blood Cells (Erythrocytes)(Erythrocytes)

These are circular, These are circular, flattened, biconcave flattened, biconcave disc making the centre disc making the centre of cell thinner than its of cell thinner than its edgesedges

Total RBC CountsTotal RBC Counts RBC ChamberRBC Chamber Neubar ChamberNeubar Chamber

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HaemoglobinHaemoglobin

Red Colour ProteinRed Colour Protein Its deficiency is known as AnemiaIts deficiency is known as AnemiaThis pigment enables red blood cells This pigment enables red blood cells

to transport oxygen to all cellsto transport oxygen to all cells

Haemoglobin Haemoglobin Iron released stored in liver

Bile pigment excreted into gut

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PlateletsPlatelets (Thrombocytes)(Thrombocytes)

These are not true cells but fragment These are not true cells but fragment of cytoplasm from certain Bone of cytoplasm from certain Bone Marrow cellsMarrow cells

They play a vital role in clotting of They play a vital role in clotting of BloodBlood

How to Count PlateletsHow to Count Platelets Automatic CounterAutomatic Counter Neubar ChamberNeubar Chamber

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ESRESR

It stands for It stands for Erythrocytes Erythrocytes Sedimentation Sedimentation RateRate

Two Methods of Two Methods of Taking ESRTaking ESR

Westergrens Westergrens MethodMethod

Wintrobe MethodWintrobe Method

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Westergrens MethodWestergrens Method

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Wintrobe MethodWintrobe Method

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Chemical PathologyChemical Pathology

GlucoseGlucose BilirubinBilirubin SGPTSGPT Alkaline PhosphateAlkaline Phosphate LDHLDH UreaUrea CretinineCretinine

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Semi Automatic Bio Chemistry Semi Automatic Bio Chemistry AnalyzerAnalyzer

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GlucoseGlucose

Patients having the symptoms of Patients having the symptoms of Diabetes Mellitus are advised for this Diabetes Mellitus are advised for this test.test.

This test is advised by two waysThis test is advised by two waysOGTTOGTT (Oral Glucose Tolerance Test)(Oral Glucose Tolerance Test)

Blood Glucose Estimation TestBlood Glucose Estimation Test

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OGTT Test ProcedureOGTT Test Procedure

Patient is advised to take normal diet with out any care.Patient is advised to take normal diet with out any care.

Ten hours fasting sample.Ten hours fasting sample.

Now patient should be given Now patient should be given 7575 grams water dissolved grams water dissolved

glucose.glucose.

Now after every one hour sample taken & tested.Now after every one hour sample taken & tested.

Sample taking time & result of glucose is plotted.Sample taking time & result of glucose is plotted.

Normal people have normal glucose result after two Normal people have normal glucose result after two

hours while Diabetes Patients have high level of hours while Diabetes Patients have high level of

GlucoseGlucose

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Blood Glucose EstimationBlood Glucose Estimation

Following are the MethodsFollowing are the Methods

Glucose Oxidase MethodGlucose Oxidase Method

Orthotoludine MethodOrthotoludine Method

Hexokinase MethodHexokinase Method

Ferricyanide MethodFerricyanide Method

Folin wu MethodFolin wu Method

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Glucose Oxidase MethodGlucose Oxidase Method

All the laboratories use this method All the laboratories use this method to measure Glucose. It is modern, to measure Glucose. It is modern, sensitive and error free method.sensitive and error free method.

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Sr. Bilirubin EstimationSr. Bilirubin Estimation

Conjugated Bilirubin rapidly combine Conjugated Bilirubin rapidly combine with Diazotized Sulphanilic Acid & with Diazotized Sulphanilic Acid & convert it into Azobilirubin. convert it into Azobilirubin.

Its colour intensity is measured in the Its colour intensity is measured in the photometer at wave length 530.photometer at wave length 530.

Total Bil= (Total Bil= (Ab of TestAb of Test//Ab of Standard)Ab of Standard) × ×Conc. Conc.

OfOf StandardStandard

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High Values of BilirubinHigh Values of Bilirubin

These are in following casesThese are in following casesMalaria FeverMalaria FeverHepatitisHepatitisGilbert diseaseGilbert diseaseCriglar Najjar SyndromeCriglar Najjar SyndromeLiver CancerLiver CancerHindrance in path of Bile Hindrance in path of Bile

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Alanine TransminaseAlanine Transminase (ALT)(ALT)

As much pyruvic acid is produced in the As much pyruvic acid is produced in the body. Alt also increases.body. Alt also increases.

Following are the casesFollowing are the casesViral HepatitisViral Hepatitis

Toxic Liver NecrosisToxic Liver Necrosis

Circulatory Failure due to Shock & HypoxiaCirculatory Failure due to Shock & Hypoxia

Liver CirrhosisLiver Cirrhosis

Cholesterol jaundiceCholesterol jaundice

Liver congestion secondary to cardiac failureLiver congestion secondary to cardiac failure

Infection mononuclosisInfection mononuclosis

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Sr. Alkaline PhosphateSr. Alkaline Phosphate

It converts 4-Nitrophenyl Phosphate It converts 4-Nitrophenyl Phosphate enzymeenzyme

into 4-Nitro Phenol & its colour is reddishinto 4-Nitro Phenol & its colour is reddish

which is measured at 405 wave length ofwhich is measured at 405 wave length of

photo meter.photo meter.

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UreaUrea

Method to measure Urea from serum.Method to measure Urea from serum.

Urease Berthelot ReactionUrease Berthelot ReactionDiacetyle Monoxime MethodDiacetyle Monoxime MethodUrease Nesslerrization MethodUrease Nesslerrization Method

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Sr. Cretinine EstimationSr. Cretinine Estimation

Jaffe methodJaffe methodSerum is added to Alkaline Picric Acid Serum is added to Alkaline Picric Acid

& its colour intensity is measured at & its colour intensity is measured at wave length of 520 nm.wave length of 520 nm.

Sr. Cretinine= Sr. Cretinine= Ab of TestAb of Test//Ab of StandardAb of Standard ××Conc. OfConc. Of StandardStandard

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Immulite SystemImmulite System

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