Healthism and Wellbeing + key terms Scholarship

KEY INFORMATION in PHYSICALEDUCATION

NCEA L3

Biophysical Factors

• Sports nutrition: Hydration, energy requirements, tissue growth and repair

• Sports psychology: Goal setting, mental rehearsal, levels of arousal, motivation, feedback

• Sports medicine: Specialises in preventing, diagnosing and treating injuries related to participating in sports and/or exercise specifically the rotation or deformation of joints or muscles caused by engaging in such physical activities.

• Exercise Physiology: Energy systems, acute and chronic training effects– Acute injuries – Chronic Disease

• Coaching: Technique, methods, feedback, ..• Biomechanical Analysis: External forces,

technique, Newton’s laws, levers, force summation, projectile motion, Internal forces (functional anatomy, muscle architecture)

• Fitness Training: Methods, principles, testing periodization of training, physiological adaptations, anthropometry (body measurement)

• Skill Acquisition: Types of practice, progression, practice time, stages of learning, technique

• Game Analysis: Use of ICT, developing strategies, game plans

Socio-Cultural Factors

• Gender: Roles and Motivation

• Ethnicity: Traditions, values genetics

• Age: Impacts on interests, concentration, ability to understand motivation, maturation, information processing ability

• Economic Background: Access to resources, facilities, coaching, barriers and enablers

• Cultural Beliefs: Values, traditions, Healthism, role of sport in culture

• Relationships: Family, friends, peer pressure

• Hauora: of the elite athletes

• Life Skills: education, career goals

Views of Health• There are many ways of looking at health and the

way it is maintained.• Some people believe health is an individual’s

responsibility and can be controlled by managing the physical conditions (eg balanced diet) in a person’s life – HEALTHISM

• Others believe that health is multidimensional and must be looked at through various areas of well-being (eg social and spiritual) – HAUORA

• Most people agree that health and well-being are determined by a number of personal and interpersonal and societal factors.

Healthism

• What is it? It is a set of assumptions, based on the belief that health is solely an individual responsibility, that embrace a conception of the body as a machine must be maintained and kept in tune in a similar way to a car or motor bike.

• Is a tendency for health problems to be essentially the responsibility of the individual and the choices they make about personal lifestyle.

HumanNeeds to be washed regularly to remove dirt and to keep body hygienic

Food needs to be consumed regularly to give the body energy and nutrients

Fluid is used & made by the body so joints and muscles can move freely

A doctor helps to fix the body when it gets sick or injured

The body consumes fluids to hydrate the body and control temp.

Comparison with CarNeeds to be washed regularly to remove dirt and give the body shine

Petrol needs to be put in regularly to give the vehicle energy

Oil is added to moving parts to ensure they move freely

A mechanic fixes the car when it breaks down

Water is added to the radiator to reduce the temperature of the motor

• It is an individualistic approach i.e. we are responsible for our own state of health.

• Eg, if someone was overweight it is because they ate to much and did not exercise.

• People who are out of shape – have only themselves to blame, an individual’s physical fitness is solely their responsibility. It does not take into account social, political, environmental, economic or cultural factors affecting these choices.

• It’s not that simple? • In light of our views of health and well-being

today this concept needs to be challenged.• People’s ability to make and act on decisions is

influenced by a wide range of factors.

SPEECH

• S Societal Influences • P Political Influences• E Economic Influences• E Environmental Influences• C Cultural Influences• H Historical Influences

Physical Factors that can influence a person’s well-being.

• Advances in science, improved technology and increased knowledge in medicine have led to techniques for improving health.

• Healthism looks at the body in a scientific way and believes it can be looked after though diet and exercise, and illness can be treated solely by prescribing medicine.

• The government promotes this philosophy in order to get people to take responsibility for their own health, which will decrease government health spending.

Hegemony

• What is it?

• Examples: – Upper class rich society – the haves vs. the have nots

– Tend to succeed because they can pay top coaches vs. relying natural talent to gain scholarships to get access to these coaches and schools

– The dominance of sport or sport – e.g. Rugby seen as superior to other sports.

Functionalist View of Sport• Sport is good because it…………

1. Is a societal institution that reinforces the common values of society

2. Socialises young people into values such as competition3. Contributes to people’s health and welfare4. Acts as a tension and aggression release5. Can break down the social barriers that exist in society6. Is based of the principle of success through hard work.

