Health Unit 3

8/6/2019 Health Unit 3

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It refers to the immediate,

direct treatment of an injured

person. Anyone with a basic

understanding of medical

treatment can administer aid

at the first signs of trouble.

Simple procedures mayinclude stopping blood loss

by applying pressure,

dressing a wound, or setting a

bone with a splint.



Animal bites and scratches, even minor ones, can lead tocomplications.

Some bites can become infected, especially those inflicted by catsand dogs, due to the type of bacteria in the animal·s mouth thatcan carry disease.

�If the bite or scratch wound is bleeding, apply pressure to thearea with a clean bandage or towel until the bleeding stops.

�If the wound is not bleeding heavily, clean the wound with soap

and water, and hold it under running water for several minutes. Donot apply an antiseptic or anything else to the wound.

�Dry the wound and cover it with sterile gauze or a clean cloth.

First Aid for...

�C

all the doctor.



Haemorrhaging or bleeding is a flow of blood from an artery, vein orcapillary.

Arteries are bright red because of the fresh oxygen it has received. This blood

comes directly from the heart.

Veins are dark red in color because of the carbon dioxide and wastes products it hascollected.

Capillaries are usually easier to stop. By applying Direct Pressure, it will easily form

a blood clot.

It may be caused by accidents/falls, blow to head, injuries, toothextraction, or certain medications

Severe bleeding involves loss of large amount of blood. This mayoccur externally through natural openings, like mouth. Internalbleeding occurs due to an injury to blood vessel.

Blood from..



First Aid for...

Direct Pressure, elevation and digital pressure may be treated to stopbleeding. Direct Pressure permits normal blood clotting.

If available, wash the wound thoroughly with water.This will allow you to see the wound clearly.

Place a piece of sterile gauze or any cloth over the entire wound.

Raise the bleeding body part above the level of the heart.

Using the palm of your hand on the gauze or cloth, apply steady, direct pressure to the wound for 5 minutes.

If blood soaks through the gauze, do not remove it. Apply another gauze pad on top and continue applying pressure until medical help comes



First Aid for...

If the bleeding can·t be controlled, Digital Pressure must be used.

This method is applied at pressure points(places over a bonewhere arteries are close to the skin).

It must be used with caution because it may worsen the bleeding.

Apply pressure to pressure point closest to the wound betweenthe wound and the heart.

It must also be used for only a few seconds because it is shuttingoff a large supply of oxygenated blood to the brain, but could bereapplied if the bleeding recurs.



First Aid for...

Stay calm and reassure the victim.

With the victim upright in a chair, tilt his or her head slightlyforward.

Keep pressure on the nose for about 10 minutes; if you stop too soon,bleeding may start again.

Have the victim relax a while after a nosebleed. Discourage nose-

blowing, picking, or rubbing, and any rough play.

Although they can be scary, nosebleeds are rarely cause for alarm.Common in kids ages 3 to 10 years, nosebleeds often stop on their own andcan be treated safely at home.

Do not have the victim lean back. This may cause blood to flow downthe back of the throat, which tastes bad and may cause gagging,coughing, or vomiting.



From kids washing up under a too-hot faucet to an accidental tippingof a coffee cup, burns are a potential hazard in every home. In fact,burns, especially scalds from hot water and liquids, are some of themost common childhood accidents.

Common Causes

scalds, the No. 1 culprit (from steam, hot bath water, tipped-over coffeecups, hot foods, cooking fluids, etc.)

contact with flames or hot objects (from the stove, fireplace, curling iron,etc.)

chemical burns (from swallowing things, like drain cleaner or watchbatteries, or spilling chemicals, such as bleach, onto the skin)

electrical burns (from biting on electrical cords or sticking fingers orobjects in electrical outlets, etc.)

overexposure to the sun



First-degree burns, the mildest of the three, are limited to the top layer of skin:

Signs and symptoms: These burns produce redness, pain, and minor swelling. Theskin is dry without blisters.

Healing time: Healing time is about 3 to 6 days; the superficial skin layer over theburn may peel off in 1 or 2 days.

Second-degree burns are more serious and involve the skin layers beneath the toplayer:Signs and symptoms: These burns produce blisters, severe pain, and redness. The

blisters sometimes break open and the area is wet looking with a bright pink tocherry red color.