Failure is blamed on the individual’s lack of effort.

Therefore: sport for the functionalist is a reinforcement of traditions and values. Sport is Stability

Conflict or Marxist TheoryCapitalist/Ruling Class Working Class/ Labourers

Ability to access resources No Access to economic resources

Control economic resources Sell their labour to the ruling class

Motivated by power Keep wages higher – to have more access to economic resources. Conflict with the capitalists

Capitalists self interest drives then to maintain control over the economic resources

Forced to work as labourers, but free to work for any employer

Their economic power allows them to influence the major institutions in society

The conflict theory occurs because:• Capitalists control all the economic resources

which allow them to maintain the status quo.• Motivated by power and profit they get from

the resources.• Their economic power allows them to

manipulate and dominate the major institutions in society, such as education, government, military, sport and media.

• Because their little influence and power in society, the working classes only mechanism for change is conflict.

Conflict Theorist VIEW OF SPORT:• Sport serves interests by those in power by

distracting people from real social problems and therefore decreasing their desire to seek social change.

• Sport also reinforces ideals of capitalism: dominance over others, obedience, discipline and competitive success.

• THEREFORE: Sport for a conflict theorist is a reinforcement of societies power holder’s traditions and values (not necessarily good).

• WEAKNESS of CONFLICT THEORY

• Assumes that economics controls everything else and doesn’t allow for any resistance.

• If focuses on elite sport rather than accounting for all types of sporting activities

Critical Theory• Suggests that both shared values and conflicts exist

simultaneously within society.SOCIETY IS MADE UP OF:• Groups with power and privilege and groups without

power and privilege.• The powerful and the privileged have vested interest in

maintaining their power imbalances among groups.• The powerless and disadvantaged have a vested interested

in maintaining their power and privilege.• The critical perspective questions the status quo.• It is concerned with ‘why/why not’ questions (who’s

interests are served).• It believes in the importance of changing individual and

group consciousness in creating social change.

WEAKNESS OF CRITICAL THEORY• Ignores the experiences of the individuals

HAUORA• Comes from 2 words – hau and ora.– Hau = wind, breath, dew, brisk, famous, the vitality of

a person, or the presentation of a goft in acknowledgement of a received.

– Ora = means alive, safe, well in health, survive, recover.

• Hauora is the Maori Philosophy of health unique to New Zealand, Holistic approach, four main areas:

• Physical well-being (Taha Tinana)• Mental and emotional well-being (Taha Hinengaro)• Social well-being (Taha Whanau)• Spiritual well-being (Taha Wairau)

Each area influences and supports each other, to allow the individual total well- being. When functioning properly, these areas form a whole and well-rounded individual. None of these aspects can function alone, and each overlaps with all the other aspects of well-being.

• Social Well-being• Family, friends and other

interpersonal relationships.• Feelings of belonging.• Compassion, caring and

social support.

Mental/Emotional Well-being

• Coherent thinking processes

• Acknowledging and expressing thoughts and feelings

• Physical Well-being• The physical body• The body’s growth and

development• Ability to move• Ways of caring for the body

• Spiritual Well-being• Values and beliefs that

determines the way people live.

• Search for meaning and purpose in life.

• Personal identity and self-awareness

• Taha Hinenagro (Mental/emotional)– Harmony between the individual and the environment.– Interaction between self and others– Capacity to communicate thoughts and feelings– To think critically and coherently

• Located with-in, thoughts, feelings, intellectual abiltiy, interaction.

• Taha Wairua (Spiritual)– Spiritual significance of nature– The values and beliefs that determine the way people live – The search for meaning and purpose in life– Quest for self-awareness and identity– Personal belief structures

• Faith, spiritually, beliefs, meaning, identity

• Taha whanau (Social)– The importance of family who provide care and nuturance

in both physical in both physical and cultural terms.– Social interactions with others– The capacity to belong– Compassion and caring towards others

• Family, connection, caring, support, loyalty

• Taha Tinana (Physical)– The importance of physical growth, development and

fitness and the benefits of staying fit.– How we care for our bodies, how we move, and the

images we have of our bodies and societies images of the physical body.

– Our skill level and how we can improve it.• Physical fitness, physical growth and development, skilled

movement, body and image.