Healing time: Healing time varies depending on the severity of the burn. It can take

up to 3 weeks or more.

Third-degree burns are the most serious type of burn and involve all the layers

of the skin and underlying tissue:Signs and symptoms: The surface appears dry and can look waxy white, leathery,

brown, or charred.Healing time: Healing time depends on the severity of the burn.



First Aid for...

For First-Degree Burns:

Remove the child from the heat source.

Remove clothing from the burned area immediately.

Run cool (not cold) water over the burned area (if water isn't

available, cold compress on the burn for approximately 3-5 minutes(do not use ice, as it may cause more destruction to the injured skin).

Apply aloe gel or cream to the affected area. This may be done a fewtimes during the day.

Give the victim acetaminophen or ibuprofen for pain.

If the area affected is small (the size of a quarter or smaller), keep itclean. You can protect it with a sterile gauze pad or bandage for thenext 24 hours.



-Keep your child lying down with the burned areaelevated.

±Follow the instructions for first-degree burns.

±Do not break any blisters. ±Apply cool water over the area for at least 3-5

minutes, then cover the area with a clean whitecloth or sheet until help arrives.

For Second- and Third-Degree Burns:

Seek emergency MEDICAL CARE, then follow these steps until

medical personnel arrive:

First Aid for...



� A-Open Airway

� B-Check Breathing

� C-Check Circulation

Breathing- is the contraction of the chest muscles and diaphragm thatcauses enlargement of the chest cavity.

It may stop because of serious accidents like shock, drowning,suffocation, head injuries, heart problems and overdose of drugs.

When breathing stops, the body·s supply of Oxygen is cut off and thebrain cells starts to die within 4-5 minutes. This may lead to braindamage or death.

It may be treated by Artificial Respiration or CPR.



Insufflation, also known as 'rescue breaths' or 'ventilations', isthe act of mechanically forcing air into a patient's respiratorysystem. This can be achieved via a number of methods, which will

depend on the situation and equipment available. All methodsrequire good airway management to perform, which ensures that

the method is effective. These methods include:

Mouth to mouth - This involves the rescuer making a sealbetween their mouth and the patient's mouth and 'blowing', to

pass air into the patient's body.

Mouth to nose - In some instances, the rescuer may need or wishto form a seal with the patient's nose. Typical reasons for thisinclude maxillofacial injuries, performing the procedure in wateror the remains of vomit in the mouth.



Mouth to mouth and nose - Used on infants (usually up to around1 year old), as this forms the most effective seal.

Mouth to mask ² Most organisations recommend the use of some

sort of barrier between rescuer and patient to reduce cross

infection risk. One popular type is the 'pocket mask'. This may beable to provide higher tidal volumes than a Bag Valve Mask.

Bag valve mask (BVM) - This is a simple device manually

operated by the rescuer, which involves squeezing a bag to expel

air into the patient.

Mechanical resuscitator - An electric unit designed to breathe for

the patient.

First Aid for...



Continue giving full breaths: 12 times/minute, 15 times for smallchild, 20 times for an infant.

First Aid for...

Open Airway.Kneel at the victim·s side with knee nearest the head opposite tothe shoulder of the victim.

Use the head-tilt/chin-lift maneuver to open airway if there is no

spinal injury.Pinch the nose closed.

Inhale deeply and place your mouth over the mouth·s victim toseal it and give 4 full breaths.

Watch for the chest to rise after each breath while keeping hishead tilted.

Feel and Listen for the flow of air and look for fall of the victim·schest.



CPR (or cardiopulmonary resuscitation) is a combination of rescue breathing (mouth-to-mouth resuscitation) and chestcompressions. If someone isn't breathing or circulating bloodadequately, CPR can restore circulation of oxygen-rich blood tothe brain.



First Aid for...

The airway could become partially or fully obstructed by food, gums,tobacco and loose dentures. Because of this obstruction, the victimmay not be able to speak, breathe or cough and become unconscious,because of lack of oxygen.

In those cases, immediately start abdominal thrusts (also known as

the Heimlich maneuver), the standard rescue procedure for choking,if you've been trained to do it properly.

What to Do:

For Adults..

For Children...



First Aid for...

Poison are substances that can cause disturbances toorganisms. This can be found in cleaning agents, petroleum-based products, insecticides, pesticides,cosmetics etc..

The poison may be swallowed, inhaled, injected, orabsorbed through skin.



Swallowed Poisons

It may be caused by overdose of medication, household

materials etc..

First, Identify the poison.

If the victim has swallowed commercial product take the container to the phone when you call a doctor so that he may know the information aboutthe product.

Do not induce vomiting if the poison is corrosive for it may furtherdamage the internal organs.

You may give the victim water or milk.

When the victim vomit, catch the it in the pan so it my be tested

by the doctor.

Its symptoms are nausea, vomiting and diarrhea, abdominalcramps, altered respiration or pulse rate.

First Aid for...



Inhaled PoisonFirst Aid for...

Some poison when inhaled may stop respiration. These includecarbon monoxide, carbon dioxide or carbon tetrachloride. Itssymptoms may be:

Shortness of breath.

Coughing

C yanosis(bluish color) or cherry red color(carbon monoxide)

First Aid

Move the victim to fresh air immediately.

Open all windows and doors to ventilate an are and call for medicalhelp. In some cases, you can apply Artificial Respiration



Injected PoisonsFirst Aid for...

Poisons may come to skin by means of animal bites, snake andinsect bites. Some people have allergic reaction to a non- poisonous bite or drug which may result to anaphylactic shock.

In giving first aid, your aim is to minimize the travel of poison

into the heart.Keep the victim calm, quiet and at rest

In case of swelling, all jewellery should be removed.

Apply a constricting bandage above and below the bite.

Go to the nearest hospital.



Poisons on the SkinFirst Aid for...

Many substances in the form of gases, fumes, mists, liquid dustscan cause poisoning or irritation of the skin when you come incontact with them.

Discomfort and poisoning may be prevented by:

Remove contaminated clothes

Submerge or pour plenty of water in the contaminated area

Watch out for signs of shock and changes in respiration.



Strains are injuries to muscles or tendons caused by suddenmovement or overexertion. In severe cases the muscle fibersare stretched and he tendons are torn. The victim feelsintense pain.

For First Aid you must:

Place the victim in a comfortable position

Rest

Apply hot compress.

First Aid for...



� Loosen or unlace shoes but do not remove it

� Place the center of a narrow cravat bandage under the foot infront of the heel of the shoe.

� Tie at the back of the ankle

First Aid for...

Sprains are injuries caused by stretching or tearing of

ligaments or other tissues beyond its normal range of motionat a joint.

They are minor injuries but it may require weeks of medical

care. Some symptoms are pain, swelling, tenderness and

discoloration.First Aid includes RICE(Rest, Ice, Compress, Elevation)

If the victim needs to move to a particular place, the following

must be done:



Fracture is a crack or a break in the bone. It could be closed or simpleand open or compound. Broken bones of the upper and lowerextremities often have sharp, saw-tooth edges. Unnecessary movementmay convert simple facture to compound. Common symptoms include

pain, deformity, and swelling.

Dislocation is a situation where one or more of the bones forming a joint slip out of normal position. The ligaments that hold the bones in proper position are stretched or torn lose. Jaw, shoulders, elbows, toeare commonly dislocated parts.



First Aid for...

First Aid calls for immobilizing the injured part by using splints beforemoving or transporting the victim. Splints may be improvised frompieces of wood, hard cardboard, broom handles, magazines or any firmmaterials.

Steps in using splints:

Gently remove all clothing from any suspected fracture or dislocation

Never attempt to push bones back through an open wound or straightenany fracture

Cover open wounds with sterile dressing before splinting and padsplints with soft materials

Splint firmly and snugly but not so tightly to prevent pain and allow goodcirculation

Support fracture or dislocation before transporting the victim.



As a first aider, you are responsible for seeing that the victim istransported in such a manner as to prevent further injury and pain.

Under normal circumstances, you must move the victim until youhave thoroughly examined him and given the first aid.There are various methods of carrying. You can do it alone, with a

partner or with the assistance of 3 more first aiders.

Fireman·s CarryLover·s Carry



Assist to walk Backpack Carry

Hand as liter Chair as liter



If there are no available stretchers, an improvisedstretchers can be made. This may be from wide board,

plywood, door, blanket etc...



Health Unit 3

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